Indikator Penilaian Caring-1

INSTRUMEN PENILAIAN CARING IkaY Ika Yuni Widyawat Widyawatii

Existential –  – Phenomenologi cal –  –Spiritual Forces Gratificatio n of human needs

Supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, & spiritual environment

Faith-Hope

Sensitivity

10 Carative Factors

Transperso nal Teaching – Learning

(Tom

Humanistic -Altruistic

Creative Problem Solving

Acceptance the expression of positive and negative feelings

HelpingTrusting

& Alligood, 2006; Watson, Watson, 2006; Black, Black, 2014)

Existential –  – Phenomenologi cal –  –Spiritual Forces Gratificatio n of human needs

Supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, & spiritual environment

Faith-Hope

Sensitivity

10 Carative Factors

Transperso nal Teaching – Learning

(Tom

Humanistic -Altruistic

Creative Problem Solving

Acceptance the expression of positive and negative feelings

HelpingTrusting

& Alligood, 2006; Watson, Watson, 2006; Black, Black, 2014)

INSTRUMEN CARING (Tomey (T omey & Alligood, 2006; Black, 2014)

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02

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Caring Assessment Instrument (CARE-Q)

Caring Behaviors Assessment Tool (CBAT)

Caring Behavior Inventory (CBI)

Caring Dimensions Inventory (CDI)

Caring Efficacy Scale (CES)

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02

03

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Caring Behavior Checklist (CBC)

Caring Attributes Professional Self Concept Technological Influence (CAPSTI)

Holistic Caring Intervention (HCI)

Caring Profesional Scale (CPS)

Profesional Caring Behavior (PCB)

(Watson, 2009)

■ Continuous improvement of caring through the use of outcomes and more mindful interventions to improve practices;

■ The benchmarking of structures and settings and environments in which caring is more manifest; ■ The tracking of levels and models of caring in care settings against routine care practices; ■ Evaluation of the consequences of caring versus noncaring for both nurses and patients;

(Watson, 2009)

■ Creation of a “report care” model of a unit or an institution in a critical area of practice; ■ Identification of areas of weakness and strength in caring processes and interventions in order to stimulate self-correction and models of excellence in practice; ■ Increased development of our knowledge and understanding of the relationship between caring relationships and health and healing;

(Watson, 2009)

■ Empirical validation of extant caring theories, as well as the generation of new theories of caring, caring relationships, and healing-health practices; and ■ The stimulation of new directions for curriculum and pedagogies in nursing and caring and health sciences, including interdisciplinary/transdisciplinary education and research.

(Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Baldursdottir & Jonsdottir, 2002)

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Instrumen yang pertama kali dikembangkan oleh Cronin & Harrison (1988)

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Terdiri dari 63 perilaku caring perawat, dikelompokkan menjadi 7 subskala yang disesuaikan 10 faktor karatif Watson

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Subskala tersebut meliputi: –   humanism/faith-hope/sensitivity; –   helping/trust; –

expression of positive/negative feelings;

–   teaching/learning; –

supportive/protective/corrective environment;

–

human needs assistance; and

–

existential/phenomenologi- cal/spiritual forces

(Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Baldursdottir & Jonsdottir, 2002)

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Instrumen yang pertama kali dikembangkan oleh Cronin & Harrison (1988)

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Terdiri dari 63 pertanyaan ttg perilaku caring perawat, dikelompokkan menjadi 7 subskala yang disesuaikan 10 faktor karatif Watson

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Subskala tersebut meliputi: –   humanism/faith-hope/sensitivity; –   helping/trust; – expression of positive/negative feelings; –   teaching/learning; – supportive/protective/corrective environment; – human needs assistance; and – existential/phenomenological/spiritual forces

(Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Tuttle, 1997)

(Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Tuttle, 1997)

Tuttle (1997)

(Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Tuttle, 1997)

(Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Tuttle, 1997)

(Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Tuttle, 1997)

(Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Tuttle, 1997)

(Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Tuttle, 1997)

(Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Tuttle, 1997)

(Baldursdottir & Jonsdottir, 2002)

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Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach α) for each of the 7 subscales: ranged from 0.69 to 0.89.

