“Año del Buen Servicio al Ciudadano”
INFORME DE VISITA DE CAMPO A PUENTES PUENTES: 1. PUENTE COLOMBIA 2. PUENTE PUCAYACU 3. PUENTE TARAPOTO
DOCENTE
: ANDRES PINEDO DELGADO
ALUMNA : ROMINA ALEXANDRA ARCHENTI MORI CICLO : II EXPERIENCIA CURRICULAR: ESTÁTICA CICLO ACADÉMICO : 2017 - II
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INTRODUCCION:
Los Puentes en ingeniería son de vital importancia ya que gracias a esto se pueden construir estructuras cuya función principal son las de salvar obstáculos naturales como ríos, valles, lagos o brazos de mar; y obstáculos artificiales, como vías férreas o carreteras, con el fin de unir caminos. La aparición de nuevos materiales de construcción, principalmente el acero, dio paso a un replanteamiento de la situación. La teoría de estructuras elaboró los modelos de cálculo para la comprobación de los diseños cada vez más atrevidos de los ingenieros, como arcos y armaduras para salvar grandes claros. En el presente trabajo se realizará una breve descripción de cada uno de los puentes visitados, así como también algunos datos importantes que nos ayudará a conseguir los objetivos del presente trabajo. OBJETIVOS:
Conocer los principales componentes de un puente, así como también los materiales predominantes que estos tienen en su construcción.
Y como estos materiales trabajan conjuntamente para darle una buena estabilidad y funcionamiento a la estructura.
Tener una idea de las dimensiones generales de los elementos que conforman un puente, entre ellos: dimensiones de cimentaciones, pilares, miembros de apoyo, etc.
Observar los diferentes tipos de puentes para tener conocimiento sobre Ellos, y así notar sus diferencias.
PUENTES: Un puente es una construcción que permite salvar un accidente geográfico como un río, un río, un un cañón, cañón, un valle, un valle, una carretera, una carretera, un camino, un camino, una vía una vía férrea, un cuerpo un cuerpo de agua o cualquier otro obstáculo físico. El diseño de cada puente varía dependiendo de su función y de la naturaleza del terreno sobre el que se construye. Su proyecto y su cálculo pertenecen a la ingeniería la ingeniería estructural, estructural, siendo numerosos los tipos de diseños que se han aplicado a lo largo de la historia, influidos por los materiales disponibles, las técnicas desarrolladas y las consideraciones económicas, entre otros factores. Al momento de analizar el diseño de un puente, la calidad del suelo o roca donde habrá de apoyarse y el régimen
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Partes de un Puente En su aspecto técnico, la ingeniería la ingeniería de un puente tradicional diferencia, además de los cimientos, dos partes esenciales: la superestructura y la infraestructura, y en ellas, pueden desglosarse los siguientes componentes básicos: Tramo: Parte del puente que sostienen bastiones o pilastras. Bastión: En la subestructura, apoyo para un tramo. Ménsula: Recurso Ménsula: Recurso arquitectónico tradicional para descargar el sobrepeso de bastiones y pilas. Relleno o ripio: Retenido por los estribos, sustituye los materiales (tierra, rocas, arena) removidos, y refuerza la resistencia de bastiones, pilastras. Asiento: Parte del bastión en el que descansa un tramo, y en el caso de las pilas los extremos de dos tramos diferentes. Losa de acceso: Superficie del rodamiento que se apoya en la ménsula. Luz (entre bastiones): Distancia media entre las paredes internas de pilas o bastiones consecutivos. consecutivos. Contraventeo: Sistema para dar rigidez a la estructura. Tablero: Base superior de rodaje que sirve además para repartir la carga a vigas y largueros, en casos especiales, el tablero puede estar estructurado para sostener una vía férrea, un canal de navegación, un canal de riego, en estos dos últimos caso se les llama "puente canal"; canal"; o una tubería, en cuyo caso se llama puente llama puente tubo. Viga trasversal: Armadura de conexión entre las vigas principales (un ejemplo de conjunto son las vigas de celosía) de celosía).. Apoyos: Placas y ensamblajes diseñados para recibir, repartir y transmitir reacciones de la estructura (ejemplos de este tipo de apoyo son los rodines y balancines). Arriostrados laterales o vientos: Unen las armaduras y les dan rigidez. Otras secciones: Goznes, juntas de expansión, marcos rígidos, placas de unión, vigas de diversas
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Arcada (arcos). Encachado.2 Encachado.2 Cabeza de puente. Estribos y manguardias. y manguardias. Ojo. Pila, pilar, pilote, zampa. Pretil, acitara, Pretil, acitara, antepecho, barandilla. antepecho, barandilla. Tajamar Zapata. Tipos de Puentes Existen
cinco
tipos
principales
de
puentes: puentes
viga, en
ménsula, en ménsula, en
arco, colgantes, arco, colgantes, atirantados. atirantados. El El resto son derivados de estos.
