Ljklnjr hj Mnwq njk Cjicfr hj Ljkln Uwnklu Gndrl Ljkln nuucnwck lj {ac ywl{ljir h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr hpcw n ucwlhk h` nghs{ `hsw kcbnkcr? `whm {ac >1;5r {h {ac >115r* [ac `lwr{ wc`cwcjbc {h Ljkln ‛ {h {ac Ljklnj i|mjhrhualr{r& {h gc rucbl`lb ‛ nuucnwck lj Mnwq“r khb{hwnf klrrcw{n{lhj* > [ac Ljklnj bnr{c r|r{cm lr mcj{lhjck lj [ac Icwmnj Lkchfhi| *7 [ac klplrlhj h` fnghsw sjkcw {ac bnr{c r|r{cm lr Uhpcw{| | h` klr{lj klr{ljisl islrac rack k `whm `whm klplrl klplrlhj hj h` fnghs fnghsww lj {ac mhkcw mhkcwj j yhwdr yhwdrahu ahu&& lj [ac Uhpcw{ Ualfhrhua| *2 [acj bnmc {ac `nmhsr Ljkln-wcfn{ck kcrun{bacr {h {ac Jcy-\hwd Knlf| [wlgsjc !acjbc`hw{a& J\K[ ,* ,*; Ljkln `liswcr lj {ac whsia kwn`{r njk bfcnj bhulcr h` {ac pnwlhsr phfsmcr h` {ac Bnul{nf &3 lj pnwlhsr fc{{cwr h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr& 0 lj [ac Hwlilj h` {ac @nmlf| Uwlpn{c Uwhucw{| njk {ac R{n{c &9 lj Mnwq“r jh{cr hj c{ajhfhi|& 1 alr{hw| h` fnjk wcfn{lhjr& < njk Ljklnj alr{hw|* >5 [ac uhrrlglfl{| h` rhmc mhwc wc`cwcjbcr {h Ljkln lj {ac wcmnljlji phfsmcr h` MCIN 7 bnjjh{ gc wsfck hs{& lj plcy h` rsba fhji kwnyj hs{ lj{cwcr{ h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr lj Ljkln* [ac usgflrack yhwdr h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr nwwlpck lj Ljkln lj pnwlhsr r{nicr& mnljf| lj {aclw Cjiflra wcjkcwlji& pln Cjifnjk& {ac SRN njk Rhplc{ Wsrrln* Rsgrc~scj{f|& rhmc h` {acrc {acrc anpc anpc gccj gccj {wnjrf {wnjrfn{ n{ck ck njk ywl{{ ywl{{cj cj nghs nghs{{ lj n jsmgc jsmgcww h` bhkl`l bhkl`lck ck fl{cw fl{cwnw| nw| fnjisnicr h` {ac rsg-bhj{ljcj{* >> N rswpc| h` {ac cj{lwc Ljklnj hs{us{ lj {ac `lcfk lr gc|hjk {ac rbhuc h` n rljifc unucw hw mhjhiwnua* >7 Lj yan{ `hffhyr& L ranff `lwr{ n{{cmu{ {h uwhplkc nj hs{fljc h` {ac gnbdiwhsjk h` nwwlpnf h` {ac ywl{ljir h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr !L,& {acj n bawhjhfhi| h` {ac nwwlpnf h` {aclw Ljkln-wcfn{ck Ljkln-wcfn{ck ywl{ljir !LL, njk `ljnff|& rhmc jh{cr {hynwkr n Wczcu{lhjricrbalba{c h` {acrc ywl{ljir !LLL,& lj Ljkln* [ac uwcrcj{ c``hw{ lr mnljf| gnrck hj usgflbn{lhjr lj Gcjinfl njk Ljklnj Cjiflra& yl{alj m| wcnba* >2 L
Rhmc bnul{nflr{-{|uc cj{cwuwlrcr ycwc cr{ngflrack lj rhmc uhbdc{r h` Gwl{lra wsfck Ljkln g| {ac >125r* N bhfhjlnf yhwdlji bfnrr ynr ghwj* L{r mcmgcwr bnmc mnljf| `whm {ac {wnkl{lhjnff| fnghswlji ‑fhycw“ bnr{cr njk {wlgcr h` Ljkln* Bhfhjlnf bhmmcwbc njk cksbn{lhj uwhksbck n ‑`wcra bfnrr“ h` Ljklnjr& ‑‑cjkhyck yl{a {ac wc~slwcmcj{r `hw ihpcwjm ihpcwjmcj{ cj{ njk lmgsck lmgsck yl{a Cswhucn Cswhucnj j rblcjbc*“ rblcjbc*“““ >; L{r L{r mcmg mcmgcw cwrr bnmc bnmc `whm `whm {ac {ac {wnkl{lhjnff| fl{cwn{c njk rhblnff| khmljnj{ ‑suucw“ bnr{cr h` Ljkln* Lj Gcjinf {ac| nwc bnffck gankwnfhd & ycff-mnjjcwck uchufc* [ac| ank lwwcisfnw njk culrhklb cquhrswc {h rhmc h` {ac bswwcj{ Cswhucnj lkcnr* Lj {ac bhswrc h` {aclw kcpcfhumcj{ n bhj`flb{ nwhrc& gc{yccj {ahrc h` {acm yah {hhd n mhwc nb{lpc& wn{lhjnf njk `s{swc-hwlcj{ck nuuwhnba {hynwkr {ac lj{cwjnf uwhgfcmr h` kcpcfhumcj{ gs{ ycwc mhwc fh|nf {h {ac `hwclij wsfcwr& njk {ahrc yah {hhd su n mlfl{nj{ `lia{ ninljr{ bhfhjlnflrm njk lmucwlnflrm gs{ ycwc unrrlpc& unr{-hwlcj{ck njk jcin{lpc lj {aclw nuuwhnba {h {ac uwhgfcmr h` lj{cwjnf rhblnf {wnjr`hwmn{lhj* N{ {lmcr n rljifc ucwrhj banjick alr(acw nuuwhnba n{ kl``cwcj{ uanrcr h` alr(acw fl`c*
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Wnon Wnmmhasj Wh|& n bhj{cmuhwnw| h` Acicf& njk {ac `lwr{ uwhmljcj{ Ljklnj cquhrck {h rhmc nrucb{r h` Cswhucnj Cjflia{cjmcj{& cruhsrck {ac bnsrc h` wcflilhsr& rhblnf njk cksbn{lhjnf wc`hwm& rljbc alr |hs{a* Ac {ahsia{ {an{ {ahsia {ac Gwl{lra wsfc lj Ljkln ynr n `hwclij |hdc& |c{ l{ ‑‑yhsfk fcnk mhwc ruccklf| njk rswcf| {h {ac nmcflhwn{lhj h` {ac jn{lpc ljangl{nj{r““ h` Ljkln* >3 Ac ynr nfrh {ac `lwr{ Ljklnj {h gc cquhrck {h rhmc h` {ac bswwcj{ rhblnflr{ lkcnr h` Cswhuc* Lj {ac |cnw >122& ac bnmc lj bhj{nb{ yl{a Whgcw{ Hycj lj Cjifnjk* >0 N bhsufc h` kcbnkcr fn{cw Mnwq cquwcrrck {ac huljlhj& {an{ lj rul{c h` nff l{r gnwgnwlrm& {ac Gwl{lra wsfc ynr bwcn{lji njk yhsfk bwcn{c {ac mn{cwlnf uwcbhjkl{lhjr `hw {ac `s{swc wcicjcwn{lhj h` Ljkln* >9 N{ n {lmc yacj Mnwq ynr rcjklji alr `lwr{ Ljkln-wcfn{ck klrun{bacr {h {ac J\K[ & {ac `lwr{ wnlfyn| fljcr ycwc gclji fnlk lj Ljkln* Yl{alj n kcbnkc {ac wnlfyn| yhwdcwr gcinj wcrhw{lji {h bhffcb{lpc nb{lhj* Lj >107& rhmc >755 yhwdcwr h` {ac Cnr{ Ljklnj Wnlfyn| r{wsbd yhwd n{ {ac Ahywna r{n{lhj& jcnw Bnfbs{{n& kcmnjklji 1 ahsw yhwdlji kn|r& yalba ynr nfwcnk| iwnj{ck {h {aclw bhffcniscr lj {ac fhbhmh{lpc kcunw{mcj{* >1 Lj {ac {ac rnmc rnmc kcbn kcbnkc kc&& rhmc rhmc ucwr ucwrhj hjrr h` Ljkl Ljklnj nj njk njk Cswh Cswhuc ucnj nj hwli hwlilj lj ohlj ohlj{f{f|| cr{ngflrack {ac Gcjinf Rhblnf Rblcjbc Nrrhbln{lhj* [ac uwhbcckljir uwhbcckljir h` {alr Nrrhbln{lhj bhj{nlj rhmc unucwr ucw{nljlji {h {ac bhjkl{lhjr njk lj{cwcr{r h` {ac {hlflji uchufc h` Ljkln* >< Mnwq“r cqbcwu{r `whm Dhpnfcprdlo“r ghhd hj bhmmsjnf fnjkhyjcwralu !rcc j* <, bhj{nlj n wc`cwcjbc {h n unucw wcnk n{ hjc h` {ac rcrrlhjr h` {alr Nrrhbln{lhj* 75 Mnwq nfrh {hhd jh{cr `whm n ghhd g| n mcmgcw h` {ac rnmc Nrrhbln{lhj 7>* [acrc jh{cr bhj{nlj n wc`cwcjbc {h njh{acw unucw wcnk n{ njh{acw rcrrlhj h` {ac Nrrhbln{lhj* 77 N mcmg mcmgcw cw h` {ac {ac ‑`wc ‑`wcra ra bfnr bfnrr“ r“ h` Ljkl Ljklnj njr& r& Ranr Ranral alun unkn kn Gnjc Gnjcwo wol&l& hwin hwinjl jlrc rck k n Rawnmnolgl Rnml{l !Fnghsw Sjlhj,& n{ Gnwnjnihwc& jcnw Bnfbs{{n& lj >195* Lj >19>& rhmc uchufc `whm Bnfbs{{n ywh{c {h {ac Icjcwnf Bhsjblf h` {ac Lj{cwjn{lhjnf Yhwdlji Mcj“r Nrrhbln{lhj& cquwcrrlji {aclw kcrlwc {h r{nw{ nj Ljklnj Rcb{lhj h` {ac LYMN* [ac IB h` {ac LYMN nkplrck {acm {h mndc {aclw rcb{lhj rcf`-wcflnj{ njk& {h ljbfskc fhbnf uchufc lj l{*72 [ac `n{c h` {alr ljl{ln{lpc njk& {ac lkcj{l{| h` {ac uchufc nrrhbln{ck yl{a l{ r{lff wcmnlj sjdjhyj* Ranralunkn Gnjcwol gwhsia{ hs{ {ac `lwr{ ohswjnf `hw {ac yhwdlji bfnrr h` bhfhjlnf Ljkln& {ac lffsr{wn{ck mhj{af| Ganwn{ Rawnmnolgl & lj >19;* N{ nwhsjk {ac rnmc {lmc& n ulhjccw h` {ac Whmnj{lb {wcjk lj Gcjinfl uwhrc& Gnjdlm Banjkwn Ban{{hunka|n|n ywh{c n rcwl rcwlcr cr h` nw{l nw{lbf bfcr cr sjkc sjkcww {ac {ac {l{f {l{fc c ‑‑Rn ‑‑Rnm| m|n“ n“““ !‑‑C !‑‑C~s ~snf nfl{l{|“ |““, “,** 7; Gnjd Gnjdlm lm ank ank rhmc rhmc nb~snlj{njbc yl{a {ac rhblnflr{ fl{cwn{swc h` Cswhuc& uwlhw {h Mnwq* Ac ywh{c? ‑‑[ac iwcn{ {wcc yalba Whsrrcns ank ufnj{ck& {awhsia alr {achw| {an{ ‑{ac fnjk gcfhjir {h {ac bhmmhj uchufc“& ghwc cpcw jcycw `wsl{r* Cswhuc lr `sff h` {ac `wsl{r h` {an{ {achw| {lff kn{c* ‑Bhmmsjlrm“ lr n `wsl{ h` {an{ {wcc* [ac ‑Lj{cwjn{lhjnf“ lr n `wsl{ ` wsl{ h` {an{ {wcc*““73
[ac ~scr{lhj h` bhmmhj hyjcwralu h` fnjk cjinick {ac n{{cj{lhj h` ><{a bcj{sw| rbahfnwr lj n gli yn|* Mnwq nfrh kcnf{ yl{a {ac ~scr{lhj n jsmgcw h` {lmcr& gc{yccj {ac >135r njk >115r* L{ lr nj lj{cwcr{lji bhljblkcjbc& {an{ {ac jnmc h` Mnwq `lwr{ nuucnwck lj {ac {ac Ljkl Ljklnj nj uwcr uwcrr& r& lj nj nw{l nw{lbf bfc c g| Ohic Ohicjk jkwn wn Banj Banjkw kwn n Iahr Iahra a hj bhmm bhmmsj sjnf nf fnjkhyjcwralu* 70 L{ kcnf{ yl{a {ac ganlnbanwn !bnr{c ( bfnj gwh{acwahhk, fnjk {cjswcr 7
Wnon Wnmmhasj Wh|& n bhj{cmuhwnw| h` Acicf& njk {ac `lwr{ uwhmljcj{ Ljklnj cquhrck {h rhmc nrucb{r h` Cswhucnj Cjflia{cjmcj{& cruhsrck {ac bnsrc h` wcflilhsr& rhblnf njk cksbn{lhjnf wc`hwm& rljbc alr |hs{a* Ac {ahsia{ {an{ {ahsia {ac Gwl{lra wsfc lj Ljkln ynr n `hwclij |hdc& |c{ l{ ‑‑yhsfk fcnk mhwc ruccklf| njk rswcf| {h {ac nmcflhwn{lhj h` {ac jn{lpc ljangl{nj{r““ h` Ljkln* >3 Ac ynr nfrh {ac `lwr{ Ljklnj {h gc cquhrck {h rhmc h` {ac bswwcj{ rhblnflr{ lkcnr h` Cswhuc* Lj {ac |cnw >122& ac bnmc lj bhj{nb{ yl{a Whgcw{ Hycj lj Cjifnjk* >0 N bhsufc h` kcbnkcr fn{cw Mnwq cquwcrrck {ac huljlhj& {an{ lj rul{c h` nff l{r gnwgnwlrm& {ac Gwl{lra wsfc ynr bwcn{lji njk yhsfk bwcn{c {ac mn{cwlnf uwcbhjkl{lhjr `hw {ac `s{swc wcicjcwn{lhj h` Ljkln* >9 N{ n {lmc yacj Mnwq ynr rcjklji alr `lwr{ Ljkln-wcfn{ck klrun{bacr {h {ac J\K[ & {ac `lwr{ wnlfyn| fljcr ycwc gclji fnlk lj Ljkln* Yl{alj n kcbnkc {ac wnlfyn| yhwdcwr gcinj wcrhw{lji {h bhffcb{lpc nb{lhj* Lj >107& rhmc >755 yhwdcwr h` {ac Cnr{ Ljklnj Wnlfyn| r{wsbd yhwd n{ {ac Ahywna r{n{lhj& jcnw Bnfbs{{n& kcmnjklji 1 ahsw yhwdlji kn|r& yalba ynr nfwcnk| iwnj{ck {h {aclw bhffcniscr lj {ac fhbhmh{lpc kcunw{mcj{* >1 Lj {ac {ac rnmc rnmc kcbn kcbnkc kc&& rhmc rhmc ucwr ucwrhj hjrr h` Ljkl Ljklnj nj njk njk Cswh Cswhuc ucnj nj hwli hwlilj lj ohlj ohlj{f{f|| cr{ngflrack {ac Gcjinf Rhblnf Rblcjbc Nrrhbln{lhj* [ac uwhbcckljir uwhbcckljir h` {alr Nrrhbln{lhj bhj{nlj rhmc unucwr ucw{nljlji {h {ac bhjkl{lhjr njk lj{cwcr{r h` {ac {hlflji uchufc h` Ljkln* >< Mnwq“r cqbcwu{r `whm Dhpnfcprdlo“r ghhd hj bhmmsjnf fnjkhyjcwralu !rcc j* <, bhj{nlj n wc`cwcjbc {h n unucw wcnk n{ hjc h` {ac rcrrlhjr h` {alr Nrrhbln{lhj* 75 Mnwq nfrh {hhd jh{cr `whm n ghhd g| n mcmgcw h` {ac rnmc Nrrhbln{lhj 7>* [acrc jh{cr bhj{nlj n wc`cwcjbc {h njh{acw unucw wcnk n{ njh{acw rcrrlhj h` {ac Nrrhbln{lhj* 77 N mcmg mcmgcw cw h` {ac {ac ‑`wc ‑`wcra ra bfnr bfnrr“ r“ h` Ljkl Ljklnj njr& r& Ranr Ranral alun unkn kn Gnjc Gnjcwo wol&l& hwin hwinjl jlrc rck k n Rawnmnolgl Rnml{l !Fnghsw Sjlhj,& n{ Gnwnjnihwc& jcnw Bnfbs{{n& lj >195* Lj >19>& rhmc uchufc `whm Bnfbs{{n ywh{c {h {ac Icjcwnf Bhsjblf h` {ac Lj{cwjn{lhjnf Yhwdlji Mcj“r Nrrhbln{lhj& cquwcrrlji {aclw kcrlwc {h r{nw{ nj Ljklnj Rcb{lhj h` {ac LYMN* [ac IB h` {ac LYMN nkplrck {acm {h mndc {aclw rcb{lhj rcf`-wcflnj{ njk& {h ljbfskc fhbnf uchufc lj l{*72 [ac `n{c h` {alr ljl{ln{lpc njk& {ac lkcj{l{| h` {ac uchufc nrrhbln{ck yl{a l{ r{lff wcmnlj sjdjhyj* Ranralunkn Gnjcwol gwhsia{ hs{ {ac `lwr{ ohswjnf `hw {ac yhwdlji bfnrr h` bhfhjlnf Ljkln& {ac lffsr{wn{ck mhj{af| Ganwn{ Rawnmnolgl & lj >19;* N{ nwhsjk {ac rnmc {lmc& n ulhjccw h` {ac Whmnj{lb {wcjk lj Gcjinfl uwhrc& Gnjdlm Banjkwn Ban{{hunka|n|n ywh{c n rcwl rcwlcr cr h` nw{l nw{lbf bfcr cr sjkc sjkcww {ac {ac {l{f {l{fc c ‑‑Rn ‑‑Rnm| m|n“ n“““ !‑‑C !‑‑C~s ~snf nfl{l{|“ |““, “,** 7; Gnjd Gnjdlm lm ank ank rhmc rhmc nb~snlj{njbc yl{a {ac rhblnflr{ fl{cwn{swc h` Cswhuc& uwlhw {h Mnwq* Ac ywh{c? ‑‑[ac iwcn{ {wcc yalba Whsrrcns ank ufnj{ck& {awhsia alr {achw| {an{ ‑{ac fnjk gcfhjir {h {ac bhmmhj uchufc“& ghwc cpcw jcycw `wsl{r* Cswhuc lr `sff h` {ac `wsl{r h` {an{ {achw| {lff kn{c* ‑Bhmmsjlrm“ lr n `wsl{ h` {an{ {wcc* [ac ‑Lj{cwjn{lhjnf“ lr n `wsl{ ` wsl{ h` {an{ {wcc*““73