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The instrument consist of 61 items: (Icelandic version)

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Q. No. 21   “   Ask me what I like to be called”

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Q. No. 25   “Visit me if I move to another hospital unit,”

The 2 dropped items in the Icelandic version were both from the same subscale (helping/trust) –

9 items in the present study instead of 11 as in Cronin and Harrison’s study 

KELEBIHAN & KEKURANGAN CBAT (Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Tuttle, 1997; Baldursdottir & Jonsdottir, 2002)

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Menunjukkan 10 factor karatif Watson 

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Menggunakan persepsi pasien  penilaian perilaku caring perawat 

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Penilaian perilaku caring per individu 

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Jumlah pertanyaan >> 

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dalam 

HASIL SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (Drake, 2016)

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Caring Behavior Assessment (CBA) Tool (Cronin & Harrison, 1988): • C Low quality or major flaws: little evidence with inconsistent results; insufficient sample size for  the study design;conclusions cannot be drawn

2

Caring Behavior Assessment (CBA) (Baldursdottir & Jonsdottir, 2002):

Tool

• B    Good quality: reasonably consistent results; sufficient sample size for the study  design; some control, and fairly definitive conclusions; reasonably consistent recommendations based on fairly  comprehensive literature review that includes some reference to scientific evidence

(Watson, 2009) ■

Alat ukur caring behavior checklist (CBC) and client perception of caring (CPC) dikembangkan oleh McDaniel (1990)  “caring for” dan “caring about”

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Caring about merupakan hasil konseptualisasi dari: –  Kesadaran akan kebutuhan pelayanan keperawatan – Pengambilan keputusan untuk memberikan pelayanan (komitmen) – Aksi/Tindakan (yang menunjukkan upaya untuk mencapai  tujuan) – Aktualisasi (wujud kepuasan perawat atau yang menerima pelayanan keperawatan akan keberhasilan pencapaian)

(Watson, 2009) ■

CBC didesain untuk mengukur ada tidaknya perilaku caring  (observasi) –  CBC terdiri dari 12 item perilaku caring (7 penilaian verbal; 5 penilaian non verbal) –  Bukan tingkatan atau derajat yang dinilai  –  Nilai total = 0-12    nilai tertinggi menunjukkan adanya perilaku caring yang ditampilkan, nilai rendah menunjukkan hanya beberapa saja perilaku caring yang  ditampilkan –  Penilai adalah petugas observer    yang menilai interaksi  perawat-pasien selama 30 menit

(Watson, 2009) ■

CPC merupakan kuesioner yang mengukur respons pasien terhadap perilaku caring perawat – CPC diberikan kepada pasien setelah observasi selesai  dilakukan –  Terdiri dari 10 item dengan 6 rentang skala   skor 10-60 – Hasil: skor tertinggi menunjukkan derajat perilaku caring yang  ditunjukkan yang dipersepsikan pasien dengan nilai tinggi, begitu juga sebaliknya

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Validitas CBC menggunakan Content Validity Index (CVI) yakni sebesar 0,80. Reliabilitas CPC menggunakan konsistensi internal yakni alpa sebesar 0.81. reliabilitas CBC menggunakan pernyataan interater dan dihasilkan nilai rentang 0,76 sampai1,00, dimana 8 dari 12 item adalah 0,90 atau di atas rata-rata (McDaniel, 1990 dalam Watson, 2009).

(Watson, 2009) ■

Reliabilitas & Validitas: – Validitas CBC menggunakan Content Validity Index (CVI) dengan skor 0,80. –  Reliabilitas CBC memiliki nilai 0,76-1,00 –  CPC menggunakan konsistensi internal dengan skor alpa 0,81

KELEBIHAN & KEKURANGAN CBC - CPC (Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Tuttle, 1997; Baldursdottir & Jonsdottir, 2002)

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Menggunakan 2 metode yaitu observasi dan   penilaian persepsi perilaku caring perawat  terhadap pasien    mengurangi subyektivitas  1 pihak 

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Penilaian perilaku caring per individu 

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Kurang efektif efisien 

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Kuesioner aplikasi “caring” Swanson

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Desain kuesioner ini dapat dipergunakan untuk seluruh tenaga kesehatan professional

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Terdiri dari 14 item pertanyaan  penilaiannya dengan menggunakan skala Likert

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Reliabilitas & Validitas: –  Reliabilitas   0,74-0,96 (perawat klinik mahir); 0,97 (perawat); 0,96 (dokter) –  Validitas   0,61

CARING BEHAVIOR (Drake, 2016)

Baldursdottir, G., & Jonsdottir, H. (2002). The Importance of Nurse Caring Behaviors as Perceived by Patients Receiving Care at An Emergency Department.   Heart and Lung, 31(1), 67 –75. http://doi.org/10.1067/mhl.2002.119835 Cronin, S. N., & Harrison, B. (1988). Importance of Nurse Caring Behaviors as Perceived by Patients After Myocardial Infarction.   Heart Lung, 17 , 374 – 380. Tuttle, S. B. (1997).  Patient Perceptions of Nurse Caring Behaviors . Grand Valley State University. Watson, J. (2009).   Assessing and Measuring Caring in Nursing and Health Sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company.