INSIDE Level E Language Transfer Transparencies.pdf

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Kinds of Questions •

YES / NO QUESTIONS

Some questions ask for Yes or No answers. Yes/No questions often begin with Am, Is, or Are. A questi question on ends ends with a question mark.

Are we ready to play? No.

Yes.

Am I on time to play basketball ? Yes. Is that your basketball ? No, it is not. Are we ready to play ? Yes, we are.

Avoid these problems: n w o r B n o t p m a H ©

Problem

Solution

You are on a basketball team, yes?

Are you on a basketball team?

Is fun to play basketball?

Is it fun to play basketball?

Try It A. Choose words from the box to begin each question. Then add the correct end mark. Is basketball

Am I

Are they

1.

a basketball player

2.

on your team

3.

your favorite sport

4.

on the school team

I s s he

B. Now ask three Yes /No questions about the photo. Start one question with Am. Start one with Is. Start one with Are. Then write the questions.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

INFORMAT INFORM ATION ION QUESTI QUESTIONS ONS


n w o r B n o t p m a H ©

A question often begins with a question word. Each question word asks for a different kind of information. Question

Asks

Word

About

Example

Answer

Who?

a person

Who s se ees the car?

my friends

What?

a thing

What c co olor is the car?

black

When?

a time

When c ca an you drive?

tomorrow

Where?

a place

Where i is s the car?

It’s on the street.

Why?

a reason

Why is she she in th the e car? car?

She wants a ride.

Avoid this problem: Problem

Solution

The car is where?

Where is the car?

Tr y It A. Unscramble the words to ask a question. 1. drives / car / Who / the / ? 2. Where / trunk / the / is / ? 3. the / headlights / When / are / on / ? 4. a / steering wheel / is / What / ? 5. horn / is / important / a / Why / ? Ask k five questions about the photo. Use a diff ffe erent question word B. As to be begi gin n ea each ch que uest stio ion n: Who, What, When, Where, and Why.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER YES / / NO AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS

Some questions ask for Yes or No answers. You can start these questions with Am, Is, or Are. Am I early? Yes. Is that your book? No, it is not. Are they in the library? Yes, they are.

•

You can start star t with a question word to ask for specifi sp ecifi c informat info rmation. ion. Question


The answer is:

Who s se ees my book?

a person

What c co olor is the book?

a thing

Where i is s the book?

a place

When i is s the test?

a time

Why a arre you here?

a reason

Avoid these problems: Problem

Solution

You are at the library, no?

Are you at the library?

The test is when?

When is the test?

Try It A. Unscramble the words to ask a question. 1. has / book / Who / the / ? 2. do / study / Why / they / ? 3. the / tomorrow / test / Is / ? 4. can / study / you / When / ? B. Talk about the photo. Write five questions and answers about the students.

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LANGUAGE LANGUA GE TRANSFER

Word Order in Statements subject •

WORD WOR D ORD ORDER: ER: SUB SUBJE JECT CT-V -VER ERB B

verb

In most statements, the subject comes before the verb . My fr frie iend nds s ri ride de bikes. The Th e bi bik kes st sta ay on the path. Mr.. Her Mr Herna nand ndez ez se sees es the bikes.



Solution

Pedals Max the bike.

Max pedals the bike.

The girl a helmet wears .

The girl girl wears a helmet.

Try It A. Unscramble the words to make new statements. Then say the new sentence. 1. ride / Max and Lilia / bikes / . 2. The friends / through the park / go / . 3. likes / bike / his / Max / . 4. Lilia / a / red bike / rides / . 5. exerc exercise ise / The friends / every week / . B. Imagine you are Max or Lilia. Write three sentences about your bike ride. Put the subject before the verb.

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A Noun Changes to Show S how “One” or “More Than One” When you talk about more than one person, place, or thing, you use nouns that end in -s or -es.

LANGUAGE LANGUA GE TRANSFER

PLURAL NOUNS

friends

I have many friend friends s. My friends are in my class classes es. We carry our book books s in backpack backpacks s. Avoid these problems: n w o r B n o t p m a H ©

Problem

Solution

We study with three other student .

We study with three other student students s.

They have good idea.

They have good idea ideas s.

Try It A. Say each pair of nouns. Listen for how the plural noun sounds. 1. boy / boys

5. tree / trees

2. girl / girls

6. cake / cakes

10. dish / dishes

3. book / books

7. bike / bikes

11. box / boxes

4. game / games

8. kite / kites

12. lunch / lunches

B. Now tell what you see in this picture. Write three sentences to describe it. Use plural nouns.

9. bus / buses

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

If You Can Count It, You Can Make It Plural •

NONCOUNT NOUNS

Some things cannot be counted. These nouns do not have a special ending to show “more than one.”

water

We sit in the sand .

sand

I eat a lot of food .

bread

It’s fun to play in the water . Avoid these problems: n w o r B n o t p m a H ©

Problem

Solution

Most people enjoy fresh airs.

Most people enjoy fresh air .

I eat sandwiches with wheat breads.

I eat sandwiches with wheat bread .

Try It A. Say each noun. Then use it in one of these sentences: •

Do you need some

•

Do you like

? ?

•

I ate two

•

I used three

. .

