CENTRO UNIVERSIDAD MARIANO GALVEZ, DE GUATEMALA SAN JUAN LA LAGUNA, SOLOLÁ EXTENSION SAN JUAN LA LAGUNA, SOLOLA CARRERA: CURSO: SEMESTRE: DOCENTE:
CONTADURIA PÚBLICA Y AUDITORIA INTRODUCCION A LA ECONOMIA PRIMER SEMESTRE LIC. Y MAE. ABEL NOLASCO SANDOVAL
TEMA: ENSAYO DEL CURSO INTRODUCCION A LA ECONOMIA
ESTUDIANTE: ANA FLORIDALMA VÁSQUEZ JUÁREZ. CARNÉ: 6!"#$!#"%&'"
SAN JUAN LA LAGUNA, SOLOLÁ, JUNIO DEL "%$!.
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INDICE CONTENIDO I()*+-/0( O234)/5+ I()*+-/0( 7 E+(+89 O234)/5+ 4 7 E+(+89 M4*+ L N44;/ T/<+; 4 N44;/4; E7 C+(;-8+ = 7 A-8-7/0( C*4/8/4()+ E+(08/+ D/5/;/0( 4 7 E+(+89 E+(+89 P+;/)/5 = N+*8)/5 E+( E+(+8 +89 9 D4;* D4;*/< /<)/)/5 5,, T4+* T4+*9 9 E+( E+(08 08/ / = P+79 P+79)/)/ E+(0 E+(08/ 8/ I()4*/;/<7/(*/4 4 7 E+(+89 P*+2748; B>;/+; 4 7 E+(+89 F;4; 4 7 A)/5/ E+(08/ U)/7/, V7+*, S/;)48 E+(08/+ V*/274; B>;/; 47 A(>7/;/; E+(08/+ E7 M4*+ = D/5/;/0( 4 M4*+ L O?4*), D48( = E7 P*4/+ P*/(/<74; @*4@+; 4+(08/+; PIB E+(+89 M+(4)*/ L I(?7/0( S4)+* G+2/4*(+ = 7; F/((; P27/; P+79)/ F/;7, D?//) = D4- P27/ R47/+(4; E+(08/; I()4*(/+(74; C/7+; E+(08/+; P+79)/ E+(08/ P+79)/ M+(4)*/ = P+79)/ F/;7 P+79)/ C82/*/ P+79)/ C*4/)// E;)-/+ 4 M4*+ F+*8; 4 84//0( 47 PIB E7 D/(4*+ TLC G7+27//0( P*+<0;/)+ 4 7 T4+*9 P*+2748 4 7 E;;4 F-(/0( 4 7 T4+*9 M/*+4+(08/ M4*+;, F-(/+(4; = E-/7/2*/+
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E;)>)/ +8<*)/5 = D/(>8/ A(>7/;/; 4 E-/7/2*/+, P*/7 = G4(4*7 E+(+89 P+;/)/5 = N+*8)/5 E7 P*4/+ C+(7-;/+(4; R4+84(/+(4; B/27/+@*?9
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INTRODUCCION C+8<*4(4* 7 /8<+*)(/ 47 4;)-/+ 47 -*;+, +8+ 7+ 4; 7 E+(+89 4( (-4;)*; 5/;, <* 7+ -7 4; (44;*/+ /)* 5*/+; )48; *47/+(4; 7 E+(+89, +8+ 7; /5/;/+(4; 4 7 8/;8, -4 ;4 *4?/4*4( )48, <* - 4;+; )48;, 4( -4 (+; =-, <+*- ;4 -)/7/( 4;+; )48;, ->74; ;+( 7 ()-*74 4 -(, -4 +234)/5+; )/4(4, -4 4?4)+;, 54()3; = 4;54()3; 4 )48. L E+(+89 4; -( -*;+ -4 424*9 4 /()4*4;*(+; )++; 7+; /-(+; /-(+; 47 <9; 4 G-)487, <+*-4 (+; =- +8<*4(4* 4;<49?/84()4 843+** 7 8/(/;)*/0( 4 (-4;)*+; 4;;+; *4-*;+; 4+(08/+; +8+ 2/4( 7+ ;248+;, )82/( )82/( (+; ;4*9 4 8- 8- =- =- 4 /8<+*)(/ /8<+*)(/ 7 8+84()+ 8+84()+ 4 48<*4(4* 48<*4(4* -( (4@+/+, (4@+/+, *4* (-4;)*+ (-4;)*+ <*+; 08+ ;4 ( 7; /(?7/+(4;, ->(+ 4; -4 4/;)4( /(?7/+(4; = ;4( 8+4*; ;) -( /<4*/(?7/0( 4( (-4;)*+ <9; + 4( (-4;)* +8-(/ <+*-4 -(+ 4;)+ ;-44 ?4) )+ 7 ;+/4. C+8<*4(4* 47 TLC, 7+; /7+; 4+(08/+; 7 @7+27//0( )++ /(?7-=4 4( 7+ 4+(08/+ 4 (-4;)*+ <9;, +8+ )82/( (+; ?4) + ?5+*44 (+;+)*+; -4 +(?+*88+; -( )4**/)+*/+ + -( <9;, )+; 7; <4*;+(; /(/5/-74;, 3-*9/;, 48<*4;;, 47 E;)+ 4( ;9 47 <9; +(4 5/5/8+;, +8+ )82/( 7; +(//+(4; 4+(08/; 4 <9; ?4) )82/( )++; 7+; <9;4; -/4(4; /8<+*)( + 4<+*)( <*+-)+; = ;4*5//+; +)*+; <9;4;. E; /8<+*)()4 ;24* 08+ )*23( 7+; 2(+; - ;4 4/(, <+*- 47 )/<+ 4 82/+ 5*9, ;+( )48; 4( 7; -4 4248+; )4(4* +(+/8/4()+, <* <+4*, )+8* 4/;/+(4;.
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OBJETIVO DE ENSAYO
E7 +234)/5+ @4(4*7 47 4(;=+, 4; +25/+, 4;)-/*, (7/* = +8<*4(4* -(+ 4 7+; )48; /(5+7-*+; 4( ;)4 -*;+ )( /8<+*)()4, <* 4;)-/()4 47 <*/84* ;484;)*4 4 A-/)+*/, ;) **4* 4; <*>)/, 48>; 4; (44;*/+ )4(4* 7 84()4 2/4*) = ;4* <4*;454*()4 = <+* 7+ 8/;8+ ;)4 4(;=+ ;4*5/+ <* (7/* -(+ 4 7+; )48; 5/;)+; 4( ;)4 <*/84* ;484;)*4, ;+( )48; 4 8- /8<+*)(/ <+*-4 )*) 4 )+ 7 E+(+89, 4;4 7 4+(+89 -4 (+;+)*+; 8(438+;, 47 47 <9;, 7+; /(@*4;+; = 4@*4;+; 47 E;)+, 7; ?7-)-/+(4;, 7; /(?7/+(4;, )++ 7+ *47/+(+ (-4;)* 4+(+89, <+*-4 7+ /4 4( -(+ 4 7+; )48; -4 (-4;)* 4+(+89 4; -( 4+(+89 4;, <4*+ 4<4(4 4 (+;+)*+;, ;/ -4*48+; ;4@-/* 4( ;) ;/)-/0( + 774@* ;4* 7@-/4( 4( 7 5/, -( <4*;+( +8<4)/)/5 = <+4* 7745* 2+ 7+; +234)/5+; 4 -(+ 4 (+;+)*+;, )4(/4(+ 4;)+; +(+/8/4()+; ;+2*4 7 4+(+89, -(+ ;4 -4() -4 ;4 4;)> /(5+7-*(+, 0(4 <-44 774@*, <+4* *4;<4)* -( *+(+@*8 + -( <*4;-<-4;)+ = ;4 4 /(@*4;+; + 4@*4;+;, 4; ;24* 4* 7; +;; 2/4(, <* <+4* 7+@** (-4;)* 84); +( 4;84*+ = 4//0( <+* ;-<-4;)+.
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INTRODUCCION A LA ECONOMIA ECONOMIA: E;)-/ 7 8/(/;)*/0( 4 7+; *4-*;+; 4 7 48<*4;, 4;)-/ 7 +(-) 4 7 48<*4;, )++ 7+ *47/+(+ (+879; -4 <*4;4() 7 48<*4;. E+(+89 5/4(4 4 7 <72* OIOS H CASA Y NEMO H ADMINISTRAR Q-4 ;/@(/?/ A<7/* 7 E+(+89 H A8/(/;)** C; 4* -;+ 4-+ 4 7; +;; -4 = 4()*+ 4 477. E;)-/ 4 - 8(4* /(/5/-7, +74)/5 4( -;+ 4-+ 4 7+; *4-*;+; K/7/8/)+;. M4/+ <+* 47 -7 ;4 ;)/;?4( 7; (44;/4;, 4<4(/4(+ 4 -( 2-4( + 87 8/(/;)*/0( 4 (-4;)*+; *4-*;+;, -4 ;4 +(;/4*( 4;;+;. P*4)4(4 /;)*/2-/* 4-84()4 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;, *4-/* @;)+; +( 4?//4(/ = -2*/* (44;/4; +( 7+; *4-*;+; /;<+(/274;. E?//4(/ C+(+/8/4()+ -4 7 <4*;+( <+;44 <* 4* 7; +;;. E?// A<7/* 47 +(+/8/4()+. E+(+89 S/@(/?/ 8/8/* 7+; *4-*;+; = 8/(/8/* @;)+;. E;)-/ )82/( -( <*+4;+ 4 4)<; -4 ;+( (44;*/; <* 774@* -( ?/( 4)4*8/(+ PRODUCCION DE BIENES Y SERVICIOS, 4;)+ +(7745 -( <*+4;+ 8/(/;)*)/5+ -4 +(;/;)4 4( 7 <*45/;/0(, <7(4/0(, /*4/0( RR = C+()*+7. OBJETIVO DE LA ECONOMIA E;)-/ 7 +**4) /;)*/2-/0( 4 7+; *4-*;+; 4;;+; <* ;)/;?4* 7; (44;/4; 47 ;4* -8(+. LEYES ECONOMICAS: L4=4; -4 */@4( 7 <*+-/0(, /;)*/2-/0(, 47 82/+ = 47 +(;-8+ 4 7+; 2/4(4; 8)4*/74; 4( 7+; /?4*4()4; 4;)/+; 4 4;**+77+ 4 7 ;+/4 -8(. PRODUCIR: D4 -4*+ 7+ -4 ;4 (44;/). DISTRIBUCION: C()/ 4- <* <+4* ;)/;?4*, )++; CAMBIO Y CONSUMO: C82/* <* +(;-8/*, )*4* )4(/0( = 7 (44;/ 4 7 <4*;+(. P* -4 ;4 +(;-8 4248+; 82/* = +()*+7* 7+; <*4/+; I((+5* <* -4 <-4( +(;-8/* + -/*/* (-4;)*+; <*+-)+; P*+-/* 7@+ -4 *4784()4 ;4 +(;-8 + 4 -4*+ 7; 4/@4(/; 47 84*+. • • •
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MERCADO C+(3-()+ 4 )*(;/+(4; + -4*+; 4 /()4*82/+ 4 2/4(4; + ;4*5//+; 4()*4 /(/5/-+; + ;+//+(4; 4 /(/5/-+;. LA MEZCLA DE LAS CUATRO VARIABLES DEL MARETING
PRODUCTO PRECIO PLAZA PROMOCION
CUATRO P; PARA SATISFACER NECESIDADES.
P*+-)+: E; -7-/4* +; -4 ;4 <-44 +?*44* -( 84*+ <* ;)/;?4* -( 4;4+ + -( (44;/. A2*: 5*/4, 7/, /;4+, *)4*9;)/;, 8*, 48<-4, )8+, ;4*5//+;, @*()9 47 <*+-)+. P*4/+: V7+* *47 -4 ;4 74 -( +234)+ 2;)*)+, +(*4)+ K<*+-)+, ;4*5//+ +(;/4*(+ 47 +;)+ 4 <*+-/0(, ;- 8)4*/ <*/8, ;-; <*+-)+; 4). A2*: 7/;) 4 <*4/+;, 4;-4()+;, <4*9++; 4 <@+, +(//+(4; 4 */)+. P7: E;</+ <27/+ 8<7/+ = 4;-2/4*)+, 4( 47 ;4 *47/( @*( 5*/4 4 )/5/4;. A2*: <*+8+/0( 4 54();, <-27//, *47/+(4; <27/;. P*+8+/0(: E; -( 4 7; -)*+ P 47 M*4)/(@ = ;4 )*-4 <+* 7+ @4(4*7, 4( 7 54() <4*;+(7, 7 <-27// = 47 4;?-4*+ 4 54();. S- ?/(7/ 4; /(?+*8*, <4*;-/* = *4+** 7 /;<+(/2/7/ 4 -( <*+-)+ =+ ;4*5//+ 7+; +(;-8/+*4; <+)4(/74; <* 4;)/8-7* ;- 48(. A2*: (74;, +24*)-*, -2//0(, /(54()*/+, )*(;<+*)4. $. ))<:4;.//<4/.+*@//M4*+ ".))<:.@++@74.+8.@);4*H7;<478*4)/(@W2/H$"%W2/H$%W25H+(.",+*.*?.W-8H$W/4HUTF# W7H4;W)28H/;W;+-*4H+@W;HNW)2H/W4/H6
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QUE ES NECESIDAD: E; 7 ;4(;/0( 4 *4(/ + /(;-?//4(/ = ;4 8)4*/7 + /(8)4*/7 -4 47 +82*4 4<4*/84() +8+ +(;4-4(/; 4 ;-; 4/@4(/; +*<+*74; + 4;
A-)+**47//0( A-)+4;)/8 A4<)/0( S4@-*/ F/;/+70@/;
C-78/(/0( 4 )++ )/<+ 4 (44;/ A7) B3 U( -)+4;)/8 4-, S07/ S4* 4<)+ )7 = +8+ 4;, K)4(4* */)4*/+ S4@-*/ 4 -(+ 8/;8+ = 4 +(4 4;)> R4<*4;/0(, (44;/ -4 (+ <-44 +8/)/*;4
+8/)/*;4
EL CONSUMO: A/0( 4 +(;-8/* + @;)*, = ;4( <*+-)+;, 2/4(4; + ;4*5//+;. P*)4 4 7 *4() -4 ;4 4;)/( 7 -/;//0( 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;, <* 7 ;)/;?/0( 4 (44;/4;. E( )*8/(+; 4+(08/+; ;4 4()/4(4 <+* +(;-8+ 7 4)< ?/(7 47 <*+4;+ 4+(08/+, 4;<4/784()4 47 <*+-)/5+ 0 7-*)/5+, 4?/(/ +8+ 47 8+84()+ 4( -4 -( 2/4( + ;4*5//+ <*+-4 7@-( -)/7/ 7 +(;-8/+*. S/@(/?/ ;)/;?4* (44;/4; <*4;4()4; + ?-)-*; = ;4 74 +(;/4* 47 7)/8+ <*+4;+ 4+(08/+. E; -( )/5/ 4 )/<+ /*-7* <+*-4 47 ;4* -8(+ <*+-4 <* <+4* +(;-8/* = ;- 54 47 +(;-8+ @4(4* <*+-/0(. LA ACUMULACION: E; -( )4+*9 K;-<+;//0( -4 ;4 *4?/4*4 7 <*+4;+ /;)0*/+ *47/+(+ 7 4<(;/0( 47
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D4;<-; 4 )++ 47 ; +()*)* +2*4*+; -4 <-4( + ;4<( *47/* +; + )*4; )*4; + )*23+;, <* *4-/* <+*9 ;4* 4( ;7*/+; = +)*+;.
CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO: S4 *4?/4*4 7 -84()+ 4 7 *4()2/7/ + 57+* 4 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; ?/(74; <*+-/+; <+* -( 4+(+89 4( -( 4)4*8/(+ <4*/++. KG4(4*784()4 4 -( <9; + *4@/0( E7 *4/8/4()+ 4+(08/+ @-* *47/0( +( 7 ()/ 4 2/4(4; 8)4*/74; /;<+(/274; K<*+-)/5/ = <+* ;-<-4;)+ +(7745 /4*) 843+* 4 (/547 4 5/ 4 7; <4*;+(;. S/( 482*@+ 7@-(+; -)+*4; ( ;47+ -4 47 *4/8/4()+ 4+(08/+ <-44 /* +8<+ 4 7+; +;)+; = 24(4?//+; 4 7 <*+-/0( (4@)/5, = -4 + 47 -84()+ 47 57+* 4 7+; 2/4(4; -4 <*+-4 -( 4+(+89, 45/4()484()4 )82/( 4;)> *47/+(+ +( 7+ -4 ;4 @;). L -; <+* 7 -4 ;4@( 4;)4 *+(8/4()+ 47 *4/8/4()+ 4+(08/+ <-44 (+ ;4* *4784()4 4;4274, 4; -4 (+ )++ 7+ -4 ;4 @;) 4; *4(+5274 + 82/274 +8+ 8-; 8)4*/; <*/8;. E7 *4/8/4()+ 4 -( <9; ;4 +(;/4* /8<+*)()4, <+*-4 4;)> *47/+(+ +( 47 PIB K-4 4<*4; 47 57+* 8+(4)*/+ 4 7 <*+-/0( 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; 4 -( <9; -*()4 -( <4*/++ 4)4*8/(+ 4 )/48<+, (+*8784()4 4 -( +. E7 8/(+ 7*@+ <7+ <* 47 *4/8/4()+ 4+(08/+, 4; -( ;-()+ ?-(84()7 47 4;)-/+ 4 7 4+(+89, 47 -84()+ 47 PIB 4 -( <9; ;-474 +(;/4**;4 +8+ -( -84()+ 4( 47 (/547 4 5/ 4 ;-; 2/)()4;. L 4+(+89 ;4 *47/+( +( 5*/; /4(/;, <+*-4 ;4 2; 4( -()/?/*, 7-7*, )++ <* -( ?/(, 47 4 <+4* (7/* 7+; /(@*4;+; = @;)+;. E; -( 4;)*)4@/ 4 84*+, (+; =- /(*484()* 7; 54();.
!. ))<:.4+(+8/1.+8;<+(;-8++(;-8+.)8 1. ))<:4;.//<4/.+*@//A-8-7/C!B!(47
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DIVISION DE LA ECONOMIA C+8+ )+ /4(/, <* ;- 4;)-/+ 4-+ = 4;**+77+, ;4 /5/4 2;4 */)4*/+;, -4 4)77( 7+; +()4(/+; 4( 4)774; = /?4*4(/84()4, 7 <*+;<4*/ + 47 )*;+ 4 -( <9; 4<4(4 8>; 4 7 4-/0( = (/547 4 +(+/8/4()+ 4+(08/+ 4 7 <+27/0(, -4 4 7 </ 4 7+; +82*4; 47 G+2/4*(+, <-4; ;)+;, <++ + ( <-44( 4* ;/ 7; 84/; -4 4;)2744( 4( 8)4*/ 4+(08/, (+ ;+( +8<*4(/; 4( ;- 3-;)+ 57+*. PRIMER CRITERIO: CLASIFICACION DE LA ECONOMIA SEGÚN SUS FINES ANALITICOS: (ANALISIS MICROECONÓMICO Y MACROECONÓMICO) L 4+(+89 ;4 /5/4 4( +; @*(4; *8; ;/4(+ 7+; ;/@-/4()4;: M/*+4+(+89 = M*+4+(+89.
I MICROECONOMIA: E;)-/ 7 4+(+89 7+7, 4<*)84()7, (/+(7, )/4(4 -( 5/;/0( /(/5/-7. S4 +-< 4: 7; +(-); 4 7+; /(/5/-+;, 7+; 84*+;, 7; 48<*4;;, 7; 4+(+89; +8;)/+;. S4 4/ 7 4;)-/+ 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4 7+; @4()4; 4+(08/+; 4( 47 M4*+. SAMUELSON -(+ 4 7+; )*)/;); 8(/?/4;) -4 ;4 )*) 4 +2;4*5* 7 *47/ 4;4 23+. E( +(;4-4(/, 7 8/*+4+(+89 7 <*4+-<*;4 4( 7+; 84*+;, 4;+ -/4*4 4/* -4 ;4 4()* 4( 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4 7+; <*4/+; *47)/5+; + *4;<4)/5+;. Y ;-*@4 7 /()4**+@()4 Q-4 2-;( 843+** 7+; @4()4; 4+(08/+; S4@( 7 +*/4()/0( K7/(4/0(, /;<+;//0( /47/;), 47 /(;-<4*274 4+(08/+ 4; <+;/274 ;/48<*4 = -(+ 47 ;/;)48 4 <*4/+; ?-(/+(4; 7/2*484()4, 4 )7 8(4* -4 7+; <*+-)+*4; 8/8/*( ;-; @((/; 7 <*+-/* 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; 8>; 4;;+;, +( 84(+; +8<4)/+*4; = ;-; <*4/+; ;4*>( 8>; )*)/5+; = <+* ;- <*)4 7+; +(;-8/+*4; 8/8/*( ;- ;)/;?/0( -)/7/(+ ;-; /(@*4;+; 4( 7 -/;//0( 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -4 ;)/;?@( 4 7 843+* 8(4* ;-; (44;/4;.
El ANÁLISIS MICROECONÓMICO: D4?/(/)/584()4, 47 (>7/;/; 8/*+4+(08/+ ;+;)/4(4 47 /(;-<4*274 4+(08/+ 4; <*+4;274 23+ -( ;+7 +(//0(, 47 ?-(/+(8/4()+ 7/2*4 47 ;/;)48 4 <*4/+;. E;)4 ;/;)48 4; 47 8>; *4+84(274 +*/4()+* 4 7; /+(4; 4 7+; @4()4; 4+(08/+;. E()+(4;:
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L+; <*+-)+*4; 8/8/*( ;-; @((/; 7 <*+-/* 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; 8>; 4;;+;, +( 84(+; +8<4)/+*4; = +( <*4/+; 8>; )*)/5+;. L+; +(;-8/+*4; 8/8/*( ;- ;)/;?/0( -)/7/(+ ;-; /(@*4;+; 4( 7 -/;//0( 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -4 ;)/;?@( 4 843+* 8(4* ;-; (44;/4;. L+; *4-*;+; <*+-)/5+;, ;4*>( -)/7/+; 4 843+* 8(4* 4( 2;4 *4)*/2-/+(4; -4 *4784()4 +8<4(;4( ;- 4?// = 4;)/8-74( 47 843+* <*+548/4()+ 4 ;-; <+)4(/7/4;.
PASCOAL K"%%& C+(-4 47 (>7/;/; 4 7+ 8/*+4+(08/+ ;-;)4()(+ 4( 7 )4+*9 4 7+; <*4/+;, ;4 /;<4*; 4( +(;4-4(/ 4( -)*+ )4+*9; -4 ;+(: T4+*9 47 +(;-8/+* KTC T4+*9 4 74 E8<*4; KTE T4+*9 4 7 P*+-/0( KTP T4+*9 4 7 D/;)*/2-/0( KTD E-/+(784()4:
AM/ H TP H TC TE TP*+ TD AM/: A(>7/;/; M/*+4+(08/+ TP: T4+*9 4 7+; P*4/+;
LA TC, 2* 47 4;)-/+ 4 7 48( = 7 ()/ 48(, 7+; ;-<-4;)+; ;+2*4 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 47 +(;-8/+* = 7+; ?)+*4; -4 /(?7-=4( ;+2*4 7 48(, 7; 47;)//4; 4 7 48(. LA TE, +8<*4(4 47 4;)-/+ 4 7 +?4*) = 7 ()/ +?4*), ?)+*4; -4 /(?7-=4( ;+2*4 7 O?4*), 47;)// 4 7 O?4*), <*4/+, 444()4 47 +(;-8/+*, 7 +*@(//0( 48<*4;*/7 = 47 4-/7/2*/+ 4 7 48<*4; K/(@*4;+;, +;)+; = 24(4?//+; = 7 /5/;/0( 4 7 -*5 4 7 +?4*) LA TP*+: )*) ;+2*4 7 4?//4(/ )(/ +8<* +( 7 4?//4(/ 4+(08/, 7; ?-(/+(4; 4 <*+-/0(, 7+; +;)4; 4 +<+*)-(/, +;)+; ?/3+;, +;)+; 5*/274;, 7+; +;)+; 4( 47 +*)+, 84/(+ = 7*@+ <7+, 8/8//0( 4 @((/;, 8/(/8//0( 4 +;)+;, *47/+(4; 4()*4 <*+-/0( = +;)+;. LA TD: ;4 +*/4() 7 4;)-/+ 4 7+; ;/;)48; 4 +84*/7//0(, 7; )(/; 4 84*+, 4;)*)4@/; 4( 7+; 84*+;, (74; = 84(/;8+; 4 /;)*/2-/0(, <-27//, <*+<@(, 54(); = ;4*5//+;.
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MACROECONOMIA: L 8*+4+(+89 4; 7 <*)4 4 7 )4+*9 4+(08/ -4 ;4 4(*@ 47 4;)-/+ @4(4*7 4 7 4+(+89, 84/()4 47 (>7/;/; 4 7; 5*/274; 4+(08/; @*4@; +8+ 47 8+()+ )+)7 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; <*+-/+;, 47 )+)7 4 7+; /(@*4;+;, 47 (/547 4 48<74+, 4 *4-*;+; <*+-)/5+;, 7 27( 4 <@+;, 47 )/<+ 4 82/+ = 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ @4(4*7 4 7+; <*4/+;. L 8*+4+(+89 <-44 ;4* -)/7/ <* (7/* ->7 4; 7 843+* 8(4* 4 /(?7-/* 4( +234)/5+; <+79)/+; +8+ <+* 4348<7+ 4* *44* 7 4+(+89, +(;4@-/* 7 4;)2/7/ 4 <*4/+;, ?+84()* 47 48<74+ = 7 +2)4(/0( 4 -( 27( 4 <@+; ;+;)4(/274 = 4-/7/2*. L 8*+4+(+89 <+* 4348<7+, ;4 4()* 4( 7+; ?4(084(+; -4 ?4)( 7; 5*/274; /(/+*; 47 (/547 4 5/ 4 -( ;+/4. A48>; +234)/ 8>; 7 (7/* 7 ;/)-/0( 4+(08/ 4 -( <9; <*+
6.
))<;:4;.//<4/.+*@//M*+4+(+8C!AD .))<:.@++@74.+8.@)/8@*4;H*)4*C!AD;)/;8*+4+(+8 C!AD8/*+4+(+8/W-8H$W7H4;W2/H$"%W2/H$%W)28H/;W)2(/H#
12
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CAPACIDAD ECONOMICA: N+ <+48+; 4* -( 4-/574(/ 4()*4; 7; 48<*4;; 4 G-)487, +( +)*; 48<*4;; /()4*(/+(74; - +)*+; <9;4;, <+* 7 7/ 4 <*+-)+; = 7 8@(/)- 4 7 4+(+89. SAMUELSON: -( 4<4*)+ -4 8(/?/4;) -4 7 8*+4+(+89 ;4 )*) 4 +2;4*5* 7 *47/ 4;4 **/2. PASCOAL K"%%& N+; +(-4 <*4/;* -4 47 (>7/;/; 8*+4+(08/+ +(;/@-/4()484()4 ;4 +*/4() 2-;* 7; +(//+(4; (44;*/; <* 47 D4;**+77+ E+(08/+, <* )4(4* 7 /(?7/0( 4( ;-; -;; 4 /8<)+;, ;9 +8+ 7; 4;/@-74; 4 </4; <*+-)/5; 4 7; 4+(+89; 4 7+; <9;4;.
El anál!! "a#$%&#%n'"#% !& !!&na &n $&! *$an+&! &%$,a!:
T4+*9 4 7+; A@*4@+; KTA T4+*9 4 7+; P*4/+; A2;+7-)+; KTPA T4+*9 G4(4*7 47 E-/7/2*/+ = 47 C*4/8/4()+ E+(08/+ KTGECE
E-/+(784()4: A8 H TA TPA TGECE D+(4 A8: A(>7/;/; M*+4+(08/+
L TA, KT4+*9 4 7+; A@*4@+; +8<*4(4 47 4;)-/+ 47 <*+-)+ (/+(7, 47 /(@*4;+ (/+(7, 7 /(54*;/0( )+)7, 7 27( 4 <@+;, 47 ?//) ?/;7, 47 <*+-)+ /()4*(+ 2*-)+, 47 48<74+. L TPA, KT4+*9 4 7+; P*4/+; A2;+7-)+; 4;)-/+ 4 7 /(?7/0( 4( ;+*/@4(, 4?4)+;, ?)+*4;, 7;4;, <+79)/; 8+(4)*/; = ?/;74; <* )*)*7. L TGECE, KT4+*9 G4(4*7 47 E-/7/2*/+ = 47 C*4/8/4()+ E+(08/+ T*) ;+2*4 7 T4+*9 4 7 M+(4 K/(4*+, 57+*4; (4@+/274;, 7 547+/ 4 7 8+(4, 47 )/<+ 4 82/+ = 7 457-/0(. T4+*9 4 7; F/((; P27/; K7; );; 4 /()4*;, </ 4 4(4-8/4()+, 7 4- /()4*( = 4)4*(, 7 2+7; 4 57+*4;. T4+*9 4 7; R47/+(4; I()4*(/+(74;, K+(54(/+; = )*)+;, +84*/+ 4)4*/+*, 27( +84*/7. T4+*9 47 D4;**+77+ K2/4(4;)* ;+/7, ;-<4*/0( 4 7+; (/5474; 4 <+2*4 = 4;(/5474; ;+/+4+(08/+;, ;)/;?/0( 4 7;
13
(44;/4; 4 7+; 8/482*+ 4 7 (/0(, ;+7-/0( 4 <*+2748; 4+(08/+; ?5+* 4 7 ;+/4.
SEGUNDO CRITERIO: Cla!-#a#'n +& la E#%n%",a !&*.n ! R&al/a#'n0 la E#%n%",a !& +1+& &n: ECONOMIA POSITIVA ECONOMIA NORMATIVA ECONOMIA POSITIVA A(7/ 7 E+(+89 4( 2;4 *4@7; ?/3;, 2>;/84()4 4;)-/ 7 /()4@*/0( = +8<+;//0( 47 84(/;8+ 4+(08/+. L 4+(+89 P+;/)/5 4;)-/ -4 4;. B-; 4<7/* 08+ 7+; 4+; ;4 -(4(, 2-; ?+*8-7* = +8<*+2* )4+*9; -4 4<7/-4( *47/+(4; 4()*4 7+; ?)+*4; 4+(08/+;. D4;*/24 = )4+*/ 7 *47/ 4+(08/ <*)/* 4 7+; 4+; 4+(08/+;. R8 4 7 4+(+89 -4 ;4 *4?/4*4 7 4;*/</0( = 4<7//0( 4 7+ ?4(084(+; 4+(08/+;. L 4+(+89 <+;/)/5 +8+ /4(/, ;4 +-< 47 (>7/;/; 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4+(08/+. E3. U( )4+*9 4+(08/ <+;/)/5 <+*9 4;*/2/* 08+ 47 *4/8/4()+ 4 7 8; 8+(4)*/ ?4) 7 /(?7/0(, <4*+ (+ <*+<+*/+( (/(@-( /(;)*-/0( ;+2*4 - <+79)/ ;4 424 ;4@-/*. R4?743 7+ -4 4; 7 4+(+89 4( -( 8+84()+, <-44 +-**/* -4 7; ()/4; +?4*); 4 -( 2/4( + ;4*5//+ ;4 /(*484()( 42/+ -4 7+; <*4/+; ;4 4745(, ;/ <*4;4()8+; 4;) *47/ )7 -7 4;, 4;)8+; 434*/)(+ 7 E+(+89 P+;/)/5. L 4+(+89 <+;/)/5 ;4 4?/(4 544; +8+ 7 4+(+89 4 7+ -4 4;, 8/4()*; -4 7 4+(+89 (+*8)/5 )*) 7+ -4 424*9 ;4*. ECONOMIA NORMATIVA
L 4+(+89 (+*8)/5 ;4 5/(-7 +( 7 )/, (7/(+ +8+ ;4 -8<74( 7; ?-(/+(4; -4 )/4(4 ;/@(; = *4-/*/4(+ 47 <+*)4 4 3-//+; 4 57+*. E348<7+: E7 <*4/+ 4 7 744 424*9 ;4* 4 !& -4)74; <+* @70( <* <4*8/)/* -( (/547 4 5/ 8>; 7)+ 7+; <*+-)+*4; 4 744 = ;75* 7 @*(3 ?8/7/*. E;)4 4; -( 4(-(/+ (+*8)/5+, = -4 *4?743 3-//+; 4 57+* -4 (+ ;4 <-44( 48+;)** -4 ;4( 54*4*+; + ?7;+;, +8<*(+ +( )+; 47 8-(+ *47. E;)4 4(-(/+ 4( +(*4)+ +; 7)+ = -4 4; (44;*/+ ;75* 7; @*(3; ?8/7/*4;.
14
TERCER CRITERIO Cla!-#a#'n +& la E#%n%",a !&*.n ! Na$al&/a: ECONOMIA DESCRIPTIVA0 TEORIA ECONÓMICA Y POLITICA ECONOMICA ECONOMIA DESCRIPTIVA: C/4(/ -4 )/4(4 +8+ ?/(7/ 4;)2744* 7+; ?-(84()+; K/8/4()+; )40*/+; K/8@/(*/+; 4 7 )/5/ 4+(08/ )*5; 4 7 4?/(//0( 4 7; 74=4; -4 */@4( 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4+(08/+. R4?743 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4 7+; /?4*4()4; @4()4; 4 -( 4)4*8/(+ ;/;)48 4+(08/+, 4; 4/* 4 7+; +(;-8/+*4;, <*+-)+*4;, /(;)/)-/+(4; @-24*(84()74;, <*+544+*4;, 4( )()+ 47 -;+ 4 7+; *4-*;+; 4;;+; <* )4(4* 4 7 843+* 8(4* <+;/274 7; (44;/4; 4 7 <+27/0(, 47 2/4(4;)* = 7 7/ 4 5/ 4 ;-; 2/)()4;, +<+*)-(/4; 4 48<74+, 7 ;)/;?/0( 4 7; (44;/4; 2>;/;. TEORIA ECONÓMICA: T/4(4 +8+ +234)/5+ 4<7/* 08+ ?-(/+(( 7; 4+(+89; = 08+ /()4*)( 7+; @4()4; 4+(08/+;. SAMUELSON K"%%! S4@( 47 4(?+-4 /4()9?/+, 7 )4+*9 4+(08/ 4; 7 -4 +)+*@ 47 *>)4* 4 /4(/ 7 E+(+89. POLITICA ECONOMICA: S4 ;-;)4() 4 7 T4+*9 E+(08/, <7/ +( */)4*/+ 7 -)/7//0( 4 7+; <*/(/
15
E( <*/84* +*4( 47 4*8/4()+ 4 7 E+(+89 4; +( 7; +)*; /4(/; ;+/74; )74; +8+ 7 /;)+*/, 7 P;/+7+@9, 7 S+/+7+@9, 47 D4*4+, 7 G4+@*?9 = 7 P+79)/. E( ;4@-(+ +*4( +( /;/<7/(; 5/(-7; 7; M)++; -()/))/5+; +8+ 7 E;)9;)/ = 7; M)48>)/; = <+* ;-<-4;)+ -4 /(/*4)84()4 ;4 *47/+(( +( +)*; /;/<7/(; 4 >*4; (+ ;+/74; +8+ 7 B/+7+@9. E()+(4; 4/;)4 *4/<*+/ 4 +(+/8/4()+; 4()*4 7; C/4(/; S+/74;, 7 E+(+89 4; -( 4 477;, 4;) 54 *4;7)*48+; 7 +()*/2-/0( -4 *4/24 4 7; +)*; C/4(/; S+/74;.
INTERRELACION ECONÓMICA 2 3ISTORIA4 L /;)+*/ <*+<+*/+( 7 E+(+89 7+; +(+/8/4()+; ;+2*4 7+; +()4/8/4()+; 4 /8<)+ -;+; 4( 7 45+7-/0( = 4;**+77+ 4 7; +*@(//+(4; ;+/74; 4 7 -8(/, 4 ;) 8(4* 74 <4*8/)4 -2/* 4( 47 )/48<+ = 4( 47 4;</+ 7; )/5/4; 4 7+; +82*4;, /4()/?/* ;- +*/@4(, ;()-*74, 4?4)+ 4 -4 ;4 <-4( +*4(* 7+; +()4/8/4()+;.
INTERRELACION ECONÓMICA 2 POL5TICA4 L <+79)/ <+*) 7 E+(+89 +( 7+; *4;-7)+; 47 4;)-/+ /4()9?/+ 4 7 +*@(//0( 47 E;)+ = 4 7; *47/+(4; 4 7+; @+24*(()4;, 48>; 47 4;)274/8/4()+ 4 7; /(;)/)-/+(4; 4;)*)@/; -4 ;/*54( 4 ;+<+*)4 <* 7; 84/; 4 <+79)/ 4+(08/ -4 *4@-74( 7; )/5/4; 4+(08/;. L+ /4*)+ 4; -4 7 4<4*/4(/ (+; /4 -4 7 +*@(//0( 4+(08/ ;4 ;+84)4 7 4;)*-)-* <+79)/ 4 7 ;+/4, 47 4+(+8/;) -4 ;-34)+ + 4<4(/4()4 4 7+ -4 47 <+79)/+ 4/, ;+( @*-<+; 4 <+4* )()+ 4+(08/+ +8+ <+79)/+ = 8/7/)* 7+; -4 +()*+7( 7 /(>8/ 4+(08/ 4 7 ;+/4. INTERRELACION ECONOMICA 2 GEOGRAFIA A74*) 7 E+(+89 ;+2*4 7; /?4*4(/; 4/;)4()4; 4 -( <9; +)*+ 4?4)+ 4 <7/* +8<)/27484()4 7; 4/;/+(4; 4+(08/;. L; /?4*4(/; 4+(08/; +( 7+; *;@+; 47 84/+ 82/4()4, 4 7+; /4()4; @4+8+*?+70@/+;, 4 7+; ?4(084(+; 7/8>)/+;, 4 7; +(//+(4; @4+4+(08/; 4 7+; 84*+;, 4 7; 59; 4 4;+ = *44; 4 +8-(//0(, 4 7 /(?*4;)*-)-* ?9;/ 4/;)4()4, 47 );)*+ 5/@4()4, 47 *>)4* +*@(//+(7 4 7; -(/4; 4+(08/;, 4 7+; ?4(084(+; = 4;;)*4; ()-*74;, 74()8/4()+ @7+27, 47 4;<78/4()+ @4+?9;/+, ;9 +8+ 4 7; 4/;/+(4; @4+<+79)/; -4 ;4 4;)2744(. 8.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%3%!"a
16
S+2*4 )++ 7 ()4*/+* 7 G4+@*?9 ;/;)48)/ = <*+4; 7 /(?+*8/0( )/7 <* 7 E+(+89, 2*/(>(+74 -( 57/+;+ /(54()*/+ 7 *4;<4)+, +(?/@-*>(+;4 4( 7 <*>)/ 4 -( -)()/ G4+@*?9 E+(08/ -4 ;+;)/4(4 47 /)+ 48<*4;*/7 = @-24*(84()7, 4( )()+ ;- 0<)/8+ <*+548/4()+ (+ 7-@* )4(+7+@9; <*+
INTERRELACION ECONOMIA 2 DEREC3O E7 4*4+ +()*/2-=4 +( 7 E+(+89 7 4)4*8/(* 7 4;)*-)-* 3-*9/ -4 ;/*54 4 8*+ <* 47 /+(* 4 7+; @4()4; 4+(08/+; 4( 4;4(*/+; @4+@*>?/+;, /;)0*/+;, = <+79)/+;, 7 7- 4 7; 74=4; -4 4?/(4( ;-; 4*4+; + )*/2-/+(4; = ;-; *4;<+(;2/7/4; - +27/@/+(4;. E; 4/* 8* 7+; 798/)4; 4 7 7/24*) 4 /0( 4( 8)4*/ 4+(08/. E7 4*4+ <+* ;/@-/4()4 ;-84 -( ?-(/0( *4@-7+* = +*/4()+* <* 7; 4/;/+(4; 4+(08/; ;4( 4/)+;; 4( 8)4*/ 4 O*@(//0( = +(;)/)-/0( 4 48<*4;;, 4 /(;)/)-/+(4; /54*;; )()+ (/547 @-24*(84()7 +8+ (+ @-24*(84()7. E( (-4;)*+ <9;, )-784()4, 4; 74 P+4* L4@/;7)/5+ -/4( 4;)2744 47 +*4(8/4()+ 3-*9/+, <4*+ )82/( 47 P+4* E34-)/5+ <-44 4*7+ ;4@( 8()+ C+(;)/)-/+(7 4/;)4()4, (+ 7-@* 7 <*4;4(/ 4 7 4/;/0( <+79)/ -4 4; 7 -4 4( 7)/8+ /(;)(/ 4)4*8/( 47 -*;+ 4 7; /+(4;.
INTERRELACION ECONOMIA 2 SOCIOLOGIA P*+<+*/+( /(?+*8/0( 7 E+(+89, 4( *47/0( +8+ 47 +82*4 ;4 +*@(/+ = /(8/+ ;+/784()4 )*5; 47 )/48<+, +8+ ;4 + 7 /()4@*/0( ;+/7, <*)/* 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4 7+; @*-<+; -8(+;, ;8+5/7/, 4;)*)/?//0(, 82/+;, +(//+(4; 4 5/ = 4( -( ;+7 <72*: ;C-7)-* S+/7. INTERRRELACION ECONOMIA 2 METODOS CUANTITATIVOS A7 /()4@** 7 E+(+89 +( 7+; M)++; -()/))/5+; +8+ 7; 8)48>)/; = 7 E;)9;)/, *4;-7) 7 E+(+84)*9 -4 <+;/2/7/) 7 84//0( = <*+=4/0( 4 7+; 4+; 4+(08/+;, >(+74 +234)/5/ 7; 4/;/+(4; 4( 8)4*/ 4+(08/. L+; 8+47+; 4+(+8)*/+; +(;)/)-=4( 7 8>/8 4<*4;/0( 4 7 +()*/2-/0( 4 7+; 8)++; -()/))/5+; 7 E+(+89, )+ 54 -4 ?/7/)( 47 )*)8/4()+ 4 7 )4+*9 47 *4/8/4()+ = D4;**+77+ E+(08/+, 4 7; *47/+(4; /()4*;4)+*/74;, ;9 +8+ 4 7 P7(/?//0( E+(08/, 2;4; ;-;)(/74; <* 7 )+8 4 4/;/+(4; @-24*(84()74; -4 ;+( 4 <+* ;/ 47 8*+ 4 )-/0( 4 7+; @4()4; 4+(08/+; 4/;)4()4; +( *>)4* /4()9?/+ = 8/(/8//0( 4 7+; 8>*@4(4; 4 */4;@+ -4 )+ )/5/ 4+(08/ /(5+7-*. INTERRELACION 2 PSICOLOGIA E7 +(;-8/+* )+8 ;-; 4/;/+(4; <+* 7; -4 4;)>( 5/(-7; +( ;<4*;+(7/, 4;)+; 4 >(/8+, *>)4*, )48<4*84()+, ;4()/8/4()+; =
17
48+/+(4; = 7 P;/+7+@9 -/4( )/4(4 /(?+*8/0( ;/;)48)/ 7 *4;<4)+, <+* 7+ -4 +()*/2-=4 +( 7 E+(+89 4 8(4* 4/;/5, >(+74 47 <(+*8 4-+ 7+; <*+-)+*4; 4 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -4 )/4(4( 4 843+* 8(4* 7; 4<4))/5; 4 +(;-8+ = ;)/;?/0( 4 7; (44;/4; 4 84*+. E7 E;)-/+ 4 7 E+(+89 (+ ;4 <-44 4;**+77* <+* ;9 ;+7, ;/(+ ;4 -/7/ 4 5*/; /4(/;, <+*-4 7 4+(+89 ;4 2; 4( -()/?/*, 7-7* <* <+4* (7/* 7+; /(@*4;+; = @;)+;. U( 4;)*)4@/ 4 84*+, (+; =- /(*484()* 7; 54();, +2)4(4* @((/;, ;4* +8<4)/)/5+ 4()*+ 47 >82/)+ 48<*4;*/7.
INVESTIGACIONES GRUPALES: 6ER4 TEMA: PROBLEMAS BASICOS DE LA ECONOMIA L+; )*4; <*+2748; 2>;/+; 4+(08/+; 7+; -4 424 4* ?*4()4 )++ )/<+ 4 ;+/44;, ;+( 7+; ;/@-/4()4;: $. QUE MERCANCIAS VAN A PRODUCIRSE Y EN QUE CANTIDADES ". COMO VAN A PRODUCIRSE LOS BIENES !. PARA QUIEN VAN A PRODUCIRSE 7UE Y CUANTO PRODUCIR: C+( 7; 4/;)4(/; 4 7; (44;/4; = -4 ;); ;4 ;)/;?4( +( 2/4(, 4()+(4; 4; -(+ ;4 4)4*8/(( ->74; (44;/4; ;4 5( ;)/;?4* = -4 2/4(4; <-44( ;)/;?4* 4;; (44;/4;, 4<4(/4(+ 4 7 48( ;4 4)4*8/( 7 ()/ 4 2/4(4; <*+-/* <* <+4* ;)/;?4* = (+ 774@* )4(4* <*/;. KT4+*9 47 <*4/+ COMO PRODUCIR: U( ;4@-(+ <*+2748 4; 08+ <*+-/*, 4;)+ -/4*4 (+; -/4*4 4/* -4, 08+ <*+54* 7+; *4-*;+; -4 )4(48+; 4( 4/;)4(/ 4( 7 4+(+89 = ;4 )*) 4 8/(/8/* @;)+;, <-4; 4 4; ?+*8 ;4 <*+54( 843+* 7+; *4-*;+;, = -4 (/(@-( 4+(+89 4;)*9 /;<-4;) 7 -84()+ 4 +;)+; 4 *4-*;+;. A48>; 4)4*8/(* - 8)++; )4(+70@/+; ;4 5( -)/7/*. KT4+*9 4 7 <*+-/0( P+* 7+ @4(4*7, 4( )++; 7+; <*+4;+; <*+-)/5+; ;4 *4-/4*4 -( +82/(/0( 4 7+; /?4*4()4; ?)+*4; 4 <*+-/0( ;/4(+ 7+; ;/@-/4()4;: LA TIERRA, EL TRABAJO Y EL CAPITAL. L T/4**: + *4-*;+; ()-*74;, )++ -477+ <*+<+*/+(+ <+* 7 ()-*74 7 <*+4;+ <*+-)/5+. E7 T*23+: ;+( 7+; *4-*;+; -8(+;, ?-7)4; ?9;/; 4 /()474)-74; -4 47 4/ 7 <*+-/0(.
18
E7 C
PARA 7UIEN PRODUCIR: E7 )4*4* <*+2748 2>;/+ 4 -7-/4* 4+(+89 4; <* -/4( <*+-/*, 4; 4/* -/( 5 /;?*-)* = 24(4?//*;4 4 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; @4(4*+;. L ?+*8 4 /;)*/2-/0( 4 7+ @4(4*+, 4()*4 7+; /;)/()+; /(/5/-+; = @4()4; ;+/74; 4; 47 +234)/5+. C+(;/;)4 4( 4//* -/4(4; ;4 4;)/(*>( 7+; *)9-7+; <*+-/+;. KT4+*9 4 7 /;)*/2-/0( FASES DE LA ACTIVIDAD ECONOMICA PRODUCCION: P*/84* 4)<, ;4 )*(;?+*8( + ;4 *4( 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -4 *4-/4*4( 7+; /(/5/-+;, <+* 84/+ 4 7 +82/(/0( 4 7+; ?)+*4; 4 7 <*+-/0(, = -4 +8+ *4;-7)+ 7 )*(;?+*8/0( 4 7+; *4-*;+; ()-*74; 4( 8)4*/; <*/8;, ;4 )*(;?+*8( 4( 2/4(4; +8+ ;+( 7+; 7/84()+;, *+<, 7+, 4). DISTRIBUCION: C+8+ ;4@-( 4)<, ;4 4(*@ 4 *4<*)/* )++ 7+ -4 ;4 <*+-/+. R4<*4;4() 7 +84*/7//0( 4 2/4(4;. L745* 2/4(4; )*(;?+*8+; 7+; 4()*+; 4 +(;-8+, +8+ ;+( 7+; 84*+;, 784(4;, 4( +(4 -/*>( <+* ;-<-4;)+ +(;-8/+*4; = <*+-)+*4;, 7+; -74; *47/*>( -( +<4*/0( 84*()/7 8-= /8<+*)()4 L C+8<*54(). CONSUMO: L 7)/8 4)< 4 7 )/5/ 4+(08/ +(;/;)4 4( /;?*-)* 7+; 2/4(4; <*+-/+;, 4( ;)4 <*+4;+ ;4 ;474/+( 7+ -4 ;4 4;4 -)/7/*;4 <* 47 +(;-8+ <4*;+(7, = ;4 4( 7/84()+;, 7+, *+<, 4). UTILIDAD S)/;?/0( + 24(4?//+ -4 ;4 <-44 +2)4(4* 7 *47/* -( )*(;/0( 4+(08/, 4; 7 2;4 47 57+* -4 -( /(/5/-+ +(?/4*4 K+(44 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -4 +(;-84. E( 4+(+89, 7 U)/7/ 4; -( 84/ 4 7 ;)/;?/0(. E; 7 <*+;/+; -4 4 -4 7; <4*;+(; -/4*( +8<* + -/*/* 47 <*+-)+ = 47
19
4+ 4 -4 7; <4*;+(; -/4*( + +8<*4( 7+; <*+-)+; 4;+ -/4*4 4/* -4 )/4(4 -)/7/. E( 47 8<+ 4 7 E+(+89 = 7; ?/((;, 7 UTILIDAD 4;)> ;+/ 7 @((/ -4 ;4 +2)/4(4 <*)/* 4 -( 2/4( + -( /(54*;/0(. E348<7+ -( <4*;+( /(5/4*)4 Q.&, %%%.%% <* 7 +8<* 4 <*+-)+; 7 <+* 8=+* =, )*; 54(4*7+; 4( 47 84*+ 8/(+*/;), +2)/4(4 Q6, &%%.%%, 4()+(4; +(;4@-/+ -( UTILIDAD 4 Q.$, &%%.%%.