En viga (viaducto ferroviario en Stuttgart Cannstatt), trabaja a tracción en la zona inferior de la estructura y compresión en la superior, es decir, soporta un esfuerzo de flexión. No todos los viaductos son puentes viga; muchos son en ménsula.
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En arco (Puente de Alcántara), Alcántara), trabaja a compresión en la mayor parte de la estructura. Usado desde la antigüedad. Colgante (Golden Gate), Gate), trabaja a tracción en la mayor parte de la estructur Apuntalado (Puente del General Hertzog) compuesto de elementos conectados con tensión, compresión o ambos. Atirantado ("Puente del amor", Taiwán) amor", Taiwán).. Su tablero está suspendido de uno o varios pilones centrales mediante obenques.
PUENTE N°1: PUENTE COLOMBIA
El puente Colombia ubicado en la carretera Belaunde Terry es un puente de tipo k que hace una unión monolítica con toda la estructura, en este caso para evitar que por el mismo peso de la estructura o de la plataforma que se puede observar pueda tener un ligero desplazamiento lateral y que toda la estructura se comporte de manera en un solo conjunto, en cuanto al soporte técnico de la plataforma y el peso de cada elemento que va a soportar. Se pudo identificar también lo que son las bridas superiores, inferiores y las diagonales. Al pasar dos vehículos ya sean pesados o no al mismo tiempo puede afectar y empezar a fallar la estructura, en este caso puede generarse algunas grietas o necesariamente una sub estructura podría generarse ya ciertas deformaciones que pueden complicar la estructura y a partir de ello podemos llegar al extremo de desplomarse y una vez que la estructura ya sufre alguna falla por más peso menor que sea su carga el deterioro va a ser constante. En el pavimento se pudo observar algunas rencillas que sirven para el discurrimiento de las aguas. El tiempo de vida útil de los elementos que son acero o fierro, por el tema de corrosión en este caso si es que no lleva un mantenimiento adecuado tiende a fallar en lo estructural, para ello se debe utilizar una pintura anticorrosiva, la empresa ROCHACAR quien hace el mantenimiento, netamente debe evaluar las funciones en cuanto los pernos y las tuercas, también deben especificar el nivel de
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PUENTE N°2: PUENTE PUCAYACU
Ubicado cerca del distrito de Juan Luis Guerra, a 10 Km de Tarapoto de Tarapoto (San Martín), tramo sur de la carretera la carretera Fernando Belaunde Terry.
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PUENTE N°3: PUENTE TARAPOTO
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COMENTARIOS:
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Esta visita fue muy importante para fortalecer nuestros fundamentos y principios a cultivar para el desarrollo de nuestra formación académica y vida profesional. Los puentes son muy fundamentales para la sociedad, pues gracias a ello la nos podemos trasladar de un lugar a otro porque son conectores ya sean fijos o colgantes. Es muy importante participar en este tipo de visitas de obra, debidamente implementados con los equipos de protección personal necesarios y normados para la ocasión. Agradezco al docente de la institución de formación for mación profesional, quien tuvo el modesto tiempo para dedicarnos y desarrollar esta visita al proceso de enseñanza en el curso de estática.
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ANEXOS PUENTE N°1: PUENTE COLOMBIA
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PUENTE N°2: PUENTE PUCAYACU
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PUENTE N°3: PUENTE TARAPOTO
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