You Cannot Count These Nouns

You Can Count These Nouns

Food

apples

hats

chairs

napkins

chips

oranges

cups

sandwiches

dollars

shoes

bread, meat, milk, rice, salt, tea Materials

cloth, paper, plastic, water, wood Groups

fruit, furniture, mail, money

B. Now plan a picnic. Write three sentences to tell what you will bring and where you will go. Use nouns from each box.

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If You Can’t Count It, Maybe You Can Measure It •

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

NONCOUNT NOUNS

You cannot count water, but you can count bottles of water. When you use a noun that names a measurement, you can make it plural. She is buying two bottles of juice. These bunches of bananas are fresh. How many cartons of milk do you need?


cartons of milk


Solution

The two cup of tea is hot.

The two cups of tea are hot.

They need four piece of meats.

They need four pieces of meat.

Try It A. Say each phrase. Change the word “one” to “two.” Use plural nouns to say the new phrase. Then use some of the phrases in a sentence. 1. one slice of cheese

4. one teaspoon of salt

7. one tub of butter

2. one piece of paper

5. one carton of milk

8. one can of soup

3. one glass of water

6. one bar of soap

9. one box of cereal

B. Now tell what the girl in the photo buys at the supermarket. Write a list to tell how much of each thing she should get.

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A Noun Can Show Who Owns Something •

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

Use a possessive noun to show who has something. the car of Teresa = Teresa’s car the sign of the boy = the boy’s sign the parents of all the boys = the boys’ parents


the clothes of all the children = the children’s clothes


Solution

The signs of the boys are big.

The boys’ signs are big.

The parents of the boy wash cars.

The boy’s parents wash cars.

Try It A. Use the correct possessive noun and say the sentence.

club is having a car wash. (Mario)

1.

come with their cars. (the parents of

2. the students) 3.

helps the students. (the mom of Jennie)

4.

is to raise $250. (the goal of the club)

5.

is to help the community center. (the plan of the members)

B. Write three sentences about the photo. Use possessive nouns.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Put Articles in Their Place •

•

ARTICLES BEFORE NOUNS

14

When you talk about one person, place, or thing, use a, an, or the before the noun. Use a or an when you can’t be specific. The class is doing a play. Marc wants to be an actor.

•


Use the when you are talking about something specific. I want to watch the school play.


Solution

We went to theater.

We went to a theater.

We saw play you liked.

We saw the play you liked.

Marc wants to be the actor.

Marc wants to be an actor.

Try It A. Say each noun. Put a, an, or the in front of it and then use the words in a sentence. Examples:

• • •

1. actor

costume a costume I found a costume.

2. audience

3. script

• • •

costume the costume Give me the costume on the hanger. 4. play

5. stage

B. Now tell about a movie or a play. Write three sentences to describe it. Use a, an, or the before nouns.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Use a or an Before a Person’s Profession •

ARTICLES BEFORE PROFESSIONS

Use a before the name of a profession, or job, that begins with a consonant . She is a p ilot. Are you a p ilot, too?

•

Use an before a profession, or job, that begins with a vowel . Is she an a stronaut? I am an e ngineer.



Solution

Is she scientist?

Is she a scientist?

I am a architect.

I am an architect.

Try It A. Add a or an before the profession. Then say each sentence. 1. ls Javier 2. l am

astronaut at NASA? scientist who works for NASA.

3. What is

space engineer?

4. You are

doctor.

5. Yoko is

accountant.

B. Choose three people you know. Write sentences about each person. Tell or ask what each person’s profession is. Use a or an.

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Don’t Leave Out the Subject •

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

NOUNS IN THE SUBJECT

Always name the subject in a statement or a question. In many questions, the subject comes after the verb . Naomi likes to shop.

Where is Naomi now? Is the store at the mall? n w o r B n o t p m a H ©

Yes, the store is near the entrance. Avoid these problems: Problem

Solution

Buys a new hat.

Naomi buys a new hat.

Is purple.

The hat is purple.

Try It A. Read the sentence. What is the subject? Make a new sentence with the same subject. 1. Naomi is at the mall. 2. Some shoppers buy clothes. 3. ls Naomi buying clothes? 4. That backpack is on sale. 5. What does the store sell? B. Now tell about the photo. Write three sentences. Use a different subject in each sentence. Make one sentence a question.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

PRONOUNS IN THE SUBJECT

The subject of a sentence can be a noun or a pronoun. Always include the subject in your sentence even if it is a pronoun. We are painting together. You can help us. She is happy.


Problem

Solution

Is a colorful mural.

It is a colorful mural.

Are working hard.

They are working hard.

Am having fun.

I am having fun.

Try It A. Answer these questions about the photo. Use a subject pronoun in your answer. 1. Does Maria have a paintbrush? 2. Will she buy more paint? 3. Does Benny like to paint? 4. Can Maria and Benny finish their mural? 5. Is the mural dry? B. Now tell what you see in the photo. Write four sentences to describe it. Use subject pronouns in some of your sentences.

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Verbs Have Different Forms •

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: ACTION VERBS

When you tell what one other person, place, or thing does, you have to change the action verb. Add -s to the verb.

FPO

Ana calls her friend Carlos. She talks about her week. Carlos listens. n w o r B n o t p m a H ©

Ana calls Carlos.

He asks questions. Avoid these problems: Problem

Solution

Carlos talk to Ana every week.

Carlos talks to Ana every week.

He live far away.

He lives far away.

Try It A. How does each underlined verb end? Use each verb in a new sentence. 1. Ana calls Carlos at his new home. 2. Carlos smiles when he hears the phone. 3. He knows that Ana calls every Friday. 4. Ana says that she will come to visit him.

5. The news makes Carlos happy. B. Write three more sentences about the photos. Use action verbs that tell about one person, place, or thing.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Don’t Forget the - s •


Action verbs change to go with the subject of a sentence. Add -s to the verb if the subject is he , she , it , or a singular noun . Add -es if the verb ends in -s, -ch, -sh, -x, or -z. Andy takes pictures.

FPO

He looks through the camera. It works well.

His friend flashes a big smile when Andy snaps the picture. n w o r B n o t p m a H ©


Solution

His friend smile at the camera.

His friend smiles at the camera.

She push the button.

She pushes the button.

Try It A. Choose a subject and verb to start a sentence. Then finish it with words from the third column. Make as many sentences as you can. Subject

Verb

Rest of Predicate

We

takes

down the trail.

Andy

munches

seeds and nuts.

She

runs

in the woods.

The friends

walk

photos of everyone.

A squirrel

like

to go camping.

B. Now talk about the photo. Write three sentences about a boy or girl in the photo. Use action verbs.

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Get the Meaning of the Verb •

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

TWO-WORD VERBS

Some verbs are made up of two words. Their meaning changes based on the second word. Did you turn in your homework? Please turn down the radio.

Verb n w o r B n o t p m a H ©

Meaning

Examples

give back

return

We give back the money we borrowed.

give in

agree

He argues until we give in.

give up

quit

I give up. What is the answer?

turn down

decrease

Please turn down the volume.

turn in

hand in

I will turn in my homework.

turn up

increase

Turn up the heat, please.

Try It A. Read the questions. Use a two-word verb in your answers. 1. Do you give up hope or give in hope? 2. Do you turn up your homework or turn in your homework? 3. Do you turn up the music or turn in the music? 4. Do you give up candy or give in candy? 5. Do you give in something you borrowed or give back

something you borrowed? B. Tell about the photo. Write three sentences about your ideas. Use two-word verbs from the chart.

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Get the Meaning of the Verb •

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

TWO-WORD VERBS

Two-word verbs are made of a verb plus a small word like in, out, or off. Sometimes the verb and

the small word are separated. You can check two library books out. I will check this book off my list.

Verb n w o r B n o t p m a H ©

Meaning

Examples

check off

to mark off a list

They check the books off their lists.

check out

to borrow

I need books. Can I check some out?

check over

examine

I always check over my work.

pick on

bother

Those boys pick on other kids.

pick out

choose

You can pick ten books out today.

pick up

gather

Can you help me pick my books up?

Try It A. Read the questions. Use two-word verbs in your answers. 1. Do you check a book off a list or check a book over a list? 2. If you drop your books, do you pick them out or pick them up? 3. When you borrow a library book, do you check it out or check it off? 4. Before you turn in your homework, do you check it over or

check it off? B. Now tell about the photo. Write three sentences to describe what is happening. Use two-word verbs from the chart.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Questions and Answers with Do •

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH DO

You can use do to ask questions. Use do with I, you, we, and they. Do I kick the football now? Do you throw the football? Do we run to the goal? Do they have fun?

•


You can use do or don’t (do not) to answer questions. Do you want to play football? Yes, I do. Do you want to keep score? No, I do not. Do you play other sports? No, I don’t.


Solution

They catch the football, no?

Do they catch the football?

Do you want to play? Play.

Do you want to play? Yes, I do.

Try It A. Unscramble the words to ask a question. Then answer your question. 1. we / Do / a / football / have / ? 2. football / they / kick / Do / the / ? 3. I / Do / run / the / ball / with / ? 4. they / practice / Do / football / ? B. Talk about the photo. Then use Do to write two questions about it. Write answers to your questions.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Questions and Answers with Does •

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH DOES

You can use does to ask questions. Use does with he, she, and it. Does she teach the class? Does he go to Lakeside School? Does it have a computer lab?

•

You can use does or doesn’t (does not) to answer questions.


Does she like math? Yes, she does. Does he know the answer? No, he does not. Does she ask a question? No, she doesn’t.


Solution

She learns Spanish, yes?

Does she learn Spanish?

Does it help with math? No helps. Does it help with math? No, it does not.

Try It A. Unscramble the words to ask a question. Then answer your question. 1. book / Does / the / she / read / ? 2. she / Does / finish / homework /her / ?

3. study / late / Does / he / ? 4. he / answer / Does / the / questions / ?

B. Use Does to write two questions about the photo. Write answers.

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Questions and Answers with Do and •

LANGUAGE TRANSFER QUESTIONS

AND ANSWERS WITH DO AND DOES

Does

Use do or don’t (do not) with I, you, we, and they. Do you like these shoes? Yes, I do. Do they feel comfortable? No, they do not. Do you think I should buy them? No, I don’t.


•

Use does or doesn’t (does not) with he, she, and it. Does he like this store? Yes, he does. Does it have cheap shoes? No, it doesn’t. Does he have enough money? No, he does not.


Solution

He needs new shoes, no?

Does he need new shoes?

They look good?

Do they look good?

Does he want to buy them? Buy.

Does he want to buy them? Yes, he does.

