INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions c onditions of the times. It egan in the !nited "ingdom, and then suse#uently spread throughout $estern %urope, &orth 'merica, (apan, and eventually the rest of the world. The Industrial Revolution mar)s a ma*or turning point in history+ almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. ost ost notaly, average income and population egan to e-hiit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the worlds average per capita income increased over tenfold, while the worlds population increased over sifold. The /irst Industrial Revolution, eginning18th eginning18th cent merged into the the 2econd Industrial Revolution Revolution around around 1850, when technological technological and economic progress progress gained further momentum with development development of steam3powered ships, railways, and later in 14th century with the internal comustion engine and electrical power generation. 'ccording 'ccording to Roert Roert %. ucas, ucas, 6/or the first time in history history,, the living living standards of the masses of ordinary ordinary people have egun to undergo sustained growth &othing remotely li)e this economic ehavior has happened efore6. Key factors fostering this environment here:-
1 The period of peace and staility this followed the unification of %ngland and 2cotland &o trade arriers etween %ngland and 2cotland 9 The rule of law respecting the sanctity of contracts : ' straight forward legal system which allowed the formation of *oint3stoc) companies corporations 5 ' free mar)et capitalism capita lism
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:-! •
a*or changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation profoundly affected socioeconomic
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; cultural conditions in
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eventually influenced in some way 2pread throughout $estern %urope ; &orth 'merica during14th century, eventually affecting most of the world.
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T"E INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION # $ Three =leading sectors =of )ey innovations, which allowed economic ta)e off during Industrial Revolution > Steam %oer > The development of the stationary steam engine was an essential early element of the
Industrial Revolution+ however, for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution, the ma*ority of industries still relied on wind and water power as well as horse3 and man3power for driving small machines. (ames $att?s improved steam engine, initially used for pumping out mines, from 1780s applied to power machines. %naled rapid, large3scale development of efficient semi3automated factories in places that were most convenient ecause other resources were availale, rather than where there was water to power a watermill.
' fundamental change in wor)ing principles was rought aout y (ames $att. In close collaoration with atthew
leading to erection of cotton mills. Iron fo(n)ing 3 Iron industry, co)e finally applied to all stages of iron smelting, replacing charcoal.
T"E INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -- * 2
+eta''(rgy 3 Iron cheaper and more plentiful 33 ecomes a ma*or structural material with =The Iron
in 1778.2upply of cheaper iron ; steel aided development of oilers, steam engines, and eventually railways. Improvements in machine tools allowed etter wor)ing of iron ; steel further oosting industry. +ining 3 2team powered enginesD deep mining of coal possile. Bhemicals > 18:D patenting of chemical
Erocess for Eortland cement, important advance in uilding trades 3 used y engineer arc
T"E INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -- , as Lighting 33 The first gas lighting utilities were estalished in ondon etween 18130. The process
Bonsisted of large scale gasification of coal in furnaces, purification of gas removal of sulphur, ammonium, and heavy hydrocarons, its storage ; distriution, allowing factories, stores to remain open longer, and night life to flourish. 'ass +a.ing 3 ' new method of producing glass was developed, used in 189 to create sheet glass>
allowed for larger panes of glass without interruption, freeing up space in interiors as well as the fenestration of uildings. Trans%ort > Improved transport infrastructure with a turnpi)e road networ), a canal, and waterway
networ), and a railway networ). Raw materials and finished products could e moved more #uic)ly and cheaply than efore. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread #uic)ly.