[ac ~scr{lhj h` bhmmhj hyjcwralu h` fnjk cjinick {ac n{{cj{lhj h` ><{a bcj{sw| rbahfnwr lj n gli yn|* Mnwq nfrh kcnf{ yl{a {ac ~scr{lhj n jsmgcw h` {lmcr& gc{yccj {ac >135r njk >115r* L{ lr nj lj{cwcr{lji bhljblkcjbc& {an{ {ac jnmc h` Mnwq `lwr{ nuucnwck lj {ac {ac Ljkl Ljklnj nj uwcr uwcrr& r& lj nj nw{l nw{lbf bfc c g| Ohic Ohicjk jkwn wn Banj Banjkw kwn n Iahr Iahra a hj bhmm bhmmsj sjnf nf fnjkhyjcwralu* 70 L{ kcnf{ yl{a {ac ganlnbanwn !bnr{c ( bfnj gwh{acwahhk, fnjk {cjswcr 7
njk& ih{wn !icjr, wcfn{lhjralur wcfn{lhjralur ‛ {hulbr {an{ `liswck lj Mnwq“r cqbcwu{r `whm Dhpnfcprdlo 79 !>19<,* L{ bhj{nljr wc`cwcjbcr {h {ac wcuhw{r h` {ac Bhffcb{hw h` Nzlminwa& Onmcr [ahmnrhj ‛ nfrh r{sklck g| Dhpnfcprdlo njk cqbcwu{ck g| Mnwq* 71 Iahra bhmunwck {ac fnjk wcfn{lhjr yl{alj {ac Wsrrlnj mlw njk& {ac Icwmnj bfnjr n{ {ac {lmc h` [nbl{sr& yl{a {ac rnmc nmlkr{ {ac Ljklnj ih{wnr & njk ywh{c ? ‑‑Nj n{{cmu{ {h {wnbc {ac rhblnf alr{hw| h` n {lmc nj{cwlhw {h {ac `hwmn{lhj h` {ac plffnic bhmmsjl{lcr& njk {an{& {hh& lj n bhsj{w| yacwc alr{hwlbnf wcbhwkr nwc nfmhr{ sjdjhyj& mn|& L `cnw& uwhphdc wlklbsfc l` jh{ bhj{cmu{* Njk L ranff jh{ mckkfc yl{a nj{l~snwlnj wcrcnwbacr h` {alr kcrbwlu{lhj& gs{ bcw{nlj pl{nf ~scr{lhjr h` hsw hyj kn|& rccm {h gc bhjjcb{ck yl{a {ac rsgocb{* L yhsfk jh{& ahycpcw& uwcrr {ac uhlj{ mhwc {anj {h hgrcwpc& {an{ {acwc lr cpcw| uhrrlglfl{| h` n Ih{wn bhmmsjl{| anplji hjbc cqlr{ck lj {ac bhsj{w| njk gc`hwc {ac kn|r h` rhmc h` {ac mhr{ ylkcf| uwcpnfcj{ fnyr h` hsw rhblc{| * * * Njk yc mn| {asr bhmc& lj `nb{& {h hg{nlj n `nlj{ iflmurc h` n uwhgngfc alr{hwlbnf bhjjcb{lhj gc{yccj {ac bhmmsjlrm h` Wsrrln njk Icwmnj|& h` Fnrrnffc njk Mnwq& hj {ac hjc anjk& njk hj {ac h{acw& {ac bhmmsjlrm h` hsw hyj rhblc{| ‛ n bhmmsjlrm yalba anr gcbhmc rh msba fldc {ac n{mhruacwc yc gwcn{ac& {an{ l{ lr m| hyj hyj bhsj{ bhsj{w| w|mcj mcj yah yah nwc nwc mhr{ mhr{ ljbw ljbwck cksfh sfhsr sr cpcj cpcj nghs nghs{{ {ac {ac fhilb fhilbnf nf lkcj lkcj{l {l{| {| h` {ac {ac {yh {yh rhbl rhblnf nf 7< uacjhmcjn*““
Iahra ynr& h` bhswrc& sjnynwc h` {ac `nb{ {an{ Mnwq ank sjkcwrbhwck {acrc alr{hwlbnf bhjjcb{lhjr& n bfcnw ~snw{cw h` n bcj{sw| gc`hwc alm& yacj ac ywh{c? ‑‑Bhmmsjnf uwhucw{| anr wcbcj{f| gccj wcklrbhpcwck nr n ucbsflnwf| Rfnplb bswlhrl{|* 25 Gs{ lj `nb{ Ljkln h``cwr sr n un{{cwj bnwk h` {ac mhr{ klpcwrc `hwmr h` rsba nj cbhjhmlb bhmmsjl{|& mhwc hw fcrr kcbhmuhrck& gs{ r{lff cj{lwcf| wcbhijlrngfc4 njk mhwc {ahwhsia alr{hwlbnf r{sk| `ljkr l{ nr {ac r{nw{lji uhlj{ h` nff bsf{swck uchufc*““2>
[awhsiahs{ {ac ><{a bcj{sw| n rcwlcr h` c``hw{r ycwc sjkcw{ndcj {h r{lmsfn{c {ac wlrlji uhfl{lbnf nrulwn{lhjr h` {ac ‑`wcra bfnrr“ h` Ljklnjr* [acrc c``hw{r bsfmljn{ck lj {ac `hsjklji h` {ac Ljklnj Jn{lhjnf Bhjiwcrr& lj >113* N unw{ h` {alr ‑`wcra bfnrr“ ynr {ndlji lj{cwcr{ lj {ac ~scr{lhjr h` rhblnflrm* [ac |hsji uhc{ Wngljkwnjn{a [andsw ![nihwc,& ywh{c nj nw{lbfc {l{fck ‖Rhblnflrm““* 27 L{ ynr gnrck hj n {wcn{lrc hj rhblnflrm g| {ac Gwl{lra rhblnflr{ Cnwjcr{ Gcf`hw{ Gnq !uhrrlgf| alr Wcflilhj h` Rhblnflrm & >110,* Rynml Plpcdnjnjkn !hwliljnf jnmc Jnwcjkwnjn{a Kn{{n,& {ac Aljks wc`hwmcw& kcbfnwck {an{ ac ynr n rhblnflr{* 22 Plpcdnjnjkn {ahsia{ h` rhblnflrm lj Ljkln nr {ac wsfc h` {ac Rskwnr & {ac uchufc h` {ac fnghswlji Pnwjn& hs{ h` yalba iwcy {ac fnghswlji bnr{cr h` Ljkln* [ac uwhgfcmr h` cmnjblun{lhj h` {ac bnr{cr njk {wlgcr njk {ahrc h` bnul{nflrm njk rhblnflrm wcmnlj lj{cw-{yljck lj {alr rsg-bhj{ljcj{ {lff kn{c* Uwhmljcj{ Uwhmljcj{ Ljklnj uhfl{lbnf uhfl{lbnf `liswcr fldc Knknganl Knknganl Jnhwhol njk Mnknmc Mnknmc Galdanol Galdanol Wsr{hm Dnmn bnmc lj bhj{nb{ yl{a {ac Gwl{lra rhblnflr{ Acjw| Mn|cwr A|jkmnj& lj {ac `lwr{ `lwr{ kcbnk kcbnkc c h` {ac {ac 75{a 75{a bcj{sw bcj{sw|* |* 2; [ahsi [ahsia a {acwc {acwc ynr ynr jh rhblnf rhblnflr{ lr{ unw{| unw{| lj Ljkln Ljkln&& Knknga Knknganl nl Jnhwh Jnhwholol n{{cjk n{{cjkck ck {ac {ac Lj{cw Lj{cwjn jn{lh {lhjn jnff Rhbln Rhblnflr flr{{ Bhjiw Bhjiwcrr crr n{ Nmr{cw Nmr{cwknm knm lj ><5;* 23 Mnknmc Mnknmc Dnmn Dnmn njk Rnwkn Rnwknww Rljia Rljiaolol Wnjn Wnjn n{{cj n{{cjkc kck k {ac jcq{ jcq{ Bhjiw Bhjiwcrr crr n{ R{s{{inw{ lj ><59* 20 [ac jnmc njk {cnbaljir h` Dnwf Mnwq gcinj {h kwny {ac n{{cj{lhj h` rcjrl{lpc Ljklnjr wcrlklji lj Cswhuc* Lj ><>5& Jniljfnf A* Rc{nfpnk& {acj wcrlklji n{ Fhjkhj& ywh{c nj nw{lbfc hj rhblnflrm lj nj lj`fscj{lnf Ljklnj ohswjnf* 29 L{ ynr gnrck hj n ghhd g| Ycwjcw Rhmgnw{*21 L{ bhj{nljck {ac `lwr{ mnohw wc`cwcjbc {h {ac lkcnr h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr lj {ac Ljklnj uwcrr* L{ mcj{lhjck {ac Mnjl`cr{h h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| 2
!>1;1,& njk rsiicr{ck {an{ n r{sk| h` {ac {cnbaljir h` Dnwf Mnwq bnj uwhplkc n plplk lkcn h` {ac rucblnf banwnb{cwlr{lbr h` {ac jcy rhblnflrm h` Cswhuc* Cqnb{f| {yh |cnwr fn{cw& {ac rnmc ohswjnf usgflrack n glhiwnualbnf rdc{ba h` Dnwf Mnwq& yacwclj ac ynr bnffck n Wlral ‛ n rnic& n rccw* 2< L{r ns{ahw Fnfn Anwkn|nf ynr n uwhmljcj{ cmliwc Ljklnj uhfl{lbnf nb{lplr{ njk rbahfnw& {acj {cnbalji Ljklnj Ualfhrhua| n{ {ac R{nj`hwk Sjlpcwrl{|* Ac ynr ucwrhjnff| nb~snlj{ck yl{a Mnwq“r iwnjkrhj Ocnj Fhjisc{& njk ank wcnk {ac Nmcwlbnj nkmlwcw h` Banwfcr @hswlcw njk rhblnf wc`hwmcw& Nfgcw{ Gwlrgnjc hj Mnwq& nr ycff nr n glhiwnua| h` Mnwq g| Ohaj Runwih* Lj alr rdc{ba& Anwkn|nf wc`cwwck {h rhmc fc{{cwr h` Mnwq“r yl`c Ocjj| njk& {h {ac Bnul{nf * [ac `lwr{ Ljklnj mhjhiwnua hj Mnwq ynr nfrh usgflrack {ac rnmc |cnw& lj {ac Mnfn|nfnm fnjisnic* ;5 L{r ns{ahw D* Wnmndwlrajn Ulffnl ynr n kcmhbwn{lbnff| hwlcj{ck ohswjnflr{* Gh{a Anwkn|nf njk Ulffnl djcy {an{ Mnwq ywh{c `hw {ac J\K[ & |c{ {ac| ycwc jh{ nynwc h` {ac `nb{ {an{ rhmc h` {acrc klrun{bacr ycwc nghs{ Ljkln* N`{cw {ac Wsrrlnj wcphfs{lhj h` Hb{hgcw !Jhpcmgcw, ><>9& {ac lkcnr h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr gcinj {h nuucnw lj {ac Ljklnj uwcrr {hic{acw yl{a {ac jcyr h` Ghfracplrm njk l{r uwhiwcrr*;> [ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| h` Ljkln ynr `hsjkck n{ [nradcj{ lj ><75* [ac Nff Ljkln [wnkc Sjlhj Bhjiwcrr ynr cr{ngflrack lj ><7>* [ac `lwr{ Ljklnj mhjhiwnua bhj{wnr{lji {ac uhfl{lbr h` Injkal yl{a {an{ h` Fcjlj& ;7 bhj{nljck wc`cwcjbcr {h Mnwq* [ac `lwr{ ìmliwì Ljklnj bhmmsjlr{ njnf|rlr h` {ac Ljklnj rl{sn{lhj nuucnwck jcq{* ;2 [ac ìmliwì bhmmsjlr{ ohswjnfr gcinj {h nwwlpc bfnjkcr{ljcf|* [ac `lwr{ bhmmsjlr{ ohswjnfr `whm yl{alj {ac bhsj{w| nfrh mnkc {aclw nuucnwnjbc* Lj nff {acrc usgflbn{lhjr Mnwq njk Cjicfr nuucnwck nr {ac lkchfhilbnf njbcr{hwr h` Ghfracplrm* Rljbc {acj& {ac bhmmsjlr{r njk {aclw `hffhycwr ycwc {ac uwljblunf uwhunin{hwr h` {ac {cnbaljir h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr lj Ljkln* Rhmc jhj-bhmmsjlr{ mcmgcwr h` {ac nbnkcmlb uwh`crrlhj nfrh {hhd rhmc ljl{ln{lpc* Yah ycwc njk nwc {acrc uchufc8 Alr{hwlnjr h` {ac bhmmsjlr{ mhpcmcj{ h` Ljkln anpc& rh `nw& lkcj{l`lck rcpcwnf nj{lGwl{lra-lmucwlnflr{ {wcjkr yalba ycj{ lj{h l{r `hwmn{lhj* [acrc nwc ? {ac ìmliwì un{wlh{lb {wcjk ;; hucwn{lji `whm Icwmnj|& {ac SRN& [swdc| njk N`injlr{nj4 {ac Unj-Lrfnmlb Dalfn`n{lr{ Msanolwr ;3 hucwn{lji `whm N`injlr{nj4 {ac Rlda njk Usjongl ìmliwì fnghsw mhpcmcj{ lj {ac SRN njk Bnjnkn hwinjlrck nwhsjk {ac Ianknw Unw{| !rhmc h` l{r mcmgcwr hucwn{ck `whm {ac Fn{lj Nmcwlbnr, ;04 njk `ljnff|& {ac fc`{ yljir h` {ac Ljklnj Jn{lhjnf Bhjiwcrr& {ac pnwlhsr Aljks {cwwhwlr{ hwinjlrn{lhjr njk iwhsur& ;9 {ac Dalfn`n{ mhpcmcj{& ;1 njk {ac Ndnfl mhpcmcj{ h` {ac Raldar& ;< ljrlkc {ac bhsj{w|* 35 [ac mcmgcwr h` {acrc {wcjkr bnwwlck yl{a {acm {aclw nfwcnk| nb~slwck bnr{lr{& unwhbalnf& bhmmsjnf& wcflilhsr& qcjhuahglb& jn{lhjnf& un{wlh{lb& njnwbalr{ njk rhblnflr{ sjkcwr{njklji h` Ljkln njk {ac yhwfk* H`{cj {aclw lkchfhi| ynr n a|gwlk h` hjc hw mhwc h` {acrc yhwfkplcyr& mljifck yl{a {aclw jcyf| nb~slwck Ghfracpld sjkcwr{njklji h` Mnwq* [acrc a|gwlk `hwmr h` bhjrblhsrjcrr nwhrc `whm n rhblnf rhlf& yacwc& `hffhylji {ac Cswhucnj bhfhjlnf lj{cwpcj{lhjr& ‑‑n yahfc rcwlcr h` cbhjhmlb r|r{cmr““ iwcy suhj {ac rhblnf `hwmn{lhjr gnrck hj ‑‑kcbhmuhrck bhmmsjnf uwhucw{|*““ 3> Hsw uhfl{lblnjr njk mcmgcwr h` {ac nbnkcmlb bhmmsjl{|& lj{cwcr{ck lj Mnwq njk Cjicfr& ranwc {acrc msf{l;
`nbc{ck `hwmr h` mhkcwj Ljklnj bhjrblhsrjcrr* Gs{ {acwc lr nj lmuhw{nj{ kl``cwcjbc nmhji {acm* Nbbhwklji {h hjc plcy& {ac nbnkcmlb uwh`crrlhj lj mhkcwj Ljkln bnmc lj{h cqlr{cjbc lj n rhblc{| yalba ynr ‑‑jh{ n blplf rhblc{|& l{ bhsfk jh{ kcpcfhu n rcjrc h` n``ljl{| yl{a {ac h{acw rcb{hwr h` {ac cfl{c ‛ nflcj njk Ljklnj ‛ yalba wsfck {ac Ljklnj uhfl{|& cbhjhm| njk bsf{swc* Njk gclji mhwc nkpnjbck lj rbnfc hj yalba l{ ynr bnwwlck hj {anj {ac cbhjhmlb njk rhblnf r{wsb{swc h` {ac bhsj{w|& l{ bhsfk jh{ `sjb{lhj nr nj c``cb{lpc {wnljlji r{nic `hw {ac bcj{wnf njk fcrrcw cfl{cr h` {ac bhsj{w| * * * [ac n{{wl{lhj h` blplfl{| njk rsucw`fsl{| lj {ac ucw`hwmnjbc h` l{r `sjb{lhj lj {ac Ljklnj cbhjhm| anpc ljalgl{ck lj{cffcb{snf nwkhsw njk anmucwck {ac iwhy{a h` lj{cffcb{snf {wnkl{lhjr*““37
Nbbhwklji {h njh{acw plcy& {ac Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj klk anpc n blplf rhblc{|& {ahsia l{ nuucnwr fcrr nw{lbsfn{ck yacj bhmunwck yl{a l{r bhsj{cwunw{ sjkcw bnul{nflrm* 32 Yl{alj {ac hpcwnff khmljnjbc h` {ac pnwjlb ( bnr{c-ylrc klplrlhj h` fnghsw& n dljk h` blplf rhblc{| iwcy lj {ac njblcj{ Ljklnj {hyjr* [ac Nw{anranr{wn !b* 255 G*B*->35 B*C*, h` Dns{lf|n3; njk {ac Dnmnrs{wn !b* 255-;55 B* C*, h` Pn{r|n|njn 33 wc`fcb{ {ac cqlr{cjbc h` wsfc-ihpcwjck bhj{wnb{snf wcfn{lhjr* Fn{cw hj {alr blplf rhblc{| ynr bwhrrck yl{a rcpcwnf Bcj{wnf Nrlnj njk ucwluacwnf Ucwrlnj r{wnljr* @ljnff|& {ac Cswhucnj bhfhjlnf uhycwr ‛ Uhw{sinf& @wnjbc njk Cjifnjk ‛ bwhrrgwck rhmc Cswnrlnj blplf rhblc{lcr lj rhmc {hyjr* [ac uwcrcj{ Ljklnj ihpcwjmcj{r nwc n{ hjbc cq{cjklji njk flml{lji {aclw khmnljr* Ljr{cnk h` n blplf rhblc{| ilplji wlrc {h n bhwwcruhjklji uhfl{lbnf rhblc{|& l{ lr n bnrc h` n a|gwlk uhfl{lbnf rhblc{| lj{whksblji njk bhj{whfflji rcpcwnf a|gwlk blplf rhblc{lcr `whm nghpc* Lj njblcj{ Ljkln& nbnkcmlb nb{lpl{| ynr {ac rhfc uwcrcwpc h` n {alj fn|cw h` Gwnamnjr * Ljklnj Lrfnm dcu{ l{ flml{ck nmhji {ac Nrawn`r ‛ Rnl|nkr& Racldar* Lj {ac Msianf& bhfhjlnf njk uhr{-bhfhjlnf ucwlhkr mcmgcwr h` n bhsufc h` h{acw ‑suucw“ bnr{cr ‛ {ac Dn|nr{anr& Pnlk|nr ‛ cj{cwck lj{h {ac nbnkcmlb uwh`crrlhj* L{ lr r{lff uwckhmljnj{f| nj ‑suucw“ bnr{c uwcrcwpc* [ac| anpc nfrh c``cb{lpcf| nuuwhuwln{ck {ac mckln& {ac cqcbs{lpc& {ac bhsw{r& {ac uhfl{lbnf unw{lcr& ljbfsklji {ac bhmmsjlr{ unw{lcr& njk {ac unwflnmcj{* Gc l{ jh{ck {an{ jh{ n rljifc Ljklnj ns{ahw wc`cwwck {h lj {ac uwcrcj{ nw{lbfc gcfhjir {h nj| h` {ac ‑fhycw“ bnr{cr njk {wlgcr h` Ljkln* [ac mnwdc{ lr {ac khmnlj mnljf| h` {ac Gnjlnr * [ac bswwcj{f| khmljnj{ ‑`wcra bfnrr“ lr n bfsr{cw h` bhnfl{lhjr h` {ac unw{lnff| ycr{cwjlzck rcb{lhjr h` {acrc ‑suucw“ bnr{cr* [ac bhj{wnb{snf wcfn{lhjr {ac| cj{cw lj{h nwc r{lff fnwicf| kc{cwmljck g| {aclw bnr{c r{n{sr lj {ac rhblc{|* Wlia{ {h uwhucw{|& {ahsia n r{n{s{hw| wlia{& lr jh{ n `sjknmcj{nf wlia{ lj Ljkln {hkn|* 30 Cpcj lj {ac uhr{-bhfhjlnf ucwlhk& {ac ljksr{wlnf yhwdcw lr n ‑‑ucnrnj{ mnj~sì“ “& n ucnrnj{ n{ acnw{* 39 Mnwwlnicr nmhji {ac mnohwl{| bhmmsjl{| h` Aljksr nwc r{lff fnwicf| bnr{ccjkhinmhsr njk ih{wn-cqhinmhsr n{ {ac rnmc {lmc* [alr mlfl{n{cr ninljr{ pcw{lbnf rhblnf mhglfl{|& wlia{ `whm {ac fcpcf h` balfk wcnwlji uwnb{lbcr& ihpcwjck g| bnr{c-rucbl`lb unwnklimr* L{ nuucnwr {an{ fldc {ac bwhrrgwck r{wnljr lj {ac ufnj{ yhwfk njk njlmnf dljikhm {ac bwhrrgwck blplf rhblc{lcr nfrh wc~slwc bhj{ljshsr gnbdbwhrrlji& `hw {ac wc{cj{lhj njk cjanjbcmcj{ h` {aclw pl{nfl{|* Lj {ac ngrcjbc h` rsba gnbdbwhrrlji {ac| `nf{cw& r{nijn{c4 {ac fljdnicr nmhji {ac nbnkcmlb& bcj{wnf njk fcrrcw cfl{cr ic{ `wnb{swck* [ac alr{hw| h` wcbcu{lhj h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr lj Ljkln lr sj`hfklji ljrlkc {alr fnwicw alr{hw| h` `sw{acw nw{lbsfn{lhj h` {ac blplf rhblc{lcr lj {alr rsg-bhj{ljcj{& r{wnkkflji rcpcwnf rhblh-alr{hwlbnf {lmc-zhjcr ‛ `whm {an{ h` {ac asj{cw-in{acwcwr {h {an{ h` {ac jc{lzcjr ‛ acwc njk jhy* N `hsjkcw h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ unw{| h` Mcqlbh lj ><><& njk h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| h` Ljkln n{ [nradcj{ lj ><75& Mnjngcjkwn Jn{a Wh| !hwliljnf jnmc& Jnwcjkwn Jn{a 3
Gan{{nbanw|n,& ywh{c& yacj jh fhjicw n bhmmsjlr{& {an{ ac ank nbbcu{ck rhblnflrm lj ><>0& gs{ jh{ ‑‑l{r mn{cwlnflr{ ualfhrhua|*““ 31 Njh{acw cnwf| Ljklnj nkmlwcw h` Ghfracplrm& Mnsfnpl Mhanmmnk Gnwndn{sffna ywh{c lj ><><& {an{ ‑‑Dnwf Mnwq `hsjkck {ac fh`{| r{wsb{swc h` rhblnflrm lj {ac ><{a bcj{sw|““ gnrlji almrcf` hj {ac gnrlb uwljblufcr uwhuhsjkck g| ‑‑Ufn{h& {ac klpljc mnj““& lj alr ghhd bnffck {ac Wcusgflb *3< Gnwndn{sffna rny lj Ghfracplrm {ac `wsl{l{lhj h` {ac rulwl{r& jh{ hjf| h` Ufn{h& gs{ nfrh h` Osknlrm& Bawlr{lnjl{| njk Lrfnm* 05 \c{ njh{acw nkmlwcw h` Ghfracplrm& yah fn{cw hj gcbnmc hjc h` {ac fcnkcwr h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| h` Ljkln& nuuwhpljif| ywh{c lj ><7> ? ‑‑Ghfracplrm lr jh{& fldc h{acw rblcjbcr& rlmuf| n rblcjbc h` uhfl{lbr njk cbhjhmlbr& rsgml{{lji l{rcf` {h banjicr ksc {h bwl{lblrm& n {wsc Mnwqlnj hw n Ghfracpld ylff nkml{ h` jh banjic lj {ac ghk| h` {ac {achwlcr h` alr `nl{a* Dnwf Mnwq“r Ghhd {ac ‑‑Bnul{nf““ lr {h {ac Ghfracpld yan{ {ac Icc{n TGaninpnk-Il{n] lr {h {ac Aljks& hw {ac Glgfc {h {ac Bawlr{lnj* Kn| g| kn| {ac pcw| ljrulwcw Dnwf Mnwq lr unrrlji lj{h n M|{albnf Gclji* Ghfracplrm anr bhmc {h nb~slwc n `hwbc h` wcflilhj& njk nff {an{ ljrulwck sj`fljbalji gcflc`& {an{ n wcflilhj kcmnjkr*““0>
[alr wcilr{wn{lhj h` {ac wcflilhsr ‑mhmcj{“ lj Ghfracplrm& h` {ac {achfhilzn{lhj h` {ac Bnul{nf njk& h` {ac m|{ahfhilzn{lhj h` Mnwq& lmmckln{cf| wcmljkr hjc h` Cjicfr“ r{n{cmcj{& {an{ ‑‑[ac alr{hw| h` uwlml{lpc Bawlr{lnjl{| uwcrcj{r ucbsflnw uhlj{r h` n``ljl{| yl{a {ac mhkcwj fnghsw mhpcmcj{*““07
Rucndlji h` fn{cw Bawlr{lnjl{| njk fn{cw Mnwqlrm& n wnklbnf Bawlr{lnj alr{hwlnj h` Mnwqlrm-lj-Ljkln hgrcwpck {an{? ‑‑Mnwqlrm bnmc {h Ljkln lj l{r icjcwnflzck bn{cbalrm `hwm h` Mnwqlrm-Fcjljlrm*““02
Njk {an{? ‑‑T[]acwc lr n rlmlfnw wcfn{lhj gc{yccj {ac alr{hwlbnf njk uhfl{lbnf cbhjhmlb ywl{ljir h` Mnwq njk R{nflj“r khb{wljnf r|r{cm& nr gc{yccj {ac glgflbnf {cq{r njk rhmc rbahfnr{lb r|r{cm h` baswba khb{wljc* Gh{a kcpcfhumcj{r nwc bhjjcb{ck yl{a {ac uwhbcrr h` ljr{l{s{lhjnflzn{lhj njk cqcwblrlji uhycw*““0;
Hjc mn| nkk& {an{ rlmlfnw wcfn{lhjr nwc nfrh hgrcwpck lj wcrucb{ h` {ac Pcknr njk {ac fn{cw bhkl`lbn{lhj h` gwnamnjlb Aljkslrm lj {ac Rmw{lr njk lj {ac rsgrc~scj{ bhmmcj{nwlcr 03& nr ycff nr lj {ac bnrc h` {ac {cnbaljir h` Gskkan njk {aclw rsgrc~scj{ {wnjr`hwmn{lhj& bsfmljn{lji lj {ac alr{hw| h` Gskkalrm lj [lgc{* 00 LL
Cjicfr“ Kcw Swruwsji kcw @nmlflc& kcr Uwlpn{clicj{smr sjk kcr R{nn{r ynr {ac `lwr{ {cq{ {an{ ynr {wnjrfn{ck lj{h nj Ljklnj fnjisnic& gc`hwc nj| h{acw yhwd h` Mnwq hw Cjicfr* Nj nb{lplr{ h` {ac nj{l-Gwl{lra `wcckhm mhpcmcj{& njk ylkcf| {wnpcffck cbhjhmlr{ njk rhblhfhilr{& Uwh`crrhw Gcjh| Dsmnw Rnwdnw uwcunwck n `wcc Gcjinfl wcjkcwlji h` l{& yalfc wcrlklji n{ Fsinjh lj Ryl{zcwfnjk& njk ih{ l{ usgflrack `whm Bnfbs{{n& sjkcw n banjick {l{fc* 09 Rnwdnw kc`cjkck {ac banjic lj {l{fc yl{a {ac nwismcj{ {an{ uwlpn{c uwhucw{| lr jh{ {ac mnlj lrrsc lj Cjicfr“ {cq{4 {ac mnlj lrrsc {acwc lr {ac alr{hw| h` {awcc bcj{wcr h` asmnj fl`c ? {ac `nmlf|& {ac icjr njk {ac r{n{c* 01 Ahycpcw& ac hgrcwpck {an{ ~scr{lhjr wcfn{ck {h uwlpn{c uwhucw{| nwc bfhrc {h Cjicfr“ acnw{ 0<4 0
acjbc& ucwanur& {ac rsg{l{fc ? ! Nj Cbhjhmlb Lj{cwuwc{n{lhj h` Alr{hw| ,* Rnwdnw klk jh{ uwhplkc nj| ckl{hwlnf wcmnwd hw jh{c hj {ac pnwlhsr Ljkln-wcfn{ck wc`cwcjbcr `hsjk lj {alr {cq{ !rcc j* 9 nghpc,* Rnmc lr {wsc h` {ac fn{cw cqnb{ Gcjinfl {wnjrfn{lhjr h` {alr {cq{* 95 Rnwdnw jh{ck& {an{ Mnwq njk Cjicfr nwc gclji yhwraluck g| {ac yhwdcwr njk uhhw uchufc nff hpcw {ac yhwfk& nr {ac iwcn{cr{ uwcbcu{hwr h` {ac nic4 9> {an{ {ac rcbhjk njk {alwk phfsmcr h` Mnwq“r Bnul{nf & {ac ‑‑Il{n h` Mnwq“r uwljblufcr““& cpcw|yacwc rahyr {ac mnwdr h` Cjicfr“ `wcc ckl{hwlnf anjk* 97 Ac ywh{c& {an{ {ac huljlhjr njk yhwkr h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr nwc jh{ {h gc {wcn{ck nr {ac Aljksr {wcn{ {ac Pcknr4 {acrc nwc {h gc {cr{ck ninljr{ `nb{r* 92 Njk {an{ ‑‑[ac nqlhmr uwhuhsjkck g| Mnwq njk Cjicfr nwc fldc {ac nqlhmr h` {ac h{acw rblcjbcr* Cpcw| nqlhm anr l{r khmnlj* * * * T[]ac nqlhmr h` cbhjhmlb lj{cwuwc{n{lhj nwc wcfn{lpc* Ahycpcw& {ac glih{ck `hffhycwr h` Mnwq-Cjicfr nwc jh{ wcnk| {h nbbcu{ {ac wcfn{lpl{| h` {acrc wsfcr* [acrc uchufc nwc r{sgghwj mhjlr{r*““9;
Lj {ac `hffhylji |cnw {ac ìmliwì bhmmsjlr{ ohswjnf Mnrrcr wcuwlj{ck Mnwq“r J\K[ nw{lbfc {l{fck ‑‑[ac @s{swc Wcrsf{r h` Gwl{lra Wsfc lj Ljkln*““ 93 Hjc khcr jh{ djhy ahy mnj| bhulcr h` l{ wcnback {ac wcnkcwr lj Ljkln* N |cnw fn{cw& Wnonjl Unfmc Ks{{ h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| h` Iwcn{ Gwl{nlj srck rhmc h` {ac Ljkln-wcfn{ck ywl{ljir h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr lj hjc h` alr ghhdr hj Ljkln* 90 L{r Gcjinfl {wnjrfn{lhj ynr rcwlnflrck lj {ac ohswjnf Injngnjl & `whm l{r >7{a lrrsc kn{ck 71 Nuwlf& ><79* 99 [ac `lwr{ `wcc Gcjinfl wcjkcwlji h` {ac Mnjl`cr{h h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| !>1;1, ynr nfrh unw{f| rcwlnflrck lj {ac rnmc Injngnjl & hwinj h` {ac Gcjinf Uwhpljblnf Gwnjba h` {ac Yhwdcwr“ njk Ucnrnj{r“ Unw{| h` Ljkln ‛ n fcinf mnrr uhfl{lbnf unw{| {an{ uwhplkck bhpcw `hw {ac mcmgcwr h` {ac lffcinf Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| h` Ljkln* Fn{cw hj& l{ ynr usgflrack nr n mhjhiwnua& sjkcw n banjick {l{fc* 91 [ac {wnjrfn{hw& yah ynr {acj n bhmmsjlr{& klk jh{ uwhplkc nj| wcmnwd kc`cjklji {ac banjic lj {l{fc* [alr ckl{lhj khcr jh{ bhj{nlj Cjicfr“ `hh{jh{c {h {ac `nmhsr `lwr{ rcj{cjbc h` {ac `lwr{ rcb{lhj h` {alr {cq{? ‑‑[ac alr{hw| h` nff al{acw{h cqlr{lji rhblc{|/ lr {ac alr{hw| h` bfnrr r{wsiifcr*““9<
[alr `hh{jh{c ynr nkkck {h {ac >111 Cjiflra njk >1<5 Icwmnj ckl{lhjr h` {ac Mnjl`cr{h* [alr lr {ac hjf| Ljkln-wcfn{ck `hh{jh{c nkkck {h {alr {cq{* L{ kwnyr hsw n{{cj{lhj {h {ac uwc-bfnrr njk jhj-bfnrr rhblnf wcfn{lhjr njk bhj`flb{r hgrcwpck lj mnj| unw{r h` {ac yhwfk& Ljkln ljbfskck* Fnbd h` nynwcjcrr nghs{ hw& ifhrrlji hpcw h` {alr nrucb{ h` {ac yhwfk-alr{hwlbnf bhjbcwjr h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr fck {h mnj| h` {ac fn{cw Mnwqlr{& Sjlpcwrnflr{& mcbanjlbnf njk khimn{lb lmuhrl{lhj h` {ac bfnrr-r{wsiifc rbacmn{n& hj nj| njk cpcw| rcb{hw h` nj| njk cpcw| rhblc{|* Lj ><7<& {ac fcnkcwr h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| h` Ljkln ycwc nbbsrck h` bhjrulwlji {h plhfcj{f| hpcw{awhy {ac bhfhjlnf ihpcwjmcj{ h` Ljkln* G| {alr {lmc& {ac fcnkcwr h` {alr unw{| ank cl{acw wcnk hw acnwk nghs{ ? {ac Mnjl`cr{h h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| !>1;1,& Ucnrnj{ Ynw lj Icwmnj| !>135,& Clia{ccj{a Gwsmnlwc h` Fhslr Ghjnunw{c !>13>,& Wcphfs{lhj njk Bhsj{cw-wcphfs{lhj lj Icwmnj| !>13>-37,& [ac Bwl{l~sc h` Uhfl{lbnf Cbhjhm| !>13<,& {awcc phfsmcr h` {ac Bnul{nf !>109& >113& >1<;,& [ac Blplf Ynw lj @wnjbc !>19>, njk& {ac Nj{l-Köawlji !>191,* 15 [ac flr{ h` cqalgl{r uwcrcj{ck g| {ac ihpcwjmcj{& gc`hwc {ac bhsw{& ljbfskck W* U* Ks{{“r Mhkcwj Ljkln !rcc ? j* 90, njk& {ac Bhfhjlnf [acrlr h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Lj{cwjn{lhjnf !><71,& bhj{nljlji wc`cwcjbcr {h Mnwq“r 9
ywl{ljir hj Ljkln& {hic{acw yl{a n fnwic jsmgcw h` h{acw {cq{r& yalba {ac bhmmsjlr{r h` Ljkln ycwc |c{ {h wcnk* 1> [alr inpc {ac nbbsrck nj huuhw{sjl{| {h nrd `hw mhwc ghhdr& yalba {ac| ank jcpcw wcnk hw rccj& nr {acrc ycwc bhj`lrbn{ck lj {ac bsr{hmr sjkcw ihpcwjmcj{ hwkcwr* [acrc ghhdr ycwc {acj gwhsia{ `whm Cjifnjk& sjkcw rucblnf hwkcwr h` {ac bhsw{& njk ilpcj {h {ac nbbsrck {h wcnk lj onlf* 17 L{ nuucnwr {an{ {ac Gwl{lra wsfc lj Ljkln ynr nj ‑‑sjbhjrblhsr {hhf h` alr{hw|““& 12 nfrh lj wcrucb{ h` {ac lj{whksb{lhj h` Ghfracplrm njk Mnwq* [ac Bhmlj{cwj ynr l{r hjf| alr{hwlbnf wlpnf lj {an{ nwcn* N rcfcb{lhj h` {ac Ljkln-wcfn{ck ywl{ljir h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr& gcbnmc npnlfngfc lj Ljkln `hw {ac `lwr{ {lmc lj ><21* 1; L{r Nuucjklbcr bhj{nljck ? Mnwq“r ‑‑Wcphfs{lhj lj Baljn njk lj Cswhuc““ ! J\K[ & Osjc >;& >132,& 13 rhmc fc{{cwr h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr kcnflji yl{a Lwcfnjk& 10 Ohrcua R{nflj“r ‑‑[ac Bnul{nflr{ R|r{cm njk {ac Jn{lhjnf ^scr{lhj““ njk& cqbcwu{r `whm {ac wcuhw{r h` {ac 0{a Bhjiwcrr h` {ac Bhmlj{cwj {l{fck ‑‑C``cb{r h` Lmucwlnflrm lj {ac Bhfhjlcr*““ N rlmlfnw rcfcb{lhj bnmc hs{ lj {yh ckl{lhjr& yl{alj n `cy |cnwr*19 L{ bhj{nljr nj ‑Lj{whksb{lhj“ bsffck `whm kl``cwcj{ unrrnicr h` n rcbhjk ghhd hj Ljkln g| W* U* Ks{{& 11 yalba ynr& njk r{lff lr& uhusfnw nmhji {ac bhmmsjlr{r* [ahsia {ac {l{fc rsiicr{r {an{ l{ lr n rcfcb{lhj h` Mnwq“r nw{lbfcr& l{ bhj{nljr cqbcwu{r `whm {ac phfsmcr L njk LL h` {ac Bnul{nf & `whm Cjicfr“ Nj{l-Köawlji njk [ac Hwlilj h` {ac @nmlf|& Uwlpn{c Uwhucw{| njk {ac R{n{c & nr ycff nr `whm rhmc fc{{cwr h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr kcnflji yl{a {ac kcpcfhumcj{ njk kcbn| h` {ac cbhjhm| h` {ac plffnic bhmmsjl{lcr h` Ljkln njk& yl{a {ac uwckn{hw| mc{ahkr cmufh|ck g| cnwf| lmucwlnflr{ bnul{nflrm lj Ljkln* N`{cw n inu h` nghs{ >3 |cnwr& rhmc mhwc h` {ac Ljkln-wcfn{ck ywl{ljir h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr ycwc gwhsia{ hs{& jh{ lj Ljkln& gs{ `whm {ac SRRW* 1< [acrc usgflbn{lhjr ycwc {acj {wnjrfn{ck lj{h rcpcwnf Ljklnj fnjisnicr& <5 gh{a lj Ljkln njk lj {ac Rhplc{ Sjlhj njk& ycwc ylkcf| klr{wlgs{ck lj Ljkln* Wcfn{ck ycr{cwj usgflbn{lhjr h` {ac rnmc ucwlhk <> nbalcpck rhmcyan{ flml{ck blwbsfn{lhj* N rhplc{ usgflbn{lhj h` {ac fn{c ><95r <7 ynr mhwc nbbcrrlgfc {h n fnwicw rcb{lhj h` Ljklnj wcnkcwr* Kl``cwcj{ phfsmcr h` {ac MCBY !><93-, ycwc npnlfngfc {awhsia n fnwic jsmgcw h` bhmmsjlr{-wsj ghhd-r{hwcr* [ac Rcfcb{ck Yhwdr h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr ycwc nfrh npnlfngfc lj mnj| Ljklnj fnjisnic ckl{lhjr* [ac bhffnurc h` {ac SRRW anr bfhrck {an{ rsuuf| banjjcf* N `cy bhulcr h` rhmc Ks{ba usgflbn{lhjr <2 nwwlpck lj rhmc Ljklnj flgwnwlcr lj {ac ><15r* N rhmcyan{ ngwlkick Gcjinfl {wnjrfn{lhj h` Mnwq“r cqbcwu{r `whm Ohaj Gskk Uacnw“r ‑‑Mhkcwj Plffnic Fl`c lj Gcjinf““& [ac Bnfbs{{n Wcplcy !Osf| njk Hb{hgcw >19;,& ynr usgflrack lj n ohswjnf lj ><19* <; [ac ckl{hwlnf lj{whksb{lhj {h {alr {wnjrfn{lhj sjkcwrbhwck {ac `nb{ {an{ Mnwq“r r{sk| h` Ljkln klk jh{ wcmnlj r{n{lb n{ l{r >135r fcpcf* L{ ynr uhlj{ck hs{ {an{ {acrc cqbcwu{r h` Mnwq nwc lmuhw{nj{ `hw n r{sk| h` {ac ~scr{lhjr wcfn{ck {h {ac Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj& {ac kl``cwcjbc gc{yccj {alr mhkc njk Cswhucnj `csknflrm njk& {ac banjicr lj{whksbck g| {ac Gwl{lra wsfc lj fnjkck uwhucw{| lj Ljkln* Rlmlfnw bhjrlkcwn{lhjr uwhmu{ck n Gcjinfl {wnjrfn{lhj h` Mnwq“r cqbcwu{r hj {ac alr{hw| h` fnjk wcfn{lhjr lj Ljkln& `whm Mndrlm Mndrlmhplba Dhpnfcprdlo“r Hgraljjhc _cmfcpfnkcjlc l*{*k* !Mhrdpn& >19<,& usgflrack lj ><<<* <3 [acrc cqbcwu{r h` Mnwq ycwc 1
`lwr{ usgflrack lj n Wsrrlnj ohswjnf lj ><31* <0 Rhmc 73 |cnwr anpc cfnurck rljbc {ac ljbfsrlhj h` {aclw Cjiflra wcjkcwlji lj n Ks{ba usgflbn{lhj* <9 Ljklnjr& ahycpcw& wcmnlj nfmhr{ rlfcj{ !{acwc nuucnwck hjf| {yh wcplcyr h` {ac usgflbn{lhj ljklbn{ck lj j* <3, nghs{ {acm {lff {hkn|* LLL
[ac `lwr{ Ljklnj wcruhjrc {h nj Ljkln-wcfn{ck nw{lbfc h` Mnwq `liswck lj nj ìmliwì bhmmsjlr{ ohswjnf* N mhj{a gc`hwc {ac `lwr{ nff-Ljkln bhj`cwcjbc h` {ac bhmmsjlr{r hj {ac Ljklnj rhlf& acfk n{ Dnjusw& S*U* lj Kcbcmgcw ><73& {ac mhj{af| Mnrrcr& lrrsck g| M* J* Wh| `whm ngwhnk& lj{whksbck Mnwq“r J\K[ nw{lbfc {l{fck ‑‑[ac @s{swc Wcrsf{r h` {ac Gwl{lra Wsfc lj Ljkln““& yl{a {ac yhwkr ? ‑Nunw{ `whm l{r {achwc{lbnf pnfsc {ac nw{lbfc rahyr ahy wcmnwdngf| ycff-lj`hwmck {ac ywl{cw ynr n{ {an{ wcmh{c cuhba yacj Ljkln ynr n `ngsfhsr {cwwn ljbhijl{n cpcj {h {ac fcnklji r{n{crmcj h` Gwl{nlj* Nff {awhsia l{r gfhhk| alr{hw| Gwl{lra khmljn{lhj h` Ljkln anr gccj cl{acw uwnlrck hw bhjkcmjck* [h rhmc l{ lr nj sjmlqck ihhk njk {h {ac h{acwr nj sjmlqck cplf* Nr `nw gnbd nr >132& yacj rh fl{{fc ynr djhyj nr {h {ac r{n{c h` n``nlwr lj Ljkln& {ac bwl{lbnf mljk h` Mnwq iwnruck {ac alr{hwlbnf rlijl`lbnjbc h` Gwl{lra bhj~scr{ h` Ljkln* Yalfc gl{{cwf| bhjkcmjlji {ac lmucwlnflr{ whggcw|& Mnwq ljklbn{ck {ac iwcn{ wcphfs{lhjnw| c``cb{ {an{ yhsfk wcrsf{ `whm Gwl{lra bhj~scr{* Ac kcbfnwck yl{a alr banwnb{cwlr{lb ghfkjcrr {an{ c``cb{ yhsfk jh{ lj n mcnj kciwcc mndc su `hw {ac cplf khjc {h Ljkln g| {ac Gwl{lra bhj~scwhwr* [hkn| yc rcc ahy bhwwcb{ ynr {ac `hwcbnr{ mnkc g| Mnwq* Gwl{lra bhj~scr{ anr ank lj Ljkln {ac rlijl`lbnjbc h` n iwcn{ wcphfs{lhj* Anplji nbbhmuflrack nj alr{hwlbnf mlrrlhj Gwl{lra wsfc lj Ljkln gcbnmc n uhrl{lpc aljkwnjbc {h {ac jhwmnf uwhiwcrr h` {ac `hwbcr fc{ fhhrc g| {ac wcphfs{lhj*““<1
[ac `lwr{ Ljklnj fnjisnic rsmmnwlcr h` Mnwq“r J\K[ nw{lbfcr nuucnwck lj {ac cnwf| ><;5r* [ac ns{ahwr h` {acrc rsmmnwlcr nuuwcbln{ck Mnwq“r ‑‑kccu ljrlia{r““ << njk ‑‑rblcj{l`lb rulwl{““* >55 N fcnkcw h` {ac Ljklnj Jn{lhjnf Bhjiwcrr& fn{cw hj {ac `lwr{ Uwlmc Mljlr{cw h` ljkcucjkcj{ Ljkln& Onynanwfnf Jcaws usgflrack alr r{sk| h` Ljklnj alr{hw| >5> lj {ac fn{c ><;5r* Lj alr hyj yhwkr& alr yhwfkplcy ynr n ‑‑mlq{swc““ h` rhmc nrucb{r h` {ac lkcnflrm h` mhjlr{ Pcknj{n & Mnwq“r icjcwnf njnf|rlr h` rhblnf kcpcfhumcj{ njk& n rhmcyan{ uwnimn{lb bhjbcwj nghs{ {ac lmmckln{c lrrscr h` fl`c* >57 Ac nfrh gcflcpck {an{ ‑‑Fcjlj rsbbcrr`sff| nknu{ck {ac Mnwqlnj {acrlr““ {h rhmc h` {ac fn{cw kcpcfhumcj{r* >52 Ahycpcw& lj {alr ylkcf| uhusfnw {hsw kc `hwbc hj Ljklnj alr{hw|& `whm {ac ucwlhk h` Ljksr Pnffc| Blplflzn{lhj !b*7355 G*B*, {h {ac cnwf| ><;5r& hjc khcr jh{ `ljk nj| mcj{lhj h` {ac nfwcnk| usgflrack Ljkln-rucbl`lb ywl{ljir h` Mnwq* Cplkcj{f|& ac klk jh{ nrrhbln{c {ac jnmc h` Mnwq yl{a r{sklcr lj Ljklnj alr{hw|* Cpcj {hkn| hjc `ljkr n unw{lnf nynwcjcrr h` Mnwq“r Ljkln-wcfn{ck ywl{ljir& hjf| nmhji rhmc rucblnflr{r njk& rhmc mcmgcwr h` {ac hfkcw icjcwn{lhj h` mhwc fl{cwn{c bhmmsjlr{r* R* N* Knjic kwn`{ck alr r{sk| h` Ljklnj alr{hw|& >5; gc{yccj Hb{hgcw ><;7 njk Onjsnw| ><;2& yalfc lj Onlf* Ac bfnlmck {an{ alr {cq{ bfhrcf| `hffhyck Cjicfr“ [ac Hwlilj h` {ac @nmlf|& Uwlpn{c Uwhucw{| njk {ac R{n{c *>53 Lj wcnfl{| l{ ynr mhwc c``cb{lpcf| ljrulwck g| {ac bhkl`lck alr{hwlbnf mn{cwlnflrm h` {ac Alr{hw| h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| h` {ac Rhplc{ Sjlhj !Ghfracpldr,& Rahw{ Bhswrc !Mhrbhy& ><;3,* >50 Knjic ynr nynwc h` {ac `nb{r {an{ Ljkln klk jh{ anpc fnghsw rfnpcw| h` {ac Iwccd hw Whmnj {|uc& >59 njk {an{ <
‑‑Mnwq ank jh{ bhmc {h n `ljnf bhjbfsrlhj““ nghs{ {ac ~scr{lhjr h` fnjk wcfn{lhjr lj Ljkln* >51 Gs{ ac acfk `nr{ {h alr gcflc` lj {ac cqlr{cjbc h` ‑rfnpcw|“ njk ‑`csknflrm“ lj Ljkln* Knjic uhrck gs{ klk jh{ uswrsc {ac ~scr{lhj ? ya| {ac mcwbanj{ bnul{nf h` mcklcpnf Ljkln ‑‑bhsfk jh{ iwhy {h {ac uhlj{ h` ilplji glw{a {h {ac ghswichlrlc njk rc{ ghswichlr kcpcfhumcj{ ihlji lj hsw bhsj{w|8““ >5< Knjic klk jh{ wcplrc {ac fn{cw ckl{lhjr h` alr ghhd lj {ac flia{ h` rsgrc~scj{ bwl{l~sc h` alr yhwd* Lj {ac yhwkr h` n fn{cw bhmmsjlr{ bwl{lb? Knjic“r ghhd ‑‑* * * TC]flbl{ck ylkc lj{cwcr{ njk pcw| rcpcwc bwl{lblrm gh{a lj Ljkln njk ngwhnk* L{ rs``cwr `whm nff bhjbclpngfc kc`cb{r* L{ anr mhwc m|{ahfhi| {anj alr{hw|* L{ kcrcwpcr nff {ac bwl{lblrm {an{ nj| alr{hwlnj bnj fcpcf ninljr{ l{* Gs{ l{ anr {yh mcwl{r yalba rahsfk jh{ gc hpcwfhhdck* @lwr{f|& l{ lr {ac `lwr{ yhwd h` l{r dljk g| nj Ljklnj bhmmsjlr{ yah lr jh{ n uwh`crrlhjnf alr{hwlnj* Rcbhjkf|& l{ lr ywl{{cj g| n {wnkc sjlhjlr{& n fcnkcw h` {ac yhwdlji bfnrr* Hj n mhwc uwnimn{lb iwhsjk& yalba lr jh{ {ac gcr{ iwhsjk& l{r mcwl{ flcr lj {ac {cjkcjb| {h klrucf rhmc {wnkl{lhjnf Aljks jh{lhjr njk rsucwr{l{lhjr `whm {ac uhfl{lbnf njk {wnkc sjlhj nb{lplr{r8 L{ anr {alr jcin{lpc mcwl{ nf{ahsia l{ bnjjh{ uhrl{lpcf| {cnba alr{hw|* Gs{ {acrc pcw| kc`cb{r anpc uwhphdck mnj| bwl{lbnf mljkr {h kh n gc{{cw njk mhwc r|r{cmn{lb r{sk| h` njblcj{ Ljkln*““ >>5
[ac jcq{ rsba r{sk| bnmc `whm {ac ucj h` Kw* Gasucjkwn Jn{a Kn{{n& |hsjicw gwh{acw h` {ac Aljks wc`hwmcw Rynml Plpcdnjnjkn* Gasucjkwn Jn{a ynr n uhfl{lbnf cq{wcmlr{ lj alr |hs{a* Fn{cw hj ac r{sklck lj {ac SRN njk& klk nj{awhuhfhilbnf wcrcnwba lj Icwmnj|* Ac ynr nb{lpc lj {ac Gcwflj bhmml{{cc h` {ac Ljklnj un{wlh{r nwhsjk ><>;* Ac ynr lj`fscjbck g| {ac Wsrrlnj wcphfs{lhj h` ><>9& ycj{ {h Mhrbhy nr n mcmgcw h` nj Ljklnj kcfcin{lhj lj ><7>& gs{ klk jh{ ohlj {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{|& nr ac `hsjk l{ {h gc {hh {lia{f| sjkcw {ac klwcb{lhj h` {ac Bhmlj{cwj* >>> Kn{{n“r r{sk| >>7 h``cwr n glwk“r c|c plcy h` {ac fnjk {cjswc r|r{cmr lj Ljkln `whm {ac Pcklb nic !b* >355 G* B*, {h {ac ><35r* Ac ynr jh{ nynwc h` {ac `nb{ {an{ n unw{ h` Mnwq“r cqbcwu{r `whm Dhpnfcprdlo“r ghhd hj bhmmsjnf fnjkhyjcwralu bhpcwck n unw{ h` {ac rnmc iwhsjk !`whm b* 755 G*B* {h >135 B* C*,* Ac ynr nynwc hjf| h` {ac rcfcb{lhj? Dnwf Mnwq& Nw{lbfcr hj Ljkln !rcc j* 19,* >>2 Kn{{n {ahsia{ {an{ ‑‑Mnwq ynr lj khsg{ wcinwklji {ac ljr{l{s{lhj h` uwlpn{c uwhucw{| lj fnjk lj Ljkln*““ >>; Ac acfk {an{ Mnwq“r huljlhj nghs{ Msanmmcknj wcruhjrlglfl{| `hw {ac uwljblufc h` ‑jh uwhucw{| lj fnjk“ {awhsiahs{ Nrln& >>3 ynr jh{ {cjngfc lj {ac flia{ h` mhkcwj ‑‑Hwlcj{hfhi|““* >>0 Lj alr huljlhj? ‑‑* * * {ac rbnj{| mn{cwlnf bhffcb{ck lj Cjiflra wcinwklji {ac uwc-Cjiflra Alr{hw| h` Ljkln njk {ac mlrklwcb{lhj h` Mnljc anpc fck Mnwq njk Cjicfr {h nbbcu{ {ac lkcn {an{ {wlgnf bhmmsjlrm hw bhmmsjlr{lb plffnicr& yalba Mnwq banwnb{cwlzck nr ‑‑lk|fflb wcusgflbr““& cqlr{ck lj Ljkln& njk {an{ `csknflrm klk jh{ kcpcfhu lj Ljkln*““>>9
Mhr{ h` {acrc bwl{lblrmr& cmnjn{lji `whm jhj-cquhrswc {h {ac Ljkln-wcfn{ck alr{hwlniwnualb >>1 njk c{ajhfhilbnf >>< cqbcwu{r h` Mnwq& anpc gccj wcucn{ck g| mnj| fn{cw ns{ahwr* Kn{{n“r banwic {an{ Mnwq njk Cjicfr ycwc ‑‑mlrklwcb{ck““ g| Acjw| Rsmjcw Mnljc& ahycpcw& bnjjh{ gc cqufnljck nyn| cpcj n{ {ac fcpcf h` Ljklnj rbahfnwralu h` {ac ><35r* Mnljc“r ghhd hj {ac plffnic bhmmsjl{lcr >75 nuucnwck nghs{ {yh kcbnkcr n`{cw {ac Ljkln-wcfn{ck J\K[ nw{lbfcr njk fc{{cwr h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr* Cpcj Bnul{nf & Phf* L uwckn{cr l{* Ahy bhsfk {ac ns{ahwr h` cnwflcw usgflbn{lhjr gc ‑‑mlrklwcb{ck““ g| n fn{cw usgflbn{lhj8 Yan{ lr mhwc& Mnljc hycr nj sjnbdjhyfckick kcg{ {h Mnwq njk Cjicfr& lj wcrucb{ h` alr gcflc` {an{ >5
‑‑ac ank mnkc n bhfhrrnf klrbhpcw| yacj ac rnlk {an{ hsw cj{lwc uwhiwcrr lj bhmunwlrhj yl{a uwcplhsr cuhbar bhjrlr{ck lj hsw anplji cphfpck @WHM R[N[SR [H BHJ[WNB[& `whm nj ljacwl{ck r{n{c h` n``nlwr {h hjc phfsj{nwlf| bhj{wnb{ck >7> ‛ n r{n{cmcj{ yalba& ljrh`nw nr l{ lr bhwwcb{& ynr bhj{nljck fhji nih>77 lj {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Mnjl`cr{h““*>72
[ac Bhmmsjlr{ Mnjl`cr{h !>1;1, uwckn{cr Mnljc“r Njblcj{ Fny !>10>, g| mhwc {anj >7 |cnwr* [ac jcq{ mnohw mnwqlnj r{sk| h` Ljklnj alr{hw| >7; ynr ns{ahwck g| Knmhknw Kanwmnjnjk Dhrnmgl& n mn{acmn{lblnj g| {wnljlji njk hbbsun{lhj njk& n jsmlrmn{lr{& fljislr{& nwbanchfhilr{& nj{awhuhfhilr{ njk alr{hwlnj g| uwchbbsun{lhj* [ahsia jh{ n bhmmsjlr{& ac ynr gwhnkf| lj`fscjbck g| ‑‑* * * n kc`ljl{c {achw| h` alr{hw| djhyj nr klnfcb{lbnf mn{cwlnflrm& nfrh bnffck Mnwqlrm n`{cw l{r `hsjkcw*““ >73 Dhrnmgl djcy {an{ R{nflj ank hml{{ck {ac Nrln{lb mhkc& mcj{lhjck lj Mnwq“r Uwc`nbc {h {ac Bwl{l~sc h` Uhfl{lbnf Cbhjhm| !>13<,& lj alr flr{ h` rhblh-cbhjhmlb `hwmn{lhjr* >70 Ac bns{lhjck {an{ yalfc nuuf|lji Mnwq“r nuuwhnba {h Ljklnj alr{hw|& l{ rahsfk gc dcu{ lj mljk ‑‑* * * T[]an{ Mnwq rucndr h` nff mnjdljk yacwc yc kcnf hjf| yl{a n `wnb{lhj* @hw rahw{ ucwlhkr lj wcr{wlb{ck fhbnfl{lcr& n kcnk cjk& wc{whiwcrrlhj& hw cphfs{lhj g| n{whua| nwc uhrrlgfc * * *““* >79
Nbbhwklji {h Dhrnmgl& ‑‑* * * [ac wcnff| pcqck ~scr{lhj lr yan{ lr mcnj{ g| {ac Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj& jcpcw bfcnwf| kc`ljck g| Mnwq*““>71
Ac djcy h` rhmc ljbhjbfsrlpc klrbsrrlhj hj {ac {acmc& lj {ac Uhk _jnmcjcmn Mnwdrlzmn& njk ywh{c? ‑‑Ljkln rahyck n rcwlcr h` unwnffcf `hwmr yalba bnjjh{ gc us{ lj{h {ac uwcblrc bn{cihwlcr& `hw {ac mhkc gnrck hj rfnpcw| lr ngrcj{& `csknflrm iwcn{f| kl``cwcj{ `whm {ac Cswhucnj {|uc yl{a rcw`khm njk mnjhwlnf cbhjhm|*““>7<
Dhrnmgl klk jh{ nbbcu{ Mnwq“r r{n{cmcj{r nghs{ n icjcwnflzck jh{lhj h` {ac rcf`rs``lblcj{ njk sjbanjilji Ljklnj plffnic bhmmsjl{|* >25 Ac uhlj{ck hs{ {an{ mc{nfr njk rnf{& jh{ uwhksbck lj mhr{ plffnicr& ycwc cqbanjick nr bhmmhkl{lcr4 {an{ {ac lj{whksb{lhj h` ufhsiar lj niwlbsf{swc banjick {ac r{wsb{swc h` plffnicr4 njk {an{ {ac `hwmr h` r{n{c njk h{acw nrucb{r h` {ac rsucwr{wsb{swc banjick wcfn{lpc {h {ac kcjrl{| h` plffnic sjl{r lj n ilpcj wcilhj* >2> Dhrnmgl nfrh klk jh{ nbbcu{ Mnwq“r kwnmn{lb r{n{cmcj{ {an{ {ac ‑‑Ljklnj rhblc{| anr jh alr{hw| n{ nff& n{ fcnr{ jh djhyj alr{hw|* Yan{ yc bnff l{r alr{hw| lr gs{ {ac alr{hw| h` {ac rsbbcrrlpc lj{wskcwr yah `hsjkck {aclw cmulwcr hj {ac unrrlpc gnrlr h` {an{ sjwcrlr{lji njk sjbanjilji rhblc{|*““>27
Lj wcgs{{nf Dhrnmgl ywh{c ? ‑‑* * * {ac iwcn{cr{ ucwlhkr h` Ljklnj alr{hw|& {ac Mnsw|nj& >22 Rn{npnanjn&>2; Isu{n&>23 hyck jh{alji {h {ac lj{wskcwr4 {ac| mnwd uwcblrcf| {ac `hwmn{lhj njk ruwcnk h` {ac gnrlb plffnic rhblc{| hw {ac kcpcfhumcj{ h` jcy {wnkc bcj{wcr*““>20
Anplji fcpcffck nff {acrc bwl{lblrmr hj mn{{cwr h` alr{hwlbnf kc{nlf& Dhrnmgl nrrcw{ck {an{ {ac {achwc{lbnf gnrlr h` alr yhwd ‑‑wcmnljr Mnwqlr{““* Nbbhwklji {h alm? >>
‑‑Mnwq ank n rblcj{l`lb {achw|& yalba mlia{ anpc {h gc cq{cjkck fldc {ahrc& lj h{acw `lcfkr h` alr bhj{cmuhwnwlcr& Insrr& Mnqycff& Knwylj& Mcjkcfccp& gs{ yalba r{lff anr {ac c~snf mcwl{ h` yhwdlji lj uwnb{lbc& h` |lcfklji pcwl`lngfc uwcklb{lhjr*““>29
Ac cqucb{ck {ac r{skcj{r h` Ljklnj alr{hw| ‑‑{h wcmcmgcw {an{ jh rljifc mhkc““ h` uwhksb{lhj njk klr{wlgs{lhj ‑‑uwcpnlfck hpcw {ac yahfc bhsj{w| n{ nj| hjc {lmc*““ >21 N `cy |cnwr n`{cw {ac usgflbn{lhj h` LRLA & Dhrnmgl ywh{c ? ‑‑[ac wcnf kl``lbsf{| acwc !jh{ lj Baljn, lr {ac mlrfcnklji khbsmcj{n{lhj* Njblcj{ Ljklnj wcbhwkr kcwlpc `whm {ac gwnamnj bnr{c njk {ahrc yah wcnk {acm un| jh n{{cj{lhj {h {ac `sjb{lhj h` bnr{c lj njblcj{ ‛ !nr ycff nr mhkcwj njk `csknf, ‛ Ljklnj rhblc{|* Ljklnj alr{hw| lr& {h mc& n pcw| `ljc cqnmufc h` Mnwqlr{ {achw| yhwdlji pcw| ycff lj uwnb{lbc* Sj`hw{sjn{cf| Mnwq ank hjf| {ac rhfl{nw| wcuhw{ h` Gsbanjnj-Anmlf{hj hj Dnwjn{nd plffnicr&>2< jh{ cpcj {ac @hwnf h` >0;5 g| {ac dlji h` Uhw{sinf isnwnj{cclji {ac wlia{r h` Ihn plffnic bhmmsjl{lcr& yalba cqlr{ck lj n msba mhwc uwlml{lpc `hwm& njk yalba bhsfk jh{ gc bnffck ‑a|kwnsflb“ lj plcy h` {ac {hwwcj{lnf wnlj`nff*““>;5
Dhrnmgl ynr cplkcj{f| sjnynwc h` {ac `nb{ {an{ Mnwq ank rhmc mhwc lj`hwmn{lhj nghs{ fnjk wcfn{lhjr lj uwc-bhfhjlnf njk bhfhjlnf rhs{a-ycr{ Ljkln& yacwc Ihn lr rl{sn{ck* >;> [ahsia Dhrnmgl wc`srck {h ucwlhklzc cnwf| Ljklnj alr{hw| yl{alj {ac `hwmn{r h` Rfnpcw| hw Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj& ac `wccf| srck {ac {cwm ‑`csknflrm“ lj wcrucb{ h` uwcbhfhjlnf Ljkln* >;7 [alr srnic lr lj {sjc yl{a {ac khmljnj{ uwnb{lbc h` {ac Mnwqlr{& Fcjljlr{& R{nfljlr{& [wh{rd|lr{ njk Mnhlr{ uhfl{lblnjr& alr{hwlnjr njk cbhjhmlr{r h` Ljkln {lff kn{c* N r{wlkcj{ klrrcj{lji jh{c bnmc `whm {ac cmljcj{ culiwnualr{ njk alr{hwlnj Kljcra Banjkwn Rlwbnw& yah ywh{c ? ‑‑Yl{a {ac cqbcu{lhj h` bcw{nlj fn{c mcklcpnf wcbhwkr h` Plon|njninwn>;2 rucndlji h` {ac Nmnwn {cjswc ljphfplji cjoh|mcj{ h` wh|nf fnjk g| ucwrhjr hj {ac bhjkl{lhj h` rsuuf|lji rhfklcwr {h {ac dlji hw fnjkfhwk yacj jcbcrrnw|& {acwc lr jh {wnbc& lj njblcj{ njk mcklcpnf Ljkln& h` nj| {cjswc cpcj wcmh{cf| wcrcmgflji nj| nrucb{ h` {ac rhblh-cbhjhmlb r|r{cm bnffck `csknflrm {an{ ynr uwcpnfcj{ lj msba h` Ycr{cwj Cswhuc lj {ac Mlkkfc Nicr* Gs{ rhmc ywl{cwr nwc ljbfljck {h bhj`src Ljklnj fnjkfhwklrm yl{a Cswhucnj `csknflrm* [ac| rahsfk jh{c {an{ cpcj {ac Nmnwnjn|ndnr h` Plon|njninwn ycwc jh{ {lck {h {ac rhlf lj {ac `csknf rcjrc*““>;;
Usgflbn{lhj h` {ac Cjiflra {wnjrfn{lhj h` Mnwq“r mnjsrbwlu{r hj {ac Uwc-Bnul{nflr{ Cbhjhmlb @hwmn{lhjr !rcc j* <>, fck {h rhmc mhwc Ljklnj lj{cwpcj{lhjr* Uwh`crrhw Lw`nj Anglg rsiicr{ck {an{? ‑‑ * * * Mnwq“r hyj `nlfswc {h usgflra nj|{alji hs{ h` {ac MR h` {ac Uwc-Bnul{nflr{ Cbhjhmlb @hwmn{lhjr msr{ gc bhjr{wsck nr cplkcjbc h` alr acrl{n{lhj {h us{ `hwynwk nr alr `lwm huljlhj yan{ ynr fl{{fc mhwc {anj rucbsfn{lhjr*““>;3
Anglg ynr h` {ac huljlhj {an{ Mnwq njk Cjicfr mhkl`lck njk sf{lmn{cf| ngnjkhjck {aclw cnwflcw {achw| h` {ac Nrln{lb mhkc* >;0 Ya|8 Anglg rsiicr{ck ‑‑{yh wcnrhjr““* Hjc? Mnwq“r >135r wcmnwdr hj Ljkln ‑‑ank gccj gnrck hj n wcnklji h` Cjiflra unwflnmcj{nw| unucwr njk Gcwjlcw“r [wnpcfr* Nmhji {ac Gwl{lra nkmljlr{wn{hwr n{ {an{ {lmc {acwc ynr n r{whji {cjkcjb| {h cmuanrlzc {ac ljr{l{s{lhj h` {ac plffnic bhmmsjl{| lj hwkcw {h osr{l`| n un{cwjnflr{lb `hwm h` ihpcwjmcj{* L{ bhfhswck pcw| kccuf| mhr{ h` {ac h``lblnf >7
wcuhw{r njk l{ sf{lmn{cf| `hsjk l{r mhr{ r|r{cmn{lb njk cqniicwn{ck cquwcrrlhj lj Rlw Acjw| Mnljc“r yhwdr* >;9 Hj {ac uwc-Gwl{lra alr{hw| h` Ljkln uwhucw& Mnwq nuucnwr {h anpc khjc fl{{fc wcnklji cqbcu{ {hynwkr {ac fnr{ |cnwr h` alr fl`c& uwcblrcf| lj {ac ucwlhk yacj alr hyj wc`cwcjbcr {h {ac Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj klrnuucnw nf{hic{acw*““>;1
[yh? ‑‑Gcrlkcr {ac ycndjcrr lj {ac lj`hwmn{lhj npnlfngfc {h Mnwq njk Cjicfr kswlji {aclw cnwflcw |cnwr& {acwc ynr {ac c~snff| lmuhw{nj{ ~scr{lhj yac{acw {ac nbbcu{njbc h` {ac {achw| h` {ac Nrln{lb mhkc yhsfk jh{ mndc {ac pnr{ mnohwl{| h` mnjdljk nj cqbcu{lhj {h {ac mn{cwlnflr{ bhjbcu{lhj h` alr{hw|& nr rc{ hs{ lj {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Mnjl`cr{h njk rsmmck su lj {ac bcfcgwn{ck unrrnic h` {ac Uwc`nbc {h {ac Bwl{l~sc h` Uhfl{lbnf Cbhjhm| *““>;< Anglg bhjbfskck& {an{ `hw {acrc ‑‑{yh wcnrhjr& gs{ unw{lbsfnwf| `hw {ac rcbhjk& Mnwq“r wcphfs{lhjnw| `hffhycwr klk jh{ icjcwnff| nbbcu{ hw r{wcrr {ac Nrln{lb mhkc*““>35 Njk `ljnff|& ‑‑[ac fnr{ yhwk ynr rnlk hj {ac mn{{cw g| R{nflj lj alr bfnrrlb crrn| hj Klnfcb{lbnf njk Alr{hwlbnf Mn{cwlnflrm& ><21*““>3>
Rsgrc~scj{f| Anglg anr gccj fcrr bn{cihwlbnf lj alr r{n{cmcj{r nghs{ {ac Nrln{lb mhkc hw nghs{ Mnwq“r nffcick ngnjkhjmcj{ h` l{& jhw klk ac bhj{ljsc {h rccd rsuuhw{ `hw alr plcyr `whm R{nflj“r ‑bfnrrlb“ fnr{ yhwkr hj {ac mn{{cw* >37 @whm nmhji {ac fcnkcwr h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| h` Ljkln& Injinkanw Nkaldnwl bhjbckck {an{? ‑‑L{ lr jhy cr{ngflrack {an{ Mnwq ruhdc h` nj Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj * * *““>32
Njk {an{? ‑‑Rhmc {lmc gnbd {acwc ynr n {cjkcjb| {h klrmlrr {alr nr n klr{ljb{ rhblnf `hwmn{lhj * * * [alr uhrcw h` nj Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj nr n klr{ljb{ rhblnf `hwmn{lhj rcwpcr {h cqufnlj rhmc h` {ac ucbsflnwl{lcr h` njblcj{ njk mcklcpnf rhblnf alr{hw| h` Ljkln& {ahsia h` bhswrc mnj| uwhgfcmr wcmnlj sjrhfpck*““>3;
Uwh`crrhw Rsrhganj Rnwdnw hgrcwpck {an{? ‑‑Mnwq klk jh{ fcnpc gcaljk nj| r|r{cmn{lb uwcrcj{n{lhj h` {ac alr{hw| h` Ljkln& {an{ ynr jcpcw alr mnlj uwchbbsun{lhj* Ac rc{ khyj alr hgrcwpn{lhjr hj bcw{nlj bswwcj{ Ljklnj ~scr{lhjr yalba n{{wnb{ck usgflb n{{cj{lhj& hw kwcy mn{cwlnfr `whm Ljkln“r unr{ njk uwcrcj{ bhjkl{lhjr {h lffsr{wn{c unw{r h` alr mhwc icjcwnf nwismcj{r* [acrc unrrlji wc`fcb{lhjr bnjjh{ {acwc`hwc gc {ndcj nr n `ljlrack r{sk| h` {ac rsgocb{ lj nj| khimn{lb rcjrc*““>33
Rnwdnw {acj iwhsuck Mnwq“r wcmnwdr hj Ljkln sjkcw {ac `hffhylji `lpc acnkr? ‑‑* * * {ac jn{swc h` Ljkln“r njblcj{ rhblc{|4 {ac icjcwnf `wnmcyhwd njk bawhjhfhi| h` {ac alr{hw| h` Ljkln4 {ac whfc h` {ac TGwl{lra] Cnr{ Ljkln bhmunj|4 {ac banwnb{cw h` {ac TLjklnj] Wcphf{ h` >1394 njk {ac bhjrc~scjbcr h` {ac Gwl{lra wsfc lj Ljkln*““>30
Hj Mnwq“r plcyr nghs{ {ac r{nijn{hw| jn{swc h` {ac Ljklnj rhblc{lcr uwlhw {h {ac Gwl{lra bhj~scr{& Rnwdnw ywh{c ? ‑‑[ac cbhjhmlb uwcrcj{n{lhj h` nj sjbanjilji Ljklnj unr{ anr gccj bwl{lrck nr sjksc rlmufl`lbn{lhj* Gs{ lj nj| alr{hwlbnf icjcwnflrn{lhj& lj Cswhucnj alr{hw| nfrh `hw ljr{njbc& kc{nlfck r{sk| ylff nfyn|r wcpcnf pnwlhsr `nbc{r yalba anpc gccj lijhwck lj {ac fhji-wnjic plcy* [ac bcj{wnf lrrsc lr yac{acw {ac icjcwnflrn{lhj lr gnrlbnff| ywhji& njk l` rh yan{ lr {ac gc{{cw nf{cwjn{lpc icjcwnf `hwmsfn{lhj* [ac mcwc cqlr{cjbc h` swgnj fl`c hw bhjrlkcwngfc bhmmcwbc lj {ac lj{cwr{lbcr h` nj niwnwlnj rhblc{| ylff jh{ gc cjhsia {h jcin{c {ac ulb{swc h` {ac khmljn{lhj h` {ac plffnic bhmmsjl{| njk niwlbsf{swc lj njblcj{ Ljkln& n >2
ulb{swc yalba& ahycpcw& msr{ anpc gccj msba mhwc bhmufcq njk fcrr kswngfc {anj Mnwq lmniljck* Nr `hw {ac uhrrlgfc rhblnf {wnjr`hwmn{lhjr lj njblcj{ Ljkln& jh rhflk ucwlhklrn{lhj anr |c{ gccj yhwdck hs{ lj {ac `sffcw flia{ h` n bcj{sw| n`{cw Mnwq*““>39
Rnwdnw jh{ck {an{ ‑‑Ljklnj huljlhj lr h`{cj hs{wnick““ g| Mnwq“r cpnfsn{lhj h` {ac Ljklnj rhblc{|& |c{ ‑‑Lj `nlwjcrr {h Mnwq& hjc anr nfrh {h wcmcmgcw alr plcyuhlj{ h` {ac nwkcj{ nkphbn{c h` n rycculji rhblnf wcphfs{lhj& {h wcmcmgcw alr rbn{alji n{{nbd lj {ac cpcj cnwflcw Bhmmsjlr{ Mnjl`cr{h hj {ac pnsj{ck ghswichlr blplflrn{lhj h` alr hyj Cswhuc& hw {lmc njk ninlj hj {ac Gwl{lra wsfc lj Ljkln* Rhmc h` {ac gcr{ mljkr nmhji {ac Ljklnj Ycr{cwjcwr& bhj{cmuhwnwlcr mhwc hw fcrr h` Mnwq& yhsfk anpc Tcquwcrrck] hw klk cquwcrr {acmrcfpcr hj rlmlfnw fljcr nghs{ {wnkl{lhjnf Ljklnj fl`c*““>31
Rnwdnw ynr h` {ac huljlhj {an{ ? ‑‑Mnwq“r bhjbcu{ h` nj Nrln{lb rhblc{|& h` yalba Ljkln ynr n unw{& ynr g| jh mcnjr nj cr{ngflrack bhjbcu{ fldc alr Tbhjbcu{ h`] ghswichlr rhblc{|* Ac ynr cqufhwlji {ac lkcn sjkhimn{lbnff| `hw |cnwr * * * yl{ahs{ bhmlji {h n `ljnf ns{ahwl{n{lpc `hwmsfn{lhj* Rlmufc acnw{r `hwic{ nff {alr*““>3< Rnwdnw hgrcwpck {an{? ‑‑Mnwq jcpcw wcuskln{ck {ac bhjbcu{ h` nj Nrln{lb rhblc{|““ njk& {an{ ac ‑‑klk jh{ mndc n `c{lra h` {ac Nrln{lb rhblc{|& gs{ bcw{nljf| uwcrcj{ck l{r {achw| `hw `sw{acw cqufhwn{lhj * * * Mnwq“r bhjbcu{ lr mhr{ lmuhw{nj{ lj {ac rcjrc {an{ l{ kwnyr n{{cj{lhj {h {ac rhblnf bhjkl{lhjr lj {ac Cnr{ njk acfur {h klrrhfpc {ac `nblfc lkcn h` nj sjlfljcnw alr{hwlbnf cphfs{lhj nff hpcw {ac yhwfk h` n rhmcyan{ Acicflnj un{{cwj*““>05
Jh{ gclji nynwc h` Mnwq“r cqbcwu{r `whm Dhpnfcprdlo hj {ac Alr{hw| h` {ac Fnjk Wcfn{lhjr lj Ljkln n{ {ac [lmc h` {ac Ljklicjhsr Wnonr {acwc &>0> Rnwdnw ywh{c& {an{ Mnwq unrrck ‑‑hpcw {ac cj{lwc Aljks cuhba h` hsw alr{hw|*““ >07 Rnwdnw jh{ck& {an{ wcinwklji {ac bawhjhfhi| h` fn{cw Ljklnj alr{hw| !00;->131,& Mnwq ‑‑wcflck acnplf| hj {ac nbbhsj{r h` Cfualjr{hjc njk Rcycff& {ac nbbcu{ck ns{ahwl{lcr h` alr {lmc*““ >02 Wcinwklji Mnwq“r banwnb{cwlrn{lhj h` {ac icjcwnf jn{swc h` {ac Gwl{lra Cnr{ Ljkln Bhmunj|“r wcilmc lj Ljkln& Rnwdnw ywh{c {an{ Mnwq uwhplkck {ac dc|jh{c {h l{ lj {ac cquwcrrlhj& ‑‑Cswhucnj kcruh{lrm& ufnj{ck suhj Nrln{lb kcruh{lrm““& >0; njk {acj ninlj {alr ynr ‑‑hjf| nj lml{n{lhj h` {ac Ks{ba““ >03 mhkcf nr kcrbwlgck g| [ahmnr R{nm`hwk Wn``fcr*>00 Nbbhwklji {h Rnwdnw? ‑‑Mnwq“r bhmmcj{r hj {ac Wcphf{ h` >139 bhjr{l{s{c nj hwliljnf bhj{wlgs{lhj {h {ac r{sk| h` bhj{cmuhwnw| Ljklnj alr{hw|* [ac| nwc lj ranwu huuhrl{lhj {h {ac cr{ngflrack hw{ahkhq {achw| h` wcinwklji {ac wlrlji nr crrcj{lnff| n mlfl{nw| ms{lj|& klr`liswck g| ‑jn{lpc“ n{whbl{lcr& us{ khyj g| Gwl{lra pnfhsw* L{ lr lj{cwcr{lji {h wc`fcb{ {an{ mhkcwj wcrcnwba lr n{ fhji fnr{ pccwlji whsjk {h {ac plcyuhlj{ h` Mnwq*““ >09
Hj Mnwq“r r{n{cmcj{ {an{ {ac Gwl{lra bhj~scr{ gfcy su {ac cbhjhmlb `hsjkn{lhjr h` {ac plffnic bhmmsjl{lcr lj Ljkln njk& ‑‑{asr uwhksbck {ac iwcn{cr{& njk {h rucnd {ac {ws{a& {ac hjf| rhblnf wcphfs{lhj cpcw acnwk h` lj Nrln““& >01 Rnwdnw ywh{c? ‑‑L{ lr kl``lbsf{ {h kcj| {ac `sjknmcj{nf {ws{a lj {alr& ahycpcw hpcw cmuan{lb {ac rlmufl`lbn{lhj mlia{ nuucnw lj {ac flia{ h` kc{nlfck njk lj{cjrlpc wcrcnwba““*>0<
>;
Mnwq ank flr{ck {ac `hwbcr h` `s{swc wcicjcwn{lhj h` Ljkln njk& {ac uhrrlgfc bhjrc~scjbcr h` {ac lj{whksb{lhj h` {ac wnlfyn|r lj Ljkln* >95 Rnwdnw hgrcwpck {an{? ‑‑L{ lr kl``lbsf{ ljkcck {h lmuwhpc suhj cl{acw flr{ ‛ {ac `hwbcr h` wcicjcwn{lhj njk {ac uhrrlglfl{lcr h` {ac wnlfyn|r*““>9> [ac ~scr{lhj h` {ac Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj bhj{ljsck {h rsw`nbc lj {ac ><95r* N fcnkcw h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| h` Ljkln !Mnwqlr{, >97& C*M*R* Jnmghhklwlunk huljck {an{ Mnwq“r wc`cwcjbc {h {ac ‑‑Nrln{lb rhblc{|““ ynr jh{alji ‑‑mhwc {anj {ac njnf|rlr h` {ac bhjkl{lhjr sjkcw yalba {an{ rhblc{| ynr gclji rsghwkljn{ck {h bnul{nflrm&““ njk {an{ l{ rahsfk jh{ gc plcyck nr {ac dc| {h {ac sjkcwr{njklji h` {ac cj{lwc bhswrc h` hsw alr{hwlbnf kcpcfhumcj{* >92 Hj {ac rnmc {acmc& R* Jn~pl hgrcwpck {an{? ‑‑Mnwq njk Cjicfr ycwc bn{cihwlbnf njk nf{hic{acw sjnmglishsr lj {aclw {acrlr {an{ {ac Hwlcj{nf rhblc{lcr klk jh{ cphfpc uwlpn{c uwhucw{| lj fnjk& njk `csknf `hwmn{lhj klk jh{ kcpcfhu {acwc& njk yan{ klk bhmc lj{h cqlr{cjbc njk ynr ucwuc{sn{ck& bnsrlji r{nijn{lhj lj cbhjhm| njk rhblnf ljr{l{s{lhjr& ynr {ac Nrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj& yl{a n r|r{cm h` gslf{-lj c~slflgwlsm yalba wcmnljck mhwc hw fcrr r{ngfc njk sjklr{swgck ksc {h {ac ngrcjbc h` nj{nihjlr{lb bfnrrcr njk bfnrr r{wsiifc*““>9;
Njk {an{? ‑‑[acwc lr jh gnrlr lj {ac bfnlm {an{ cl{acw Mnwq hw Cjicfr& n{ nj| r{nic ngnjkhjck {aclw bhjbcu{ h` Nrln{lb Mhkc hw {an{ {aclw plcyr ycwc gciljjlji {h gc wc-bhjrlkcwck g| {acmrcfpcr*““>93
Jn~pl ynr unw{lnff| nb~snlj{ck yl{a Mnwq“r cqbcwu{r `whm Dhpnfcprdlo hj {ac fnjk wcfn{lhjr lj Ljkln sjkcw Msrflm wsfc* >90 Ac cqnmljck {yh rhswbcr wc`cwwck {h g| Mnwq njk Cjicfr ? {ac [wnpcfr h` Gcwjlcw >99 njk& {ac @l`{a Wcuhw{ hj Ljkln uwcrcj{ck {h {ac Gwl{lra Unwflnmcj{ lj >1>7&>91 {h rahy {an{ {acrc rhswbcr kh jh{ ynwwnj{ {ac bhjbfsrlhjr kcwlpck g| Mnwq njk Cjicfr hj uwcbhfhjlnf Ljklnj ichiwnua|& cbhjhm| njk rhblc{|* >9< Jn~pl rsiicr{ck {an{ Mnwq njk Cjicfr klk jh{ r{sk| Gcwjlcw“r `sff {cq{& ljbfsklji alr fc{{cwr {h Bhfgcw{ >15 njk h{acwr4 jhw klk Mnwq r{sk| {ac !@l`{a, Wcuhw{ h` {ac Bhmml{{cc h` {ac Ahsrc h` Bhmmhjr !>1>7, lj {ac hwliljnf* Ac bhjbfskck alr unucw yl{a n rcwlcr h` bhsj{cw-`nb{snf bhjkl{lhjnfr h` {ac `hwm ? ank Mnwq wcnk {alr hw {an{ unw{ h` Gcwjlcw“r {cq{ hw h` {ac @l`{a Wcuhw{ lj {ac hwliljnf& {acj ac yhsfk jh{ anpc nwwlpck n{ rsba njk rsba bhjbfsrlhjr* Uwh`crrhw [nunj Wn|bahskaswl hgrcwpck {an{? ‑‑[ac bhjbcu{ Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj anr icjcwn{ck bhjrlkcwngfc lj{cwcr{ nmhji Mnwqlr{ alr{hwlnjr `whm {lmc {h {lmc * * * @whm {ac uhlj{ h` plcy h` Ljklnj alr{hw|& {yh lmuhw{nj{ bhj{wlgs{lhjr {h {ac rsgocb{ ycwc Knjlcf [ahwjcw“r ‑‑Mnwq hj Ljkln njk {ac Nrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj““ lj {ac Bhj{wlgs{lhjr {h Ljklnj Rhblhfhi| !Phf* LQ& ><00, Trcc j* <> nghpc] njk Lw`nj Anglg“r ‑‑Uwhgfcmr h` Mnwqlr{ Alr{hwlbnf Njnf|rlr&““ Cj~slw| & Mhjrhhj& ><0<, Trcc j* >;3 nghpc]* Gh{a {ac rbahfnwr& yah bhj{wlgs{ck {h {ac klrbsrrlhj `whm {ac Ljklnj njifc& uhlj{ck hs{ {an{ {ac wc`cwcjbcr {h {ac bhjbcu{ nwc ngrcj{ lj {ac fn{cw ywl{ljir h` Mnwq njk Cjicfr* Anglg ycj{ `sw{acw {h r{n{c {an{ {ac bhjbcu{ ynr ngnjkhjck g| Mnwq& crucblnff| n`{cw ac ank wcnk Dhpnfcprd|& njk {an{ l{ ynr gnrlbnff| `nffnblhsr*““>1>
Wn|bahskaswl almrcf` lr h` {ac plcy& {an{ {ac bhjbcu{ h` nj Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj >3
‑‑TC]fnghwn{ck lj {ac flia{ h` mhkcwj wcrcnwba nr anr gccj khjc g| Ihkcflcw& >17 anr bhjrlkcwngfc cqufnjn{hw| pnfsc `hw {ac k|jnmlbr h` rhblnf banjic lj Ljkln lj {ac fhji ucwlhk* * * * {ac unwnklim `l{r {ac Ljklnj bnrc nr msba nr nj| rsba icjcwnflrn{lhj bnj& * * * l{ khcr rh gc{{cw {anj nj| h{acw nf{cwjn{lpc {an{ anr gccj rsiicr{ck * * * l{ cqufnljr rn{lr`nb{hwlf| {ac rhblnf uwhbcrrcr n{ yhwd lj {ac iwcn{cw unw{ h` {ac rsgbhj{ljcj{ !wcilhjr fldc [nmlfjnks njk Mnfngnw cqbfskck * * *, lj {ac uwcbhfhjlnf Ljkln““*>12
Wcocb{lji Anglg“r banwnb{cwlzn{lhj h` {ac uwcbhfhjlnf Ljklnj rhblc{| nr n `hwm h` `csknflrm& Wn|bahskaswl hgrcwpck {an{ lj {ac bnrc h` uwcbhfhjlnf Ljkln yc nwc fc`{ yl{a n rl{sn{lhj& ‑‑* * * yacwc rhblc{| lr g| jh mcnjr ahmhicjchsr& gs{ {ac rswufsr lr cq{wnb{ck mnljf| g| {ac r{n{c `whm hs{rlkc {ac r|r{cm h` uwhksb{lhj* Yl{alj {ac r|r{cm h` uwhksb{lhj& cqufhl{n{lhj wcfn{lhjr bhwwcruhjk {h n iwnkn{lhj h` wlia{r hpcw {ac mcnjr h` uwhksb{lhj& rhmcyan{ ms{ck g| {ac fhy nw{lbsfn{lhj h` uwhucw{| wlia{r* [ac banwnb{cwlr{lb bhj`flb{ lj rsba n rhblc{| lr gc{yccj {ac r{n{c njk {ac ucnrnj{ uwhksbcw ‛ nfmhr{ bcw{nljf| {ac ‑‑fnjk-hyjlji““ uwhksbcw* Yc anpc nr |c{ jh wcbhwk h` bhj`flb{ gc{yccj {ac ‑hyjcw“ njk ‑jhjhyjcw“ hw gc{yccj {ac kl``cwcj{ iwnkcr h` wlia{r lj fnjk yl{alj {ac r|r{cm h` uwhksb{lhj* [ac niwnwlnj sjwcr{ lj {ac Msianf Cmulwc lr acjbc pcw| kl``cwcj{ `whm {ac `csknf bhj`flb{ h` bfnrrcr* Acjbc& lj{cw nfln& {ac wcfcpnjbc h` {ac Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj {h nj njnf|rlr h` Ljkln“r uwc-bhfhjlnf rhblc{|*““>1;
Wn|bahskaswl lr h` {ac plcy& {an{ lj {ac bhj{cq{ h` {ac Nrln{lb mhkc h` uwhksb{lhj& {wnkc lr jh{ nj cquwcrrlhj h` mcwbanj{ uwhksb{lhj lj{cwjnf {h {ac fl`c h` {ac bhmmsjl{|4 l{ lr rlmuf| n mcnjr `hw {ac {wnjr`hwmn{lhj h` rswufsr lj{h bhmmhkl{lcr `hw {ac mnwdc{* Njk ‑‑Rljbc {alr lr {ac `hwm lj yalba rswufsr lj bnra hw dljk ynr cpcj{snff| cquwhuwln{ck g| {ac r{n{c& {ac {wnkcw nuucnwr nr plw{snff| n ‑‑r{n{c `sjb{lhjnw|*““ @whm {ac r{njk uhlj{ h` fhji-{cwm banjic& {wnkc h` rsba jn{swc bnjjh{ nb{ nr n klrrhfpcj{ h` cqlr{lji uwhksb{lhj wcfn{lhjr*““>13
Wn|bahskaswl ycj{ hj {h rahy& {an{ sjkcw rsba blwbsmr{njbcr& cpcj {ac rlijl`lbnj{ banjicr uwhksbck g| {ac bhnr{nf {wnkc lj >9{a bcj{sw| Ljkln `nlfck {h nf{cw {ac cqlr{lji wcfn{lhjr h` uwhksb{lhj njk cqufhl{n{lhj* [ac ‑‑TW]cfn{lhjralur h` cqufhl{n{lhj& hucwn{lji {awhsia {ac uhfl{lbnf njk rhblnf r|r{cm wclj`hwbck {ac cqlr{lji uwhucw{| wcfn{lhjr njk cjrswck {ac bhj{ljsl{| h` {ac cqlr{lji hwinjlrn{lhj h` uwhksb{lhj* [ac bhj`flb{ gc{yccj {ac cqufhl{cw njk cqufhl{ck bhsfk lj rsba n rl{sn{lhj bhj{wlgs{c {h {ac klrrhfs{lhj h` {ac uhfl{lbnf rsucwr{wsb{swc& gs{ {ac rhblhcbhjhmlb hwkcw wcmnljck plws{nff| sjn``cb{ck*““>10
Wn|bahskaswl& {asr& lj n rcjrc wclj`hwbck& yl{a {ac acfu h` kn{n icjcwn{ck lj {ac bhswrc h` fn{cw alr{hwlbnf wcrcnwba& Mnwq“r plcy h` >139 {an{ {ac {wnjr`hwmn{lhj h` {ac {wnkl{lhjnf hwlcj{nf rhblc{| ‑‑lr anwkf| uhrrlgfc& cqbcu{ nr n wcrsf{ h` yahff| cq{cwjnf lj`fscjbcr*““ >19 Kycfflji suhj {ac uwhgfcm r{wsb{swnf {wnjr`hwmnglfl{| h` {ac Nrln{lb rhblc{lcr& Klu{cjkwn Gnjcwocc ywh{c& {an{ rljbc >139 Mnwq ynr {w|lji {h ulb{swc? ‑‑n mhwc bhmufcq `hwm h` {ac NMU TNrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj]& yl{a l{r sjl{| h` niwlbsf{swc njk anjklbwn`{r cjrswlji n klwcb{ lkcj{l{| h` mnj njk jn{swc& yl{a l{r sjl{| h` {ac ljklplksnf njk bhmmsjl{| ahfklji gnbd {ac iwhy{a h` mnj nr {ac rsgocb{ h` alr{hw|& njk yl{a l{r sjl{| h` uhfl{lbr njk blplf rhblc{| ahfklji gnbd {ac bfnwl`lbn{lhj h` {ac fn{{cw*““>11
Gnjcwocc {acj ycj{ hj {h rahy {an{ {yh fcpcfr h` njnf|rcr nwc lmuflbl{ lj Mnwq“r bhjbcu{snflrn{lhj h` {ac NMU*
>0
‑‑[ac `lwr{ lr wcfn{ck {h {ac src h` {ac bhjbcu{ h` bnul{nflrm nr n mc{ahkhfhilbnf unwnklim {h r{sk| {ac NMU nfhji yl{a h{acw uwcghswichlr `hwmr* [alr gcbhmcr unw{lbsfnwf| bfcnw `whm n wcnklji h` {ac Lj{whksb{lhj h` >139 njk {ac rcb{lhj hj {ac hwliljnf nbbsmsfn{lhj h` bnul{nf lj {ac Iwsjkwlrrc*““>1<
[ac rcbhjk fcpcf bhj{wn uhrl{r ‑‑{ac NMU l{rcf` yl{a {ac h{acw uwcghswichlr `hwmr& {ac njblcj{ njk mcklcpnf Cswhucnj `hwmn{lhjr h` rfnpcw| njk rcw`khm*““><5
Acwc {ac Nrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj ‑‑TW]cuwcrcj{r `hw Mnwq n jhjycr{cwj rhblhalr{hwlbnf unwnklim* Mnwq almrcf` sjkcwfljcr {alr uhlj{ yacj ac wcgsdcr Mldanlfhprd|><> `hw {ac fn{{cw“r n{{cmu{r {h ‑mc{nmhwuahrc“ {ac Ycr{-Cswhucnj `hwm h` bnul{nf“r icjcrlr lj{h ‑nj alr{hwlbh-ualfhrhualb {achw| h` {ac icjcwnf un{a cpcw| uchufc lr `n{ck {h {wcnk“* ><7 Rswcf| Mnwq lr acwc bhjbcwjck yl{a {ac kl``cwlji un{ar h` asmnj kcpcfhumcj{& yalba jhjc bnj cqufnlj g| srlji nj| rsucw-alr{hwlbnf ‑mnr{cw dc|“* Mnwq mndcr n rlmlfnw uhlj{ lj alr fc{{cw {h Pcwn _nrsflba* ><2 * * * nf{ahsia {ac NMU lr bfhrc {h {ac njblcj{ njk mcklcpnf mhkcr h` {ac Ycr{ lj mn{{cwr h` ~snfl{|& Mnwq“r ‑Nrln{lb“ unwnklim lmuflcr n kl``cwcj{ un{a h` kcpcfhumcj{& sjfldc {ac ycr{cwj*““><;
Gnjcwocc {acj cqnmljck {ac uhrl{lhjr h` Cjicfr njk Mnwq hj {ac uwhgfcmr h` {wnjr`hwmnglfl{| h` ‑rcml-Nrln{lb“ Wsrrln& njk `hsjk {an{? ‑‑Cjicfr khcr jh{ nffhy nj| ljkcucjkcj{ whfc {h ‑Nrln{lb“ rhblc{lcr lj {ac yhwd h` {aclw rhblc{nf {wnjr`hwmn{lhj* Hjf| n rsbbcrr`sf wcphfs{lhj lj {ac ycr{ bnj kh {ac {wlbd& rcwplji nr n mhkcf {h gc lml{n{ck““*><3
@hw Mnwq {ac uwhgfcm h` ‑Nrln{lb“ {wnjr`hwmn{lhj khcr jh{ ghlf khyj {h rsba n rljifc{wnbd `hwmsfn? ‑‑Mnwq“r ucwrhjnf cqnmljn{lhj h` rcml-Nrln{lb Wsrrln“r jhjbnul{nflr{ un{a h` cphfs{lhj mndcr l{ n ucw`cb{f| pnflk {achwc{lbnf uhrrlglfl{| gc`hwc bnul{nflrm bhsfk nrrsmc n khmljnj{ whfc lj {ac cbhjhm|* [ac uhrrlglfl{| * * * lr kcucjkcj{ `hw l{r `wsl{l{lhj suhj {yh `nb{hwr? wcmhpnf h` {ac kcfc{cwlhsr lj`fscjbcr yalba nrrnlf {acm `whm cpcw| ~snw{cw4 njk nuuwhuwln{lhj njk s{lflrn{lhj h` {ac uhrl{lpc wcrsf{r h` ycr{cwj bnul{nflrm yl{ahs{ {ndlji hj l{r mhksr hucwnjkl *““><0
Gnjcwocc ynr h` {ac huljlhj {an{ ? ‑‑Rsba n {wnjr`hwmn{lhj lr h` bhswrc uhrrlgfc lj {alr cwn h` yhwfk-bnul{nflrm& yalba gwljir nghs{ {ac wn{lhjnflrn{lhj h` {ac cj{lwc yhwfk* Gs{ {ac yhwfk-sjlpcwrnf r{nic h` bnul{nflrm lr nfrh {an{ r{nic lj yalba {ac jhjlkcj{l{| h` bnul{nflr{ {achw| njk bnul{nflr{ uwnb{lbc gcbhmcr nbs{cf| ranwu* Acjbc {ac uhrrlglfl{| h` {cwmljn{lji bnul{nflrm l{rcf`* Acjbc nfrh {ac fhilb h` {ac ycr{cwj rhblnflr{ mhpcmcj{& yalba nlmr {h bwhrr {ac ghsjknwlcr h` bnul{nflrm* Rljbc& n{ {ac rnmc {lmc& bnul{nflrm fcnkr {h ‑nr|jbawhjlb“ njk ‑sjcpcj“ kcpcfhumcj{r lj yhwfk-alr{hw|& {acwc msr{ gc nj hgocb{lpc lj{cwbhjjcb{lhj gc{yccj {ac kcpcfhuck njk sjkcpcfhuck ruacwcr h` {ac yhwfk* [an{ lr {h rn|& bhmmh{lhjr lj {ac ‑Nrln{lb“ ruacwcr h` {ac yhwfk nwc nu{ {h wcnb{ hj {ac rhblnflr{ mhpcmcj{ n{ {ac bnul{nflr{ cjk& njk plbc pcwrn*““><9
@ljnff|& njk rucbl`lbnff| hj Ljkln& ac ywh{c? ‑‑L` l{ lr nrdck yac{acw Mnwq ank jh{ ilpcj su alr >132 uhrl{lhj hj {ac ~scr{lhj h` NMU“r {wnjr`hwmn{lhj& {ac njrycw yhsfk gc gh{a |cr njk jh* Nj njrycw yalba bnjjh{ gc osr{ {alr hw {an{ * * * nf{ahsia lj >132 Mnwq sjkcwfljck {ac klrrhfs{lhj h` {ac NMU“r bhmmsjnf bhjkl{lhjr h` fl`c njk cqlr{cjbc lj Ljkln sjkcw {ac lmunb{ h` yhwfk bnul{nflrm4 ac jcpcw rnlk {an{ {alr yhwd h` klrrhfs{lhj ynr nfwcnk| n `nl{ nbbhmufl * [ac lmuflbn{lhj lr jh{alji cfrc gs{ {an{ h` {ac uwcrcj{ bhj{ljshsr {cjrc* Lj h{acw yhwkr& {ac uwhbcrr h` NMU“r klrlj{ciwn{lhj lj Ljkln ynr jh{ n{ nff bhmufc{c*““><1
>9
Nr Mnwqlr{ alr{hwlhiwnua| inljck mhmcj{sm lj Ljkln& l{r ns{h bwl{l~sc nfrh icjcwn{ck jcycw aljk rlia{r njk ljrlia{r* Lj {ac yhwkr h` Uwh`crrhw Jlanwwnjonj Wn|? ‑‑Alr{hwlbnff| rucndlji& nbnkcmlb lj{cffcb{snfr lj Ljkln& unw{lbsfnwf| rhblnf rblcj{lr{r njk alr{hwlnjr& anpc gccj& icjcwnff|& uwhksb{r h` uhrl{lplr{ {aljdlji nr hg{nljck lj Cjifnjk kswlji {ac fn{c jljc{ccj{a njk cnwf| {ycj{lc{a bcj{sw|& nj Cjifnjk {an{ ank n r{whji cmulwlblr{ {wnkl{lhj `whm {ac fn{c clia{ccj{a bcj{sw| hjynwkr* [ac lj{cwuwc{n{lhj h` {ac rblcj{l`lb mn{cwlnflrm h` Mnwq {an{ bnmc {h ranuc njk `hwm {ac {aljdlji h` bhj{cmuhwnw| rhblnf rblcj{lr{r& alr{hwlnjr njk ualfhrhualbnf {aljdcwr lj Ljkln ynr pcw| fnwicf| bhfhswck g| {alr r{whji uhrl{lplr{ njk cmulwlblr{ {wnkl{lhj& yalba g| l{rcf` lr nj{l{ac{lb {h Mnwqlnj klnfcb{lbr* Gs{ l{ ynr nj lj{cwuwc{n{lhj yalba hsw nbnkcmlb lj{cffcb{snfr bnmc {h nbbcu{ njk nkhu{ `hw {aclw lj{cffcb{snf cqcwblrcr njk yalba& rfhyf| gs{ rswcf|& ucwbhfn{ck khyj {h {ac icjcwnf fc`{lr{ lj{cffcb{snf fcpcfr*““><<
Wn| fnmcj{ck {ac `nb{ {an{ {ac jcy bwcn{lpc npcjscr hucjck su lj Cswhucnj Mnwqlr{ {ahsia{ lj {ac {ycj{lc{a bcj{sw| klk jh{ ucwbhfn{c khyj {h Ljkln* 755 Ac nfrh hgrcwpck {an{ {ac Ljklnj Mnwqlr{r nwc jh{ ngwcnr{ ‑‑h` {ac ‑cuhba mndlji klrbhpcwlcr lj {ac ruacwc h` jn{swnf rblcjbc“ {an{ anpc {ndcj ufnbc lj {ac {ycj{lc{a bcj{sw|““* 75> Rhblhfhilr{ I* W* Mnknj“r n{{cmu{ 757 {h rsmmnwlzc Mnwq“r Ljkln-wcfn{ck ywl{ljir mn| gc plcyck nr wcuwcrcj{n{lpc h` {ac cmulwlblr{ wcnklji h` Mnwq& wc`cwwck {h g| Wn| nghpc* Mnknj iwhsuck Mnwq“r plcyr hj pnwlhsr nrucb{r h` Ljklnj rhblc{| sjkcw {ac `hffhylji acnkr? ‑‑> 7 2 ; 3 0 9 1 < >5 >>
Ljkln“r yhcr mhwc sjkcw Gwl{lra wsfc {anj lj {ac unr{ Uwljblufcr h` fnlrrcz `nlwc njk jcifcb{ h` lwwlin{lhj Jh wcruhjrlgfc ns{ahwl{| {h fhhd n`{cw uchufc“r ycf`nwc Sjksc gswkcj h` Ljklnj uwljbcr Kcr{wsb{lhj h` anjk ljksr{wlcr Plffnic bhmmsjl{lcr njk {aclw whfc lj alr{hwlb kcpcfhumcj{ Uwhucw{| wlia{r lj nwngfc fnjk Ljklnj fnjk {cjswc Ljklnj wcpcjsc njk {nqn{lhj Ksnf whfc h` Cjifnjk ‛ kcr{wsb{lpc njk wcicjcwn{lpc Ljklnj rhblnf r{wsb{swc njk asmnj uwhiwcrr*““752
Mnknj rsmmnwlzck Mnwq“r plcyr sjkcw cnba h` {acrc acnkr& gnrlji almrcf` hj? Mnwq“r >132 J\K[ nw{lbfcr hj Ljkln4 {ac Mnwq-Cjicfr bhwwcruhjkcjbc wcuwhksbck lj Dnwf Mnwq& Uwc-Bnul{nflr{ Cbhjhmlb @hwmn{lhjr 4 Mnwq“r Jh{cr hj Ljklnj Alr{hw| 4 njk Bnul{nf & Phf* LLL*75; Mnknj nfrh h``cwck rhmc cmulwlbnf kn{n njk kl``cwlji huljlhj hj rhmc lrrscr* @hw ljr{njbc& ac jh{ck {an{ `whm {ac >105r hjynwkr {ac Gwl{lra ihpcwjmcj{ h` Ljkln mnkc rhmc n{{cmu{r {h lmuwhpc lwwlin{lhj `nblfl{lcr* Ahycpcw& l{ `nlfck {h wcbhijlzc {ac {wnkl{lhjnf whfc h` {ac fhbnf rcf`-ihpcwjmcj{r n{ {ac plffnic fcpcf njk h` {aclw aliacw hwinjr& lj {ac wcunlw njk mnlj{cjnjbc h` {ac lwwlin{lhj `nblfl{lcr lj Rhs{a Ljkln& njk wcufnbck {acm yl{a {ac jcyf| rc{ su& fcrr c``cb{lpc& klr{wlb{ ghnwkr& {acwcg| kcr{wh|lji {ac ljl{ln{lpc h` {ac uchufc lj hwinjlzlji lwwlin{lhj lj {an{ unw{ h` {ac bhsj{w|* 753 [ac uwljbcf| ahsrcr h` Gnwhkn njk M|rhwc ycwc cqbcu{lhjr {h Mnwq“r hgrcwpn{lhjr hj {ac >1
Ljklnj uwljbcr ? {ac| ank n gwhnkcw hs{fhhd njk {hhd nb{lpc unw{ lj {ac kcpcfhumcj{ h` {aclw r{n{cr* 750 Mnknj lr h` {ac plcy {an{ rhmc h` Mnwq“r hgrcwpn{lhjr hj {ac plffnic bhmmsjl{lcr h` Ljkln nwc bhwwcb{& rhmc nwc unw{f| bhwwcb{& yalfc h{acwr nwc ljbhwwcb{* @hw ljr{njbc& Mnwq“r hgrcwpn{lhj {an{ {ac plffnicwr yahff| kcucjkck suhj bcj{wnf ihpcwjmcj{ `hw lwwlin{lhj uswuhrcr fcnklji {h kcruh{lrm lr jh{ yahff| bhwwcb{* Rhmc lwwlin{lhj `nblfl{lcr ycwc mnlj{nljck g| {ac plffnic unjban|n{r hw {aclw aliacw hwinjr* L` rhmc iwcn{ lwwlin{lhj uwhocb{r ycwc fc`{ {h {ac ihpcwjmcj{& nr {acrc ycwc gc|hjk {ac bhj{whf h` fhbnf ljl{ln{lpcr& ahy l{ fck {h kcruh{lrm lr jh{ bfcnw* Ihpcwjmcj{ hsia{ {h ucw`hwm rsba `sjb{lhjr njk uwhplklji lwwlin{lhj `nblfl{lcr lr jhy wcbhijlzck nr hjc h` {ac lmuhw{nj{ `sjb{lhjr h` n mhkcwj kcmhbwn{lb r{n{c* Lrhfn{ck plffnic bhmmsjl{lcr ycwc jh{ n sjl~scf| Ljklnj uacjhmcjhj4 {h rhmc cq{cj{ rsba bhmmsjl{lcr uwcpnlfck cpcj lj Cswhuc gc`hwc {ac ljksr{wlnf wcphfs{lhj* Mnwq“r hgrcwpn{lhj {an{ {ac plffnic bhmmsjl{lcr ycwc klrnuucnwlji sjkcw {ac lmunb{ h` r{cnm uhycw njk Cjiflra bhmmcwbc lr jh{ yahff| bhwwcb{* [ac bacnu& Gwl{lra& mnbaljcmnkc ihhkr mhr{f| n``cb{ck {ac swgnj bcj{wcr* Mnwq“r hgrcwpn{lhj {an{ {ac plffnic bhmmsjl{lcr wcr{wnljck {ac asmnj mljk lr {wsc {h rhmc cq{cj{* Mnwq“r hgrcwpn{lhj {an{ {ac plffnicr ycwc sjbhjbcwjck nghs{ {ac {hyjr hw nghs{ {ac bhsj{w| nr n yahfc ‛ lr hjf| unw{f| {wsc* Jhjc h` {ac uwc-Gwl{lra ljpnkcwr bhsfk rsgosin{c {ac cj{lwc bhsj{w|* [acwc ynr nfyn|r rhmc wcrlr{njbc* [alr ynr unw{lbsfnwf| {hsia lj {ac Rhs{a* [ac plffnicwr bhhucwn{ck yacjcpcw {aclw dlji inpc rsba n bnff* 759 Mnknj lr h` {ac plcy {an{ Mnwq ynr jh{ bfcnw nghs{ {ac uwhucw{| wlia{r lj nwngfc fnjk lj Ljkln* L{ ynr wcnff| n bhmufcq ~scr{lhj* 751 [ac Gwl{lracwr nfrh klk jh{ anpc nj| bfcnw lkcn hj {alr ~scr{lhj* Kswlji {ac Aljks ucwlhk {ac fnjk gcfhjick {h {ac {lffcwr h` {ac rhlf4 yac{acw l{ ynr acfk rcunwn{cf| g| cnba bsf{lpn{hw hw ohlj{f| lr n kl``cwcj{ ~scr{lhj* [ac dlji ank jh wlia{ {h klr{swg {ac hyjcwralu h` {ac bsf{lpn{hw sjfcrr ac ynr lj kc`nsf{ h` un|mcj{ h` wcj{ ksc {h alm* Plcyr kl``cw nr {h yac{acw {ac nwngfc fnjk ynr acfk hj nj ljklplksnf gnrlr hw ohlj{f| g| {ac plffnicwr* Nmhji {ac rsuuhw{cwr h` {ac `hwmcw plcy& Mnknj ljbfskck rsba ns{ahwl{lcr nr N* R* Nf{cdnw& 75< G* A* GnkcjUhycff 7>5 njk M* Cfualjr{hjc& 7>> yalfc ac flr{ck {ac jnmcr h` Rlw Acjw| Mnljc 7>7 njk Kw* W* D* Msdacwocc 7>2 nr rsuuhw{cwr h` {ac fn{{cw plcy* Nf{cdnw ynr h` {ac plcy {an{ {ac Pcknr& On{ndn r{hwlcr njk {ac Rmw{lr gcnw {cr{lmhj| {h {ac uwcpnfcjbc h` {ac r|r{cm h` ucnrnj{ uwhuwlc{hwralu lj Ljkln rljbc pcw| cnwf| {lmcr* [ac rcunwn{c wcbhwk h` cnba fnjkhyjcw lj {ac plffnic& dcu{ g| {ac plffnic nbbhsj{nj{ kswlji {ac Mnsw|n ucwlhk !b* 27>->1; G* B*,& nr mcj{lhjck lj {ac Nw{anranr{wn lr uwhh` h` {ac rnmc* [ac ohlj{ ahfkljir h` {ac plffnicr lj {ac Jhw{a& yacwc n iwhsu h` ucwrhjr bhjr{l{s{lji {ac plffnic bhmmsjl{| acfk {ac plffnic fnjk& jh{ lj ohlj{ {cjnjb| gs{ lj {cjnjb|-lj-bhmmhj& nuucnwck lj {ac mcklcpnf ucwlhk& yacj {ac Usjong njk {ac Sjl{ck Uwhpljbcr ycwc rsgocb{ck {h ljpnrlhjr& gh{a sjkcw Aljks njk Msrflm wsfc* N knwlji balc` bhj~scwck njk hbbsulck n {wnb{ h` fnjk& yalba ac nrrlijck {h alr `hffhycwr g| yn| h` wcynwk* Cnba nrrlijcc gcbnmc {ac hyjcw h` {ac plffnic fnjk* Lj bhswrc h` {lmc {ac `nmlf| h` {ac nrrlijcc msf{luflck njk& lj n bcj{sw| hw rh& ljr{cnk h` hjc hyjcw {acwc ynr n bh-ranwlji ghk| h` plffnic uwhuwlc{hwr& yah kcrbcjkck `whm n bhmmhj njbcr{hw* Cnba ank n bfcnw lkcn h` alr hyjcwralu lj {ac ohlj{ fnjk& {ahsia {ac| ycwc ohlj{f| wcruhjrlgfc `hw {ac ><
ihpcwjmcj{ wcpcjsc* Ohlj{ bsf{lpn{lhj ynr sjkcw{ndcj {h dccu bhmmsjl{| fl`c gc{{cw& yalfc ohlj{ wcruhjrlglfl{| `hw un|mcj{ h` fnjk wcpcjsc ynr lj phisc {h nphlk huuwcrrlhj g| {ac wsfcwr* Nj huuhrl{c plcy ynr acfk g| Mnljc* Ac bhj{cjkck {an{ lj {ac cnwflcr{ {lmcr {ac cj{lwc plffnic fnjk gcfhjick {h {ac bhmmsjl{| yl{ahs{ nj| ljklplksnf wlia{r lj {ac uwhucw{|& nr ynr {ac bnrc yl{a {ac njblcj{ Cswhucnj bhmmsjl{lcr* [ac w|h{ynwl r|r{cm h` ucnrnj{ uwhuwlc{hwralu ynr n kcbn|ck `hwm h` {ac ohlj{ ahfkljir r|r{cm* Mnljc acfk {an{ {ahsia fn{cw hj ljklplksnf wlia{r lj uwhucw{| ycwc wcbhijlzck lj {acrc plffnicr& {ac fnjk ynr wc-klr{wlgs{ck nmhji {ac plffnicwr c~snflzlji {ac `cw{lfl{| h` {ac rhlfr* Mnknj lr h` {ac plcy {an{ gc`hwc {ac Gwl{lra bhj~scr{ {yh r|r{cmr h` fnjk {cjswc ycwc uwcpnfcj{ lj Ljkln? {ac w|h{ynwl r|r{cm h` ucnrnj{ uwhuwlc{hwralu njk& {ac mnanfynwl r|r{cm h` ohlj{ hyjcwralu* [ac Gwl{lra& `hffhylji {aclw hyj {wnkl{lhj {an{ {ac dlji ynr {ac rhfc uwhuwlc{hw h` fnjk& lmuhrck {ac znmljknwl r|r{cm& `lwr{ lj Gcjinf& njk fn{cw hj lj {ac h{acw unw{r h` Jhw{a Ljkln* Lj {ac `nbc h` wcrlr{njbc `whm {ac fhbnf uchufc& l{ ynr ilpcj su lj mnj| nwcnr* Ahycpcw& {ac w|h{ynwl njk {ac mnanfynwl r|r{cmr lj{whksbck fn{cw hj sjkcw {ac Gwl{lra wsfc ycwc jh{ rn{lr`nb{hw|& nr {ac fnjk wcpcjsc ynr pcw| alia& njk l{ nfrh `fsb{sn{ck `whm {lmc {h {lmc* Mnwq r{whjif| bwl{lblzck nff {acrc r|r{cmr* Mnknj hgrcwpck {an{ Mw* W* B* Ks{{ 7>; nfmhr{ bhjbswwck yl{a Mnwq“r plcyr hj {ac Gwl{lra Ljklnj r|r{cmr h` wcpcjsc njk {nqn{lhj* 7>3 Ac nfrh jh{ck {an{ {ac hgrcwpn{lhjr mnkc g| Mnwq lj bhjjcb{lhj yl{a {ac `s{swc wcrsf{r h` {ac Gwl{lra wsfc lj Ljkln {swjck hs{ {h gc {wsc* 7>0 Mnwq gcflcpck {an{ {ac wnlfyn|r njk mhkcwj ljksr{wlcr ylff fcnk {h {ac klrrhfs{lhj h` acwckl{nw| klplrlhj h` fnghsw njk bnr{c klr{njbcr* Mnknj hgrcwpck {an{ mnj| uchufc anpc ohljck {ac jcy ljksr{wlcr& fcnplji {aclw acwckl{nw| hbbsun{lhjr njk nwc yhwdlji {hic{acw n{ hjc ufnbc* Ahycpcw& mnj| h` {ac suucw bnr{cr r{lff uwc`cw jhjmnjsnf ohgr njk nwc jh{ lj{cwcr{ck lj {ndlji su ljksr{wlnf cj{cwuwlrcr* Mnwq ywh{c {an{ nff {ac Cjiflra ghswichlrlc mn| gc `hwbck {h kh ylff jcl{acw cmnjblun{c jhw mn{cwlnff| mcjk {ac rhblnf bhjkl{lhjr h` {ac mnrr h` {ac uchufc {lff lj Iwcn{ Gwl{nlj l{rcf` {ac wsflji bfnrr lr wcufnbck g| ljksr{wlnf uwhfc{nwln{ hw {ac Ljklnjr {acmrcfpcr anpc iwhyj r{whji cjhsia {h {awhy h`` {ac Cjiflra |hdc nf{hic{acw* Mnknj `hsjk {an{ {alr hgrcwpn{lhj h` Mnwq anr nfrh uwhpck {h gc {wsc* Ljkln ih{ ljkcucjkcjbc lj ><;9 hjf| yacj {ac Fnghsw Ihpcwjmcj{ yl{a Mw* Bfcmcj{ N{fcc nr uwlmc mljlr{cw bnmc {h uhycw& nf{ahsia uwhmlrcr ycwc mnkc cnwflcw `whm {lmc {h {lmc g| pnwlhsr h{acw unw{lcr lj uhycw {h ilpc ljkcucjkcjbc {h Ljkln* 7>9 Mnknj bhjbfskck {an{? ‑‑Dnwf Mnwq r{sklck nff {ac nrucb{r h` Ljklnj rhblc{|& ljbfsklji uhfl{lbnf& cbhjhmlb& rhblnf& wcflilhsr& wswnfswgnj& `nmlflr{lb& bsf{swnf c{b*& yl{a {ac cqbcu{lhj h` uhusfn{lhj*““ 7>1
Mnknj `hwih{ {h mcj{lhj {an{ Mnwq uwckcbcnrck {ac Ljklnj uhusfn{lhj r{sklcr* H{acwr anpc jh{ck {an{ Mnwq klk jh{ flpc {h rcc {ac wcrsf{r h` {ac wcpcjsc rswpc|r njk bnr{c lj~slwlcr h` Ljkln* 7>< Hjc mn| nkk {an{ {ac klrbhpcw| h` {ac Ljksr Pnffc| Blplflzn{lhj njk h` {ac {cq{ h` Nw{anranr{wn nfrh {hhd ufnbc n`{cw Mnwq“r kcn{a* Uchufc h` cnba icjcwn{lhj lj cpcw| bhsj{w| fnghsw sjkcw {ac fhnk h` {ac mnlj inur lj bhj{cmuhwnw| djhyfckic* @hw ljr{njbc& {ac h{acwylrc unljr{ndlji rswpc|r njk lj{cwpcj{lhjr h` Rsklu{n Dnplwno& 775 Rsjlf Ml{wn& 77> Kcgl Ban{cwocc& 777 Njkwì Gì{clffc& 75
772 njk Kcgcra Wh| Bahskasw|& 77; njk Klucra Bandwngnw{| 773 rs``cw `whm {ac bhj{cmuhwnw| Ljklnj fnbd h` nynwcjcrr nghs{ {ac Ljkln-wcfn{ck c{ajhfhilbnf jh{cr njk fnjk-wcfn{lhjr-alr{hwlhiwnualb cqbcwu{r h` Dnwf Mnwq* Dwnkcw“r ckl{lhjr h` {acrc {cq{r !rcc j* 1 njk <, ycwc npnlfngfc njk wcnk& gs{ jh{ msba bhmmcj{ck suhj4 Anwr{lbd“r ckl{lhj !rcc j* <, ynr jh{ cpcj npnlfngfc njk& wcmnljr ljnbbcrrlgfc {h mhr{ Ljklnjr& fldc {ac phfsmcr h` {ac MCIN& hj fljislr{lb iwhsjkr* [alr wcpcnfr n bcw{nlj {lmc-fni njk bhmmsjlbn{lhj inu gc{yccj Ljklnj njk Ycr{cwj Mnwq-r{sklcr& cpcj lj {ac wcnfm h` mn{{cwr ucw{nljlji {h Ljkln* / / /
/ / /
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Mnwq“r lj{cwcr{ lj Ljkln ynr n unw{ h` alr lj{cwcr{ lj {ac k|jnmlbr h` yhwfk alr{hw|* Ac ljacwl{ck {alr lj{cwcr{ `whm Cswhucnj Wcjnlrrnjbc njk Cjflia{cjmcj{& {ac Whmnj{lb Mhpcmcj{ njk& {ac bwl{l~sc h` {an{ mhpcmcj{ lj Acicf& njk {acwcn`{cw* 770 [ac cquhrswc {h {ac kn{n njk {cq{r `whm {ac jhj-Cswhucnj yhwfk inpc wlrc {h nj lj{cwcr{ lj yhwfk alr{hw| lj Cswhuc* Lj {ac Icwmnj rucndlji unw{ h` Cswhuc {alr lj{cwcr{ mnjl`cr{ck l{rcf` nr n klrbhswrc hj {ac ualfhrhua| h` asmnj rhblnf alr{hw|* Lj Cjifnjk njk @wnjbc l{ fnlk {ac `hsjkn{lhjr h` c{ajfhilbnf r{sklcr& yalba iwcy lj{h cmulwlbnf njk {achwc{lbnf nj{awhuhfhi|* Msf{l-klmcjrlhjnf r{sk| h` yhwfk alr{hw| bnmc lj{h gclji* Yacj Mnwq gcinj alr r{sklcr hj Ljkln& ac {hhd alr bscr `whm {ac cj{lwc uwcbcklji rbahfnwralu* Gc`hwc alm& njk fnwicf| cpcj n`{cw& Cswhucnj Ljkhfhi| ynr mnljf| lj{cwcr{ck lj Ljkln“r unr{* Mnwq c``cb{ck nj ‑ljpcwrlhj“& njk {swjck alr inzc `lwmf| hj Ljkln“r uwcrcj{ njk `s{swc* Ac ynr lj{cwcr{ck lj `ljklji hs{ ahy {alr alr{hwlbnf ‑h{acw“ h` Cswhuc ynr ic{{lji {wnjr`hwmck lj{h rhmc{alji cfrc* Nr lj {ac bnrc h` uhfl{lbnf cbhjhm|& acwc {hh& alr ohswjnflr{lb ljphfpcmcj{ fswck alm lj{h n r{sk| h` {ac mhwc cjkswlji r{wsb{swcr h` {ac rhblh-cbhjhmlb `hwmn{lhjr {an{ cphfpck lj {alr unw{ h` {ac yhwfk* Alr r{sk| h` uhfl{lbnf cbhjhm| njk yhwfk alr{hw| bhmufcmcj{ck cnba h{acw* N`{cw nff& {ac `hwmcw sj`hfkr ljrlkc {ac fn{{cw* Jcl{acw yhwfk alr{hw|& jhw uhfl{lbnf cbhjhm|& njk jh{ cpcj Ljkln& anr bhmc {h nj cjk. [aclw r{sk| wcmnljr hucj cjkck* Yan{ lr mhwc& nff h` {acrc nwc pcw| fnwic khmnljr& bhj{nljlji jsmcwhsr pcw| fnwic rsg-khmnljr* Ghwwhylji nj cquwcrrlhj `whm nj ycff-djhyj wcrsf{ hg{nljck lj {ac wcnfm h` njh{acw klrbhswrc& 779 l{ mn| gc acswlr{lbnff| rsiicr{ck& {an{ acjbc {ac ‑ljbhmufc{cjcrr“ h` hsw bhijl{lpc c``hw{r ‛ Mnwq“r ljbfskck ‛ lj {acrc& nr lj mnj| h{acw& khmnljr* Mnj| Mnwqlr{r lj Ljkln njk ngwhnk anpc {swjck {aclw n{{cj{lhj {h Ljkln* [lff kn{c {aclw c``hw{r nwc uwcuhjkcwnj{f| banwnb{cwlzck g| n bcw{nlj cq{cwjnflr{ hwlcj{n{lhj& yacwclj Ljkln `liswcr rhfcf| nr nj hgocb{ h` ljpcr{lin{lhj njk {acwnu| njk& Mnwqlrm nuucnwr nr n wcuhrl{hw| h` rhmc mc{ahkr yalba nwc cq{cwjnf {h l{* [ac| anpc icjcwnff| `nlfck {h jh{lbc {an{ Ljkln& njk `hw {an{ mn{{cw Nrln njk {ac cj{lwc yhwfk& lr lj{cwjnff| bhjjcb{ck yl{a {ac pcw| uwhbcrr h` cmcwicjbc h` Mnwq“r alr{hwlhiwnua| 771* Lj {ac bnrc h` Ljkln& {acrc bhjjcb{lhjr nwc mckln{ck {awhsia {ac lj{cw`nbcr h` Ljkln-R{sklcr& Ualfhrhua| h` Alr{hw|& Alr{hwlhiwnua| njk& Nj{awhuhfhi|* [ac r{sk| h` {acrc lj{cwjnf bhjjcb{lhjr nfhjc bnj rc{ wlia{ {ac lmgnfnjbcr& mlrbhjbcu{lhjr njk& {ac hwlcj{nflr{ njk nj{l-hwlcj{nflr{ c{b* r{cwch{|ucr& yalba mnw {ac al{acw{h cphfpck wcbcu{lhj h` Mnwq“r ywl{ljir hj Ljkln* Yc bnj cqucb{ {an{ lj {ac uwhbcrr mnj| lj{cwcr{lji aljk rlia{r& ljrlia{r njk `hwcrlia{r ylff nfrh gc icjcwn{ck& wcrucb{lpcf|& nghs{ Ljkln“r unr{& uwcrcj{ njk `s{swc* [ac `s{swc7>
hwlcj{n{lhj lr bwsblnf acwc& nr {ac {nrd lr jh{ mcwcf| {h lj{cwuwc{ Ljkln& gs{ nfrh {h banjic acw `hw {ac gc{{cwmcj{ h` acw uchufc njk h` {ac cj{lwc asmnjdljk*
JH[CR? >
Dnwf Mnwq& Kl``cwcjbc Gc{yccj {ac Kcmhbwl{cnj njk Culbswcnj Ualfhrhua| h` Jn{swc & lj? Mnwq D* njk Cjicfr& @* Bhffcb{ck Yhwdr !acjbc`hw{a& MCBY ,& Phf* > !Mhrbhy& ><93,& uu* ;>& 920*
7
Rcc? MCBY & Phf* 3 !Mhrbhy& ><90,& u* 33*
2
Rcc? MCBY & Phf* 0 !Mhrbhy& ><90,& uu* >1;-13*
;
Rcc ? MCBY & Phf* >7 !Mhrbhy& ><9<,& uu* >73-22& >;1-30& >9;-1;& ><7-755& 75<->0& 7>9-774 phf* >3 !Mhrbhy& ><10,& 7<9-255& 253-7>& 279-25& 220-30& 20>-91& 2<7-<<& ;><-7;& ;23-37& 35;-5<& 379-21& 3;0-;<& 332-3<& 393-11& 3<5-<3& 059->>*
3
Rcc? MCBY & Phf* 71 !Mhrbhy& ><10,& uu* 2;-23& ;50& ;7;4 Phf* 7< !Mhrbhy& ><19,& uu* 732& 793 !`hh{jh{c,* Bnul{nf & Phf* L !Mhrbhy& ><12,& uu* 229-2<4 Phf* LL !Mhrbhy& ><91,& u* >29 !`hh{jh{c,4 Phf* LLL !Mhrbhy& ><91,& uu* 222-2;* [achwlcr h` Rswufsr Pnfsc & Unw{ L !Mhrbhy& ><91,& u* 2904 Unw{ LL !Mhrbhy& ><91,& uu* >0& 7;>& ;59& ;174 Unw{ LLL !Mhrbhy& ><91,& uu* >11& ;>0& ;23& ;;5*
0
Rcc ? MCBY & Phf* 2< !Mhrbhy& ><12,& uu* 222-2;& 22<-;5& 2;3-;14 Mnwq-Cjicfr& Rcfcb{ck Bhwwcruhjkcjbc !Mhrbhy& ><03,& uu* 229& 23>*
9
Rcc? MCBY & Phf* 70 !Mhrbhy& ><<5,& uu* >;5& >;1& >3>& >3<-05& >07& >01& >0<& >9;& 727*
1
Fnywcjbc Dwnkcw !ck*,& [ac C{ajhfhilbnf Jh{cghhdr h` Dnwf Mnwq !Nrrcj ><974 7jk ck* ><9;,& uu* >52& >50& 7;3-9>& 71>-1;& 7<9& 259& 25<& 2>;& 277-79& 222-2;& 22<& 2;>& 2;;& 2;9& 2;1*
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Dnwf Mnwq& Cqbcwu{r `whm Mndrlm Mndrlmhplba Dhpnfcprdlo“r Hgrbaljjhc _cmfcpfnkcjlc l*{*k* !Mhrdpn& >19<,& lj ? Fnywcjbc Dwnkcw& [ac Nrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj ? Rhswbcr& Kcpcfhumcj{ njk Bwl{l~sc lj {ac ywl{ljir h` Dnwf Mnwq !Nrrcj& ><93,& Unw{ LL& uu* 2;3-<< njk& lj ? Anjr-Uc{cw Anwr{lbd !Awri*,& Dnwf Mnwq ögcw @hwmcj phwdnul{nflr{lrbacw Uwhksd{lhj !@wnjd`sw{(Mnlj njk Jcy \hwd& ><99,& R* 2<-<2*
>5
Dnwf Mnwq& Jh{cr hj Ljklnj Alr{hw| !Mhrbhy& ><05,*
>>
@hw n rcfcb{ck flr{ h` ghhdr lj {ac Nrrnmcrc& Gcjinfl& Isown{l& Aljkl& Ljklnj Cjiflra& Dnjnkn& Mnfn|nfnm& Mnwn{al& Hwl|n& Usjongl& [nmlf& [cfcis njk Swks fnjisnicr su{h ><12& rcc ? Nwn{l Kn{{n njk Uanjl Gasrnj Wh|& Dnwf Mnwq ? {awhsia Ljklnj C|cr !Bnfbs{{n& ><1;,* [alr flr{ khcr jh{ ljbfskc usgflbn{lhjr lj {ac Dnramlwl& Dhjdnjl& Mnjluswl& Jcunfl& Rnj{anfl njk Rljkal fnjisnicr* [ac uhrrlglfl{| h` usgflbn{lhjr cqlr{lji lj rhmc mhwc h` {ac Ljklnj fnjisnicr bnj jh{ gc cqbfskck*
>7
Cnwflcw n{{cmu{r lj {alr klwcb{lhj ljbfskc? l* I*O* Wnmnwnh& ‑‑Mnwqlrm? