TABLE OF CONTENTS ARCHITECTURE OF INDONESIA..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ......................... .............. 2
BUILDING MATERIALS.................... .............................. ..................... .................................................... ......................................... 2 GEOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL PROFILE IN INDONESIA ..............3
GEOGRAPHY..................... ................................ ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... ......... 3 INFLUENCE TO ARCHITECTURE..................... ............................... ..................... ................................ ..................... 3 CLIMATE..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................................... .................................... 4 INFLUENCE TO ARCHITECTURE..................... ............................... ..................... ................................ ..................... 4 BELIEFS THAT AFFECTED THEIR ARCHITECTURE.......................................5
INFLUENCE TO ARCHITECTURE .................... ............................... ..................... ................................... ......................... 5 TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................6 ............6
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..............................6 ...................6 TRADITIONAL AND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ......................................9 PALACE ARCHITECTURE.................... ............................... ...................................................... ........................................... 11 COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE.................... ............................... .................................................. ....................................... 14 POST INDEPENDENCE ARCHITECTURE ......................................................15 REFERENCES..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......................................... ............................... 17
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ARCHITECTURE OF INDONESIA
The Architecture of Inone!i" ref#ect! the i$er!it% of cu#tur"#& hi!toric"# "n 'eo'r"(hic"# inf#uence! th"t h"$e !h"(e Inone!i" "! " )ho#e* In$"er!& co#oni+er!& ,i!!ion"rie!& ,erch"nt! "n tr"er! -rou'ht cu#tur"# ch"n'e! th"t h" " (rofoun effect on -ui#in' !t%#e! "n techni.ue!* Tr"ition"##%& the ,o!t !i'nific"nt forei'n inf#uence h"! -een Ini"n* Ho)e$er& Chine!e& Ar"- / "n !ince the 01 th "n 02 th centurie! / Euro(e"n inf#uence! h"$e (#"%e !i'nific"nt ro#e! too in !h"(in' Inone!i"n "rchitecture*
BUILDING MATERIALS
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Bric3 Ti,-er4H"r)oo45oro3 5oo Su'"r P"#, Le"$e! Coconut Trun3 B",-oo
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GEOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL PROFILE IN INDONESIA