Try It A. Choose the correct word and ask the question. Then answer it. 1. (Do / Does) they need new shoes? 2. (Do / Does) he find a good pair? 3. (Do / Does) he think the shoes will fit? 4. (Do / Does) the shoes come in other colors? B. Ask two questions about the photo. Use Do in one question and Does in the other. Then write your questions and answers.

6


LANGUAGE TRANSFER

NOUNS IN THE SUBJECT




Solution

Buys a new hat.


Is purple.

The hat is purple.


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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

PRONOUNS IN THE SUBJECT



Problem

Solution



Are working hard.


Am having fun.

I am having fun.

Try It A. Answer these questions about the photo. Use a subject pronoun in your answer. 1. Does Maria have a paintbrush? 2. Will she buy more paint? 3. Does Benny like to paint? 4. Can Maria and Benny fi nish their mural? 5. Is the mural dry? B. Now tell what you see in the photo. Write four sentences to describe it. Use subject pronouns in some of your sentences.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: FORMS OF BE

Use the form of the verb be that goes with the subject.


Subject + Verb

Examples

I + am

I am ready.

You + are

You are brave.

She + is

She is worried.

He + is

He is scared.

It + is

It is fast.

We + are

We are excited.

They + are

They are happy.


Solution

The ride are fast.

The ride is fast.

The girls be always careful.

The girls are always careful.

Try It A. How many ways can you complete these sentences? 1.

glad to get off the ride. subject

verb

2.

expensive, but subject

verb

3.

worth it. subject

verb

ready to go on the next ride, but subject

verb

subject

far away. verb

B. Now tell what you see in the photo. Write three sentences to describe it. Use am, is, and are.

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When to Use •

•

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Have

FORMS OF BE AND HAVE

In Spanish, you use tener to tell what you own or possess. In English, you use have or has. Spanish

English

Ella tiene un fiesta.

She has a party.

Tengo una torta.

I have a cake.

In Spanish, you use tener to tell how old you are or how you feel. In English, you use am, is, or are.


Spanish

English

Tengo quince años.

I am fifteen years old.

Ella tiene hambre.

She is hungry.


Solution

He has sixteen years.

He is sixteen years old.

I have thirst.

I am thirsty.

Try It A. Choose the correct verb and say the sentence. 1. Elena (is / has) seventeen years old today. 2. I (am / have) a present for her. 3. Elena (is / has) very excited. 4. The friends (are / have) happy for her. 5. We (are / have) hungry at the party. B. Imagine that you are someone in the photo. Write sentences to tell about Elena and the party. Use have, has, am, is, or are.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Don’t Leave Out the Verb

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: FORMS OF 

The verbs am , is , and are are very useful. They often appear in sentences that give a description.

•

FPO

I am happy. Tim is a great dancer. They also appear in sentences that tell where someone or something is.

•


We are at the dance. A band is on the stage. Sentences like these need the verbs to be complete.

•


Solution

The music loud.

The music is loud.

Decorations on the walls.

Decorations are on the walls.

Try It A. Use words from each column to make five sentences. Subject

Verb

The dance Tim My friends The teachers I

Rest of Predicate

fun. am is are

at school. thirsty. at our table. awesome.

B. Now talk about the photo. Write three sentences to describe the people and things. Write three more sentences to tell where they are. Use am, is, and are.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER



FPO


Ana calls Carlos.


Solution



He live far away.

He lives far away.



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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Use He for Males and She for Females •

•

SUBJECT PRONOUNS: HE , SHE

A pronoun can be a subject. It refers to a noun.

he

When you talk about one male , use he . When you talk about one female , use she . Tyrone paints. He uses bright colors. Jenny shapes a vase. She uses clay.


Avoid these problems:

He paints.

she

Problem

Solution

Tina is in my art class. He draws cartoons.

Tina is in my art class. She draws cartoons.

Jeff likes photos. It takes many pictures.

Jeff likes photos. He takes many pictures.

She shapes.

Try It A. Say each sentence. Use he or she. 1. Mike loves art.

is in the art club.

2. Cindy is in the art club, too.

makes paper.

3. Cindy teaches Mike how to make paper. Mike make blue and white paper. 4. Mr. Hassan is the art teacher. students different kinds of art. 5. Cindy finishes the vase.

helps shows the

is proud of it.

B. Write two pairs of sentences about the photos. Use he and she.

30

Use It to Talk About the Weather and More •

•

SUBJECT PRONOUN: IT

Use it to talk about certain subjects. Topic


LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Example

weather

It is cold outside!

seasons

It is winter.

time

It is one o’clock.

dates

It is February 2nd.

more topics

Is it fun to snowboard?

Your sentence will not be complete if you leave out the pronoun it.


Solution

What time?

What time is it?

Two o’clock already.

It is two o’clock already.

Try It A. Ask the questions. Answer each question with the pronoun it. 1. What day is it today? 2. What is the weather today? 3. What season is it? 4. What time is it? 5. Is it hard to learn to snowboard? B. Imagine you are a snowboarder in the photo. Write three sentences. Describe the weather, season, time, and date. Use it.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Many Questions Start with Is •

•

SUBJECT PRONOUNS:   

When you ask about one person or thing, use Is. When you respond to a guess, use the same pronoun in your answer. Is it famous? No, it is not. Is he an artist? Yes, he is. Is she smiling? No, she isn’t.


Is it a photo?


Solution

Is your sister? No, isn’t.

Is she your sister? No, she isn’t.

Is a friend? Yes, is.

Is he a friend? Yes, he is.

Try It A. Have a partner find a person or a thing in your classroom. Use these questions to guess about the person or thing. Listen to your partner’s answers. Then change roles. 1. Is it

?

2. Is it

?

3. Is he

?

4. Is she

?

B. Now make guesses about the photo. Write three questions using is. Then trade questions with a partner and answer them.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Use the Correct Pronoun


•

PRONOUN AGREEMENT

one

one

one

he

she

it

more than one

they

A pronoun can be the subject of a sentence. Use the pronoun that goes with the subject. Use

To Tell About

Examples

he

one male

Eric sings. He loves music.

she

one female

Paula listens. She likes the same music.

it

one thing

The MP3 player is new. It stores songs.

they

more than one

The friends visit. They hear the music.

Try It A. Say each sentence. Use the correct pronoun in the blanks. 1. Eric is in a band.

is a singer.

2. Paula plays the guitar.

wants to join the band.

3. Julio, Sara, and Judy come to listen. 4. The music is new.

like the music.

has a special sound.

B. Now tell about people and things you know. Write four sentences. Start your sentences with He, She, It, or They.

33

Answer a Question with the Right Pronoun •

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Use a subject pronoun when you answer a question. Use


LANGUAGE TRANSFER

To Tell About

Example

it

one thing

Is the pizza good? Yes, it tastes great.

he

one male

Is the boy thirsty? Yes, he is.

she

one female

Is the girl still hungry? No, she is not.

they

two or more

Are the friends happy? Yes, they are.


Solution

Is cheese on the pizza? Yes, is.

Is cheese on the pizza? Yes, it is.

Try It A. Listen to each question. Who or what does it ask about? Answer the question with the right words. 1. Are the friends meeting for lunch? 2. Are the menus on the table? 3. Is Dan ready to order? 4. Does Monica want a sandwich? B. Think of four Yes/No questions about the photo. Then write answers for your questions. Use subject pronouns.

34

Change the Verb to Show Past Tense

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: REGULAR VERBS

In English, you have to change the verb when you talk about the past.

•

•

Many verbs add -ed to show a past action. Last year, I traveled to the beach with my family. One day, we walked on the beach.


Last night, we talked about going there again. Avoid these problems: Problem

Solution

Last year, Alina visits the beach.

Last year, Alina visited the beach.

Yesterday, she to watch her vacation videos.

Yesterday, she watched her vacation videos.

Try It A. Listen and repeat each verb. What does the - ed sound like? Then use the verbs in new sentences. splashed

played

ended

talked

showed

visited

walked

traveled

wanted

•

When I was young, I

.

•

Last year, my family

.

•

Yesterday, I

.

B. Now imagine you are someone in the photo. Write a note to a friend to describe your vacation. Use past tense verbs.

25

Don’t Leave Out the Verb •

•

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: FORMS OF B E

In English, you have to change the verb when you tell about the past. The verb be has special forms in the past. 1. Use was with I, he, she, or it. I was at the mall yesterday. It was fun! 2. Use were with we, you, or they.


You were there, too. We were surprised to see you. •

Do not leave the verb out of the sentence.


Solution

Natalie happy.

Natalie was happy.

The girls are at the mall yesterday.

The girls were at the mall yesterday.

Try It A. Choose words from each box to tell a story.

Last week, was were At first,

I my mother my father my brother my friends at home at school at the mall at a game .

I my mother my father my brother my friends

was were By the end, was were

nervous happy sad scared sick . I my mother my father my brother my friends nervous happy sad scared sick .

B. Write three sentences to describe an exciting time from last week. Tell what you felt. Use was and were.

26

Change the Verb to Show Past Tense •

•


LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: IRREGULAR VERBS

In English, you have to change the verb when you talk about the past. Some verbs have special forms to tell about the past.

Present

Past

Example

have

had

Yesterday, we had a great time.

go

went

After school, we went downtown.

feel

felt

It felt good to relax after school.

think

thought

We thought about seeing a movie.


Solution

Yesterday, I see my friends.

Yesterday, I saw my friends.

Try It A. Listen to each sentence. Change the verb to the past tense. Then use the past tense verb in a new sentence. 1. At night, I go out with my friends. 2. My friends think we should go downtown. 3. Julia has to go home to study. 4. She feels sad about missing the fun. B. Now tell about the photo. Write three sentences about it. Use irregular past tense verbs.

27

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Add Will to Signal the Future •

VERB TENSE: FUTURE

In English, you have to change the verb to tell about the future. Add will before the verb. Tomorrow I will play soccer. Next week we will start practice.

What will you do in the future? n w o r B n o t p m a H ©

Now

In the Future

Today I play basketball.

Tomorrow I will play soccer.

Now we have English class.

Later we will have math.

This year they are sixteen years old.

Next year they will be seventeen.


Solution

We finish it tomorrow.

We will finish it tomorrow.

You meet my girlfriend next week. You will meet my girlfriend next week.

Try It A. Choose words from each column to make five sentences.

Today Tomorrow In the future

I

goes

a test.

he

will go

to basketball practice.

she

have

a lesson.

they

has

a great time.

B. Tell about the teens in the photo. Write sentences to tell what they will do in the future. Use will in each sentence.

28

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Word Order in Statements subject •

WORD ORDER: SUBJECT-VERB

verb

In most statements, the subject comes before the verb . My friends ride bikes. The bikes stay on the path. Mr. Hernandez sees the bikes.



Solution

Pedals Max the bike.

Max pedals the bike.

The girl a helmet wears .

The girl wears a helmet.

Try It A. Unscramble the words to make new statements. Then say the new sentence. 1. ride / Max and Lilia / bikes / . 2. The friends / through the park / go / . 3. likes / bike / his / Max / . 4. Lilia / a / red bike / rides / . 5. exercise / The friends / every week / . B. Imagine you are Max or Lilia. Write three sentences about your bike ride. Put the subject before the verb.

7

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Word Order in Statements subject

WORD ORDER: SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT

verb

object

In most statements, the subject comes first. The verb comes next, and the object is last.

•

We studied Martin Luther King, Jr. He wanted equal rights .

His followers changed the world . n w o r B n o t p m a H ©


Martin Luther King, Jr., speaks to a crowd in Washington, D.C.

Problem

Solution

He great speeches made .

He made great speeches .

Heard people his words .

People heard his words .

Try It A. Choose words from each column to make five statements. You may use words more than once. Subject

Verb

Object

Martin Luther King, Jr.,

heard

equal rights.

His followers

discusses

his ideas.

I

wanted

his speeches.

My class

share

respect.

Everyone

needs

Martin Luther King, Jr.

B. Now write three statements about Martin Luther King, Jr. Do they follow the subject-verb-object pattern?

8

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Use He for Males and She for Females •

•

SUBJECT PRONOUNS: H E , SHE

A pronoun can be a subject. It refers to a noun.

he

When you talk about one male , use he . When you talk about one female , use she . Tyrone paints. He uses bright colors. Jenny shapes a vase. She uses clay.



He paints.

she

Problem

Solution

Tina is in my art class. He draws cartoons.

Tina is in my art class. She draws cartoons.

Jeff likes photos. It takes many pictures.

Jeff likes photos. He takes many pictures.

She shapes.

Try It A. Say each sentence. Use he or she. 1. Mike loves art.

is in the art club.

2. Cindy is in the art club, too.

makes paper.

3. Cindy teaches Mike how to make paper. Mike make blue and white paper. 4. Mr. Hassan is the art teacher. students different kinds of art. 5. Cindy finishes the vase.

helps shows the

is proud of it.

B. Write two pairs of sentences about the photos. Use he and she.

30

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Use the Correct Pronoun


•

PRONOUN AGREEMENT

one

one

one

he

she

it

more than one

they

A pronoun can be the subject of a sentence. Use the pronoun that goes with the subject. Use

To Tell About

Examples

he

one male

Eric sings. He loves music.

she

one female

Paula listens. She likes the same music.

it

one thing

The MP3 player is new. It stores songs.

they

more than one

The friends visit. They hear the music.

Try It A. Say each sentence. Use the correct pronoun in the blanks. 1. Eric is in a band.

is a singer.

2. Paula plays the guitar.

wants to join the band.

3. Julio, Sara, and Judy come to listen. 4. The music is new.

like the music.

has a special sound.

B. Now tell about people and things you know. Write four sentences. Start your sentences with He, She, It, or They.

33

Answer a Question with the Right Pronoun •

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Use a subject pronoun when you answer a question. Use


LANGUAGE TRANSFER

To Tell About

Example

it

one thing

Is the pizza good? Yes, it tastes great.

he

one male

Is the boy thirsty? Yes, he is.

she

one female

Is the girl still hungry? No, she is not.

they

two or more

Are the friends happy? Yes, they are.


Solution

Is cheese on the pizza? Yes, is.

Is cheese on the pizza? Yes, it is.

Try It A. Listen to each question. Who or what does it ask about? Answer the question with the right words. 1. Are the friends meeting for lunch? 2. Are the menus on the table? 3. Is Dan ready to order? 4. Does Monica want a sandwich? B. Think of four Yes/No questions about the photo. Then write answers for your questions. Use subject pronouns.

34

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Use the Right Preposition •

PREPOSITIONS

At, on, and in are prepositions. They can tell where something is. •

Use at to show an exact location. The friends are at the school.

•

Use on to show a more general area. Their school is on Whittier Boulevard. Their school is on a corner.


•

Use in to show an even bigger area. Whittier Boulevard is in Los Angeles. Los Angeles is in the West.


Solution

Our school bus stops on the park.

Our school bus stops at the park.

My teacher lives at Riverside County.

My teacher lives in Riverside County.

Try It A. Say each sentence. Use at, on, or in. 1. Every morning, I meet my friend

the Youth Center.

2. We walk to our school

Oak Avenue.

3. Sometimes we ride to the bus stop 4. We meet our friends 5. It has the best music

Main Street.

the music store. our city.

B. Now tell about places near your school. Write three sentences that use at, on, or in.

41

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Use the Right Preposition •

PREPOSITIONS

You can use prepositions like at, on, and in to talk about time. •

Use at to tell about an exact time. The new year begins at 12 o’clock midnight.

•

Use on to tell about a longer period of time. This year, New Year’s Eve is on Saturday.


•

People celebrate at midnight on New Year’s Eve.

Use in to tell about an even longer period of time. New Year’s Day is the first day in January.


Solution

Thanksgiving is on November.

Thanksgiving is in November.

My birthday is at Tuesday.

My birthday is on Tuesday.

Try It A. Say each sentence. Use at, on, or in. 1. Presidents’ Day is 2. Halloween is

February. October 31.

3. Our Fourth of July party will start 4. My birthday is 5. The winter dance is

5 o’clock.

Thanksgiving. the month of December.

B. Now tell about a celebration you know. Use at, on, and in to write sentences about when it happens.

42

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Adjectives Usually Come Before Nouns

PLACEMENT OF ADJECTIVES

Adjectives describe, or tell more about, nouns. They usually come before the nouns they describe.

Animal rescuers are courageous and kind people. They find lost , sick , or hurt animals.

An incredible, brave rescue

The frightened , dangerous animals need help. n w o r B n o t p m a H ©


Solution

Animal rescuers have tools special .

Animal rescuers have special tools.

They also use reflexes quick .

They also use quick reflexes.

Try It A. Tell about the rescue. Say each sentence with the adjective in parentheses. 1. The rescuers rushed to the disaster. (brave) 2. They searched for the animals. (helpless) 3. Christine picked up the animals. (wounded) 4. She washed them with soap. (mild) 5. The animals were safe. (tired and frightened) B. Imagine you are an animal rescuer in the photo. Write an e-mail to a friend. Use adjectives to describe your experience.

35

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Never Make an Adjective Plural •

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are words that describe nouns. The adjective does not change, even if the noun is plural.

This is a large zoo. We have two large zoos in the city. Use a before an adjective that begins with a consonant . Use an before an adjective that begins with a vowel .

•


We see powerful tigers.

A male tiger may weigh up to 500 pounds. An old tiger may hunt people.


Solution

The cubs are smalls tigers.

The cubs are small tigers.

A adult, male tiger lives alone.

An adult, male tiger lives alone.

Try It A. Add an adjective to each sentence. Add a or an before the adjective if needed. More than one answer is possible. 1. The

tiger babies cannot see at birth.

2. After a few months, the

babies play outside.

3.

baby might bite his mother’s tail.

4.

mother watches over her babies.

B. Now tell about another animal. Write four sentences to describe it. Use adjectives.

36

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Use Many , Much, Some, and Any •

•

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES

37

Indefinite adjectives can be used in questions and answers.

Use many to ask about things you can count. Answer with a specific amount. How many pineapples do we need? We need one pineapple.

•


Use much to ask about things you can’t count.

We have some groceries.

How much jam do we have? We have two jars. •

Use some and any to ask about things you can and cannot count. Answer with some, any, or a specific amount. Can you buy some milk? Yes, I see some here. Do we have any yogurt? No, we don’t have any. Can you see any pasta? Yes, I see five boxes of pasta.

Try It A. Choose a word to complete each question. Then answer the questions with some, any, or a specific amount. 1. How (many / much) carrots do you want? 2. Do you have (many / any) juice in your cart? 3. How (many / much) butter do we need? 4. Do you see (some / many) soup on the shelf? 5. Can you look for (much / some) sugar? B. Now talk about the photo. Write four questions and answers about groceries. Use many, much, some, and any in your questions and answers.

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Place Not After Am, Is, and Are

PLACEMENT OF NOT

The word not makes a sentence mean “no.” Place not after a form of the verb be .

•

I am not ready to bowl. It is not my turn. My friend’s turn is not over. The pins are not all down. Avoid these problems: n w o r B n o t p m a H ©

Problem

Solution

Bowling balls not are light.

Bowling balls are not light.

I not am a good bowler.

I am not a good bowler.

Try It A. Answer these questions. Use not and a form of the verb be. 1. Are you in the classroom? classroom.

,I

2. Are the lights off?

, the lights

3. Is the teacher there?

off.

, the teacher

4. Is the door open? 5. Are you sick?

in the

, the door ,I

here. open.

sick.

B. Tell about the photo. Write three sentences about bowling. Use am, is, and are. Then add not to make your sentences mean “no.”

38

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Put Not Between the Helping Verb and the Main Verb

PLACEMENT OF NOT

39

Some sentences tell what is not happening. Put not between the helping verb and the main verb to show what is not happening right now.

•

I am not playing soccer. My friends are not waiting for me. It is not raining today. n w o r B n o t p m a H ©


Solution

The girls not are jogging in the park. The girls are not jogging in the park. Charlie not is reading a book.

Charlie is not reading a book.

Try It A. Say what is not happening right now. Put not in the right place. 1. We are sitting in the school library.

2. Some people are doing homework.

3. Mr. Lee is reading poetry. 4. I am whispering to my friends.

5. We are getting a lot of work done.

B. Tell about the photo. Write three sentences that put not in the right place.

Watch Out for Double Negatives •

LANGUAGE TRANSFER NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Use negative words to tell what is not true or not happening. Joey does not like scary movies. My sisters are afraid of nothing. We never see violent movies.

•


Use only one negative word in a sentence.


Solution

I never get none of the popcorn.

I never get any of the popcorn.

No one went nowhere.

No one went anywhere.

Try It A. Answer the questions. Choose words from the word box to give negative answers. no

not

none

nothing

nobody

no one

never

nowhere

1. Do you have enough money?

.

2. Is a good movie playing?

.

3. Did Jorge tell you about the movie? .

4. Is the movie theater crowded?

.

5. Did anybody save us a seat?

.

B. Now talk with a partner about the photo. Write three sentences about it. Make at least two of the sentences negative.

40


LANGUAGE TRANSFER NOUNS IN THE SUBJECT




Solution

Buys a new hat.


Is purple.

The hat is purple.


16


LANGUAGE TRANSFER PRONOUNS IN THE SUBJECT



Problem

Solution



Are working hard.


Am having fun.

I am having fun.

Try It A. Answer these questions about the photo. Use a subject pronoun in your answer. 1. Does Maria have a paintbrush? 2. Will she buy more paint? 3. Does Benny like to paint? 4. Can Maria and Benny fi nish their mural? 5. Is the mural dry? B. Now tell what you see in the photo. Write four sentences to describe it. Use subject pronouns in some of your sentences.

17


LANGUAGE TRANSFER SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: ACTION VERBS


FPO


Ana calls Carlos.


Solution



He live far away.

He lives far away.



21

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Don’t Forget the - s •


Action verbs change to go with the subject of a sentence. Add -s to the verb if the subject is he , she , it , or a singular noun . Add -es if the verb ends in -s, -ch, -sh, -x, or -z. Andy takes pictures.

FPO

He looks through the camera. It works well.

His friend flashes a big smile when Andy snaps the picture. n w o r B n o t p m a H ©


Solution

His friend smile at the camera.

His friend smiles at the camera.

She push the button.

She pushes the button.

Try It A. Choose a subject and verb to start a sentence. Then finish it with words from the third column. Make as many sentences as you can. Subject

Verb

Rest of Predicate

We

takes

down the trail.

Andy

munches

seeds and nuts.

She

runs

in the woods.

The friends

walk

photos of everyone.

A squirrel

like

to go camping.

B. Now talk about the photo. Write three sentences about a boy or girl in the photo. Use action verbs.

22

Change the Verb to Show Past Tense

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: REGULAR VERBS

In English, you have to change the verb when you talk about the past.

•

•

Many verbs add -ed to show a past action. Last year, I traveled to the beach with my family. One day, we walked on the beach.


Last night, we talked about going there again. Avoid these problems: Problem

Solution

Last year, Alina visits the beach.

Last year, Alina visited the beach.

Yesterday, she to watch her vacation videos.

Yesterday, she watched her vacation videos.

Try It A. Listen and repeat each verb. What does the - ed sound like? Then use the verbs in new sentences. splashed

played

ended

talked

showed

visited

walked

traveled

wanted

•

When I was young, I

.

•

Last year, my family

.

•

Yesterday, I

.

B. Now imagine you are someone in the photo. Write a note to a friend to describe your vacation. Use past tense verbs.

25

Don’t Leave Out the Verb •

•

LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: FORMS OF B E

In English, you have to change the verb when you tell about the past. The verb be has special forms in the past. 1. Use was with I, he, she, or it. I was at the mall yesterday. It was fun! 2. Use were with we, you, or they.


You were there, too. We were surprised to see you. •

Do not leave the verb out of the sentence.


Solution

Natalie happy.

Natalie was happy.

The girls are at the mall yesterday.

The girls were at the mall yesterday.

Try It A. Choose words from each box to tell a story.

Last week, was were At first,

I my mother my father my brother my friends at home at school at the mall at a game .

I my mother my father my brother my friends

was were By the end, was were

nervous happy sad scared sick . I my mother my father my brother my friends nervous happy sad scared sick .

B. Write three sentences to describe an exciting time from last week. Tell what you felt. Use was and were.

26

Change the Verb to Show Past Tense •

•


LANGUAGE TRANSFER VERB TENSE: IRREGULAR VERBS

In English, you have to change the verb when you talk about the past. Some verbs have special forms to tell about the past.

Present

Past

Example

have

had

Yesterday, we had a great time.

go

went

After school, we went downtown.

feel

felt

It felt good to relax after school.

think

thought

We thought about seeing a movie.


Solution

Yesterday, I see my friends.

Yesterday, I saw my friends.

Try It A. Listen to each sentence. Change the verb to the past tense. Then use the past tense verb in a new sentence. 1. At night, I go out with my friends. 2. My friends think we should go downtown. 3. Julia has to go home to study. 4. She feels sad about missing the fun. B. Now tell about the photo. Write three sentences about it. Use irregular past tense verbs.

27

LANGUAGE TRANSFER

Add Will to Signal the Future •

VERB TENSE: FUTURE

In English, you have to change the verb to tell about the future. Add will before the verb. Tomorrow I will play soccer. Next week we will start practice.

What will you do in the future? n w o r B n o t p m a H ©

Now

In the Future

Today I play basketball.

Tomorrow I will play soccer.

Now we have English class.

Later we will have math.

This year they are sixteen years old.

Next year they will be seventeen.


Solution

We finish it tomorrow.

We will finish it tomorrow.

You meet my girlfriend next week. You will meet my girlfriend next week.

Try It A. Choose words from each column to make five sentences.

Today Tomorrow In the future

I

goes

a test.

he

will go

to basketball practice.

she

have

a lesson.

they

has

a great time.

B. Tell about the teens in the photo. Write sentences to tell what they will do in the future. Use will in each sentence.

28

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