VALOR P+48+; 4?/(/* +8+ 7 4-/574(/ 4 -( 2/4( + ;4*5//+ 4( )*8/(+; 4 +)*+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;. E7 )*8/(+ ;-474 *4?743* 7 -()9 4( /(4*+ + <*4/+, -4 ;4 <@*> <+* 47 2/4(. E7 57+* 4 -7-/4* +234)+ 4( -( 84*+ 4<4(4 4 ;4;;4 = 4 ;-; *)4*9;)/; )*)/5;.
SISTEMA ECONOMICO E; 7 4;)*-)-* K+*@(//0(, **4@7+, +*4(/0( 4 <*+-/0(, 4 ;/@(/0( 4 *4-*;+; 4+(08/+;, /;)*/2-/0( 4 <*+-)+; = +(;-8+; 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; 4( -( 4+(+89. E; -( +(3-()+ 4 *47/+(4; ;+/74;. C+(3-()+ 4 <*/(/;/;.
20
8DO4 TEMA: VARIABLES BASICAS DE ANALISIS ECONOMICO E7 A(>7/;/; E+(08/+ 4; 47 <*+4/8/4()+ /4()9?/+ <+* 84/+ 47 -7 ;4 <*4)4(4 /()4*<*4)* -( *47/ 4 4+ + ?4(084(+ -4 /()4*4; 7 /4(/. U( 5*/274, 4; -( )+ 4 /(?+*8/0( 4 ?+*8 -7/))/5 + -()/))/5, -4 ;4 +(;/4* (44;*/ <* *47/* -( 4;)-/+ 4 -( *47/. '.))<:.@++@74.+8.@);4* H4+(+8/4;*/<)/5W;+-*4H7(8;W)28H/;W;HXW4/HBJ=U(YA<E'QS&/I+BAW;/H"W54H%CAQAU+AQW2/ H$"%W2/H$%)28H/;W;H$WH;/;)484+(+8/+W+H;/;)484+(W@;7H/8@.$.%.%7$%.&!&.$.%.''6.1!."%.!.&. 6.!.!$!.$'"1.%363!3$.$%.%...%.%...$.$.$&./
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MICRO Y MACROECONOMIA: MICROECONOMIA:
21
E; <*)4 4 7 4+(+89 -4 4;)-/ 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4+(08/+ /(/5/-7, +8+ 7+; /(/5/-+;, ?8/7/;, 48<*4;; = 84*+;. L+; 47484()+; 2>;/+; 4( 47 -4 ;4 4()* ;+( 7+; 2/4(4;, 7+; <*4/+;, 7+; 84*+; = 7+; @4()4; 4+(08/+;. MACROECONOMIA: S4 4(*@ 47 4;)-/+ @4(4*7 4 7 4+(+89, 84/()4 7; 5*/274; 4+(08/; @*4@; +8+ 47 8+()+ )+)7 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; <*+-/+;, 47 (/547 4 48<74+, 7 27( 4 <@+;, 47 )/<+ 4 82/+ = 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ @4(4*7 4 7+; <*4/+;. E;)-/ 7 <*+-/0( )+)7, 47 +(;-8+ @7+27, 47 /(@*4;+ (/547 (/+(7.
EL MERCADO: A82/4()4 ;+/7 +(4 7; /(;)/)-/+(4; - +*@(//+(4; ;+/74; )/4(4( *47/0( +84*/7 +( 7+; +?4*)()4; K<*+-)+*4; = 54(4+*4; = 48(()4; K+(;-8/+*4; + +8<*+*4; 4 -( 4)4*8/(+ 2/4( + ;4*5//+ +( 47 ?/( 4 *47/* )*(;/+(4; +84*/74;. L+; <*/84*+; 84*+; 4( 7 /;)+*/ ?-(/+(*+( 84/()4 47 )*-4-4 -4 4; 47 /()4*82/+ 4 7; +;; +84;)/274; = +234)+;, )*5; 4 7+; )/48<+; 48<4*+( -;* 47 /(4*+ = 4;**+77*;4 7; 48<*4;; (/+(74; 4 /()4*(/+(74; 4;48<4(+ -( <<47 8>; /8<+*)()4 4( 47 84*+.
DIVISION DE MERCADO • • •
M4*+ 4 2/4(4; 4 +(;-8+ M4*+ 4 2/4(4; I(-;)*/74; M4*+ 4 ;4*5//+;
MERCADO DE BIENES DE CONSUMO: D+(4 ;4 +84*/7/( <*+-)+; <* ;)/;?4* 7; (44;/4; <4*;+(74; + 7; 4 ;-; +@*4;. E348<7+ 4 +(;-8+ /(84/)+: <(, 744, 320(, 4)4*@4()4. D-*4*+ )4745/;/0(, 84;, *+<, 4). Q-4 ;)/;?@( 7; (44;/4; 47 +(;-8/+*. C*)4*9;)/; <*/(/<74; ;+(: R4(+5/0( 4 ;-; <*+-)+;. Q-4 ;4( -)/7/+; <+* 7+; (74; 4 /;)*/2-/0( F-4*)4 +8<4)4(/ 4( 7+; ;4)+*4; • • •
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M43+* +84*/7//0( M4*+ 8-= @*4;/5+ = +8<4)/)/5+
MERCADO DE BIENES INDUSTRIALES: D+(4 +84*/7/( <*+-)+; -4 ;4 -)/7/( <* 472+** +)*+; 2/4(4;, <+* 4348<7+ 7; 8-/(*/; -4 472+*( *+<+ - +)*+; -4 74 ;/*54( 7 +(;-8/+*. S-; *)4*9;)/; <*/(/<74;: C+84*/7//0( 7*@ = +8<743 R4-/4*4 @*(4; +(+/8/4()+; )(/+; P*+-)+; +( 7*@+ <*+4;+ 4 ?2*//0( = /7+ 4 5/ 7*@+ N44;/ 4 ?-4*)4; /(54*;/+(4; • • • •
MERCADO DE SERVICIOS: S4 *4?/4*4 -477+; 2/4(4; + <*+-)+; 4 ()-*74 -4 (+ ;4 <-44( )+*, 4348<7+ ;(/, ?+*8/0(, )-*/;8+, )*(;<+*)4, 4). LA OFETA Y LA DEMANDA: O?4*), -477 ()/ 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -4 7+; <*+-)+*4; 4;)>( /;<-4;)+; 54(4* 7+; /;)/()+; <*4/+; 47 84*+. D48(, 7 ()/ 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -4 <-44( ;4* -/*/+; <+* -( +(;-8/+* + +(3-()+ 4 +(;-8/+*4;. E7 ;/;)48 4 4+(+89 47 84*+, <* -4 <-4 4;**+77* ;-; ?-(/+(4; +**4)84()4, 4; (44;*/+ 47 ;/;)48 4 7 +?4*) = 7 48(, +( ;); *)4*9;)/; )4(*48+; -( 84*+ <4*?4)+, 4( 47 ;4()/+ 4 -4 = -( (84*+ 8-= @*(4 4 +8<*+*4; = 54(4+*4;
PRECIO: S4 74 4(+8/( <*4/+ 7 <@+ + *4+8<4(; ;/@(+ 7 +2)4(/0( 4 -( 2/4( + ;4*5//+. PRINCIPALES AGREGADOS MACROECONOMICOS T*(;/+(4; 4()*4 7+; /?4*4()4; @4()4; 4+(08/+; + 4()/4; 47 ;/;)48 4+(08/+ K?8/7/;, 48<*4;;, @+2/4*(+ = 47 *4;)+ 47 8-(+ ;4 *4@/;)*( 4( 7 +()2/7/ (/+(7, 4;) 4?/(4 = *47/+( 7+; @*4@+; 8*+4+(08/+; 84/()4 -( ;4*/4 4 -4(); -4 /()4@*( 47 ;/;)48 4 7 +()2/7/ (/+(7.
LA RENTA
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I(*484()+ (4)+ 4 */-4. T++ /(@*4;+ -4 -( <4*;+( ?9;/ + 3-*9/ <4*/24 = -4 <-44 +(;-8/* ;/( /;8/(-/* ;- <)*/8+(/+. C()/ 4 2/4(4;, ;4*5//+; + ?+(+; *4/2/+; <+* -( /(/5/-+, ;+/4 + 4+(+89 4( -( <4*/++ 4 )/48<+ +.
EL GASTO EN LA ECONOMIA E; -( ;7/ 4 /(4*+ -4 -( <4*;+( + 48<*4; 424 <@* <+* -( *)9-7+ + ;4*5//+. U( @;)+ 4; -( +;)+, -4 4; <@+, + *48/)/+ (+*8784()4 82/+ 4 7@+ 4 57+*. L+ -4 <*4/4* +;)* 8-+ ;4 +(;/4* *+, 8/4()*; -4 7+ -4 <*4/4* +;)* <++ 4; 2*)+. D4;482+7;+ 4 /(4*+ -4 )/4(4 -( +()*<*)/ 4( 2/4(4; + ;4*5//+;, 7 -7 +()*/2-=4 7 <*+4;+ <*+-)/5+. E( 47 8+84()+ 4( -4 ;4 +*/@/( -( @;)+ ;4 <*+-4 <+* )()+, -( +274 /*-7/0( 4+(08/. P+* -( 7+ ;74 /(4*+ = <+* +)*+ 4()*( 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;, +( 7+; -74; <+*>( +2)4(4* -(+; /(@*4;+; 4*/5+; 4 7 )/5/ 4+(08/ +( 7+ -4 ;4 +(;/@-4 *4-<4** 7+; 4;482+7;+; +*/@/(74;.
PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO (PIB) D4?/(//0(: 47 57+* 4 )++; 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; ?/(74; <*+-/+; 4()*+ 4 -( (/0( 4( -( + 4)4*8/(+. MEDICION DEL PIB E7 PIB ;4 <-44 84/* 4;4 +; 4(?+-4; /?4*4()4; +2)4(/4(+ 4( 82+; ;+; 47 8/;8+ *4;-7)+. a# $# 1#
COMO FLUJO DE GASTOS COMO FLUJO DE RENTAS
C+8+ F7-3+ 4 G;)+;:
PIB H +(;-8+ /(54*;/0( @;)+ <27/+ 4<+*)/+(4; [ 4<+*)/+(4; E( 2*45/)-*;: PIBHC I G X M
" C+8+ /;)*/2-/0( 4 *4();:
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O)* 8(4* 4 84/* 47 PIB 4; ;-8(+ 7; *4(); -4 ;4 ( @4(4*+ 4( 47 434*//+ 4*/5; 4 7 )/5/ 4+(08/. IMPORTANCIA DEL PIB: E7 <*+-)+ /()4*(+ 2*-)+, 4; 47 /(/+* -4 <4*8/)4 84/* 47 *4/8/4()+ 4 -( *4@/0(, <-44 ;4* /- + <9;. S4 *47/ )*/84;)*784()4 = ;4 ;47 -4 -(+ 4( -( 4+(+89 47 PIB 8* -( 4+(+89 (4@)/5 <+* 8>; 4 -( <4*/++ +(;4-)/5+ 4()+(4; ;4 27 4 -( *44;/0( 4+(08/.
9ER4 TEMA ECONOMIA MONETARIA EL DINERO: E; -( +(3-()+ 4 )/5+; 4 -( 4+(+89 -4 7; <4*;+(; *4@-7*84()4 4;)>( /;<-4;); -;* +8+ 84/+ 4 <@+ <* +8<** = 54(4* 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;. A 7+ 7*@+ 4 7 /;)+*/ ;4 ( -)/7/+ /?4*4()4; +234)+; +8+ /(4*+. L; /74; 4 )*(;<+*)*7+;. E7 +*+ = 7 <7) )/4(4( 48>; -( 57+* 4;<49?/+, = -4 <-44( ;4* -;+; +8+ 3+=4*9. A7 /(4*+ ;/( 57+* 4;<49?/+, ;4 74 +(+4 +8+ /(4*+ ?/-/*/+ -4 4; 7+ -4 4;)8+; -)/7/(+ += 4( 9. L @4()4 4<) 47 /(4*+ <+*-4 +(?9 4( -4 7+ <+*> -;* 4( +)*; )*(;/+(4;.
FUNCIONES 7UE CUMPLE EL DINERO EN UNA ECONOM5A: MEDIO DE CAMBIO: Y -4 4; @4(4*784()4 4<)+; <+* 7 ;+/4 <* ;7* 7 +8<* = 54() 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;. UNIDAD DE CUENTA: P+*-4 <4*8/)4 ?/3* <*4/+; = +-84()* 4-;. KC->(+ ;4 -)/7/ <* <+(4* <*4/+ 7; +;; DEPOSITO DE VALOR: <+*-4 <4*8/)4 )*(;?4*/* 7 </ <* +8<** 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; 7+ 7*@+ 47 )/48<+. K4 *4?4*4(/ 7 ?-7) 47 /(4*+ <* ;4* +(54*)/+ 4( 2/4(4; KT/4(4; /(4*+ <+*-4 +( 7 <-44; +8<** +;;, = 4;+ 4; 7+ -4 74 57+* 4;4 /(4*+ 4 7+ +()**/+ ;07+ ;4*9 -( (84*+ (+)+ 4( 7 -4() 47 2(+
CARACTERISTICAS DEL DINERO COMO MEDIO DE PAGO
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P* -4 47 /(4*+ -8<7 +( 7 ?-(/0( 4 84/+ 4 82/+ 424 ;4*: DURABLE: 424 ;4* < 4 /*-7* 4( 7 4+(+89 4( -( 4;)+ 4<)274 <+* -( )/48<+ *+(274. TRANSPORTABLE: 7+; )4(4+*4; 424( <+4* )*(;<+*)* +( ?/7/, /(4*+ +( -( 57+* ;-;)(/7. KB>;/+, ?-(84()7 DIVISIBLE: 47 /(4*+ 424 <+4* ;-2/5//*;4 4( <4-4; <*)4; +( ?/7/ ;/( -4 ;. DE EMISION CONTROLADA: <* -4 8()4(@ ;- 57+* = -4 (+ 4)4(@ 7 4+(+89 <+*-4 7 +?4*) 47 /(4*+ 4; /(;-?//4()4. E;)+ /8<7/ -4 4; (44;*/+ 45/)* ;- ?7;/?//0(.
LA BANCA T*8/(+ -4 ;4 *4?/4*4 7; 4()/4; ?/((/4*; -4, *47)/584()4 K*4;<4)/584()4 + +**4;<+(/4()484()4 +( <++
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A 7 *4;) 4()*4 7 ); 4 /()4*4;4 4 +7+/0( = 7 4 <)/0( ;4 74 4(+8/( "a$*&n +& n&$"&+a#'n4 E7 /(4*+ -4 7+; 2(+; *4+@4( )*5; 4 7 <)/0( (+ <-44 ;4* -)/7/+ 4( ;- )+)7/ <* 7 +7+/0( <*)4 4 4;4 /(4*+ ;4 4;)/( 7+ -4 ;4 4(+8/( ENCAJE = 7+ -4 -4 7/2*4 4; -)/7/+ <* +(44* <*;)8+;. EL ENCAJE E; -( <+*4()34 47 )+)7 4 7+; 4<0;/)+; -4 *4/24( 7; /(;)/)-/+(4; ?/((/4*;, 47 -7 ;4 424 +(;4*5* <4*8(4()484()4, = ;4 4( 4?4)/5+ 4( ;-; 3; + 4( ;-; -4(); 4( 47 B(+ 4 7 R4<27/. E7 4(34 )/4(4 +8+ ?/( @*()/* 47 *4)+*(+ 47 /(4*+ 7+; +**+*4; + 7/4()4; 47 2(+.
LA BANCA SE ESTRUCTURA A PARTIR DE SU ACTIVIDA PRINCIPAL EN: BANCA DE EMISION: </) 3-*9/84()4 <* 7 48/;/0( 4 2/774)4; 2(*/+;. BANCA MIXTA: -4 *47/( +<4*/+(4; 2(*/; 4( 47 84*+ 8+(4)*/+ 4 57+*4;. BANCA DE DEPOSITOS: 7 -7 ;4 7/8/) 2>;/84()4 7 *44</0( = 7 8/(/;)*/0( 4 <+*)/+(4; 8+(4)*/; -4 *47/( ;-; 7/4()4;, 7+; -74; *4/24( /()4*4;4; 82/+. BANCA INDUSTRIAL: 4(*@ 4 7 ?/((//0( 4 48<*4;;, 4 48/;/+(4; 4 */)+;, 4 ?-(/+(4; = ;4 )*>?/+ 4 57+*4;. BANCA IPOTECARIA: +(44 */)+; 7*@+ <7+, +( @*()9 ;+2*4 2/4(4; /(8-4274;, = +(;/@-4 47
LA INFLACION
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E; -(+ ;4 <*+-4 -( -84()+ @4(4*7/+ 4 7+; <*4/+; -4 (+ ;4 7/8/) 4)4*8/(+; *)9-7+;. E; 47 -84()+ @4(4*7/+ 4( 7+; <*4/+; 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; 4 -( 4+(+89 )*5; 47 )/48<+. E; 47 *4/8/4()+ +()/(-+ = @4(4*7/+ 4 7+; <*4/+; 4 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; = ?)+*4; <*+-)/5+; 4 -( 4+(+89 7+ 7*@+ 47 )/48<+. M+5/8/4()+ <4*;/;)4()4 7 7 47 (/547 @4(4*7 4 <*4/+; + /;8/(-/0( 47 <+4* -/;/)/5+ 47 /(4*+.
La! #a!a! +& la n-la#'n !%n 1a$a+a!0 la! #al&! %+&"%! "&n#%na$ •
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A-84()+ 4 7 +?4*) 8+(4)*/: -4 <-44 ;4* -; <+* 7 48/;/0( 44;/5 4 /(4*+ 47 2(+ 4()*7 <-44 4;)* *47/+( +( 48/;/0( <* ?/((/* ?//); 47 E;)+ -/4*4 4/* -4 K7+; @;)+; 47 @+2/4*(+ ;+( 8=+*4; 7+; /(@*4;+; 47 @+2/4*(+ + 2/4( <* /()4*54(/* 4( 47 84*+ 4 /5/;; 7+ -4 4;)> *47/+(+ +( -( ?//) 47 ;4)+* 4)4*(+ -4 ;/@(/?/ K7; /8<+*)/+(4; ;+( 8=+*4; 7; 4<+*)/+(4; A-84()+ 4 <*4/+ 4 -( 2/4( 754: <+* 4348<7+ 47 PETROLEO, -4 ;4 )*;8/)4 7 *4;)+ 4 7 4+(+89, <+*-4 ;/ -84() 47 <*4/+ 47 <4)*074+ <-44 -84()* 47 <*4/+ 4 7+; +82-;)/274; <* 47 )*(;<+*)4, 7+ -7 4(*44*> 47 )*(;<+*)4 4 2/4(4; = <4*;+(;, 7+ -7 -84()*> 7+;, <*4/+; 4 7+; 2/4(4; -4 ;+( )*(;<+*)+;, -84()*> 47 +;)+ 4 4(4*@9 47)*/, 7+ -7 ;4 )*;7*> -( /(*484()+ 4 ;/ )++; 7+; 2/4(4;. E()* 4 C( /(?7/0(. C-(+ -( 48<*4; +()*+7 4 7 84*+ 4 -( 2/4( 4( <*)/-7*, )/4(4 /4*)+ <+4* <* <+4* 8+/?/* 47 <*4/+. L+ 8/;8+ <-44 ;-44* ;/ -( @*-<+ 4 48<*4;; ;4 <+(4 4 -4*+ <* -84()* 47 <*4/+ 4 -( 2/4(. E;#&!% +& +&"an+a: In-la#'n +&"an+a+a ;4 <*+-4 -(+ 7 +?4*) 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; 4; 84(+* -4 7 48( 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;, <* -( 4+(+89, 4( 4;)4 ;+ 7+ -4 +-**/*> 4; -4 7+; <*+-)+*4; 7 (+ <+4* -84()* 47 5+7-84( 4 <*+-/0( 7+ -4 4( 4; -84()* 7+; <*4/+; = 7 -84()* -)+8>)/84()4 <*44 7 /(?7/0(. In-la#'n +& C%!&! +& P$%+##'n: P+* 7@-( *0( 7+; <*4/+; 4 7 8)4*/ <*/8, 7 ?-4()4 4 7 4(4*@9 47)*/ -84()( 7+; +;)4; 4 <*+-/0( 7+; 48<*4;*/+; 7+ -4 *>( 4; )*;7* ;)+; 7+; <*4/+; 4
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54(), <+* 7+ -7 7+; <*4/+; -84()*>( = 7 -84()* 7+; <*4/+; <-4; 7 /(?7/0( )82/( -84()*>. Ca!a! E!$#$al&!: E!$an*la"&n%!: ;4 <*+-4 -(+ -( ;4)+* 4+(08/+ (+ 4; < 4 *4;<+(4* *>
L /(?7/0( 4+(08/ 4745 <4*3-/ 47 4;**+77+ = 47 *4/8/4()+ 4+(08/+. L+; <*4/+; ;+( 5*/274; ?-(84()74; 4 -( 4+(+89. C-(+ 4/;)4 /(?7/0( 8-+; <*4/+; *47)/5+; 82/(, 42/+ -4 7@-(+; <*4/+; ;4 8+/?/( 8>; 547+84()4 -4 +)*+;.
EFECTOS FUNDAMENTALES 7UE PROVOCA LA INFLACION: E-&#%! N&*a1%! •
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E-&#%! P%!1%! • • •
L+; ;7*/+; ;+( *>( ;+2*457-+; U( <++ 4 /(?7/0( 4; 2-4( <* 7 4+(+89, <+*-4 <4*8/)4 7* -( 4-/7/2*/+ 8=+*.
FORMAS DE MEDICION DE LA INFLACION: S4 -()/?/ <+* 84/+ 4 +; <*+4/8/4()+; 2>;/+;: P+* 7+; P+*4()34; 4 C*4/8/4()+ 4 P*4/+;: K); 4 *4/8/4()+ 4 -( <4*9++ +)*+. P+* 84/+ 4 7+; \(/4; 4 P*4/+;: K<+*4()34; 4( -4 5*9( 7+; <*4/+; +( *4;<4)+ -( + 2;4
TIPOS DE INFLACION INFLACION MODERADA: E7 )/<+ 4 /(?7/0( 23 + 8+4* ;4 *)4*/ <+* 7 74()/)- = 4;)2/7/ 4( 47 /(*484()+ @4(4*7 4 7+; <*4/+;. C-(+ 7; );; (-74; 4 /(?7/0( (+ ;-<4*( 4 -( 9@/)+. C-(+ 7+; <*4/+; ;4 /(*484()( 4( -( *(@+ +8<*4(/+ 4()*4 47 % 7 $% (-7. K-( ;+7+ 9@/)+. INFLACION GALOPANTE C-(+ 7+; <*4/+; -84()( 7; );; 4 /(?7/0( 4 +; + )*4; 9@/)+;, 4( 47 )*(;-*;+ 4 -( +. E7 /(+()*+7274 -84()+ 4 7+; <*4/+; @4(4*( 4;+(?/( 4 /(4*)/-82*4, K/(;4@-*/. 3IPERINFLACION I(*484()+ (+*87 = 4@4*+ 4( 7; );; 4 /(?7/0(, -4 <-44 7(* -( $%%% 4( -( +. S4 *)4*/ <+* 7 <*/ 47 57+* 47 /(4*+, /;8/(-/0( 47 <+4* -/;/)/5+ = <+*-4 7; <4*;+(; /()4()( @;)* ;- ; *> 5/5/4(+ -( ;454* -( */;/; 4+(08/, -(+ 47 E;)+ ?/((/ ;-; @;)+; ;/( (/(@( )/<+ 4 +()*+7 + -4 (+ 4/;)4 -( 2-4( ;/;)48 -4 *4@-74 7+; /(@*4;+; = 4@*4;+; 47 E;)+.
INFLACION SUBYACENTE
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E; 7 ); 47 *4/8/4()+ 47 9(/4 4 <*4/+; -4 47-=4 47 <*4/+ 4 7+; 2/4(4; -4 8-4;)*( @*(4; ?7-)-/+(4; K5/7/+(4;, -;, 42/+ ;/)-/+(4; (+ +()*+7274; K+(?7/)+; /()4*(/+(74;, 87; +;4;, 4).
LOS TIPOS DE INTERESES DE LA INFLACION L+; )/<+; 4 /()4*4;4; ;4 4(-4()*( 4()*4 7; 5*/274; 8*+4+(08/; 8>; /8<+*)()4;, 4( 4;4(/, ;+( 7+; <*4/+; -4 *47/+(( 47 <*4;4()4 = 47 ?-)-*+. A-9 (7/8+; 7 *47/0( 4()*4 7 /(?7/0( = 7+; )/<+; 4 /()4*4;4;. E
@((+ + @4(4*(+ +( 47
EL SECTOR GOBIERNO Y LAS FINAN=AS PUBLICAS SECTOR GOBIERNO Y LAS FINAN=AS PÚBLICAS S4 +(+4 +8+ F/((; P27/;, 7; F/((; G-24*(84()74; -4 +8<*4(4( 47 ?/((/8/4()+ 4 7; (44;/4; /(/5/-74; = +74)/5; -4 ;)/;?4 47 E;)+. V47 <+* 47 ?/((/8/4()+ 4 7; (44;/4; 4 7 <+27/0(, 4 <4*;+(; /(/5/-74; = E8<*4;; -4 47 E;)+ 424 ;)/;?4*. SECTOR GOBIERNO Y SECTOR PÚBLICO E7 E;)+: C+(;)/)-=(+;4 4 +82*4 <4; 4 +*@(/*;4 23+ -( *@/84( 3-*9/+ = +( <+;4;/0( 4 -( )4**/)+*/+. S- +234)/5+: M43+** = 4745* 47 (/547 4 5/ 4 )++; 7+; 2/)()4; 4 ; 3-*/;//0( @4+@*>?/ = <+79)/. SECTOR PÚBLICO
31
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
SECTOR PRIVADO E( 4+(+89, 47 ;4)+* <*/5+ -4 ;4 +()*<+(4 7 ;4)+* <27/+, 4; -477 <*)4 4 7 4+(+89 -4 2-; 47 >(/8+ 4 7-*+ 4( ;- )/5/ = -4 (+ 4;)> +()*+7 <+* 47 E;)+. P+* +()*;)4, 7; 48<*4;; -4 <4*)4(44( 7 E;)+ ;+( <*)4 47 ;4)+* <27/+. L; +*@(//+(4; <*/5; ;/( >(/8+ 4 7-*+ 4;)>( /(7-/; +8+ <*)4 47 ;4)+* 5+7-()*/+. L ?+*8 3-*9/ 4( 7 -4 ;4 <-44 4;**+77* 47 ;4)+* <*/5+ 4; 8-= 5*/ = 5 4;4 47 434*//+ /(/5/-7 <+* -( <4*;+( 4 -( )/5/ 48<*4;*/7, ;) 47 -;+ 4 -( @*( 5*/4 4 ?+*8; 3-*9/; 4<4(/4(+ 4 <9;.
El a&l +&l !&#%$ $1a+% &n la a#1+a+ &#%n'"#a A7 ;4)+* <*/5+ 74 4;)> <4*8/)/+ +(;)/)-/* = 4;**+77* -7-/4* )/<+ 4 )/5/ 44<)+ 7@( ;4)+* <27/+. D47 ;4)+* <*/5+ ;4 4;<4* -4 /54*;/?/-4 7 <*+-/0( /(-;)*/7 = -4 @ @*(4; /(54*;/+(4;, ;- <<47 )82/( 4; )*4* 7 /(54*;/0( = 7 )4(+7+@9 <*+44()4 47 4)4*/+*, ;- <<47 4; )82/( +()*/2-/* 7 4;**+77+ = 7 *4/0( 4 48<74+. P4*+ )82/( 7+ <-44( +(?+*8* 48<*4;; <4-4; )()+ <-44 ;4* +8+ -( <-4;)+ 82-7()4 + -( 48<*4; <4-4 <+*-4 9 )*23( <* ;9 8/;8+; = ;+7+; <+* ;- <*+
PRESUPUESTO DE INGRESOS Y EGRESOS DEL ESTADOS 32
E7 E;)+ 7 /@-7 -4 -7-/4* +)* <4*;+(, <* (+ )4(4* /?/-7)4; 4+(08/;, (44;/) 4* +( ()//</0( ;-; -4(); 4 @;)+; + 4@*4;+;, )+8(+ +8+ 2;4 7 ()/ 4 /(4*+ /;<+(/274 + 47 4?4)/5+ -4 4;<4* *4/2/* +8+ /(@*4;+. E7 E;)+ +2)/4(4 4()*; + /(@*4;+; 4 /(4*+ -4 <*+5/4(4( 4 7+; I8<-4;)+; 7 54 4?4) @;)+; + 4@*4;+; +8+ <@+ ;- <4*;+(7, +8<* 4 ;-8/(/;)*+;, /(54*;/+(4; 4). P+* 7+ -7 424 ?+*8-7* + <*4<** -( 08<-)+ ()//<+ 4 @;)+; 4 /(@*4;+;, 4; 4/* 424 472+** -( P*4;-<-4;)+. E7 <*4;-<-4;)+ 47 E;)+ *4?743 4( -( 8+84()+ + 7 ;/)-/0( @4(4*7 47 <9; = 7+; /()4*4;4; <*4+8/(()4; K;-<4*/+*4; + 4745+; 4( 7 (/0( 4( 4;4 8+84()+.
DEFINICION DEL PRESUPUESTO DEL ESTADO E; -( +(3-()+ 2/4( /()4@*+ 4 4/;/+(4; -()/))/5+ ;+2*4 7+; *4-*;+; ?/((/4*+; 47 E;)+, -4 <4*8/)4 <7(/?/* 7 ;)/;?/0( 4 7; (44;/4; 4 7 <+27/0(. S4 +(?+*8 4 +; @*(4; >*4; -4 +**4;<+(4( 7+; I(@*4;+; = E@*4;+;.
7& &! &l P$&!&!% E7 <*4;-<-4;)+ 4; 7 <7(/?//0( ?-(84() 4 8-; 4;)*)4@/; <+* 7; -74; +(;)/)-=4 -( /(;)*-84()+ /8<+*)()4 +8+ (+*8, -)/7/+ +8+ 84/+ 8/(/;)*)/5+ 4 4)4*8/(/0( 4- 4
33
PRESUPUESTO DE INGRESOS Y EGRESOS DEL ESTADO4 P$&!&!% +& In*$&!%! ^ S4 <*4<* +( 7 /(?+*8/0( <*+54(/4()4 47 <*4;-<-4;)+ 4 54();. ^ E( 7 /(7-/+ -;)4, 84; 84;, )()+ 47 (84*+ 4 -(/4; 4 <*+-)+ 54(4* +8+ 7+; 8+()+; 4 /(4*+ -4 *4/2/*> <+* / 54(). ^ P*45/84()4 -;)4 2*> ?/3+ 7+; <*4/+; 4 54() 4 -(+ 4 ;-; <*+-)+;, <* 7+; <*0/8+; )*4;, ;4/; + +4 84;4;. ^ P*4;-<-4;)* 4; ?/3*;4 84); 4 54(); = 4* )++ 47 4;?-4*+, <+;/274 <* 7+@**7;, E!% &! l% >& #a$a#&$/a al &"$&!a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
34
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INGRESOS DEL ESTADO4
35
L+; E;)+; )82/( *4/24( /(@*4;+;, 778+; /(@*4;+; <27/+;. E7 E;)+, +( 47 <*4;-<-4;)+ <27/+ *4/24 /(@*4;+; <+* 47 +2*+ 4 /8<-4;)+;, <+* 7 54() 4 2/4(4; <*+-/+; <+* 48<*4;; <27/;, <+* -)/7/4; -4 @4(4*( ;); 8/;8;, <+* 54(); + 7-/74*4; 4 <*+; 4 ;-; <*;)8+; -4 *47/ +( +)*+; <9;4;, 7+; /(@*4;+; <*+5/4(4 4 7+; /8<-4;)+; -4 <@( )++; 7+; /-(+; 4 -( <9;, <* -4 ;)4 <-4 8/(/;)**7+ 7+ 843+* -4 ;4 <-4(, 2-;* 4;)*)4@/; <* <+4* 843+** 7 5/ 4+(08/ 4 )++; ;-; 2/)()4;, <4*+ 784()27484()4 47 G+2/4*(+ *47/ 87; /(54*;/+(4; + (+ -8<74( +( 47 <*4;-<-4;)+; 4 @;)+;, 4; <+* 4;+ -4 774@ )4(4* <*+2748; 4+(08/+; = <+* 4;+ 4/;)4 7 8754*;/0( 4 ?+(+; 4( (-4;)*+ <9;, 47 -7 ?4) )++; 7+; /-(+; 47 <9;.
CLASIFICACION DE LOS INGRESOS DEL ESTADO CORRIENTES KI(@*4;+; T*/2-)*/+; + ?/;74; 4 /(@*4;+; (+ )*/2-)*/+; 2 CAPITAL T*/2-)*/+; + F/;74;: I(@*4;+; 47 E;)+ )*5; 4 I8<-4;)+; /*4)+; 4 /(/*4)+;, <+* 7; /8<+;//+(4; ?/;74; 4( ?+*8 +27/@)+*/ ?/3 47 E;)+ 7; <4*;+(; ?9;/; = 8+*74;, +(?+*84 7 74= <* 47 ?/((/8/4()+ 47 @;)+ <27/+. N+ T*/2-)*/+; L+; /(@*4;+; (+ )*/2-)*/+; 4*/5( 4 7 4<7+)/0( 4 7+; *4-*;+; +( -4 -4() 47 4;)+, + 4 7+; ?/((/8/4()+; -4 <+* /?4*4()4; 59; ;4 <*+-* +( 47 ?/( 4 +8<74)* ;- <*4;-<-4;)+. D4 477+ *4;-7) 7 4/;)4(/ 4 /(@*4;+; <)*/8+(/74; = 4 /(@*4;+; *4/)//+;. C+(;)/)-/+; <*/(/<784()4 <+* 7 54() 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; @4(4*+; <+* 7; 48<*4;;. E348<7+: )474?+(9, 474)*//, +**4+, 4). $%. ))<:4;.//<4/.+*@//S4)+*<C!BA27/+ $$. ))<:4;.//<4/.+*@//S4)+*<*/5+ $".))<:4;.//<4/.+*@//I(@*4;+ $!.))<:.4?/(//+(.+*@/(@*4;+;#)*/2-)*/+; $1. ))<:.2-4(;)*4;.+84(;=+;I(@*4;+;#N+#T*/2-)*/+;!$&!6.)87
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36
R4-*;+; <*+54(/4()4; 4 7 54() 4 4 )/5+; ?/3+; = 57+*4; ?/((/4*+;, ;9 +8+ )*(;?4*4(/; 47 G+2/4*(+, <* /(54*;/0( ?9;/, ?/((/4*, = 8+*)//0( 4 <;/5+;. T++ E;)+, P9; + R4<27/, ;4 (-)*4 4 /(@*4;+; )*/2-)*/+;, +8+ <*)4 ?-(84()7 <* <+4* *47/* +2*; <27/; + /(54*;/0( ;+/7.
PRESUPUESTO DE EGRESOS DEL ESTADO 7UE ES UN PRESUPUESTO DE EGRESOS P$&!&!% +& E*$&!%! % Ga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EGRESOS DEL ESTADO S+( )++; 7+; @;)+; 4( /(4*+ -4 *47/ 47 E;)+ +8+ +(;4-4(/ 47 <@+ -4 424 *47/* 84(;-784()4 ;-; )*23+*4;, <+* 7 +8<* 4 2/4(4; + ;4*5//+; -4 -)/7/( 4( ;- 72+* /*/, K<<474*9 = )/74; 4 +?//(, 4-/<+ ;-8/(/;)*+;, 8-4274; 4 /(8-4274; = <+* 47 <@+ = ;4*5//+ 7 4- <27/ /()4*( + 4)4*(, 4).
38
CLASIFICACION DE LOS EGRESOS DEL ESTADO C+**/4()4: A;/@(/+(4;, 4;)/(+; 7+; <*+@*8; 4 ?-(/+(8/4()+ 4 7 8/(/;)*/0( <27/. D4 +(;-8+: C+()48<7 )++; 7+; @;)+; -4 *47/*( 4()*+ 4 7 +*@(//0( 8/(/;)*)/5 <* 7745* 2+ ;-; ?-(/+(4; )*//+(74; = <*+-)/5;. D4 I(54*;/0(: G;)+; 4
POLITICA FISCAL0 D?FICIT Y DEUDA PÚBLICA POLICITA FISCAL L <+79)/ ?/;7 4; -( *8 4 7 <+79)/ 4+(08/ -4 +(?/@-* 47 <*4;-<-4;)+ 47 E;)+, = ;-; +8<+(4()4;, 47 @;)+ <27/+ = 7+; /8<-4;)+; +8+ 5*/274; 4 +()*+7 <* ;4@-** = 8()4(4* 7 4;)2/7/ 4+(08/, 8+*)/@-(+ 7; 5*//+(4; 4 7+; /7+; 4+(08/+; = +()*/2-=4(+ 8()4(4* -( 4+(+89 *4/4()4, 4 <74(+ 48<74+ = ;/( /(?7/0( 7). E7 (/8/4()+ 4 7 )4+*9 8*+4+(08/ 4=(4;/( <-;+ 4 8(/?/4;)+ -4 7; 84/; 4 7 <+79)/ ?/;7 /(?7-=4( 4( @*( 84/ 4( 7; 5*//+(4; +*)+ <7+ 4 7 <*+-/0(, 47 48<74+ = 7+; <*4/+;.
O@&1%! -nal&! +& la %l,#a -!#al C+8+ ;4 4<-4;)+ ()4*/+*84()4 7+; +234)/5+; <*/(/<74; 4 )+ <+79)/ ?/;7 ;+(:
39
A474** 47 *4/8/4()+ 4+(08/+. P74( +-</0( 4 )++; 7+; *4-*;+; <*+-)/5+; 4 7 ;+/4, )()+ -8(+;, +8+ 8)4*/74; = 4( ?-(/0( 47 S-<4*>5/) + D?//) -4 <-4 )4(4* 47 <*4;-<-4;)+ 4 7 (/0(. E7 ?//) <*+5+ <*4;/+(4; /(?7/+(*/; 7 4+(+89 47 <9;, = -4 47 G+2/4*(+ )4(4*> *4* 4- <27/. E7 S-<4*>5/) <-44 /;8/(-/* )74; *4/+(4; <4*+ ;4 -4( ;/( 434-)* 8-+; <*+=4)+; -4 <-4( ++<4** 843+** 7+; 9(/4; 4 5/ 4 7 <+27/0( = ;4 4( ;7-, 4-/0(, 5/5/4(, 4).
DEFICIT FISCAL: S4 27 4 +-# -!#al &n na &#%n%",a #&$$a+a 4( ;/)-/+(4; 4( 7; -4 47 @+2/4*(+ (+ )/4(4 4;+ 7 4(4-8/4()+ /*4)+ +( 47 <27/+, (/ 4()*+ (/ ?-4* 47 <9;, = -4 ;-; *4;4*5; /()4*(/+(74; ;4 ( @+)+. P+* 7+ )()+, 7 (/ +</0( -4 74 -4 4; 4(4-*;4 +( 47 2(+ 4()*7. E; 47 *4;-7)+ +()274 4 434-)* 8>; @;)+; -4 /(@*4;+; 4( -( 4)4*8/(+ <4*9++, (+*8784()4 4 -( + = 47 E;)+ -4 42/4(+. C-(+ ;)4 ?//) ;4 *4?743 4( 47 <*4;-<-4;)+, ;4 4(+8/( D?//) P*4;-<-4;)*/+. E( ;- 4?4)+, 2-;* 7; 7)4*()/5; 4 ?/((/8/4()+ )74; +8+ 4- <27/, (-45+; /8<-4;)+; + 7 54() 4 )/5+; 47 E;)+, <* <+4* ;+2*4;7/* = 4;)2744*;4, <@(+ 7; 4-;.
DEUDA PÚBLICA P+* 4- <27/ ;4 4()/4(4 7 +(3-()+ 4 4-; -4 8()/4(4 -( E;)+ ?*4()4 7+; <*)/-7*4; - +)*+ <9;. C+(;)/)-=4 -( ?+*8 4 +2)4(4*
40
*4-*;+; ?/((/4*+; <+* 47 4;)+ + -7-/4* <+4* <27/+ 8)4*/7/+; (+*8784()4 84/()4 48/;/+(4; 4 )9)-7+; 4 57+*4;. E; 48>; -( /(;)*-84()+ -4 -;( 7+; E;)+; <* *4;+754* 47 <*+2748 4 7 ?7) <-()-7 4 /(4*+, <+* 4348<7+: C-(+ ;4 (44;/) -( 89(/8+ 4 )4;+*4*9 K/(4*+ 4( 3 <* ?*+()* 7+; <@+; 8>; /(84/)+;. C-(+ ;4 (44;/) ?/((/* +<4*/+(4; 84/+ = 7*@+ <7+, ?-(84()784()4 /(54*;/+(4;. L 4- <27/ ;4 4?/(4 +8+ -( /(;)*-84()+ ?/((/4*+ 4 ()-*74 <;/5 <* 47 4()4 <27/+ 48/;+*: KP9;, P*+5/(/, E;)+, D4<*)84()+, D/;)*/)+ + M-(//; + 84(+; /*4), 5*/274; 4+(08/; 4 7; -4 4<4(4 2>;/84()4 47 ?-(/+(8/4()+ *47 4 7 4+(+89, )74; +8+ 7 +?4*) 8+(4)*/, 47 )/<+ 4 /()4*;, 47 +**+ = ;-; ?+*8 4 (7//0(, 2/4( ;4 (/+(7 + 4)*(34*+, 4 /()4*8-(//<7 4). L 4- <27/ 4; 7 +27/@/0( -4 )/4(4 47 4;)+ <+* 7+; <*;)8+; )+)74; -8-7+; -4 *4/2/+ +, <+* 7+; -4 4; *4;<+(;274 4<*4;>(+;4 )*5; 47 57+* 8+(4)*/+ )+)7 4 7+; 2+(+; = +27/@/+(4; -4 ;4 4(-4()*( 4( 8(+; 47 <27/+. D4- P27/ 4; 47 57+* -4 47 E;)+ 424 -( <4*;+( /(/5/-7 + 3-*9/, (/+(7 + 4)*(34*, <+* 7 ()/ 4 /(4*+ ;+7//) 4( 7/ 4 <*;)8+ <* <+4* ?/((/* ;-; <*+@*8; 4 )*23+. L D4- P27/ ;4 @4(4* = ;4 <+*-4 7+; /(@*4;+; (+ -2*4( 7+; @;)+; + <+* +()4/8/4()+; (+*874; ;-4/+; -*()4 7 @4;)/0( @-24*(84()7, )74; +8+ @-4**;, )4**48+)+;. $&. ))<:4;.//<4/.+*@//D4-<C!BA27/
TIPOS DE DEUDA POR SU ORIGEN: D4- P27/ I()4*(, D4- P27/ E)4*(. D4- P27/ I()4*(: G4(4* 4( 47 /()4*/+* 47 <9;.
D&+a P.@l#a E;&$na:
41
D4- 47 E;)+ -4 ;4 +()*4 + ;4 @4(4* +( O*@(/;8+; + B(+; I()4*(/+(74;. POR SU ESTATUS: D4- P27/ F7+)()4 + (+ C+(;+7/ = D4- P27/ C+(;+7/.
D&+a P.@l#a Fl%an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
D&+a P.@l#a C%n!%l+a+a: P*;)8+; <4*<4)-+; (+*8784()4 ;4 *4?/4*4 7+; 48<*;)/)+; @-24*(84()74; -4 (+ )/4(4( ?4; 4 54(/8/4()+ 4)4*8/(;. L+; /(/5/-+; <-44( +(54*)/* 4;)+; )9)-7+; 4( 4?4)/5+ 54(/(+7+; 4( B+7; +)*+ +8<*+* /(/5/-7. L+; P*4/+; <*4;4()4; ;4 2;( 4( 7+; )/<+; 4 I()4*; +8/(()4; 7*@+ P7+. D4- <27/ +*)+ P7+ +(54*)/ 4( D4- 7*@+ <7+. C-(+ 47 E;)+ #D4-+*# 54 <*+/8*;4 7 ?4 4 54(/8/4()+ 4 -( 4)4*8/( E8/;/0( 4 D4- +*)+ P7+, <-44 +(54*)/* 4;) D4- ?7+)()4 4( +)* +(;+7/, <7(+ 4; ?4. 16.))<:.47<4*/+/+.+8.@)4;"%$$$"$"+
$.))<:.4+#?/((;.+8//+(*/+DDEUDACONSOLIDADA.)8
RELACIONES ECONOMICAS INTERNACIONALES4 L; *47/+(4; 4+(08/; /()4*(/+(74; ;4 <+*9( 4?/(/*;4 +8+ /()4*/+(4; ;+/74; /()4*(/+(74; 23+ /?4*4()4; 4)4*8/(/+(4;, ;+( )*(;/+(4; 4+(08/; -4 /(5+7-*( @4()4; 4 +; + 8>; <9;4;. L; )*(;/+(4; /()4*(/+(74; 8>; +8-(4; <-44( )+8* 5*/; ?+*8; -4 5( 42
47 +84*/+ /()4*(/+(7 = 7+; 8+5/8/4()+; 4 ?)+*4;, 7+; ?7-3+; ?/((/4*+; = 7+; 8+5/8/4()+; 4 ;, = +)*; )/5/4; 4+(08/; )*(;?*+()4*/;: 8/@*/+(4;, )/5/4; 4-)/5;, -7)-*74; = 4 /()4*82/+ 4 /(?+*8/0( = +8-(//+(4;, = )*(;?4*4(/; )4(+70@/;., +8<*(+ 4;)4 +(4<)+ 47 +84*/+ /()4*(/+(7, +2;4*58+; -4 *47/+(4; 4+(08/; /()4*(/+(74; (+ 4; ( 8>; -4 47 +(4<)+ 8+4*(+ 4( ;- 8>/8 4<*4;/0( 47 +84*/+ /()4*(/+(7. V/(-7/0( 4 *>)4* E+(08/+ 4( 7+ -4 7+; /-(+; 4 -( <9; +84*/( <*+-)+;, ;4*5//+; =+
TIPOS DE RELACIONES ECONOMICAS INTERNACIONALES BALAN=A DE PAGOS: E; 47 *4;-84( 4 )+; 7; )*(;/+(4; 4+(08/; -4 +-**4( -*()4 -( <4*/++ +, *4@-7*84()4 -( +, 4()*4 7+; *4;/4()4; 4 4;4 <9; = 7+; *4;/4()4; 4 +)*+; <9;4;. L+; 4;)+; 4 7 27( 4 <@+; 8/4( 7; )*(;/+(4; 4+(08/; -4 ;4 4742*( 4()*4 7+; <9;4;, = ;4 -4 ;4 )*)4 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;, 2/4(4; *94; + 4 )/<+ ?/((/4*+, + <@+; 4 )*(;?4*4(/.
^
Manal +& Balan/a +& Pa*%!
E; -( /(;)*-84()+ -4 <4*8/)4 5/;-7/* 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4 /4*)+; ?4(084(+; -4 *)4*/( 47 ?-(/+(8/4()+ 4 7 4+(+89 4 -( (/0(, *47/+( +( 7; )*(;/+(4; 4+(08/; K+84*/74; = ?/((/8/4()+ -4 *47/ -( 4)4*8/(+ <9; +( 47 *4;)+ 47 8-(+.
43
L 27( 4 <@+; (+ 4; 8>; -4 47 *4;-84( ;/;)48>)/+ 4 )+; 7; )*(;/+(4; 4+(08/; 4 <*+-)+;, ;4*5//+;, 2/4(4; = *94; + 4 )/<+ ?/((/4*+ -4 ;4 7+@*( 4( -( + 4 )/48<+, 4()*4 7; <4*;+(; ?9;/;, 3-*9/; + 2/4( /(;)/)-/+(4; 4 -( <9; +)*+; <9;4;. S- +234)+ 4; 8+;)** 47 )+)7 4 <@+; 4+; 7 4)*(34*+, ;9 +8+ 47 )+)7 4 /(@*4;+; *4/2/+; 4 ;)4, -*()4 -( <4*9++ 4)4*8/(+, @4(4*784()4 4 -( +. E7 ;7+ + 7 /?4*4(/ -4 4/;)4 4()*4 /(@*4;+; = 4@*4;+; 4)4*8/( 47 S7+ 4 B7( 4 P@+;
BALAN=A COMERCIAL L @alan/a #%"&$#al 4; 47 *4@/;)*+ 4 7; /8<+*)/+(4; = 4<+*)/+(4; 4 -( <9; -*()4 -( <4*9++. E7 ;7+ 4 7 8/;8 4; 7 /?4*4(/ 4()*4 4<+*)/+(4; 4 /8<+*)/+(4;. E; 7 /?4*4(/ 4()*4 7+; 2/4(4; -4 -( <9; 54(4 7 4)4*/+* = 7+; -4 +8<* +)*+; <9;4;. = +; )/<+;: L (4@)/5, -4 4; -(+ 47 57+* 4 7; 4<+*)/+(4; 4; /(?4*/+* 7 4 7; /8<+*)/+(4;, ;/)-/0( -4 )95/) +84*/7 + (4@)/5 K7+ -7 ;4 4(+8/( ?//) +84*/7.
L 27( +84*/7 4; 4?/(/ +8+, 7 /?4*4(/ 4()*4 7; 4<+*)/+(4; = 7; /8<+*)/+(4; 4 84*(9; 4( -( <4*9++ 4)4*8/(+.
C-(+ 47 57+* 4 7; 4<+*)/+(4; ;-<4* 47 57+* 4 7; /8<+*)/+(4; ;4 /4 -4 4/;)4 -( B7( A)/5 + -( B7( -4 )/4(4 S-<4*>5/).
44
C-(+ 47 57+* 4 7; /8<+*)/+(4; ;-<4* 47 57+* 4 7; 4<+*)/+(4;, 4; -(+ 4/;)4 -( B7( P;/5 + ;4 /4 -4 7 B7( 4;)> 4( D?//).
IMPORTACIONES Y E; 2*)+; + 4 8=+* 7/, 24(4?//>(+7+; +8+ +(;-8/+*4;. L /8<+*)/0( 4; -(+ -( <9; 74 +8<* <*+-)+; +)*+. A7 *47/*;4 /8<+*)/+(4; 4 <*+-)+; 8>; 4+(08/+;, -)+8>)/84()4 ;4 4;)> 7/2*(+ /(4*+ <* -4 7+; /-(+; +**4(, /(5/4*)( + @;)4( 4( (-45+; <*+-)+;, -84()(+ 7; 4**8/4(); <* 7 <*+-/0( = 7 */-4 4 7 <+27/0(. P4*+ <+* +)*+ 7+, )82/( 4;)+ <+(4 4( +8<4)4(/ 7 /(-;)*/ 7+7, +( /(-;)*/; 4)*(34*; -4 <+*9( )4(4* 843+*4; +(//+(4; 4 <*+-/0( KC+8+ -( <+27/0( 72+*7 7)84()4 7/?/, 8=+* 4;**+77+ )4(+70@/+ = 843+* /(?*4;)*-)-* + +;)+; 84(+*4; KP+* 47 <@+ 4 23+; ;7*/+;, ;4@( 7@-(+; 4+(+8/;);, <4*3-/(+ 7 4+(+89 /()4*( 4( ;- 84*+ 72+*7. B/4(4; = ;4*5//+; /()*+-/+; -( <9; 84/()4 47 C+84*/+ I()4*(/+(7. P*+-)+; *4/2/+; 4()*+ 4 7 ?*+()4* 4 -( E;)+ +( <*+<0;/)+; +84*/74;.
E?/+ 74@9)/8+ 4 2/4(4; =+ ;4*5//+; (/+(74; 4 -( <9; <*4)4(/+; <* ;- -;+ + +(;-8+ 4( 47 45
4)*(34*+. L; 4<+*)/+(4; <-44( ;4* -7-/4* <*+-)+ 4(5/+ ?-4* 4 7 ?*+()4* 4 -( E;)+. L; 4<+*)/+(4; ;+( @4(4*784()4 7745; 2+ 23+ +(//+(4; 4;<49?/;. L +8<743/ 4 7; /54*;; 74@/;7/+(4; = 7; +(//+(4; 4;<4/74; 4 4;); +<4*/+(4; <-44( <*4;4()*;4, 48>;, ;4 <-44( * )+ -( ;4*/4 4 ?4(084(+; ?/;74;. L; 4<+*)/+(4; 4 G-)487 -8<74( 7 ?-(/0( 4 <*+54*, 4;**+77* 4 /(*484()* 7; +<+*)-(/4; 4 4<+*)/0( 4 2/4(4; =+ ;4*5//+; 4(5/+; /?4*4()4; <9;4; 7*44+* 47 8-(+ <* ;- +(;-8+ + -;+. V4() 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; 4 -( <9; 7 4)*(34*+, @*/; 7 *>
O@&1%! +& la! &;%$a#%n&! +& Ga&"ala: M43+** 7; *47/+(4; +84*/74; <* -4 +()*/2-=( 7 4;**+77+ 4 7; 4<+*)/+(4;, = 8+)/5* 47 ;-*@/8/4()+ 4 (-45+; +84*/+; 4( G-)487 <* -4 /*/3( ;-; )/5/4; 7; 4<+*)/+(4; /()4*(/+(74;. D4;**+77* 4;)*)4@/;, 74=4; = <+79)/; (/547 (/+(7 <* ?+84()* 7; 4<+*)/+(4; 4 G-)487. R47/* 7/(; +( /(;)/)-/+(4; =+ +*@(//+(4; -4 *47/4( 4;?-4*+; 4( <*+ 47 4;**+77+ 4 7; *47/+(4; +84*/74; 4)4*/+*4; = 4 7; 4<+*)/+(4; 4 G-)487. R4?/*8* 7+; 59(-7+; 4;**+77+; = ;477+; +( 7+; <9;4; 7+; -74; G-)487 *47/ 4<+*)/+(4; P*+8+54* 4( 7 <+27/0( 47 <+=+ 7; 4<+*)/+(4; 4 G-)487 <* 47 4;**+77+ +84*/7, 4+(08/+, /(-;)*/7 = )-*9;)/+ 4 )++ 47 <9; L; 4<+*)/+(4; 4 G-)487 ;4 4(?+( 4( <+=* 7; /(//)/5; = 7 72+* 4 48<*4;*/+; 5/;/+(*/+; -4 2-;( <4(4)** 4/)+;84()4 7+; 84*+; /()4*(/+(74;, -/4(4; )*23( <* +?*44* <*+-)+; 4 7 8>; 7) 7/ 472+*+; 4( G-)487. L 8=+*9 4 4<+*)/+(4; 4 G-)487 )/4(4 ;- 8=+* )/5/ 4( <9;4; +8+ E;)+; U(/+; ;4@-/+ <+* A748(/, I(@7)4** = B47/4. L; <*/(/<74; /(-;)*/; 4 4<+*)/+(4; 4 G-)487 ;+(: *, ?, )4)/7, 8-4274;, -98/+;, <4)*074+, 84)74;, -+, )-*/;8+. L; 4<+*)/+(4; 4 G-)487 ;4 /5/4( 4( 5*/+; ;4)+*4;: •
S4)+* S4*5//+;
La@%$a%$%! C+()) C4()4* = W BPO
46
D4;**+77+ = C+()4(/+; D/@/)74; T-*/;8+ 4 S7- = B/4(4;)* T-*/;8+ S+;)4(/274 S+?)*4 •
S4)+* M(-?)-*
Al"&n%! B&@+a! P7>;)/+; A*)4;(9; M-4274; = P*+-)+; F+*4;)74; •
S4)+* A@*9+7 = A-/-7)-*
Plana! O$na"&nal&! A754*3 = V4@4)74; C+ = C++7)4 D/?4*4(/+ F*-); P4; L; 4<+*)/+(4; 4 G-)487 -8<74( -( 4 7; <*/(/<74; ?-(/+(4; <* 8()4(4* 4;)274 7 4+(+89 (/+(7, 7 ?/;7//0( 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;, 7+; -74; (+ )/4(4( 7 7/ 4 +*/@4( -4 4( G-)487 74; 2*/(8+; 7+; +(;-8/+*4;.
CICLOS ECONOMICOS S4 4(+8/(( /7+; 4+(08/+; + /7+; +84*/74; + ?7-)-/+(4; 97/; 4 7 )/5/ 4+(08/ 7; +;/7/+(4; *4-**4()4; 4 7 4+(+89 4( 7; -4 -( ?;4 4 4<(;/0( 5 ;4@-/ 4 +)* 4 +()*/0(, ;4@-/ ;- 54 4
47
4<(;/0( = ;9 ;-4;/584()4. L +()*/0( @4(4* +8+ *4;-7)+ -( */;/; 4+(08/ -4 ?4) 4( ?+*8 (4@)/5 7 4+(+89 4 8/77+(4; 4 <4*;+(;. F7-)-/0( *4@-7* 4 7; )/5/4; 4+(08/; 4<*4; +8+ 5*//0( 47 <*+-)+ (/+(7 2*-)+. E/;)4 -(+ -( <*+-)+ (/+(7 +2;4*5+ -84() + /;8/(-=4 4( *47/0( +( 47 57+* 47 <*+-)+ <+)4(/784()4 4;<4*+. L+; /7+; 4+(08/+; ;+( 47 *4;-7)+ 4 -( 4+(+89 /(>8/, 4( -7-/4* <9; 47 8-(+ 7 4+(+89 4; /(>8/, 82/ ;4 8+4*(/, 843+* + 48<4+*, 7+; *4;-7)+; 4 ;)4 ;+( /7+; 4+(08/+; -4 *4@-7*84()4 -4( 2/4( 8*+;. NATURALEZA DE LOS CICLOS ECON_MICOS L )/5/ E+(08/ 4 -( P9; (+ ;4 4;**+77 /*4)84()4, ;/(+ ;4@( -( 8+5/8/4()+ 97/+, 4( 47 -7, 4)<; 4 (4@+/+;, 4745+ 48<74+ = +<)/8/;8+, ;/@-4( +)*; 4 <*+-/0( *4-/. 7)+ <+*4()34 4 <*+; = <4;/8/;8+. A 4;) ;-4;/0( /(/()4**-8)4* *4-**4()4 + *4<4)/+, <4*+ (+ <4*/0/+ + ;4, 7+; /7+; ;-4;/5+; (+ )/4(4( 7 8/;8 7+(@/)-, (/ 4( ;- +(3-()+ (/ 4( -( 4 ;-; <*)4;, (/ ;4 4(+()*+ 74= 7@-( -4 <4*8/) <*44/* ;- -*/0( K<*)4 4 7@-(; +2;4*5/+(4; 47484()74;, +8+ 7 4 -4 ;/ 7 4<(;/0( ?-4 ;-54, 7 4<*4;/0( -4 5/4(4 4;<-; ;-474 ;4* )82/( ;-54 = 5/454*;.
D&-n#'n L+; /7+; 4 7+; (4@+/+; ;+( -( )/<+ 4 ?7-)-/0( 4( 7 )/5/ 4+(08/ @*4@ 4 7; (/+(4; -= )/5/ 4;)> +*@(/ <*/(/<784()4 4( 48<*4;; 7-*)/5;: -( /7+ +(;/;)4 4 4<(;/+(4; -4 )/4(4( 7-@* <*+/884()4 7 54 4( 8-; )/5/4; 4+(08/;, ;4@-/; <+* *44;/+(4;, +()*/+(4; = *4-<4*/+(4; /@-784()4 @4(4*74; -4 +(?7-=4( 4( 7 ?;4 4 4<(;/0( 47 /7+ ;/@-/4()4 7 ;4-4(/ 4 82/+; 4; *4-**4()4 <4*+ (+ <4*/0/ 4( -*/0( 7+; /7+; 4 7+; (4@+/+; <-44( 5*/* 4;4 <++ 8>; 4 -( + ;) /4 + +4 +; (+ ;+( /5/;/274; 4( /7+; 8>; +*)+; 4 *>)4* ;/8/7* +( 8<7/)-4; <*4/;
CLASIFICACION DE LOS CICLOS ECONOMICOS ^
S4 ( 4;*/)+ /54*;+; )/<+; 4 /7+; 4+(08/+; @4(4*74; = /7+; ;4)+*/74;. 48
L+; @4(4*74; ;4*9(: ^
C#l%! C%$%!, <4-4+; + 4 /)/(, +( -( -*/0( <*+84/+ 4 1% 84;4;.
^
C#l%! M&+%! + 4 J-@7*, +; = 84/+ 4( <*+84/+ ;4 /;)/(@-/*9( <+* 7 <*4;4(/ 4 -@4; = */;/; 97/;.
^
C#l%! La$*%!, ondas largas + /7+; 4 +(*)/4??, 4 &% + 6% +; 4 -*/0(: -*()4 7 4<(;/0( 7+; ;4(;+; ;+( <*+7+(@+; = 8>; ?-4*)4;, 7; */;/; ;+( ;-54; = 7; *44;/+(4;, +*); -*()4 7 4<*4;/0(, 7+; ;4(;+; ;+( 2/74; = +*)+;, 7; */;/; 8-= ?-4*)4; = 7; *44;/+(4;, <*+7+(@;, ;) 7(* 47 @*+ 4 4<*4;/+(4; 4+(08/; @4(4*74;.
^
C/7+; ;4)+*/74; -4 7@-(+; /(54;)/@+*4; ;47( ;+( <+* 4348<7+ 47 47 ;4)+* 4 7 +(;)*-/0(, -4 )4(*9 $ +; 4( <*+84/+. P+* +)* <*)4, R7< N47;+( E77/+)), 7 +2;4*5* 7; ?7-)-/+(4; 4 7 B+7; 4 57+*4;, 4(+()*0 4()*+ 4 /7+ K47 8>; 7*@+ ;) 47 8>; +*)+ ++ ]+(;]: )*4; /8<-7;+; 4 ;4(;+ +( +; +**4/+(4; = 7-4@+ +; 4;4(;+; +( -( +**4/0(.
CARACTERISTICAS DE LOS CICLOS ECONOMICOS •
•
PROCICLICAS: V*/274; -4 )/4(4( ;-2/* -*()4 7; 4<(;/+(4; 4+(08/; 4* 4( 7; +()*/+(4; 4+(08/;, K48<74+, <*+-/0( S4 4(+8/(( $% #,#l#a 7; 5*/274; -4 5*9( 4( <*747+ 7 )/5/ 4+(08/, 4; 4/* -4 -84()( 4( 7 4<(;/0( = /;8/(-=4( 4( 7 *44;/0(. L 8>; )9
CONTRACICLICAS : T/4(4( *44* -*()4 7; 9; = 4* -*()4 7; 4<(;/+(4;, K/(?7/0(, ;-248<74+ S4 4(+8/(( #%n$a #,#l#a! 7; 5*/274; -4 )/4(4( /;8/(-/* -*()4 7 ?;4 4 4<(;/0( = -84()* -*()4 7 +()*/0(. S+( +()* 97/; <+* 4348<7+ 7 ); 4 4;48<74+, 7; -/42*; 48<*4;*/74; = 7 ); 4 ;-///+;.
49
•
ACICLICAS : S+( 7; 5*/274; -4 (+ 8-4;)*( 82/+;. S4 4(+8/(( a #,#l#a! 7; 5*/274; -=+; 82/+; (+ 4;)>( ;+/+; 7+; 82/+; 4 7 )/5/ 4+(08/.
FASES DEL CICLO ECONOMICO C /7+ 4;)> +(;)/)-/+ <+* -)*+ ?;4;, 7; -74; ;+(: DEPRESION, RECUPERACION O EXPANSION, CIMA O AUGE Y RECESION.
DEPRESION: D4<*4;/0(: 47 <-()+ 8>; 23+ 47 /7+. S4 *)4*/ <+* -( 7)+ (/547 4 4;48<74+ = -( 23 48( 4 7+; +(;-8/+*4; 4( *47/0( +( 7 </
50
<*+-)/5 4 2/4(4; 4 +(;-8+. D-*()4 4;) ?;4 7+; <*4/+; 23( + <4*8(44( 4;)274;.
RECUPERACION O E 4( &;an!'n -(+ 7 )/5/ @4(4*7 4( 7 ?;4 4 *4-<4*/0( ;-<4* 47 -@4 47 /7+ 4+(08/+ /(84/)84()4 ()4*/+*.
CIMA O AUGE: A-@4: E; 47 8+84()+ 8>; 4745+ 47 /7+ 4+(08/+. E( 4;)4 <-()+ ;4 <*+-4( -( ;4*/4 4 */@/44; -4 /()4**-8<4( 47 *4/8/4()+ 4 7 4+(+89, <*+
RECESION: R44;/0(: C+**4;<+(4 7 ?;4 4;4(4()4 47 /7+. E( 7 *44;/0( ;4 <*+-4 -( 9 /8<+*)()4 4 7 /(54*;/0(, 7 <*+-/0( = 47 48<74+. U( */;/; 4; -( *44;/0( <*)/-7*84()4 2*-<). S/ 48>; -*()4 7 *44;/0( 7 4+(+89 4 <+* 423+ 47 (/547 89(/8+ 4 7 *44;/0( ()4*/+* 4;)8+; ?*4()4 -( #%n$a##'n.
POLITICA ECONOMICA L <+79)/ 4+(08/ ;4 *4?/4*4 7; /+(4; -4 7+; @+2/4*(+; +<)( 4( 47 >82/)+ 4+(08/+. C-2*4 7+; ;/;)48; 4 ?/3/0( 4 );; 4 /()4*; = <*4;-<-4;)+ 47 @+2/4*(+, ;9 +8+ 47 84*+ 4 )*23+, 7 <*+*4; 4 7; /()4*54(/+(4; 47 @+2/4*(+ 4( 7 4+(+89. E;); <+79)/; ;+( 84(-+ /(?7-/; <+* 7; /(;)/)-/+(4; /()4*(/+(74; +8+ 47 F+(+ M+(4)*/+ I()4*(/+(7 + 47 B(+ M-(/7, ;9 +8+ 7; *44(/; <+79)/; = 7; +(;/@-/4()4; <+79)/; 4 7+; <*)/+;. N+*8; = 7/(48/4()+; 84/()4 7+; -74; 47 E;)+ *4@-7 = +*/4() 47 <*+4;+ 4+(08/+ 47 <9;. F+*8 4 /()4*54(/0( 47/24* 47 E;)+ <* 7+@** /4*)+; +234)/5+;, /4(+ -;+ 4 7+; 84/+; 47-;/5+; 4 -4 /;<+(4 <+79)/ ?/;7, <+79)/ 4 @;)+, <+79)/ 8+(4)*/, 4). E; -( +(3-()+ 4 4;)*)4@/; = /+(4; -4 ?+*8-7( 7+; @+2/4*(+;, 4( @4(4*7 47 E;)+ <* +(-/* 4 /(?7-/* ;+2*4 7 4+(+89 4 7+; <9;4;.
51
E;) 4;)*)4@/ 4;)> +(;)/)-/ <+* 47 +(3-()+ 4 84/;, 74=4;, *4@-7/+(4;, ;-2;//+; 4 /8<-4;)+; -4 7)4*( 7+; /(4()/5+; 4+(08/+; <* +2)4(4* *4;-7)+; 4+(08/+; 4;<49?/+;. S- +234)/5+ <74(+ 48<74+, 4;)2/7/ 4 <*4/+; = *4/8/4()+ 4+(08/+. C+(3-()+ 4 *4@7; = <*+4;+; -4 5( *74 <*/8+*/7 4;)2/7/ 4+(08/ 4 -( <9; ;/ (+ ;4 -8<74(, 47 <9; ;-?*4 -( 4/8/4()+ 4+(08/+. K;+( *4@7; -4 (+ <-44( -42**;4
IMPORTANCIA DE LA POLITICA ECONOMICA: E; /8<+*)()4 -4 7+; +*@(/;8+; @-24*(84()74; *4;<+(;274; 4 7 4+(+89 )4(@( 7 /(?+*8/0( *47/+( +( 7 <*+-/0( = +(;-8+ 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;. P+*-4 4;) /(?+*8/0( =- 7+; @+2/4*(+; 4( @*()/* -4 4/;) -( 7)+ (/547 4 <*+;<4*/ = 4;**+77+ 4( 7+; ;4)+*4; 4+(08/+; *9)/+;.
FIN DE LA POLITICA ECONOMICA: E;)2/7/ E+(08/ 4 -( P9;. POR7UE SE 3ACE UNA POLITICA ECONOMICA: P* 47 4;**+77+ 4 -( <9;, <* <*+)4@4* 7 4+(+89 4 -( P9;. S/( <+79)/ E+(08/ (+ = /(@*4;+;, P+79)/ E+(08/ *4@-7( 7+; <*+-)+; 4 /8<+(4( /8<-4;)+; 4?/(/+;.
POL5TICA MONETARIA L78 )82/( <+79)/ ?/((/4*, *8 4 7 <+79)/ 4+(08/ -4 -; 7 ()/ 4 /(4*+ +8+ 5*/274 <* +()*+7* = 8()4(4* 7 E;)2/7/ E+(08/.
52
C+8<*4(4 7; 4/;/+(4; 4 7; -)+*/4; 8+(4)*/; *4?4*/; 7 84*+ 4 /(4*+, -4 8+/?/( 7 ()/ 4 /(4*+ + 47 )/<+ 4 /()4*;. C+(3-()+ 4 84/; )+8; <+* 47 2(+ <* 7(* 7+; +234)/5+; <4*;4@-/+; <+* 7 -)+*/ 8+(4)*/ 84/()4 7 8<7//0( + *4-/0( 4 7 ()/ 4 /(4*+ 4( /*-7/0( = 7 7)4*/0( 4 7+; )/<+; 4 /()4*;. S4 +(4()* 4( 47 8(43+ 4 7 O?4*) = 48( 4 /(4*+ = 4 7; +(//+(4; 47 84*+ ?/((/4*+, +8+ );; 4 /()4*;, 5+7-84( 4 */)+;, 4(34, 4).
TIPOS DE POLITICA MONETARIA EXPANSIVA: C-(+ ;4 <7/ <* -84()* 7 ()/ 4 /(4*+, +7+* 8>; /(4*+ 4( /*-7/0(. RESTRICTIVA: C-(+ ;4 <7/ <* *4-/* 7 ()/ 4 /(4*+, + -(+ 47 +234)/5+ 4; -/)* /(4*+ 47 84*+.
POLITICA FISCAL D/5/;/0( 4(8* 4( 7 P+79)/ E+(08/ -4 ;4 4(*@ 4 4;)2744* 47 <*4;-<-4;)+ 4 -( E;)+, +( 7+; /8<-4;)+; = 7 5*/274 47 @;)+ <27/+ +8+ <-()+; /8<+*)()4; +(;/4** <* +(;4*5* 7 4;)2/7/ ?/((/4*. S- <*+<0;/)+ 4; <+;/2/7/)* 47 *4/8/4()+ 4 7 E+(+89, 8+*)/@-* 7+; 8+5/8/4()+; 4 7+; <4*9++; 4+(08/+; = @*()/* 7 8/(/;)*/0( 4-+ 4 7+; *4-*;+; 47 E;)+. L; 84/; 4 7 <+79)/ ?/;7 )/4(4( /(/4(/ 4( 47 +*)+ <7+ 4( 47 (/547 4 48<74+, 7 <*+-/0( = 7+; <*4/+; 4 84*+. ;a po*tica =isca* es -na rama de *a o*tica Econmica -e con=ig-ra e* pres-p-esto de* Estado + sus componentes e* gasto p>$*ico + *os imp-estos como aria$*es de contro* para aseg-rar + mantener *a esta$i*idad econmica + contri$-+endo a mantener -na economa creciente de p*eno emp*eo + sin in=*acin a*ta. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????? 18. http://www.encic*opedia=inanciera.com/teoriaeconomica/macroeconomia/po*itica@ economica.htmhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/o*%3%!"tica?econ%3%3mica
OBJETIVOS DE LA POLITICA FISCAL •
A474** 47 *4/8/4()+ 4+(08/+
53
•
•
P74( +-</0( 4 )++; 7+; *4-*;+; <*+-)/5+; 4 7 ;+/4, )()+ -8(+; +8+ 8)4*/74; =
POLITICA FISCAL EXPANSIONISTA: C-(+ ;4 )+8( 84/; -4 @4(4*( -84()+ 4( 47 @;)+ <27/+ + *4-/0( 4 7+; /8<-4;)+;. POLITICA FISCAL CONTRACTIVA: S4 <*4;4() -(+ ;4 )+8( 4/;/+(4; <* )4(4* -( @;)+ <27/+ @-24*(84()7 *4-/+ + -84()* 7+; /8<-4;)+; + -( +82/(/0( 4 82;.
POLITICA CAMBIARIA A)/4(4 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4 7 TASA DE CAMBIO DE DIVISAS. E; 47 -4 2-; 4-/7/2** 47 )/<+ 4 82/+ (+8/(7 +( 47 )/<+ 4 82/+ *47. T+8(+ -( ;+ <*)/-7* 7 4;;4 4 07*4; 4745 ;- <*4/+, 24(4?//(+ 7 4<+*)/0( = <+* 7+ )()+ 47 G+2/4*(+ 424*9 ;* 07*4; /*-7/0(. C-(+ = 8-+; 07*4; 4( /*-7/0( <+* 47 +()**/+, ;4 +)/( 84(+* <*4/+, 24(4?//(+ 7+; /8<+*)+*4; -4 +8<*( 07*4; <* +8<* <*+-)+; 47 4)*(34*+. E( 4;)4 ;+ 424*9 47 G+2/4*(+ 424*9 *4)/** 07*4; 4( /*-7/0( <* 4-/7/2** 47 )/<+ 4 82/+. E7 8(43+ 4 7; /5/;; 4; -(+ 4 7+; ;<4)+; 8>; +8<743+; 4 7 4+(+89 4 -( <9;. C+(;4@-/* -( )/<+ 4 82/+ 4-+ 7 *47/ = 7; /*-(;)(/; 4+(08/;. L P+79)/ C82/*/, ;4 *4?/4*4 2>;/84()4 7 /8<7484()/0( 4 /(;)*-84()+; = 84/; <7/; <+* -( @+2/4*(+, +( 47 +234)/5+ 4 *4@-7* 47 )/<+ 4 82/+ 4 -( 8+(4.
L P+79)/ C82/*/, 2-; +()*+7* 47 )/<+ 4 82/+ /47 4 -( /5/;, <-4;)+ -4 47 )/<+ 4 82/+ )/4(4 4?4)+ /*4)+, ;+2*4 7+; /54*;+; ;<4)+; 4 7 4+(+89 4 -( <9; = 4; 4?/(/)/5 4( 47 8(43+ 4 7 /(?7/0(, 7;
54
4<+*)/+(4; 4 /8<+*)/+(4;, 7+ -4 7 54 *4-( 4( 47 48<74+ = 47 *4/8/4()+ 4+(08/+.
POLITICA CREDITICIA C+(3-()+ 4 */)4*/+; = 7/(48/4()+; -)/7/+; <+* 7; -)+*/4; 8+(4)*/; <* 4)4*8/(* 47 4;)/(+ 4 +; R4-*;+; F/((/4*+; /*/@/+; 7+; /?4*4()4; @4()4; 4+(08/+; 4( ?+*8 4 */)+;, /(-/4(+ 7 D4;**+77+ 4 >*4; + ;4)+*4; 4+(08/+, 84/()4 -;+ 4 /(;)*-84()+; = 84(/;8+; +8+ 7 ); 4 /()4*;, ); 4 4;+ 7 *44;-4()+, 4(34 74@7 = 7@-(+; +)*+; 4 *>)4* (+*8)/5+. L+; <*/(/<74; +8<+(4()4; 4 -( P+79)/ 4 C*/)+, ;+( 7; 84); = *4;<+(;2/7/4;, 47 (>7/;/; 4 */)+; = 7; +2*(;.
ESTUDIO DE MERCADO E7 4;)-/+ 4 84*+ +(;/;)4 4( -( /(//)/5 E8<*4;*/7 +( 47 ?/( 4 4*;4 -( /4, ;+2*4 7 5/2/7/ +84*/7 4 -( )/5/ 4+(08/. E7 4;)-/+ 4 84*+ 4 84*+ +(;) 4 ! @*(4; (>7/;/; /8<+*)()4;: $. ANALISIS DEL CONSUMIDOR ". ANALISIS DE LA COMPETENCIA !. ESTRATEGIAS
ANALISIS DEL CONSUMIDOR: E;)-/ 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4 7+; +(;-8/+*4; <* 4)4)* ;-; (44;/4; 4 +(;-8+ = 7 ?+*8 4 ;)/;?4*7;, 54*/@-* ;-; >2/)+; 4 +8<* K7-@*4;, 8+84()+;, <*4?4*4(/;. S- +234)/5+ ?/(7 4; <+*)* )+; -4 <4*8/)( 843+** 7; )(/; 4 84*+ <* 7 54() 4 /54*;+; <*+-)+; -4 -2*( 7 48( (+ ;)/;?4 4 7+; +(;-8/+*4;.
ANALISIS DE LA COMPETENCIA: E;)-/ 47 +(3-()+ 4 E8<*4;; +( 7; -4 ;4 +8<*)4 47 84*+ 47 8/;8+ <*+-)+. P* -( 4;)-/+ 4 7 +8<4)4(/ 4; (44;*/+ 4;)2744* -/(4; ;+( 7+; +8<4)/+*4;, ->()+; ;+( = ;-; *4;<4)/5; 54(); +8<4)/)/5;. E7 <7( 4 (4@+/+; <+*9 /(7-/* -( *47/0( +( 7+; +8<4)/+*4; 8>; /8<+*)()4; = 47 55
(>7/;/; 4 7@-(+; <-()+; +8+: M*, D4;*/</0( 47 <*+-)+ + ;4*5//+, <*4/+;, 4;)*-)-*, <*+4;+;, *4-*;+; -8(+;, +;)4; 4 <*+-/0(, )4(+7+@9, /8@4(, <*+544+*4;, 4()*4 +)*;.
ESTRATEGIA: C+(4<)+ 2*454 <4*+ /8<*4;/(/274 -4 8**> 47 *-82+ 4 7 E8<*4;, 2;>(+;4 4( 7+; +234)/5+; *4-*;+; = 4;)-/+; 47 84*+ = 4 7 +8<4)4(/, 424 4?/(/*;4 -( 4;)*)4@/ -4 ;4 7 8>; 4- <* 7 (-45 48<*4;. T+ 48<*4; 424*> +<)* <+* +; 4;)*)4@/; <+;/274;. LIDERAZGO EN COSTO Y DIFERENCIACION. L/4*@+ 4( C+;)+;: C+(;/;)4 4( 8()4(4*;4 4( 7 +8<4)/)/5/ )*5; 4 54()3* 7 +8<4)4(/ 4( 8)4*/ 4 +;)+;. D/?4*4(//0(: C+(;/;)4 4( *4* -( 57+* @*4@+ ;+2*4 47 <*+-)+ +?*4/+ <* -4 ;)4 ;4 <4*/2/+ 4( 47 84*+ +8+ (/+ /;4+, /8@4(, )4(/0( 7/4()4;, 4()*4@ +8//7/+, 4).
CARACTERISTICAS Y FUNCIONES DE UN ESTUDIO DE MERCADO U( 4;)-/+ 4 84*+ 424 ;4*5/* <* )4(4* -( (+/0( 7* 4 7 ()/ 4 +(;-8/+*4; -4 2*>( 4 -/*/* 47 2/4( + ;4*5//+, -4 ;4 ( /;<-4;)+; +2)4(4*7+;. N+; /*> /@-784()4 -4 )/<+ 4 7/4()4; ;+( 7+; /()4*4;+; 4( (-4;)*+; 2/4(4;, 7+ -7 ;4*5/*> <* +*/4()* 7 <*+-/0( 47 (4@+/+. F/(784()4, 47 4;)-/+ 4 84*+ (+; *> 7 /(?+*8/0( 4* 47 <*4/+ <*+ 4<+(4* 7+; (74; 4 /;)*/2-/0( +;)-82*+; <* 47 )/<+ 4 2/4( + ;4*5//+ -4 ;4 4;4 +7+* = ->7 4; ;?-(/+(8/4()+. E( -( <+ 4 @7+27//0( = 4 7) +8<4)/)/5/ 4 <*+-)+; + ;4*5//+;, +8+ 7+ 4; 4( 47 82/()4 8-(+ 47 8*4)/(@ 4; (44;*/+ 4;)* 74*) 7; 4/@4(/; = 4<4))/5; 47 84*+, <* 477+ 4; 4 5/)7 /8<+*)(/ <*
56
;4@-** 47 /)+ 4 7; 48<*4;; 4* -;+ 4 )(/; = 4**8/4();, -( 4 477; 4; 7745* 2+ -( 4;)-/+ 4 84*+, 4( +(3-()+ +( -( ;4*/4 4 /(54;)/@/+(4; +8+ 7+ ;+(, +8<4)4(/, 7+; (74; 4 /;)*/2-/0(, 7-@*4; 4 54() 47 <*+-)+, -4 )() <-27// 4/;)4 4( 47 84*+, <*4/+;, 4). E; 8-= ?*4-4()4 -4 7+; 48<*4;*/+; (+ )4(@( 7*+ - 4; 7+ -4 54(4(. M-; 544; <*44 /**4745()4 <*4@-()*;4 - 54(48+;. E5/4()484()4, )++; 7+; 54(4+*4; +(+4( 7+; <*+-)+; -4 +?*44( 7+; +(;-8/+*4;. P4*+ (+ (44;*/84()4 +(+4( -4 2-;( 7+; +(;-8/+*4; 4( (-4;)*+; <*+-)+;. L ?*;4 754 4; +(+4* 47 84*+. L; (44;/4; 47 84*+, 4; 4/* 4 7+; +(;-8/+*4; ;+( 7; -4 ( 7 <-) <* <+4* 4?/(/* 843+* -4 4; 7+ -4 58+; 54(4* = -/4(4; ;9 +8+ 0(4 = 08+ 7+ *48+;.
MERCADO L+; M4*+; -4 4( 7 )4*8/(+7+@9 4+(08/ 4 -( 84*+ 4; 47 >*4 4()*+ 4 7 -7 7+; 54(4+*4; = 7+; +8<*+*4; 4 -( 84*(9 8()/4(4( 4;)*4; *47/+(4; +84*/74;, = 7745( 2+ 2-(()4; )*(;/+(4; 4 )7 8(4* -4 7+; /;)/()+; <*4/+; -4 ;); ;4 *47/( )/4(4( -(/?/*;4.
O$*&n +& M&$#a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
+2;)>-7+; -4 <+(4( 47 4;</+ = 47 )/48<+ <*+-* <+(4* 7 7(4 4 7+; +(;-8/+*4; 7+; /54*;+; <*+-)+; = 47 +84*/()4 4; 47 +82*4 -4 4;**+77 4;) )/5/ 4( <*+-* 4 -( @((/ + 8*@4( 4 24(4?//+ -4 )/4(4 4*4+ <+* 47 )*23+ -4 *47/. E7 84*+ +8+ 7 I(-;)*/ +-< -( 7-@* 54 8>; /8<+*)()4 4( 7 S+/4 8+4*(. E7 (84*+ = 4)4(;/0( 4( ;-; +<4*/+(4;, ;- /0( 4 ;)/;?4* 7; (44;/4; 4 7 5/ -8( 47 /(*484()+ 4 )*23+, 7 *4/0( 4 (-45; ?-4()4; 4 <*+-/0( = +84*/7//0(, 7; +8-(//+(4; *>; 4 7 -( ;+/4 8+4*(.
C%n#&% D& M&$#a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
D&-n#'n +& M&$#a+% L+; 84*+; ;+( 7+; +(;-8/+*4; *474; = <+)4(/74; 4 (-4;)*+ <*+-)+. L+; 84*+; ;+( *4/+(4; -8(; =, <+* 7+ )()+, <4*?4)/274;. E( +(;4-4(/, ;4 <-44( 8+/?/* 4( ?-(/0( 4 ;-; ?-4*; /()4*/+*4;. L+; 84*+; )/4(4( *4@7; 4 /(7-;+ 4; <+;/274 <* -( 48<*4; 47()*;4 7@-(+; 454()+; = ;4* <*+)@+(/;) 4 477+;. L+; 48<*4;*/+; (+ <+48+; 4;)* 7 8*@4( 4 7+ -4 ;-44 4( 47 84*+.
E!+% +& "&$#a+%4
58
C%n#&% E; 7 ?-(/0( -4 5/(-7 +(;-8/+*4;, 7/4()4; = <27/+ +( 47 84*+7+@9 )*5; 4 7 /(?+*8/0(, 7 -7 ;4 -)/7/ <* /4()/?/* = 4?/(/* 7; +<+*)-(/4; = <*+2748; 4 84*+ <* @4(4**, *4?/(* = 457-* 7; 84/; 4 84*4+ = <* 843+** 7 +8<*4(;/0( 47 <*+4;+ 47 8/;8+. D/+ 4 +)* 8(4* 47 4;)-/+ 4 84*+ 4; -( 4**8/4() 4 84*4+ -4 <4*8/)4 = ?/7/) 7 +2)4(/0( 4 )+;, *4;-7)+; -4 4 -( - +)* ?+*8 ;4*>( (7/+;, <*+4;+; 84/()4 4**8/4(); 4;)9;)/; = ;9 +2)4(4* +8+ *4;-7)+; 7 4<)/0( + (+ = ;-; +8<7//+(4; 4 -( <*+-)+ 4()*+ 47 84*+. PRINCIPALES CONCEPTOS DE UN ESTUDIO DE MERCADO. $. C()/ 4 +?4*4()4; = <*+-)+; = ;4*5//+; ". C()/ 4 48(()4; <+* 4;)*)+; !. N/5474; 4 P*4/+ = 7/ 1. C(74; 4 /;)*/2-/0( M-; 544; 47 /)+ 4<4(4*> 47 (/547 4 +(+/8/4()+ -4 )4(@8+; 4* 4 (-4;)*+ 4()+*(+ K7/4()4; = +8<4)4(/;
An&#&+&n&! +&l &!+% +& "&$#a+%! E7 4;)-/+ 4 84*+ ;-*@4 +8+ -( <*+2748 47 8*4)/(@ = -4 (+ <+48+; *4;+754* <+* 84/+ 4 +)*+ 8)++. A7 *47/* -( 4;)-/+ 4 ;)4 )/<+ *4;-7) *+, 8-; 544; +8<743+; 4 *47/* = ;/48<*4 *4-/4*4 4 /;<+;//0( 4 )/48<+ = 4//0( 4 8-; <4*;+(;. P* )4(4* -( 843+* <(+*8 ;+2*4 7 4/;/0( )+8* <* 7 *4;+7-/0( 4 7+; <*+2748; 4 8*4)/(@ ;4 -)/7/( -( <+4*+; 4**8/4() 4 -/7/+ +8+ 7+ ;+( 7+; 4;)-/+; 4 84*+, -4 +()*/2-=4( /;8/(-/* 47 */4;@+ -4 )+ 4/;/0( 7745 +(;/@+, <-4; <4*8/)4( +(+4* 843+* 7+; ()444()4; 47 <*+2748.
E7 4;)-/+ 4 84*+ 4; <-4;, -( <+=+ <* 7 /*4/0( ;-<4*/+*, (+ +2;)()4, ;)4 (+ @*()/ -( ;+7-/0( 2-4( 4( )++; 7+; ;+;, 8>; 2/4( 4; -( @-9
59
-4 ;/*54 ;+784()4 4 +*/4()/0( <* ?/7/)* 7 +(-) 4( 7+; (4@+/+; = -4 7 54 )*)( 4 *4-/* 7 89(/8+ 47 8*@4( 4 4**+* <+;/274.
Á"@% +& Al#a#'n +&l E!+% +& M&$#a+% C+( 47 4;)-/+ 4 84*+ <-44( 7+@**;4 87)/<74; 4 +234)/5+; = -4 <-44 <7/*;4 4( 7 <*>)/ -)*+ 8<+; 4?/(/+;, 4 7+; -74; 84(/+(*48+; 7@-(+; 4 7+; ;<4)+; 8>; /8<+*)()4; (7/*, +8+ ;+(:
El #%n!"+%$ S-; 8+)/5/+(4; 4 +(;-8+ S-; >2/)+; 4 +8<* S-; +
El $%+#% E;)-/+; ;+2*4 7+; -;+; 47 <*+-)+. T4;); ;+2*4 ;- 4<)/0( T4;); +8<*)/5+; +( 7+; 4 7 +8<4)4(/. E;)-/+; ;+2*4 ;-; ?+*8;, )8+; = 4(5;4;.
El "&$#a+% E;)-/+; ;+2*4 7 /;)*/2-/0( E;)-/+; ;+2*4 +24*)-* 4 <*+-)+ 4( )/4(; A4<)/0( = +
60
Cla!&! +& M&$#a+% P-4;)+ -4 7+; 84*+; 4;)>( +(;)*-/+; <+* <4*;+(;, +@*4;, 48<*4;; + /(;)/)-/+(4; -4 48(( <*+-)+;, 7; /+(4; 4 8*4)/(@ 4 -( 48<*4; 424( 4;)* ;/;)48>)/84()4 /*/@/; -2*/* 7+; *4-4*/8/4()+; <*)/-7*4; 4 4;)+; 84*+; <* <*+<+*/+(*74; -( 843+* ;)/;?/0( 4 ;-; (44;/4; 4;<49?/;. S4@( 47 8+()+ 4 7 84*(9
M&$#a+% T%al4 +(?+*8+ <+* 47 -(/54*;+ +( (44;/4; -4 <-44( ;4* ;)/;?4; <+* 7 +?4*) 4 -( 48<*4;. M&$#a+% P%&n#al4 +(?+*8+ <+* )++; 7+; 4()4; 47 84*+ )+)7 -4 48>; 4 4;4* -( ;4*5//+, -( 2/4( 4;)>( 4( +(//+(4; 4 -/*/*7;. M&$#a+% M&a4 4;)> +(?+*8+ <+* 7+; ;4@84()+; 47 84*+ <+)4(/7 -4 ( ;/+ ;474/+(+; 4( ?+*8 4;<49?/, +8+ 4;)/()*/+; 4 7 @4;)/0( 4 8*4)/(@, 4; 47 84*+ -4 7 48<*4; 4;4 = 4/4 <)*. M&$#a+% R&al4 *4<*4;4() 47 4*+ 7 -7 ;4 7+@*+ 774@* 7+; +(;-8/+*4; 4 7+; ;4@84()+; 47 84*+ 84) -4 ;4 ( <)+. O$%! T%! +& M&$#a+% M&$#a+% "a%$!a S+( 4( 7+; -4 ;4 54(4( 84*4*9; 7 <+* 8=+* = 4( @*(4; ()/4;. A779 -4( @4(4*784()4 7+; /()4*84/*/+; = /;)*/2-/+*4; +8<** 4( ()/ 7+; <*+-)+; -4 4;<-; ( 4 *454(4* +)*+; +84*/()4;, <*4/+; 8=+*4; = <*/+;84()4 4745+;.
M&$#a+% Mn%$!a L78+; )82/( 4 2;)+;, +(4 ;4 54(4( 4( <4-4; ()/4; /*4)84()4 7+; +(;-8/+*4;. U( (-45 8+7/ 4 4;)4 )/<+ 4 84*+; 7+ )4(48+; 4( 7+; 778+; ]S-<4*8*4);] KS-<4*84*+; 4 +*/@4( (+*)484*/(+, 7+; -4 +(;)/)-=4( @*(4; 4(; - +*@(//+(4; -4 8-454( /(@4()4; (+;4 47 48<74+ 4<4(/4()4 = 7 <4-4+ +84*/()4 -4 54(4 <4*;+(784()4 ;-; *)9-7+;.
61
E!$a&*a! M&$#a+% &n n $%+#%"&$#a+% a"l% $. E7 8)++ 47 84*+ 84) (/+: ;4@84()* 47 84*+ = 4;+@4* -(+ 4 7+; ;4@84()+; +8+@(4+;, +8+ 84*+ 84) 4 7 ?/*8. ". E7 8)++ 47 84*+ 84) 87)/<74: ;4@84()* 47 84*+ = 474@/* +; + 8>; ;4@84()+;, -(+ 4 7+; -74; ;4*> )*)+ +8+ 84*+ 84) ;4<*+, -4 (44;/) -( 847 +84*/7 /?4*4()4. !. E7 8)++ 47 84*+ 84) +82/(+: +82/(* +; + 8>; ;-2 84*+; 4( -( 84*+ 84) 8=+* +8+ 2;4 <* -( 4;)*)4@/.
Ca$a#&$,!#a! +& M&$#a+% E7 84*+ 4;)> +8<-4;)+ 4 54(4+*4; = +8<*+*4; -4 5/4(4( *4<*4;4()* 7 +?4*) = 7 48(. S4 *47/( *47/+(4; +84*/74; 4 )*(;/+(4; 4 84*(9;. L+; <*4/+; 4 7; 84*(9; )/4(4( -(/?/*;4 = /+; <*4/+; ;4 4;)2744( <+* 7 +?4*) = 7 48(.
Ca$a#&$,!#a! +& na B&na In1&!*a#'n +& M&$#a+%: •
•
•
•
M)++ C/4()9?/+: -( /(54;)/@/0( 4 84*+ 4?4)/5 -)/7/ 7+; <*/(//74; 4 -()/?/*, <4*+ ;- 57+* 4; 8>; /?9/7 4 4)4*8/(*, = -4 4;)+ 4<4(4 4 7 57/4 = +(?/2/7/ 4 7+; )+; = 4 7 /;<+;//0( 4 7 /*4/0( <* 4<)*7+; = )-* 4( +(;4-4(/.
62
•
•
U( E;4<)//;8+ S(+: 7+; /(54;)/@+*4; 4 84*+ 424( 8+;)** -( 4;4<)//;8+ ;(+ K<*454(/0(, 4;+(?/( ()4 7; <*4;-(/+(4; *47/; <+* 7+; 434-)/5+; ;+2*4 47 ?-(/+(8/4()+ 47 84*+. E;)>( 74*) <* 4)4)* 7+; <*+2748; -;+; <+* 7+; 8/)+; 47 8*4)/(@ S4()/+ É)/+: 7 /(54;)/@/0( 4 M4*+ 24(4?// )()+ 7 E8<*4; <)*+/(+* +8+ ;-; 7/4()4;. S/( 482*@+, 47 -;+ /(4-+ 4 7 /(54;)/@/0( 4 84*+; <-44 * + 8+74;)* 7+; +(;-8/+*4;, -/4(4; <+*9( <4(;* -4 ;4 4;)> /(5/4(+ ;- <*/5/ + -4 ;4 4;)> -)/7/(+ -( *)/8 <* 54(4*7+;.
FUNCIONES DE UN ESTUDIO DE MERCADO •
A=- )+8* 4/;/+(4; 8>; 4*)+;.
•
P*+<+*/+( *4;-7)+; +(?/274;, 7+ 8>; 4*(+; 7 *47/.
•
E; -( 4;)*)4@/ <* +(+4* 7 84*+ +(;-8/+* = +8<4)/+*.
•
D/;8/(-=4 7+; */4;@+;.
•
I4()/?/ <+;/274; <*+2748;.
FORMAS DE MEDICION DEL PIB E7 PIB ;4 <-44 84/* 4;4 +; 4(?+-4; /?4*4()4;, +2)4(/4(+ 4( 82+; ;+; 47 8/;8+ *4;-7)+. C+8+ ?7-3+ 4 @;)+; K+ 4 <*+-)+; ?/(74;: 4; 4/*, ->7 ;/+ 47 4;)/(+ 4 7+; /;)/()+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; <*+-/+; -*()4 47 434*//+. 2 C+8+ ?7-3+ 4 *4();: 08+ ;4 /;)*/2-=4( 7; *4(); -4 ;4 ( @4(4*+ -*()4 7 <*+-/0( 4 4;+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;. bP+* - +/(/4( 82+; 4(?+-4; V8+; )*)* 4 4<7/*7+ K)+848+; /*4:
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63
$'. ))<:.8+(+@*?/;.+8)*23+;$!84*+84*+.;)87ESTUDIO
T++ <*+4;+ <*+-)/5+ )/4(4 -( *4;-7)+ K7 472+*/0( 4 2/4(4; + 7 <*4;)/0( 4 ;4*5//+;. P4*+ 4( /+ <*+4;+ ;4 @4(4*( -(; *4(); -4 7 48<*4; )/4(4 -4 <@* K;7*/+;, 7-/74*4;, /()4*4;4; 4
a) C%"% -l% +& *a!%! PIB H +(;-8+ /(54*;/0( @;)+ <27/+ 4<+*)/+(4; # /8<+*)/+(4; E( 2*45/)-*;: PIB H C I G X # M
C%n!"%: *4+@4 -477+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; <*+-/+; 4( 47 + -4 ;+( -/*/+; <+* 7; ?8/7/; = 48<*4;; <* ;- +(;-8+ ?/(7. P+* 4348<7+: -( 7/2*+, -( )274) 4 ++7)4, -( 75+*, -( -)+805/7, 7+; +(+**/+; 4 -( 2+@+, -( +*)4 4 <47+, -( 75+ 4 +4, 4). In1&$!'n: *4+@4 -477+; 2/4(4; -/*/+; <*/(/<784()4 <+* 7; 48<*4;; <* /(+*<+**7+; ;-; 4;)*-)-*; <*+-)/5;. P+* 4348<7+: -( +*4(+*, -( 8-/(*/, -( (54, -( )*)+*, 4). U( 8/;8+ 2/4( <-44 4;)* 4;)/(+ 7 +(;-8+ + 7 /(54*;/0(, 4<4(/4(+ 47 -;+ -4 ;4 74 5= *: <+* 4348<7+, ;/ -( ?8/7/ -/4*4 -( -)+805/7 <* ;- -;+ ;4 )*) 4 -( 2/4( 4 +(;-8+, <4*+ ;/ 4; -( 48<*4; 7 -4 7+ -/4*4 <* ;- 4-/<+ 4 54(), 4()+(4; ;4 )*) 4 -( /(54*;/0(.
Ga!% .@l#%: *4+@4 -477+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -/*/+; <+* 7 A8/(/;)*/0( P27/, 2/4( <* ;- +(;-8+ K8)4*/7 4 +?//(, ;4*5//+; 4 ;4@-*/ = 7/8
64
N+ /(7-=4, ;/( 482*@+, 47 @;)+ 4 <4(;/+(4;: -(+ <@ 47 ;7*/+ -( ?-(/+(*/+ +8<* -( ;4*5//+, ;- )*23+ K= -( )*(;/0( 4+(08/, 8/4()*; -4 -(+ <@ -( <4(;/0( ;4 )*) ;/8<7484()4 4 -( )*(;?4*4(/ 4 *4(); K(+ *4/24 ( 82/+, <+* 7+ -4 (+ ;4 +()2/7/ 4( 47 PIB.
Sal+% n&% +&l #%"&$#% &;&$%$ K4<+*)/+(4; # /8<+*)/+(4;: 4; 7 /?4*4(/ 4()*4 7+ -4 47 <9; 4<+*) 7 4)4*/+* K2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; = 7+ -4 /8<+*). L; 4<+*)/+(4; 5( +( ;/@(+ <+;/)/5+ K/(*484()( 47 PIB 7 ;4* -( <*+-)+ 472+*+ 4( 47 <9;. M/4()*; -4 7; /8<+*)/+(4; 5( +( ;/@(+ (4@)/5+: (+ 4; -4 /;8/(-=( 47 PIB, ;/8<7484()4 ;4 )*) 4 +8<4(;* -( /8<+*)4 +()2/7/+ 4( +(;-8+, /(54*;/0( + @;)+ <27/+ -4 <+* 24* ;/+ 472+*+ 4( 47 4)4*/+* (+ ;4 424*9 /(7-/* 4( 47 PIB.
@) C%"% +!$@#'n +& $&na! O)* 8(4* 4 84/* 47 PIB 4; ;-8(+ 7; *4(); -4 ;4 ( @4(4*+ 4( 47 434*//+ 4*/5; 4 7 )/5/ 4+(08/. E7 PIB ;4*> /@-7 7 !"a +&: S7*/+; K*4() -4 *4/24( 7+; )*23+*4;. I()4*4;4;, *4(); + 7-/74*4; K*4(); -4 *4/24( 7+; <*+
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65
CONCEPTO DE DINERO: E7 /(4*+ 4; 47 +8( 4(+8/(+* 4 7 5/ 8+4*(, 4; -( ?-4* /(5/;/274 -4 <4*8/)4 /()4*82/* 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; 4 7 +8-(/ 4( -( ?+*8 >@/7 = <*4/;, 4; -( <+4* -4 -/4*4( -/4(4; 7+ <+;44( <* +(;4@-/* 8>; 5+7-84( 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -/4(4; *44( 4 7. E7 5+27+ ]/(4*+] 4;*/24 5*/; +;;, 4( ?+*8 /(/;*/8/(. E( -( ;4()/+ 8-= 8<7/+ = +25/+, 27* 4 /(4*+ /8<7/ *4?4*/*;4 7 +8/(/+ -4 -( <4*;+( 434*4 ;+2*4 ;- <)*/8+(/+, 47 +(3-()+ 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -4 4)4*8/( -( (/547 4 5/ = 7+; 84/+; <* <*+-/* 4;4 <)*/8+(/+.
FUNCIONES DEL DINERO E7 /(4*+ -8<74 )*4; ?-(/+(4; 2>;/; 4( 47 ;/;)48 4+(08/+:
M&+% +& #a"@%: L ?-(/0( 8>; /8<+*)()4 47 /(4*+ 4; ;4*5/* 4 84/+ 4 82/+ 4( 7; )*(;/+(4;. P* -4 ;- -;+ ;4 4?/, 424 -8<7/* -( ;4*/4 4 *)4*9;)/;: A4<)+ +8(84()4 = @4(4*+* 4 +(?/( F>/784()4 )*(;<+*)274 D/5/;/274 N+ <4*444*+, /(7)4*274 4( 47 )/48<+ D/?9/7 4 ?7;/?/*
Un+a+ +& 1al%$ : 4 7 8/;8 8(4* -4 7 7+(@/)- ;4 8/4 4( 84)*+;, 47 57+* 4 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; ;4 8/4 4( /(4*+. E; 7+ -4 7788+; <*4/+;, -4 *4<*4;4()( 47 57+* 4 82/+ 47 2/4( + ;4*5//+. D&'!% +& 1al%$ : 47 /(4*+ <4*8/)4 ;- -8-7/0( <* *47/* <@+; ?-)-*+;. L <*)4 4 /(4*+ -4 (+ ;4 @;) +=, ;/(+ -4 ;4 @-* <* @;)*7+ 4( 47 ?-)-*+, ;4 4(+8/( a%$$%. "$. ))<;:;/)4;.@++@74.+8;/)44+(+8/"%<*2/774*)+)48*/+)48##47#84*+#4#/(4*+"#47#84*+#8+(4)*/+
66
FORMA Y USO DEL DINERO El &-% &n "an%! +&l .@l#% 4;)> ?+*8+ <+* 7; 8+(4; = 2/774)4; -4 )/4(4( 7; ?8/7/; 4( ;-; 2+7;/77+; + 4( ;-; -;. N+ ;4 /(7-=4( -9 7; 8+(4; = 2/774)4; -4 = 4( 7; 3; 4 7+; 2(+;. La! "%n&+a! 4;)>( -; 4( ; *4;<7+ -4 7 L4=. 4 +;, 7+; 2/774)4; 77452( /8<*4;+ -( 84(;34 -4 49: ]E7 B(+ X <@*> 7 <+*)+*...], <4*+ 4( *47/ (+ 29 (/ = ( /?4*4()4 -4 * 82/+. P+* ;/ 7@-/4( )/4(4 ( -; 7 *4;<4)+ 7+ /*48+; 8-= 7*+: 47 +*+ -4 <-4 24* 4( F+*) (+ (+ -2*4 (/ <*4)4(4 -2*/* 7+; 2/77+(4; 4 07*4; 4( 4?4)/5+ -4 /*-7( <+* 47 8-(+ 47 57+* 47 +*+ -8-7+ 4( 7+; ;0)(+; 4 -7-/4* 2(+ 4()*7 4; 8-= /(?4*/+* 7 4 7+; 2/774)4; -4 = 48/)/+ 4;4 8/;8+ 2(+. L%! +&'!%! @an#a$%!, 4; 4/*, 7; -4(); +**/4()4;, 4 +**+ = <7+, ;+( /(4*+ -(-4, 4( 54 4 4;)* /(+*<+*+; 4( -( ;+<+*)4 ?9;/+ 84)>7/+ + 4 <<47, +(;/;)( )( ;07+ 4( <-()4; +()274; */5+; 4( 7+; ;+<+*)4; 8@()/+; 4 -( +*4(+*. S+( /(4*+ <+*-4 <-44( ;4* 8+5/7/+; +8+ 84/+ 4 <@+ 84/()4 4-4; + )*34); <7>;)/;. A7@-(; -4(); ;+( 8>; 79-/; -4 +)*;, 4; 4/*, ;+( 8>; *> <+* )()+ /;)/(@-/* 4()*4 7+; /54*;+; )/<+; 4 -4(); c+**/4()4;, 4 +**+, <7+c -(+ ;4 (44;/)4 4;)2744* 84//+(4; <*4/;; 47 /(4*+. CLASES DE DINERO
M4
M3 M1
Efectivo en manos del púlico
Monedas !illetes
M2 Dep"sitos a la vista Dep"sitos de a#o$$o Dep"sitos a pla%o
67
&C'asi(dine$o&
PRESENTACION Y CLASIFICACION DEL DINERO CARACTERISTICAS DEL DINERO: L; *)4*9;)/; -4 424 -2*/* 47 /(4*+ <* ;4* +(;/4*+ +8+ )7, ;+(:
A) A#&a#'n Un1&$!al4 # E7 /(4*+ )/4(4 -4 ;4* -( 2/4( 4;4274 <+* )++;. B) Fá#l +& T$an!%$a$4 # Q-4 -8-74 8-+ 57+* 4( <++ <4;+ = -4 (+ *4-/4* *4/@/74;. C) D1!@l&4 # Q-4 ;/*5 <* -/*/* 2/4(4; *+; = 2*)+; = -4 <-4 ;4* ?*/+( ;/( <4*4* ;- 57+*. D) In#%$$@l&4 # E; 7 *)4*9;)/ -4 *4;-7)+ ;4* 8>; ?>/7 4 +(;4@-/*, -4 (+ ;4
A) DINERO MERCANCIA: (&l $&>&) E( 4;) 4)< 47 2/4( -4 ;/*5/0 +8+ /(4*+ )4(9 4( ;9 -( 57+* <4*;+(7 = ;4 -)/7/0 <* -;+ + +(;-8+ ?/(7, ?-4 7 ?+*8 <*/8/)/5 4 7; 4;<4/4; 8+(4)*/; -4 )4*8/(*+( 7 4+(+89 47 )*-4-4. E7 )2+, 47 + = 7 ;7 ;+( 4348<7+; ;/@(/?/)/5+; -)/7/+; <+* (-4;)*+; 2+*9@4(4;. I@-784()4 47 @(+ ?-4 <+* 8-+ )/48<+ 47 /(4*+ 4 7+; ()/@-+; *+8(+;.
B) DINERO METALICO: (la "%n&+a) E( 4;) <+ 47 /(4*+ ;4 4<*4;0 E( 4;<4/4; 84)>7/; = 7 8+(4 -/*/0 ;54*4* ()-*74. E7 9 4( -4 ;4 47/@/0 ?-4 4<)+ +8+ *4<*4;4())/5+ 47 /(4*+, (+ <+*-4 4* 4;4274 <+* ;9 8/;8+, ;/ (+ <+*-4 4 -4*+ ;-; *)4*9;)/; )-5+ 4<)/0( @4(4*7 <+* 7 +8-(/ +8+ 4;<4/4 8+(4)*/. E7 2*+(4 = 7+; 84)74; ;/*5/4*+( <* ?2*/* K-* 7; 8+(4 2;>(+;4 4( ;- 24774, ;- 8)4*/7/, ;- /(+**-<)/2/7/ = ;- 4;;4 -4 74 2 47 )*/2-)+ 4 @*()/* ;- <+4* 4 82/+ 8>; + 84(+; +(;)()4.
68
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C) DINERO SIGNO O FIDUCIARIO: (&l @ll&&) E7 4;4(5+75/8/4()+ 47 /()4*82/+ 4( 7 +8-(/ ?-4 54 8>; *4/4()4 = 7 ()/ 4 8+(4 84)>7/ 4/;)4()4 (+ ?-4 ;-?//4()4 <* 2;)44* 7+; *4-4*/8/4()+; 4 7 4+(+89. E;)+ +;/+(0 -4 <* 2;)44* 7 +8-(/ )-5/4*+( -4 4*;4 74/+(4; +( +)*+; 84)74; 4( 7+; -74; 7 ()/ 4 84)7 <*4/+;+ 4* 54 84(+*, <4*/4(+ 7 8+(4 ;- 57+* <4*;+(7 = <7/>(+;4 7 778, L4= 4 G*4;8 E;) ;/)-/0( 77450 7 54 7 <*//0( 4 7 8+(4 4 <<47 K+ <<47 8+(4 -4 +(;/;)4 4( 7 4<4//0( 4 +-84()+; *4;<7+; +( /4*) ()/ 4 84)74; <*4/+;+;. L+; 4*)/?/+; 4 +*+ = <7), ;9 +8+ 7+; 2/774)4; +( *4;<7+ 4( 4;)+; ;+( 7+; 4348<7+; 2>;/+;. L; (44;/4; 54 8>; *4/4()4; 4 4;<4/4; 8+(4)*/; 74 ?-4*+( 2*/((+ *4;<7+ 84)>7/+ 7 <<47 8+(4, ;) 4*7+ 4;<*44* = -4* ;07+ 7+; 2/774)4; +8+ ;982+7+ 4 <<47 8+(4, -4 4; *4+(+/+ +8+ -(/ 8+(4)*/.
D) DINERO BANCARIO: (&l #&>&) L /()4*54(/0( 47 4;)+ 4( 7 4//0( 4 7+; 2/774)4; = 4( 7 -/0( 4 8+(4; 4/@/0 7 *4/0( 4 +*@(/;8+; 4;))74; KB(+ C4()*7 -4 ;4 4(*@*>( 4 4;) ?-(/0( 4 +?4*) <*/8*/ 4 /(4*+ +( *>)4* 4 8+(+<+7/+. E( 4?4)+, 7 4<4//0( 4 4;; 4;<4/4; 8+(4)*/; <+* <*)4 4 4;4 +*@(/;8+ ;4 9 /(//784()4 2;>(+;4 4( 7 ()/ 4 *4;4*5; 4 84)74; 5//+;+; -4 8()-5/4*+( 4( ;-; 2054; +(?/@-*>(+;4 4()+(4; 4( ;-; 27(4; -( <;/5+ K4;<4/4; 8+(4)*/; 48/)/; = )/5+ K57+* 4 7; *4;4*5; 4 84)74; <*4/+;+;. A ;- 54, 4;; 4;<4/4; 8+(4)*/; 774@*+( 7+; 2(+;, -/4(4; 7 *4/2/4*+( +8+ 4<0;/)+; 4 ;-; 7/4()4;. C+8+ +(;4-4(/ 4 4;4 4<0;/)+, 7+; 2(+; 4()*4@*+( ;-; 7/4()4; -( )7+(*/+ 4 )9)-7+; +( 7+; -74; <+9( *4)/** 7; 4;<4/4; 8+(4)*/; -(+ -/;/4*. A48>; +( 477 ;4 <+9( /()4*82/* 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; <+*-4 ;+( *4<*4;4())/5+; 4 4;<4/4; 8+(4)*/; = 7+; 2(+; 8()/4(4( 4( ;-; 2054;. É;+; )9)-7+; ;+( 7+; -4 ;4 ( 54(/+ 4( ?+*8 @4(4*7/ +8+ 4-4;.
69
E) DINERO ELECTRONICO: (la a$&a +& #$+%) M4/()4 4;) 8+7/, 7 +8-(/ *47/ )++; ;-; <@+; <* 47 /()4*82/+ 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+;, ;/( 7 (44;/ 4 8(43* 4;<4/4; 8+(4)*/; K8+(4;, 2/774)4;, 4-4;, ;/(+ ;/8<7484()4 -;( -( )*34) 4 /4*); *)4*9;)/; -4 ;4*> *4/2/ <+* -( )4*8/(7 4 +8<-)+* -/4( 4<)*> + *4*> 47 <@+ 4 7 )*(;/0( -4 ;4 <*4)4( 4*, ;4@( )4(@ + (+, 4( 7 848+*/ 47 +8<-)+* /(4*+ ;- ?5+* <*45/ ;-;*/</0( 4 -( +*4( 4 <@+ +(?+*84 7 </ 47 <@+ 47 4-+*.
FLUCTUACIONES ECONOMICAS TIPO DE
FLUCTUACION
CARACTERISTICAS
TENDENCIAS SECULARES
S+( 8+5/8/4()+; -4 ;4 *)4*/( <+* -** 4( -( <*+7+(@+ <4*/++ 4 )/48<+ +( *4;<4)+ 7 /7+ 4+(08/+, 7+; -74; ;+( +()/(-+; <4*)4(4/4()4; -7-/4* )/5/. S4 <-44( * 42/+ 7 /(*484()+ 4 7 <+27/0(, 4?//4(/ 4+(08/ + <+* -( *4/8/4()+ @*-7 4 7 */-4.
S+( -477; -4 ;4 <*4;4()( 4( -( + -*()4 47 <4*/++ 4;)/+(7 K*4?4*/8+; , <*/854*, 54*(+, +)++ 4 /(5/4*(+, 4;); )4(4*>( ?4)* -( @*+ /8<+*)()4 4( 7 )/5/ 4+(08/ <*+-/, 4;)+ 4; -4, 4;); ?7-)-/+(4; ;+( /8<*44/274; = 4 ;<4)+; +(54(/+(74; 4 -4*+ 7; 5*//+(4; -4 ;4 4(-4()*4( 4( 47 <4*/++ 4 4;)/0(, +8+ <+* 4348<7+ 4( <4*/++ 4 V4*(+ K5/+(4;, +(4 ;4 8=+* ?7-4(/ 7; +(; )-*9;)/;, (+ 4?4)+ -4 7; 54(); ;4( 23; 4( FLUCTUACIONES 7-@*4; +(4 4; ?*4-4()4 +2;4*5* -( @*( 8+5/7//0( ESTACIONALES )()+ 4
70
S+( ?7-)-/+(4; -4 ;4 *)4*/( <+* ;4* *4@-7*4; 42/+ /?4*4()4; <4*)-*2/+(4; 4)4*(; 7 )/5/ 4+(08/. E; 4( 4;)4 ;4()/+, ;/8<7/?/ 84()4 -4 ;4 FLUCTUACIONES +(;/4*( ?7-)-/+(4; /4()74; +8+ -*(4;, ESPORADICAS @-4**;, 474/0(.
EL TRATADO LIBRE DE COMERCIO E; -( -4*+ -4 *4@/*> 47 +84*/+ 4 <*+-)+; = ;4*5//+; 4()*4 7+; <9;4; ?/*8()4;, -=+ +234)/5+ 4; 47/8/(* 7+; /8<-4;)+; 7; /8<+*)/+(4; = +)*; 2**4*; 7 +84*/+.
C+(3-()+ 4 *4@7; <+79)/;, N+*8; <* <+4* +84*/7/* = ;07+ 7+; <9;4; -4 -8<74( +( 7; *4@7; = (+*8; <+79)/; <-44( +84*/7/*.
E;)+; 8/;8+; <9;4; )/4(4( -4 -8<7/* = )4(4* 7 </ 4 ;)/;?4* 7 48( -( <9; -4 (+ -8<74 (+ <-44 4()** 4( 47 TLC.
G-)487 4;)> 4( 47 TLC, <4*+ 784()27484()4 (+ -8<74 = 7+ -4 )/4(4 -4 4* 4; /(*484()* ;- <*+-/0( <* <+4* ;)/;?4* 7 48( 4 7+; +)*+; <9;4;.
L%! $n#al&! %@&1%! +& n TLC !%n: •
E7/8/(* 2**4*; -4 ?4)4( + 84*84( 47 +84*/+.
•
P*+8+54* 7; +(//+(4; <* -( +8<4)4(/ 3-;).
•
I(*484()* 7; +<+*)-(/4; 4 /(54*;/0(.
•
•
P*+<+*/+(* -( <*+)4/0( 4- 7+; 4*4+; 4 <*+
•
F+84()* 7 ++<4*/0( 4()*4 <9;4; 8/@+;.
•
O?*44* -( ;+7-/0( /;-;/+(4;. L+; )*)+; 4 7/2*4 +84*/+ ;+( /8<+*)()4; <-4; ;4 +(;)/)-=4( 4( -( 84/+ 4?/ <* @*()/* 47 4;+ 4 <*+-)+; 7+; 84*+; 71
4)4*(+;, 4 -( ?+*8 8>; ?>/7 = ;/( 2**4*;. A48>;, <4*8/)4( -4 -84()4 7 +84*/7//0( 4 <*+-)+; (/+(74;, ;4 @4(4*4 8>; 48<74+, ;4 8+4*(/4 47 <*)+ <*+-)/5+, 843+*4 47 2/4(4;)* 4 7 <+27/0( = ;4 <*+8-45 7 *4/0( 4 (-45; 48<*4;; <+* <*)4 4 /(54*;/+(/;); (/+(74; = 4)*(34*+;. P4*+ 48>; 47 +84*/+ ;/*54 <* 2*)* 7+; <*4/+; -4 <@ 47 +(;-8/+* <+* 7+; <*+-)+; -4 (+ ;4 <*+-4( 4( 47 <9;. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????? 23. http://andresc-si.$*ogspot.com/2012/07/e*@dinero@concepto@c*asi=icacion.htm*
"1. ))<:)87.*/(+(475@+.+8?7-)-/+(4;#4+(+8/;.)87
F+*8784()4, 47 TLC ;4 <*+<+(4 7 8<7//0( 4 84*+ 4 7+; <*)//<()4; 84/()4 7 47/8/(/0( 4 7+; 4*4+; *(47*/+; = *@; -4 ?4)4( 7; 4<+*)/+(4; 4 /8<+*)/+(4;. E( /@-7 ;4()/+ 2-; 7 47/8/(/0( 4 7; 2**4*; (+ *(47*/;, 7 7/24*7//0( 4( 8)4*/ +84*/7 = 4 ;-2;//+; 7; 4<+*)/+(4; @*9+7;, 7 *44;)*-)-*/0( 4 7; *4@7; = <*+4/8/4()+; -(74; <* @/7/* 47 <;+ 4 7; 84*(9; = -(/?/* 7; (+*8; ?/)+;(/)*/; = 4 +)* 9(+74. S/( 482*@+, 4;)+ (+ 4; /@-7 <* 82; <*)4;, 4( 47 ;+ 47 TLC EUCA, 7+; E;)+; U(/+; +(;4*5( /())+; 7; 84/; <*+)4)+*; = ;-2;//+; ;-; @*/-7)+*4; 8/4()*; 7+; 4()*+84*/(+; 424*>( 43* 7+; ;-=+; 4;<*+)4@/+;. TLC, +(;/;)4 4( -( -4*+ +84*/7, <* 8<7/* 47 84*+ 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; 4()*4 7+; <9;4; <*)//<()4;. C+(;/;)4 4( 7 47/8/(/0( 4 7+; *(474; <* 7+; 2/(4; 4()*4 7; <*)4; = -4*+; 4( 8)4*/ 4 ;4*5//+;, 4;)4 -4*+ ;4 */@4 <+* 7; *4@7; 4 7 O*@(//0( M-(/7 47 C+84*/+ KOMC + <+* 8-)-+ -4*+ 4()*4 7+; <9;4;.
VENTAJAS DEL TLC •
A4;+ 84*+; 8>; 8<7/+; <*/(/<784()4 4+(+89; <4-4;.
•
A4;+ <*+-)+; 4 8=+* 7/ = 84(+*4; <*4/+;.
72
•
C+())+ +( 5(4; )4(+70@/+; = /4()9?/+;.
•
M43+*4; ;-47+; = 7/ 4 48<74+.
•
N+; 2*4 7; <-4*); 7 84*+ 8>; @*(4 47 8-(+.
•
I8<7/ 84(+*4; +;)+; 4( 7 /8<+*)/0( 4 /(;-8+; = 2/4(4; 4
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G4(4* 843+*; 4( 7 <*+-)/5/ = 7 +8<4)/)/5/.
•
A)*4 /(54*;/0( /*4) 4)*(34*
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DESVENTAJAS DEL TLC •
•
•
•
N+; 2*/8+; -( (-45+ 84*+ +( <+4* 4 -/;//0( 8=+* 7 (-4;)*+. N+ )++; 7+; ;4)+*4; 4 7 4+(+89 ;4 24(4?//( 4 /@-7 8(4* +( 7+; )*)+; 4 7/2*4 4 +84*/+. = ;/( - <*+-)+; 4 8=+* ;4(;/2/7/ -4 ;+( <*+)4@/+; +( 4)4*8/(+; 84(/;8+; 4 4?4(; +84*/7. L+; 4?4)+; (4@)/5+; ;+2*4 /4*)+; <*+-)+; )82/( <-44( )4(-*;4 ;/ ;4 )+8( 7; 84/; 4-; <* /8<-7;* ;- +8<4)/)/5/ + 4( )++ ;+ /(4()/5* ;- *4+(54*;/0( / )/5/4; +( -( 8=+* <+)4(/7 4 *4/8/4()+. P4*/ 4 +<+*)-(/ 4 4;**+77+ 4+(08/+ <+* 7 54() 4 <*+-)+; <*4/+; 4 84*+, ()4 7 4<7+)/0( 2/)-7 4 (-4;)*+; *4-*;+; ()-*74;.
73
MODELO DE DESARROLLO COMERCIO E
G-)487 4; -( 4+(+89 <4-4.
•
C+(;-8/+*4; 23 </ 4 +8<*.
•
M4*+ /()4*(+ /(< 4 2;+*24* 7)+; 5+784(4; 4 <*4/+;.
•
M4*+ I()4*(/+(7 84*+ 8>; 8<7/+, 8=+* <+4* -/;/)/5+, <+)4(/7 4 @4(4*/0( 4 48( 4 <*+-)+;.
E7 84*+ 4 E;)+; U(/+; 4; 8-+ 8>; @*(4 <+*-4 )/4(4( -( 7) </ 4 +8<*. S+7+ +( 4/* -4 EEUU <*+-4 47 PIB 4 G-)487 4( )*4; 9; = 47 PIB 4 C4()*+8*/ 4( -( ;48(.
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
74
L+ -4 +* 4;)8+; 5/5/4(+ 4; -( (-45+ +<78/4()+ 4( 47 ;/;)48 4+(08/+ 8-(/7. E( 7 <*>)/ ;/@(/?/ -( /(;4*/0( (+54+; 4 7+; <9;4; 47 )4*4* 8-(+ 4( 7 4+(+89 <7(4)*/ KA743(*+ P+*)4;
E; -( <*+4;+ -4 2* 4;4 7 <4*;+(, 48<*4;;, 7+; <*+4;+; 4()*+ 4 7 48<*4;, <* <*+-/* <*+-)+; 4 CALIDAD. Y -4 9 ;4 /(*484(), 4<4(/4(+ 47 +(+/8/4()+ -4 <+;44 <4*;+(, +8+ 7+ ;+( CONOCIMIENTO, CAPACIDADES, EXPERIENCIAS.
D&-n#'n4 L @7+27//0( 4+(08/ +(;/;)4 4( 7 *4/0( 4 -( 84*+ 8-(/7 4( 47 -4 ;4 4;)*-=4( )+; 7; 2**4*; *(47*/; <* <4*8/)/* 7 7/2*4 /*-7/0( 4 7+;
P$n#al&! a*&n&! L+; <*/(/<74; @4()4; + /8<-7;+*4; 4 7 @7+27//0( ;+( 7+; 2(+; = 7; 48<*4;; 8-7)/(/+(74;. L; 48<*4;; 8-7)/(/+(74; ;+( 48<*4;; 8-= @*(4; -4 +<4*( 4( 8-+; <9;4; 47 8-(+ )*5; 4 ;-; ?/7/74;. S+( +8+ -( <-7<+ -4 4 774@* ;-; 75
)4()>-7+; 5*/+; <9;4; 47 8-(+. L; 48<*4;; 8-7)/(/+(74; )/4(4( ;;44 4( 7+; <9;4; 4;**+77+;, ;+( 8-= <+4*+;; = +()*+7( <*>)/84()4 47 84*+ 4 7+; <*/(/<74; *-2*+; 4 4<+*)/0(. L; 48<*4;; 8-7)/(/+(74; <*+54( 7 8(+ 4 +2* 2*) 4 7+; <9;4; 4( 59; 4 4;**+77+ = 4 -4*+ 4;)+ ;4 )*;7( / 4;)+; <9;4;. L+; 2(+; 8-7)/(/+(74;, ;+( 47 <+=+ ?/((/4*+ 4 7; 48<*4;; 8-7)/(/+(74;, ;+7+ -4 -9 ;4 )*) 4 4* *44* 47 . L+; +)*+; @4()4; 4 7 @7+27//0( ;+(: 7+; )4(0*); /()4*(/+(74;, -4 ;+( 7+; /()474)-74; -4 )*23( <* 7; 8-7)/(/+(74; = 7; ?/((/4*; 7+; @+2/4*(+;, -4 +( ;-; <+79)/; =-( 7; 8-7)/(/+(74; *47/* ;-; +<4*/+(4; =, 7+; +*@(/;8+; ?/((/4*+; /()4*(/+(74; +8+ 47 B(+ M-(/7 KBM = 47 F+(+ M+(4)*/+ I()4*(/+(7 KFMI -4 +(//+(( ;-; <*;)8+; -4 7+; <9;4; +<)4( 8)++; +*/4()+; 47/8/(* 7; 2**4*; 7 7/2*4 /*-7/0( 47
V&naa! D&!1&naa! Al*na! 1&naa! +& la *l%@al/a#'n !%n: d S4 /;8/(-=4( 7+; +;)+; 4 <*+-/0( = <+* 7+ )()+ ;4 +?*44( <*+-)+; <*4/+; 84(+*4;. d A-84() 47 48<74+ 4( 7+; 7-@*4; +(4 774@( 7; 8-7)/(/+(74;, 4;<4/784()4 4( 7+; <9;4; ;-24;**+77+;. d A-84() 7 +8<4)/)/5/ 4()*4 7+; 48<*4;*/+; = ;4 4745 7 7/ 4 7+; <*+-)+;. d S4 4;-2*4( 4 /8<7484()( 843+*; )4(+70@/; -4 =-( 7 <*+-/0( = 7 *
76
d M=+* 4;/2/7/ 2/4(4; -4 ()4; (+ ;4 <+9( +2)4(4* 4( 7+; <9;4; ;-24;**+77+;.
Al*na! +&!1&naa! +& la *l%@al/a#'n !%n la! !*&n&!: d M=+* 4;/@-7 4+(08/ 4()*4 7+; <9;4; 4;**+77+; = ;-24;**+77+; 42/+ +(4()*/0( 4 47 4;48<74+ = 7 <+2*4 <+*-4 7; 48<*4;; @*(4; 48/@*( / +)*+; 7-@*4; 4( 2-; 4 8(+ 4 +2* = 8)4*/ <*/8 2*). d M=+* /(34*4(/ 4+(08/ 4 <*)4 4 7+; <9;4; 4;**+77+; / 7+; <9;4; ;-24;**+77+; + 4( 59; 4 4;**+77+. d
D4@*/0( 47 84/+ 82/4()4 <+* 7 4<7+)/0( 4 7+; *4-*;+;.
d M4(+* +<+*)-(/ 4 +8<4)/* +( 4;+; @*(4; 8+(;)*-+; -4 ;+( 7; 48<*4;; 8-7)/(/+(74;. d M=+* ?-@ 4
646 PROPÓSITO DE LA TEORIA E7 <*+<0;/)+ 4 -( )4+*9 4; <*44/* = 4<7/* -( /<0)4;/;. U( )4+*9 4; /@-7 4/* -( /<0)4;/;, ;) 8/;8 /<0)4;/; ;4 +8<*-42 (+ <+* ;- *47/;8+ ;/(+ <+* ;- </ <* <*44/* +( 4)/)- = 4<7/*.
EJEMPLO 64 E( ;)4 4348<7+ 4<7/ 08+ 4; (-4;)*+ +8<+*)8/4()+ <+* 4348<7+ -(+ ;-24 47 <*4/+ 4 7 *(4 438+; 4 +8<** + +8<*8+; 84(+;. E()+(4; ;2/4(+ -4 4;)+ ;-44 4 4;) 8(4 4()+(4; <+48+; ?+*8-7* 7 ;/@-/4()4 /<0)4;/;: ;/ ;-24 47 <*4/+ 4 -( <*+-)+, 4()+(4; /;8/(-=4 7 ()/ -4 ;4 48( <* +8<*+2* ;) /<0)4;/; = 774@* -( )4+*9 4 48( 4248+; *4@*4;* 7 8-(+ *47 = +2;4*5* ;/ *4784()4 ;) /<0)4;/; 4; 54*4* <* 5*/+; <*+-)+;, <* (+;+)*+; 7; <4*;+(; = 4( /?4*4()4; 8+84()+;.
77
EJEMPLO 84 U( 4(?+-4 4 7 )4+*9 4 7 48( ;4 2; 4( 47 ;-<-4;)+ 4 -4 +(;-8/+* <-44 84/*, 7 ;)/;?/0( -4 *4/24 7 +(;-8/* -(/ 4 -( <*+-)+, 4;)+ 4; /**47, <-4; ;4 ;24 -4 7+; +(;-8/+*4; (+ ;4 +8<+*)( 4 ;) ?+*8. S/( 482*@+, 7 )4+*9 4 7 48( <*4/4 +**4)84()4 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 47 +(;-8/+*, <+*-4 47 +(;-8/+* (+*8784()4 +8<* 84(+; 4 -( <*+-)+ -(+ ;-24 ;- <*4/+. D4 ;) ?+*8 47 +(;-8/+* ) +8+ ;/ 8//4* 7 -)/7/, -( -(+ 4( *47/ (+ 7+ 4.
648 EL PROBLEMA DE LA ESCASE=4 L 4;;4 4; 47 <*+2748 ?-(84()7 4 )+ ;+/4. E;;4 4; 7@+ -4 )/4(4 798/)4, 4; 7@+ -4 ;4 )4*8/( = -(+ ;4 )4*8/( 4; -(+ -48+; ;/( ;)/;?4* 7@-(; 4 (-4;)*; (44;/4;. N+ )+; (-4;)*; (44;/4; ;4 <-44( ;)/;?4* 42/+ 7 4;;4.
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EJEMPLO 94 R4-*;+; E+(08/+; 4; )++ 7+ -4 ;4 *4?/4*4 8(+ 4 +2*,
649 FUNCION DE LA TEORIA MICROECONOMICA E; )82/( 778 T4+*9 4 7+; <*4/+;, -4 4;)-/ 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4+(08/+ 4 7; -(/4; 4/;+*/; /(/5/-74;, +8+ ;+( 7+; +(;-8/+*4;, 78
7+; <*+
EJEMPLO 4 E( ;- )/5/ +84*/7, 7; +8<9; +8<* + )+8( *4-*;+; 4+(08/+; -4 74; <*+<+*/+(( 7; ?8/7/;, <* <*+-/* 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -4 ;); ?8/7/; *4-/4*4(, 7-4@+ 7; ?8/7/; -)/7/( 47 /(@*4;+ -4 *4/24( <+* 7 54() 4 *4-*;+; K+ ;4*5//+; 7; +8<9;, <* +8<** 7+; 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -4 4;); <*+<+*/+(( - +?*44(. E; ;9 +8+ ?-(/+( 47 ?7-3+ /*-7* 4 7 )/5/ 4+(08/. Y 4 ;)4 8++ 7 )4+*9, 7 )4+*9 8/*+4+(08/ + )4+*9 4 7+; <*4/+; 4;)-/ 47 ?7-3+ /*-7* 4 2/4(4; = ;4*5//+; -4 <;( 4 7; 48<*4;; 7; ?8/7/;. T82/( 4;)-/ 47 ?7-3+ 4 7+; ;4*5//+; 4 7+; *4-*;+; 4+(08/+; -4 <;( 4 7+; <*+
64 MERCADOS FUNCIONES Y E7UILIBRIO4 UN MERCADO4 E; -( 7-@* +(4 7+; +?4*4()4; = 48(()4; +8<*( = 54(4( 2/4(4;, ;4*5//+; = *4-*;+;. P+* <*+-)+ -4 ;4 54( + ;4 +8<*4 4( 7 4+(+89, = -( 84*+. UNA FUNCION4 M-4;)* 7 *47/0( 4()*4 5*/274; 4<4(/4()4; + /(4<4(/4()4; /(/ 7 ?+*8 08+ 47 57+* 4 -( 5*/274 4<4(/4()4 4<4(4 4, = ;4 <-44 4(+()** 4;<4/?/(+, 47 57+* 4 -( + 8>; 5*/274; 4?4*4()4; + ;4 /(4<4(/4()4;. EL E7UILIBRIO4 R4547 -( <+;//0( 47 84*+ -4, -( 54 7(, )/4(4 <4*;/;)/* + 8()4(4*;4. E; 47 *4;-7)+ 4 -( 3-;)4 4 7; ?-4*; 47 84*+, K<*4/+, <*+-)+, 47 8/;8+ 84*+, ;4@84()+; -4 <-44 )4(4* 47 84*+.
EJEMPLO 4 E( 47 84*+, 7 -n#'n +& +&"an+a 4 -( <*+-)+ 4;)2744 7 *47/0( 4()*4 7 ()/ 48( <+* <4*9++ 4 )/48<+ = 47 <*4/+ 47 <*+-)+,
79
<4*8(4/4(+ )++ 7+ 48>; +(;)()4, ;-;)/)-=4(+ 5*/+; <*4/+; -+;+;. KVa$a@l& In+&&n+&n&. E( 7 -n#'n +& +&"an+a, +2)4(48+; 7; ()/4; +**4;<+(/4()4; -4 ;4 48(( 47 <*+-)+ <+* <4*9++ 4 )/48<+, K7 a 1a$a@l& +&&n+&n&.
La -n#'n +& O-&$a 4( 47 84*+ 4; -( +(4<)+ <*4/+, +( 7 /?4*4(/ 4 -4 +* ;4 )*) 4 7 ()/ -4 ;4 +?*44 47 <*+-)+ = (+ 7 -4 ;4 48(. EJEMPLO 6.
El &>l@$% +&l M&$#a+%, <* -( <*+-)+ ;4 <*4;4() -(+ 7; ?-4* 4 7 48( = 7; 4 +?4*) ;4 /@-7(. E7 <*4/+ = 7 ()/ <* 7+; -74; 7 +?4*) = 7 48( ;+( /@-74; = )/4(4( <4*8(44* 4( 47 )/48<+, *4/24( 47 (+82*4 4 <*4/+ 4 4-/7/2*/+ = ()/ 4 4-/7/2*/+ 47 <*+-)+.
64 ESTATICA COMPARATIVA Y DINAMICA ESTATICA COMPARATIVA: E;)-/ = +8<* +; + 8>; <+;//+(4;, ;/( )4(4* 4( -4() 47 <4*9++ 4 )*(;//0( (/ 47 <*+4;+ 4 3-;)4. ESTATICA DINAMICA: P+* 47 +()**/+, ;4 *4?/4*4 7 )*=4)+*/ )48<+*7 = 7 <*+4;+ 8/;8+ 4 3-;)4. EJEMPLO . E;)(+ 4( -( <+;//0( 4 4-/7/2*/+, -(+ 7 ()/ 4 48( 5*9 <* -( <*+-)+, 7 +?4*) + 82; +;;, 47 4-/7/2*/+ -4 )4(98+; ;4 54*> ?4)+ =, <+* 7+ @4(4*7, ;4 774@ ?/(784()4 -( (-45 <+;//0( 4 4-/7/2*/+. L 4;)>)/ +8<*)/5 4;)-/ = +8<* 7+; 57+*4; 4 7; 5*/274; /8<79/)+; 4( 47 (>7/;/; 4( 4;); +; <+;//+(4; 4 4-/7/2*/+. M/4()*; -4 47 (>7/;/; /(>8/+ 4;)-/ 4 - 8(4* 4;; 5*/274; 82/( 4( 47 )/48<+ 7 <;* 4 -( <+;//0( 4 4-/7/2*/+ +)*.
64H ANALISIS DE E7UILIBRIO PARCIAL Y GENERAL4
80
ANALISIS DE E7UILIBRIO PARCIAL : E; 47 4;)-/+ 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4 7; -(/4; 4/;+*/; /(/5/-74; = 47 ?-(/+(8/4()+ 4 7+; 84*+; /(/5/-74; +(;/4*+; /;784()4.
ANALISIS DE E7UILIBRIO GENERAL : E;)-/ 47 +8<+*)8/4()+ 4 )+; 7; -(/4; 4/;+*/; /(/5/-74; = 4 )++; 7+; 84*+; /(/5/-74; ;/8-7)>(484()4 EJEMPLO 4 C+8+ 4348<7+ )+88+; 7 +(//0( 4 4-/7/2*/+ 47 4348<7+ . E( ;) +(//0( 4 4-/7/2*/+ ;4 48/(0 ;07+ 4( )*8/(+; 4 7+ -4 +-**4 4( 47 84*+ 4 4;4 <*+-)+ <*)/-7* = ;4 4+ 2;)*/0( 4 )++ 7+ 48>; 84*+;, 8()4(/4(+ /8<79/)84()4 +(;)()4 )++ 7+ 48>;, K47 ;-<-4;)+ )4*/; <*/2-; -4 4( 4;<+7 ;4 <*?*;4, <4*8(4/4(+ 47 *4;)+ +(;)()4 4( 47 ;+ ()4*/+* (+; *4?4*98+; -( (>7/;/; 4 4-/7/2*/+ <*/7. S/( 482*@+, -(+ 82/ 7 +(//0( 4 4-/7/2*/+ 4 4;4 <*+-)+, ?4)*> 4( 8=+* + 84(+* @*+, /*4) + /(/*4)84()4, 47 84*+ 4 )++; 7+; 48>; <*+-)+;, ;4*5//+; = ?)+*4;.
64 ECONOMIA POSITIVA Y ECONOMIA NORMATIVA La E#%n%",a P%!1a, )*) + 4;)-/ LO QUE ES. O ;4 7 8(4* +8+ -( ;+/4 *4;-4754 4( 7 <*>)/ 7+; <*+2748; 4+(08/+; -4 ;4 74 <*4;4(). La E#%n%",a N%$"a1a , )*) + 4;)-/ 7+ -4 424 ;4*, + ;4 7 8(4* +8+ -( ;+/4 424 *4;+754* 7+; <*+2748; 4+(08/+; -4 ;4 74 <*4;4()(. EJEMPLO K4 U( 4348<7+ 4 7 4+(+89 (+*8)/5, ;-<+(@8+; -4 -( 48<*4; 4;)> +()8/((+ 47 /*4 7 ?2*/* ;-; <*+-)+;. S/ 4;)-/8+; ->7 4; 47 +;)+ //+(7 4 7 7/8
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)+8* -( 4/;/0(, 7 +8-(/ )/4(4 -4 *4;+754* -( <*+2748 4 4+(+89 (+*8)/5.
EL PRECIO V7+ V7+** *47 *47 -4 -4 ;4 74 -( +234 +234)+ )+ 2;) 2;)* *) )+, +, +( +(*4) *4)+ + K<*+ K<*+-) -)+, +, ;4*5 ;4*5/ //+ /+ +(;/4*(+ 47 +;)4 4 <*+-/0(, + ;4 )4(/4(+ 4( -4() 4 )++ 47 @;)+ -4 ;4 *47/0 4( 47 <*+4;+ 4 <*+-/0( 47 <*+-)+, ;- 8)4*/ <*/8, ;-; <*+-)+;, 4). A7 <*4/+ ;4 74 <-44 /(*484()* -( & , $% ;) -( &% <+* 7 457-/0( 4 7 8+(4 + <+* 7 4<*4//0( 4 7; 4**8/4(); -4 ;4 -)/7/( 4( 7 <*+-/0(.
CONCLUSIONES
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
<+4* (7/* 7+; /(@*4;+; = 7+; @;)+;. E;)*)4@/ 4 84*+, -4 (+; =- /(*484()* 7; 54();. •
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E7 +234 +234)/)/5+ 5+ 4 7 E+(+ E+(+89 89 4; 4;)4;)-/ /* * 7 +**4 +**4) ) /;) /;)*/ */22-/ /0( 0( 4 7+; 7+; *4-*;+; 4;;+; <* ;)/;?4* 7; (44;/4; 47 ;4* -8(+. L; L; 74=4 74=4;; 4+( 4+(08 08/ /; ; ;+( ;+( /8<+ /8<+*) *)() ()4; 4; <+* <+*-4 -4 ;+( ;+( 74=4 74=4;; -4 -4 */@4( */@4( 7 <*+-/0(, /;)*/2-/0(, 47 82/+ = 47 +(;-8+ 4 7+; 2/4(4; 8)4*/74; 4( 7+; /?4*4()4; 4;)9; K<*; 47 4;**+77+ 4 7 ;+/4 -8(. N+ <+48+; 4* -( 4-/574(/ 4()*4 7; 48<*4;; 4 G-)487 +( +)*; 48<*4;; I()4*(/+(74; + 4 +)*+; <9;4;, ;/8<74 = ;4(/7784()4 <+* 7 7/ 4 <*+-)+; = 7 8@(/)- 4 7 E+(+89 = 7 </ -4 )/4(4( 4 <*+-/* <*+-)+; 4 7) 7/. K</ 4+(08/. L /(?7/0( ;4 <*+-4, -(+ 7 48( -84() 8>; 4 <*/; -4 7 <*+-/0(.
RECOMENDACIONES $. E; /8<+*)() /8<+*)()4 4 ;)+; )48; = -4 )*5; 4 7 /4(/ /4(/;; <+48+; <+48+; 843+** 843+** = 7; <7//+(4; 4 7; 8/;8;, (+; )*4 24(4?//+;, ;/ 7+; -)/7/8+; +** +**4) 4)8 84() 4()4 4 = <7/ <7/ 8+ 8+;; +**4 +**4) )8 84( 4()4 )4 4( -7 -7-/4 /4** (4@+/ (4@+/+ + -4 -4 48<*4(8+; 4( (-4;)*; 5/;.
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". E; /8<+* /8<+*)( )()4 )4 *47/ *47/* * ;)4 ;)4 )/<+ )/<+ 4 (>7/; (>7/;/; /; = -4 (+; (+; =- =- 4()4(4* 4()4(4* = 843+** (-4;)*+; +(+/8/4()+;, +8+ 4;)-/()4; -4 ;+8+;.
!. C+8+ C+8+ )82 )82/ /( ( 4; 8-= /8<+* /8<+*) )() ()4, 4, )4(4 )4(4** 47 +(+ +(+/8 /8/4 /4() ()+ + ;+2*4 ;+2*4 )++ )++ 7+ *47 *47/ /+( +(+ + 7 E;) E;)+ +,, +8+ +8+ ;4 +8<+ +8<+*) *) ()4 ()4 )++ )++;; 7+; 7+; <*+2 <*+274 748 8;; 4+(08/+;, = -4 (+; =- +8<*4(4* 7 ;/)-/0( -4 ;4 5/54( 4( 7 4+(+89, <+*-4 )++ 7+ -4 ;-44 (+; ?4) + 24(4?// )++;.
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BIBLIOGRAFIA
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INTRODUCCION A LA ECONOMIA AUTOR: GABRIEL ALFREDO PILOeA PILOeA
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CUADERNO DE APUNTES DEL CURSO DE ECONOMIA
MATERIAL DE APOYO INTRODUCCION A LA ECONOMIA, DE FECA $6 DE MARZO "%$!, PRESENTACION POER POINT, TEMAS EL SECTOR GOBIERNO Y LAS FINANZAS PUBLICAS RELACIONES ECONOMICAS INTERNACIONALES CICLOS ECONOMICOS LA GLOBALIZACION Y EL TLC
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