GEOGRAPHY Inone!i" i! the #"r'e!t "rchi(e#"'o in the )or#* It con!i!t! of fi$e ,"6or i!#"n! "n "-out 78 !,"##er 'rou(!* There "re tot"# nu,-er of 09&:81 i!#"n! of )hich "-out ;888 "re inh"-ite* Str"#in' e.u"tor& the "rchi(e#"'o i! on " cro!!ro"! -et)een t)o oce"n!& the P"cific "n the Ini"n Oce"n& "n -ri'e! t)o continent!& A!i" "n Au!tr"#i"* The territor% of the Re(u-#ic of Inone!i" !tretche! fro, ;<81= N #"titue to 00<0:= S #"titue& "n fro, 2><>:= E to 0>0<8:= E #on'itue* Tot"# Are" of Inone!i" i! 0&202&>>8 !. 3, ?L"n Are"@ 0&1;&>>8 !. 3, 5"ter Are"@ 27&888 !. 3,* The fi$e ,"in i!#"n! "re@ Su,"tr" ?>97&;8; !.* 3, the ,o!t ferti#e "n en!e#% (o(u#"te i!#"n!& "$"4M"ur" ?07&089 !.* 3, "#i,"nt"n& )hich co,(ri!e! t)o thir! of the i!#"n of Borneo ?:72&>;8 !. 3, Su#")e!i ?012&0; !. 3, "n Iri"n "%" ?>0&210 !. 3,& )hich i! ("rt of the )or#=! !econ #"r'e!t i!#"n& Ne) Guine"* Inone!i"=! other i!#"n! "re !,"##er in !i+e* The countr% i! (reo,in"nt#% ,ount"inou! )ith !o,e >88 $o#c"noe!& of )hich 088 "re "cti$e* The hi'he!t ,ount"in i! the (er(etu"##% !no)c"((e M"n"#" To( ?0:&788 feet in the "%" 5i6"%" ,ount"in r"n'e of Iri"n "%"* M"n% ri$er! f#o) throu'hout the countr%* The% !er$e "! u!efu# tr"n!(ort"tion route! on cert"in i!#"n!& for e",(#e& the Mu!i& B"t"n'h"ri& Inr"'iri "n ",("r ri$er! in Su,"tr" the "(u"!& B"rito& M"h"3", "n Re6"n' ri$er! in "#i,"nt"n "n the Me,-er",o "n Di'u# ri$er! in Iri"n "%"*
INFLUENCE TO ARCHITECTURE Bui#in' hou!e! off the 'roun "##o)! -ree+e! to ,oer"te to hot tro(ic"# • te,(er"ture! it e#e$"te! the )e##in' "-o$e !tor, )"ter runoff "n ,u it "##o)! hou!e! to -e -ui#t on ri$er! "n )et#"n ,"r'in! it 3ee(! (eo(#e& 'oo! "n foo fro, ",(ne!! "n ,oi!ture #ift! #i$in' .u"rter! "-o$e ,"#"ri"c"rr%in' ,o!.uito! "n reuce! the ri!3 of r% rot "n ter,ite!* The !h"r(#% inc#ine roof "##o)! the he"$% tro(ic"# r"in to .uic3#% !heet off& • "n #"r'e o$erh"n'in' e"$e! 3ee( )"ter out of the hou!e "n (ro$ie !h"e in the he"t* In hot "n hu,i #o)#%in' co"!t"# re'ion!& ho,e! c"n h"$e ,"n% )ino)! • (ro$iin' 'oo cro!!$enti#"tion& )here"! in coo#er ,ount"inou! interior "re"!& ho,e! often h"$e " $"!t roof "n fe) )ino)!* Tr"ition"# -ui#in'! in Inone!i" "re -ui#t on !ti#t! )ith o$er!i+e !"#e roof! )hich h"$e -een the ho,e of the B"t"3 "n the Tor"6"*
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CLIMATE Bec"u!e of it! (roi,it% to e.u"tor& Inone!i" h"! tro(ic"# c#i,"te* Gener"##%& the )e"ther i! hot "n hu,i* Inone!i"n c#i,"te i! i$ie into t)o i!tinct !e"!on!@ r% "n r"in% !e"!on!* Mo!t of Inone!i" h"! their r"in% !e"!on! fro, Octo-er throu'h A(ri#& -ut cert"in (#"ce! #i3e M"#u3u h"$e their! fro, M"rch to Au'u!t* Durin' the r"in% !e"!on& r"in !t"rt! "roun noon "n #"!t! into the "fternoon* So,e "re"! c"n h"$e !uen !ho)er! for ,ore th"n t)o hour!*
The r% !e"!on oe! not ,e"n th"t there "re no r"in!* In f"ct tro(ic"# !ho)er! in " r% !e"!on=! "fternoon i! " re'u#"r "ff"ir* The "$er"'e "nnu"# (reci(it"tion i! 0188,,* The te,(er"ture i! "#,o!t con!t"nt ece(t for the ece(tion"##% r"in% !e"!on=! ni'ht!& )hen it c"n ro(* The te,(er"ture on the co"!t i! "-out 1< C Ce#!iu! "n ro(! r","tic"##% in the hi'h#"n!* For in!t"nce& in the hi'h#"n! of Iri"n "%"& te,(er"ture! "t ni'ht c"n ro( to "-out 9< C& )hi#e urin' "%ti,e the% re"ch to "-out < C*
INFLUENCE TO ARCHITECTURE Ro) hou!e!& c"n"#! "n enc#o!e !o#i )"##! / fir!t thou'ht "! (rotection • "'"in!t tro(ic"# i!e"!e! co,in' fro, tro(ic"# "ir& %e"r! #"ter the Dutch #e"rnt to ""(t their "rchitectur"# !t%#e )ith #oc"# -ui#in' fe"ture! ?#on' e"$e!& $er"n"h!& (ortico!& #"r'e )ino)! "n $enti#"tion o(enin'! The !h"r(#% inc#ine roof "##o)! the he"$% tro(ic"# r"in to .uic3#% !heet off& • "n #"r'e o$erh"n'in' e"$e! 3ee( )"ter out of the hou!e "n (ro$ie !h"e in the he"t* In hot "n hu,i#o) #%in' co"!t"# re'ion!& ho,e! c"n h"$e ,"n% )ino)! (ro$iin' 'oo cro!!$enti#"tion& )here"! in coo#er ,ount"inou! interior "re"!& ho,e! often h"$e " $"!t roof "n fe) )ino)!
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BELIEFS THAT AFFECTED THEIR ARCHITECTURE
The fir!t (rinci(#e of Inone!i"! (hi#o!o(hic"# foun"tion& P"nc"!i#"& i! -e#ief in the one "n on#% GoJ* A nu,-er of ifferent re#i'ion! "re (r"ctice in the countr%& "n their co##ecti$e inf#uence on the countr%! (o#itic"#& econo,ic "n cu#tur"# #ife i! !i'nific"nt* The Inone!i"n Con!titution 'u"r"ntee! freeo, of re#i'ion* The 'o$ern,ent on#% reco'ni+e! !i offici"# re#i'ion! I!#",& Prote!t"nti!,& C"tho#ici!,& Hinui!,& Buhi!, "n Confuci"ni!,* Inone!i"n #") re.uire! th"t e$er% Inone!i"n citi+en ho# "n ientit% c"r th"t ientifie! the (er!on )ith one of the!e !i re#i'ion!& "#thou'h citi+en! ,"% -e "-#e to #e"$e th"t !ection -#"n3* A'no!tici!, or "thei!,& "n -#"!(he,% i! i##e'"#*
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INFLUENCE TO ARCHITECTURE Architecture in Inone!i" focu!e! on efinin' ter,! th"t re#"te to their • re#i'ion! !uch "! I!#",& Buhi!t& e"r#% Inone!i" Hinu& "n B"#ine!e Hinu* The% ,"3e re(re!ent"tion! of re#i'iou! !cu#(ture!& c"r$in'!& "n te,(#e!* It i! • i,(ort"nt to re"#i+e th"t the Inone!i"n for,! of the "-o$e re#i'ion! h"$e -een ""(te to "cco,,o"te (reei!tin' Inone!i"n -e#ief! "n cu!to,! "n th"t thi! i! e$ient in the re#i'iou! "rchitecture foun in Inone!i" to"%* Architectur"# herit"'e inf#uence! -% re#i'iou! "re co,,on#% foun in "$"* •
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE A#thou'h re#i'iou! "rchitecture h"! -een )ie!(re" in Inone!i"& the ,o!t !i'nific"nt )"! e$e#o(e in "$"* The i!#"n! #on' tr"ition of re#i'iou! !%ncreti!, etene to "rchitecture& )hich fo!tere uni.ue#% "$"ne!e !t%#e! of Hinu& Buhi!t& I!#",ic& "n to " #e!!er etent& Chri!ti"n "rchitecture*
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C"ni K Re#i'iou! !tructure! L"r'e "n !o(hi!tic"te& to)er#i3e !tructure! Bui#t in "$" urin' the (e"3 of Inone!i"! Gre"t Hinu Buhi!t in'o,! ?01 th0>th centur%
The e"r#ie!t !ur$i$in' Hinu te,(#e! in "$" "re the Dien' P#"tte"u& thou'ht to h"$e ori'in"##% nu,-ere "! ,"n% "! >88& on#% 1 re,"in to"%* Dein' !tructure! / !,"## "n re#"ti$e#% (#"in*
But "rchitecture e$e#o(e !u-!t"nti"##% "n 6u!t 088 %e"r! #"ter the !econ in'o, of M"t"r", -ui#t the Pr",-"n"n co,(#e ne"r Yo'%"3"rt" con!iere #"r'e!t "n fine!t e",(#e of Hinu "rchitecture in "$"*
The ori'in of Buhi!t "n Hinu te,(#e "re -ui#t of !tone& )hich i! r"i!e on " -"!e,ent "n !ur,ounte )ith re#ic!* In !%,-o#ic ter,!& the -ui#in' i! "! " re(re!ent"tion of the #e'en"r% Mount Meru& )hich in HinuBuhi!t ,%tho#o'% i! ientifie "! the re!ience of the 'o!*
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Buhi!t ,onu,ent& Boro-uur A )or# herit"'e Bui#t -% the S"i#enr" D%n"!t% -et)een 9:8 "n 1:8 AD& -ut it )"! "-"none !hort#% "fter it! co,(#etion "! " re!u#t of the ec#ine of Buhi!, "n " !hift of (o)er to e"!tern "$"* Cont"in! " $"!t nu,-er of intric"te c"r$in'! th"t te## " !tor% "! one ,o$e! throu'h to the u((er #e$e#!& ,et"(horic"##% re"chin' en#i'hten,ent*
5ith the ec#ine of the M"t"r", in'o,& e"!tern "$" -eco,e the focu! of re#i'iou! "rchitecture )ith "n eu-er"nt !t%#e ref#ectin' Sh"i$i!t& Buhi!t "n "$"ne!e inf#uence! " fu!ion th"t )"! ch"r"cteri!tic of re#i'ion throu'hout "$"*
THE MAAPAHIT ERA •
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The u!e of -ric3! in Inone!i"! C#"!!ic"# Er" M"!tere -% the M"6"("hit -ui#er!& u!in' " ,ort"r of $ine !"( "n ("#, !u'"r Te,(#e! of M"6"("hit H"$e " !tron' 'eo,etric"# .u"#it% )ith " !en!e of $ertic"##% "chie$e throu'h the u!e of nu,erou! hori+ont"# #ine! often )ith "n "#,o!t "rteco !en!e of !tre",#inin' "n (ro(ortion
M"6"("hit inf#uence! c"n -e !een to"% in the enor,ou! nu,-er of Hinu te,(#e! of $"r%in' !i+e! !(re" throu'hout B"#i*
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A#thou'h the% h"$e e#e,ent! in co,,on )ith '#o-"# Hinu !t%#e!& the% "re of " !t%#e #"r'e#% uni.ue to B"#i "n o)e ,uch to the M"6"("hit er"*
Mo!.ue! ?0:th Centur% I!#", h" -eco,e the o,in"nt re#i'ion in "$" "n Su,"tr"& Inone!i"! t)o ,o!t (o(u#ou! i!#"n! "-!or-e "n reinter(rete& )ith ,o!.ue! 'i$en " uni.ue Inone!i"n inter(ret"tion*
Javenese Mosques
Too3 ,"n% e!i'n cue! fro, Hinu& Buhi!t& "n e$en Chine!e "rchitectur"# inf#uence! L"c3e& for e",(#e& the u-i.uitou! I!#",ic o,e )hich i not "((e"r in Inone!i" unti# the 02 th centur% H" t"## ti,-er& ,u#ti#e$e# roof! !i,i#"r to the ("'o"! of B"#ine!e Hinu te,(#e! !ti## co,,on to"%
Mo!.ue! ?02th Centur% Su#t"n"te! of Inone!i"n "rchi(e#"'o -e'"n to "o(t "n "-!or- forei'n inf#uence! of I!#",ic "rchitecture* The InoI!#",ic "n Moori!h !t%#e "re ("rticu#"r#% f"$ore "! i!(#"%e in B"n" Aceh B"iturr"h,"n Gr"n Mo!.ue -ui#t in 0110& "n Me"n Gr"n Mo!.ue -ui#t in 028;* Mo!.ue h"$e tene to -e -ui#t in !t %#e! ,ore con!i!tent )ith '#o-"# I!#",ic !t%#e!& )hich ,irror the tren in Inone!i" to)"r! ,ore orthoo (r"ctice of I!#",
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G"#" Mo!.ue& Te,-"%"t the o#e!t ,o!.ue in "$" th"t !ur$i$e! throu'h ti,e one of the e",(#e! of Ino"$"ne!e cu#ture !t%#e top of the hill building J / one ch"r"cteri!tic of the HinuBuhi!t re#i'iou! -ui#in'! in "$"& )hi#e the tic3 )"## )"! inf#uence fro, Gu6"r"ti "rchitecture "n the t"6u'J )ooenti#e roof !tructure )"! fro, "$"ne!e tr"ition"# "rchitecture
TRADITIONAL AND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE Tr"ition"# "n $ern"cu#"r "rchitecture in Inone!i" ori'in"te! fro, t)o !ource!* One i! the 're"t Hinu tr"ition -rou'ht to Inone!i" fro, Ini" $i" "$"* The !econ i! "n ini'enou! "rchitecture (re"tin' the Hinu e(ic* It h"! it! o)n uni.ue for, -ec"u!e Inone!i" h"! 77 (ro$ince! e"ch of Inone!i"! ethnic 'rou(! h"! it! o)n i!tincti$e for, of the tr"ition"# $ern"cu#"r "rchitecture& 3no)n "! Ru,"h ""t* Tr"ition"# Inone!i"n ho,e! "re not "rchitect e!i'ne& r"ther $i##"'er! -ui# their o)n ho,e!& or co,,unit% )i## their re!ource! for " !tructure -ui#t uner the irection of " ,"!ter -ui#er "n4or " c"r(enter*
Rumah Aa!
Or Cu!to, Hou!e i! "t the center of " )e- of cu!to,!& !oci"# re#"tion!& tr"ition"# #")!& t"-oo!& ,%th!& "n re#i'ion! th"t -in the $i##"'er! to'ether The hou!e (ro$ie! the ,"in focu! for the f",i#% "n it! co,,unit%& "n i! the (oint of e("rture for ,"n% "cti$itie! of it! re!ient!* 11
Ch"r"cteri!tic! • • • • •
Ti,-er con!truction V"rie "n e#"-or"te roof !tructure! Lon'hou!e! on !ti#t! Stee( !#o(in' roof! "n he"$% '"-#e! Bui#t on !ti#t! ece(t for "$" "n B"#i
Con!truction S%!te,@ •
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Po!t& -e", "n #inte# !tructur"# !%!te, )ith either )ooen or -",-oo )"##! th"t "re non#o" -e"rin' R"ther th"n n"i#!& ,orti! "n tenon 6oint! "n )ooen (e'! "re u!e
So,e of the ,ore !i'nific"nt "n i!tincti$e Ru,"h A"t inc#ue@ •
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B"t"3 "rchitecture ?North Su,"tr" inc#ue! the -o"t!h"(e 6"-u ho,e! of the To-" B"t"3 (eo(#e& )ith o,in"tin' c"r$e '"-#e! "n r","tic o$er!i+e roof& "n i! -"!e on "n "ncient ,oe#* The Min"n'3"-"u of 5e!t Su,"tr" -ui#! the Ru,"h G""n'& i!tincti$e for their ,u#ti(#e '"-#e! )ith r","tic"##% u(!)ee(in' ri'e en!* The ho,e! of Ni"! (eo(#e! inc#ue the o,o !e-u" chief! hou!e! -ui#t on ,"!!i$e iron)oo (i##"r! )ith to)erin' roof!* Not on#% "re the% "#,o!t i,(re'n"-#e to "tt"c3 in for,er tri-"# )"rf"re& -ut f#ei-#e n"i##e!! con!truction (ro$ie (ro$en e"rth.u"3e ur"-i#it%* Ru,"h Me#"%u M"#"% tr"ition"# hou!e! -ui#t on !ti#t! of Su,"tr"& Borneo "n M"#"% Penin!u#"* The Ri"u re'ion i! ch"r"cteri+e -% $i##"'e! -ui#t on !ti#t! o$er )"ter)"%!* Un#i3e ,o!t South E"!t A!i"n $ern"cu#"r ho,e!& "$"ne!e 6o'#o "re not -ui#t on (i#e!& "n h"$e -eco,e the Inone!i"n $ern"cu#"r !t%#e ,o!t inf#uence -% Euro(e"n "rchitectur"# e#e,ent!* The Bubungan Tinggi& )ith their !tee(#% (itche roof!& i! the #"r'e ho,e! of B"n6"re!e ro%"#t% "n "ri!tocr"t! in South "#i,"nt"n* Tr"ition"# B"#ine!e ho,e! "re " co##ection of ini$iu"# #"r'e#% o(en !tructure! ?inc#uin' !e("r"te !tructure! for the 3itchen& !#ee(in' "re"!& -"thin' "re"! "n !hrine )ithin " hi'h)"##e '"ren co,(oun* The S"!"3 (eo(#e of Lo,-o3 -ui# lumbung & (i#e-ui#t -onnetroofe rice -"rn!& th"t "re often ,ore i!tincti$e "n e#"-or"te th"n their hou!e!* D"%"3 (eo(#e tr"ition"##% #i$e in co,,un"# #on'hou!e! th"t "re -ui#t on (i#e!* The hou!e! c"n ecee 788 , in #en'th& in !o,e c"!e! for,in' " )ho#e $i##"'e* The Tor"6" of the Su#")e!i hi'h#"n! "re reno)ne for their tongkonan& hou!e! -ui#t on (i#e! "n )"rfe -% ,"!!i$e e"''er"te(itch !"#e roof!* Rumah adat on Su,-" h"$e i!tincti$e th"tche hi'h h"t roof! "n "re )r"((e )ith !he#tere $er"n"h!*
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The P"(u"n D"ni tr"ition"##% #i$e in !,"## f",i#% co,(oun! co,(o!e of !e$er"# circu#"r hut! 3no)n "! honay )ith th"tche o,e roof!*
PALACE ARCHITECTURE I!t"n" ?or ("#"ce "rchitecture of the $"riou! 3in'o,! "n re"#,! of Inone!i" i! ,ore often th"n not -"!e on the $ern"cu#"r "n o,e!tic !t%#e! of the "re"* Ro%"# court!& ho)e$er& )ere "-#e to e$e#o( ,uch 'r"ner "n e#"-or"te $er!ion! of thi! tr"ition"# "rchitecture*
"$"ne!e r"ton ?er"ton / "$"ne!e Ro%"# ("#"ce Ch"r"cteri!tic!@ •
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#"r'e (eno(o! ?("$i#ion of the 6o'#o roof for, )ith tu,("n' !"ri orn",ent"tion th"t "re e#"-or"te -ut -"!e on co,,on "$"ne!e for,!*
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The ("#"ce! of the B"#ine!e !uch "! the Puri A'un' in Gi"n%"r u!e the tr"ition"# -"#e for,& "n the P"'"ru%un' P"#"ce i! " three!tore% $er!ion of the Min"n'3"-"u Ru,"h G""n'*
Ru,"h '""n' ?Min"n'3"-"u@ -i' hou!e or ru,"h -"'on6on' ?Min"n'3"-"u@ !(ire roof hou!e tr"ition"# ho,e! ?Inone!i"n@ ru,"h ""t of the Min"n'3"-"u* The "rchitecture& con!truction& intern"# "n etern"# ecor"tion& "n the function! of the hou!e ref#ect the cu#ture "n $"#ue! of the Min"n'3"-"u*
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A ru,"h '""n' !er$e! "! " re!ience& " h"## for f",i#% ,eetin'!& "n for cere,oni"# "cti$itie!* In the ,"tri#ine"# Min"n'3"-"u !ociet%& the ru,"h '""n' i! o)ne -% the )o,en of the f",i#% )ho #i$e there o)ner!hi( i! ("!!e fro, ,other to "u'hter*
T)o -"!ic e!i'n! ?ref#ect t)o $"ri"tion! of Min"n'3"-"u !oci"# !tructure@ •
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The koto piliang e!i'n ref#ect! "n "ri!tocr"tic "n hier"rchic"# !oci"# !tructure& )ith the hou!e cont"inin' anjuang ?r"i!e f#oor! "t e"ch en to (er,it e#e$"te !e"tin' of c#"n #e"er! urin' cere,oni"# e$ent!* The bodi caniago e!i'n ref#ect! " e,ocr"tic !oci"# !tructure& )ith the f#oor! -ein' f#"t "n on one #e$e#*
Architectur"# E#e,ent! of Ru,"h G""n' E"ch e#e,ent of " ru,"h '""n' h"! it! o)n !%,-o#ic ,e"nin'& )hich i! referre to in ""(t !(eech "n "(hori!,!* The e#e,ent! of " ru,"h '""n' inc#ue@ •
gonjong & horn#i3e roof !tructure
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singkok & tri"n'u#"r )"## uner the en! of 'on6on'
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pereng & !he#f uner the !in'3o3
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anjuang & r"i!e f#oor "t the en of one !t%#e of ru,"h '""n'
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dindiang ari& the )"##! on the !ie e#e$"tion!
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dindiang tapi& the )"##! on the front "n -"c3 e#e$"tion!
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papan banyak & front f""e
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papan sakapiang & " !he#f or ,i#e -"n on the (eri(her% of the hou!e
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salangko& )"## enc#o!in' !("ce uner " hou!e th"t h"! -een -ui#t on !ti#t
So,e !%,-o#i!,! of the hou!e@ •
re#"te to the gonjong re"chin' to 'o 15
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dindiang tapi& )hich i! tr"ition"##% ,"e of (#"ite !tri(! of -",-oo& !%,-o#i+in' the !tren'th "n uti#it% of the co,,unit% )hich i! for,e )hen ini$iu"#
Min"n'3"-"u -eco,e ("rt of the #"r'er co,,unit% in!te" of !t"nin' "#one* The (i##"r! of the ie"# rumah gadang "re "rr"n'e in fi$e ro)! )hich run the #en'th of the hou!e* The!e ro)! i$ie the interior into four #on' !("ce! c"##e lanjar * The lanjar "t the re"r of the hou!e i! i$ie into -eroo,! ? ruang * Accorin' to ""t& " rumah gadang ,u!t h"$e "t #e"!t fi$e ru"n'& "n the ie"# nu,-er i! nine* The other lanjar "re u!e "! " co,,on "re"& c"##e the labuah gajah ?e#e(h"nt ro"& for #i$in' "n cere,oni"# e$ent!* A nu,-er of rice -"rn! ?rangkiang ie"##% "cco,("n% " rumah gadang & )ith e"ch h"$in' " ifferent n",e "n function* The rangkiang sitinjau lauik & cont"in! rice for the f",i#%& ("rticu#"r#% for ""t cere,onie!* The rangkiang sitangka lapa cont"in! rice for on"tion to (oor $i##"'er! "n for ti,e! of f",ine in the $i##"'e* The rangkiang sibayau-bayaucont"in! rice for the "i#% nee! of the f",i#%*
COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE 0;th "n 09th centurie! •
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"rri$"# of Euro(e"n (o)er! in Inone!i" )ho u!e ,"!onr% for ,uch of their con!truction* One of the fir!t ,"6or Dutch !ett#e,ent! )"! B"t"$i" ?#"ter n",e "3"rt" )hich in the 09th "n 01th centurie! )"! " fortifie -ric3 "n ,"!onr% cit%* the Dutch #e"rnt to ""(t their "rchitectur"# !t%#e )ith #oc"# -ui#in' fe"ture! ?#on' e"$e!& $er"n"h!& (ortico!& #"r'e )ino)! "n $enti#"tion o(enin'!
The InoEuro(e"n h%-ri $i##" of the 02th centur% )"! ",on' the fir!t co#oni"# -ui#in'! to incor(or"te Inone!i"n "rchitectur"# e#e,ent! "n "tte,(t ""(tin' to the c#i,"te* The -"!ic for,& !uch "! the #on'ituin"# or'"ni+"tion of !("ce! "n u!e of 6o'#o "n #i,"!"n roof !tructure!& )"! "$"ne!e& -ut it incor(or"te Euro(e"n ecor"ti$e e#e,ent! !uch "! neoc#"!!ic"# co#u,n! "roun ee( $er"n"h!*
Java
InoEuro(e"n ho,e! Inone!i"n hou!e! )ith Euro(e"n tri,! In E"r#% 8th Centur% Euro(e"n -ui#in'! )ith Inone!i"n tri,! 16
Pr"ctic"# ,e"!ure! c"rrie o$er fro, the e"r#ier InoEuro(e"n h%-ri!& )hich re!(one to the Inone!i"n c#i,"te& inc#ue o$erh"n'in' e"$e!& #"r'er )ino)! "n $enti#"tion in the )"##! En of 02th Centur% i,(ro$e,ent! to techno#o'%& co,,unic"tion! "n tr"n!(ort"tion Moerni!tic -ui#in'! re.uire for !uch e$e#o(,ent "((e"re in 're"t nu,-er!& "n )ere he"$i#% inf#uence -% intern"tion"# !t%#e! / inc#ue! tr"in !t"tion!& -u!ine!! hote#!& f"ctorie! "n office -#oc3!& ho!(it"#! "n euc"tion in!titution!
Ba"#
Co#oni"# ru#e )"! ne$er "! eten!i$e "! it )"! in "$" it )"! on#% in 028;& for e",(#e& th"t the Dutch '"ine fu## contro# of the i!#"n"n con!e.uent#% the i!#"n on#% h"! " #i,ite !toc3 of co#oni"# "rchitecture The hi## to)n of Munu3& " to)n ",on'!t (#"nt"tion! e!t"-#i!he -% the Dutch& i! B"#i=! on#% other !i'nific"nt 'rou( of co#oni"# "rchitecture " nu,-er of ,ini ,"n!ion! in the B"#ine!eDutch !t%#e !ti## !ur$i$e* N"ti$e "rchitecture )"! "r'u"-#% ,ore inf#uence -% the ne) Euro(e"n ie"! th"n co#oni"# "rchitecture )"! inf#uence -% Inone!i"n !t%#e! "n the!e 5e!tern e#e,ent! continue to -e " o,in"nt inf#uence on Inone!i"=! -ui#t en$iron,ent to"%
POST INDEPENDENCE ARCHITECTURE E"r#% t)entieth centur% ,oerni!,! "re !ti## $er% e$ient "cro!! ,uch of Inone!i"& "'"in ,o!t#% in "$"* 0278! )or# e(re!!ion )"! e$"!t"tin' to "$"& "n )"! fo##o)e -% "nother ec"e of )"r& re$o#ution "n !tru''#e& )hich re!tricte the e$e#o(,ent of the -ui#t en$iron,ent the "$"ne!e "rteco !t%#e fro, the 028! -ec",e the root for the fir!t Inone!i"n n"tion"# !t%#e in the 02:8!* The (o#itic"##% tur-u#ent 02:8! ,e"nt th"t the ne) -ut -rui!e Inone!i" )"! neither "-#e to "ffor or focu!e to fo##o) the ne) intern"tion"# ,o$e,ent! !uch "! ,oerni!t -rut"#i!,*
Let u! (ro$e th"t )e c"n "#!o -ui# the countr% #i3e the Euro(e"n! "n A,eric"n! o -ec"u!e )e "re e.u"#J / Su3"rno
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De!(ite the ne) countr%=! econo,ic )oe!& 'o$ern,entfune ,"6or (ro6ect! )ere unert"3en in the ,oerni!t !t%#e& ("rticu#"r#% in the c"(it"# "3"rt"* Ref#ectin' Pre!ient Su3"rno=! (o#itic"# $ie)!& the "rchitecture i! o(en#% n"tion"#i!tic "n !tri$e! to !ho) the ne) n"tion! (rie in it!e#f* Pro6ect! "((ro$e -% Su3"rno& hi,!e#f " ci$i# en'ineer )ho h" "cte "! "n "rchitect& inc#ue@ •
A c#o$er#e"f hi'h)"%*
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A -ro" -%("!! in "3"rt" ?"#"n Suir,"n*
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Four hi'hri!e hote#! inc#uin' the f",ou! Hote# Inone!i"*
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A ne) ("r#i",ent -ui#in'*
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The 09 888!e"t Bun' "rno St"iu,*
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Nu,erou! ,onu,ent! inc#uin' The N"tion"# Monu,ent* I!ti.#"# Mo!.ue& "3"rt" the #"r'e!t ,o!.ue in Southe"!t A!i"*
02:8! jengki !t%#e !o n",e "fter Inone!i"n reference! to the A,eric"n "r,e force! "! =%"n3ee=& )"! " i!tincti$e Inone!i"n "rchitectur"# !t%#e th"t e,er'e* The ,oerni!t cu-ic "n !trict 'eo,etric for,! th"t the Dutch h" u!e -efore 5or# 5"r II )ere tr"n!for,e into ,ore co,(#ic"te $o#u,e!& !uch "! (ent"'on! or other irre'u#"r !o#i!* Thi! "rchitecture i! "n e(re!!ion of the (o#itic"# !(irit of freeo, ",on' the Inone!i"n!* •
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The Intern"tion"# St%#e o,in"te in Inone!i" in the 0298!& "! it i in ,uch of the re!t of the )or# The 0298! !") the Inone!i"n 'o$ern,ent (ro,ote ini'enou! Inone!i"n for,!* Con!tructe in 029:& the T","n Mini Inone!i" In"h the,e ("r3 re cre"te o$er t)ent% -ui#in'! of e"''er"te (ro(ortion! to !ho)c"!e Inone!i"n tr"ition"# $ern"cu#"r for,!* B% the 0218! in ("rticu#"r& ,o!t (u-#ic -ui#in'! )ere -ui#t )ith e"''er"te e#e,ent! of tr"ition"# $ern"cu#"r for,!*
REFERENCES
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?n*** Retrie$e fro, Inone!i" Point@ htt(@44)))*inone!i"(oint*co,4'eo'r"(h%of inone!i"*ht,# Mo'"to& * ?n*** Retrie$e fro, !#ie!h"re@ htt(@44)))*!#ie!h"re*net43ri!hn",o'"to4inone!i"n"rchitecture
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