E//E0TS ON TO1N 2LANNIN #
2tructure of cities changes
Eoor live separately
2uurs
Fepartment stores
"o(sing 3 iving conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendor of the homes of the owners to the s#ualor of the lives of the wor)ers. Eoor people lived in very sma'' ho(ses in cramped streets. These homes would share toi'et faci'ities , have o%en seers and would e at ris) of developing pathologies associated with persistent dampness. Fisease was spread through a contaminated water supply. Bonditions did improve during the 14th century as pulic hea'th acts ere intro)(ce) covering things such as sewage, hygiene and ma)ing some oundaries upon the construction of homes. &ot everyody lived in homes li)e these. The Industrial Revolution created a larger middle class of professionals such as lawyers and doctors. Gealth conditions improved over the course of the 14th century ecause of etter sanitation+ the famines that trouled rural areas did not happen in industrial areas 3 4ac. to 5ac. ho(sing was there. 3
"o(sing con)ition )(ring In)(stria' revo'(tion
Gowever, uran people especially small children died due to diseases spreading through the cramped living conditions. T(5erc('osis spread in congested dwellings, lung diseases from the mines, cholera from polluted water and ty%hoi) were also common. 's the new towns and cities rapidly developed during the Industrial Revolution the nee) for chea% ho(sing6 near the factories6 increase) . $hilst there were some men, such as Roert Hwen, who were
willing to create good housing for their wor)ers, many employers were not. These employers ruthlessly e-ploited their wor)ers y erecting poor, and often unsanitary, shoddily uilt houses. $or)ers often paid high rents for, at est, su3standard housing. In the rush to uild houses, many were constructed too #uic)ly in terrace) ros . 2ome of these houses had *ust a small yard at the rear where an o(tsi)e toi'et was placed. Hthers were 75ac. to 5ac.8 with communal toilets. 'lmost as soon as they were occupied, many of these ho(ses 5ecame s'(ms . ost of the poorest people lived in overcro)e) an) ina)e9(ate housing, and some of these people lived in cellars. It has een recorded that, in one instance, 17 people from different families lived in an area of 5 meters y : meters. 2anitary arrangements were often non3e-istent, and many toilets were of the =earth closet? variety. These were found outside the houses, as far away as possile ecause of the smell. !sually they were emptied y the =soil men? at night. These men too) the solid human waste away. Gowever, in poorer districts, the solid waste was *ust heaped in a large pile close to the houses. The li#uid from the toilets and the waste heaps seeped down into the earth and contaminated the water supplies. These li#uids carried disease3causing germs into the water. The most frightening disease of all was cho'era3 "o(sing as %rovi)e) for or.ers on site3 These houses were in very ad condition, these houses were very congested and many families live together in one shelter. Bommon toilets, open sewerages were there.
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Socia' Str(ct(re >Furing the Industrial Revolution, the social structure of society changed dramatically.
Homes of the
"omes of the ea'thy
This unprecedented growth and profit was another social change that occurred during the Industrial Revolution. There were little or no government reg('ations im%ose) (%on factory %o'icies , and this allowed the wealthy, middle3class owners to pursue whichever path was most profitale, regardless of the safety and well eing of their wor)ers. This relentless pursuit of money caused another important social changeD the ('timate 5rea.)on of the fami'y (nit3 2ince wor)ers, especially women and children, were laoring for up to eighteen hours each day, there was very little family contact, and the only time that one was at home was spent sleeping. Eeople also had to share housing with other families, which further contriuted to the rea)down of the family unit.
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's a result, children received very little education, had stunted growth, and were. The living conditions were indeed horrile+ wor)ing families often lived in s'(ms ith 'itt'e sanitation6 an) infant morta'ity s.yroc.ete) . Furing the early Industrial Revolution, ;< of infant )ie) 5efore the age of to . Gowever,
the social changes that too) place were not all negative. ost classes eventually enefited in some way from the huge profits that were eing made, and y 180 most wor)ers were ma)ing somewhat etter wages. Hverall health and material conditions of the populace clearly improved. The government, however, did have to eventually intervene in order to put an end to child laor and other unacceptale practices. There were many positive and negative effects of the Industrial Revolution in the society. Furing the time that it was ta)ing place, many wor)ers suffered due to the %oor ho(sing con)itions6 sic.ness6 'o-ages6 an) chi') 'a5or %ractices= yet others )i) not str(gg'e to s(rvive3 Bonversely, the Industrial Revolution
had a great effect on society ecause of the ne machinery an) ne >o5s that were created. Ideas to ma)e new inventions or improve old ones motivated others to do the same. It is important aspect that the long3 term effect is not only more important, ut has a larger impact than the short3term cost. Jictory of middle class industrialists ; usinessmen over landed noility. Hrdinary wor)ing people found increased opportunities for employment in new factories, ut these were often under strict wor)ing conditions with long hours of laor. In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution middle class of industrialists and usinessmen over a landed class of noility and gentry. Hrdinary wor)ing people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, ut these were often under strict wor)ing conditions with long hours of laor dominated y a pace set y machines. 's late as the year 1400, most industrial wor)ers in the !nited 2tates still wor)ed a 103hour day, yet earned from 0 to :0 percent less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life. Gowever, harsh wor)ing conditions were prevalent long efore the Industrial Revolution too) place. Ere3industrial society was very static and often cruelchild laor, dirty living conditions, and long wor)ing hours were *ust as prevalent efore the Industrial Revolution.
/actories ? Ur5ani@ation # The Industrial Revolution first started in reat 4ritain and eventually progressed to the !nited 2tates in the early 14th century. It was first created to raise peoples standard of living.
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The manufacturing that did ta)e place was in homes or rural areas and it was done y hand. 2ome products made in the home including clothing, furniture, tools, cloth, hardware, *ewelry, leather, silverware, and weapons were even e-changed for food.
and continued in to the 1890?s. %ven though many new *os were created and some lives were made easier, there were also prolems such as 'o-ages and %o''(tion. Impact of the 'merican Industrial Revolution profoundly changed the lives of society and its wor)ers for the good, despite its occasional flaws. IndustrialiAation led to creation of 7factory system8 created after spinning was mechaniAed 33 rise of the modern city, as large numers of wor)ers
migrated into cities for employment in factories >
water3powered and uilt to serve local needs. ater each factory would have its on steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its oiler.
$or)ers in mile
%arly %ngland industrial town
'lso thousands of new wor)ers were needed to wor) machines in mills and foundries and the factory oners 5(i't ho(ses for them3 Bities filled to overf'oing and ondon was particularly ad. 't the start of
the 14th Bentury aout 1K5 of
Revolution in %ngland changed the way simple people would survive, and the people couldn?t )eep up. 7
Trans%ort- The changes came in several stages. /irst Roads were improved, then Banals were uilt and finally the Railway was developed. The growth of the Industrial Revolution depended on the aility to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. There were three main types of transportation that increased during the Industrial RevolutionD waterways, roads, and railroads. Transportation was important ecause people were starting to live in the $est. Furing this time period, transportation via water was the cheapest way to move heavy products such as coal and iron. 's a result, canals were widened and deepened to allow more oats to pass. The roads also improved immensely during this time period. Ereviously, people traveled using animals or y foot, ut there were many prolems with the conditions of the roads. In !B!6 turnpi)es were created for easier transportation, especially for the horse3drawn wagons. Cohn Lo()on +cA)am ma)e maca)am roa) s(rfaces which consisted of crushed roc) in thin layers. Thomas Telford made new foundations in roads with large flat stones. 2oon after, roads across 'merica were improved ased on these techni#ues. The closest to trains were horses, commonly used to %('' freight cars a'ong rai's . In !;!6 Richar) Trevithic. ma)e the first steam 'ocomotive.
The Thames Tunnel (opened 1843).Cement was used in the world's frst underwater tunnel
The rid!ewater Canal
These improvements on waterways, roads, and railroads all made traveling safer, and it allowed goods to e moved more efficiently. 't the eginning of the Industrial Revolution, and efore the invention of the str eam engine, goods were supply through river way. The industrial revolution totally depends upon the transportation facility ra materia' an) finishing %ro)(cts to the consumers. The Industrial Revolution improved
aim of replicating the commercial success of the
+erits of in)(stria' Revo'(tion - The Industrial Revolution mar)ed a ma*or turning point in %arth?s ecology and humans? relationship with their environment. The Industrial Revolution dramatically changed every aspect of human life and lifestyles. /rom human development, health and life longevity, to social improvements and the impact on natural resources, pulic health, energy usage and sanitation, the effects were profound. Gelpful in transportation and comm(nication6 ho(sing an) other factors 'i.e roa)s6 cana's.
Lenerally, the reality is that the %rice of 'an) within an uran area is so high that it discourages its use for more industrial purposes. Instead, cheaper undeveloped land outside the city limits is generally sought for a new factory. Hnce such an industry is estalished however, it #uic)ly attracts wor)ers and shop)eepers who settle and uild close to the source of em%'oyment an) ages , ultimately often resulting at a later date in residents who complain aout the factory or country farm that was the prime reason for their coming to the area in the first place. There was little if any Aoning or land3use planning during the years of the Industrial Revolution. If there had een, it is possile if not li)ely that the revolution, with all its resulting enefits, would never have occurred 3 or if it had, would have een severely retarded and hampered. any of the factories and the companies were uilt a'ongsi)e the rivers therefore ma)ing transportation a lot harder. The nat(ra' reso(rces and the fast moving waters helped along the transportation. Transportation too) over the land over the countries to transport goods in and out of the country The Rai'roa) was very successful and helped them in many ways such as to transport coal and also many other ways, therefore it ma)e 'ife
Demerits of in)(stria' revo'(tion -$hile industrial revolution caused a seismic shift in every aspect of life, it had a profound effect on the human condition, especially on uran wor)ers. Hne distinguished feature of industrial revolution was uraniAation. ' shift of occupation from agrarian to industrial led to a sharp increase in city populations, which was not associated with developments in infrastr(ct(re6 sanitation6 city %'anning6 'a an) or)er etc3
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Thus )iseases6%o''(tion6 crimes and filth ecame dominant themes of city life. $or)ing conditions were also hard as factories were dirty, hot, unhygienic and sometimes dangerous with no safety measures. $or)ers were force) to or. for long hours and sometimes the whole family wor)ed to earn their living. Gousing facilities were often overcrowded and dirty. ife for unemployed was even worse as most of them lose their shelters with loss of *os. 's more and more %eo%'e shifte) to cities from r(ra' areas and numer of (nem%'oye) increase)6 home'essness ecame a pressing issue. any homeless people were compelled to live in dire conditions in charitale institutions. The revolution enefitted every field of occupation such as agriculture, te-tiles, construction, transportation and communications etc., it too) a heavy toll on the human condition. The vast pace of uraniAation which coincided with industrial revolution could not cope up with the development of sanitation, city planning, health systems etc.
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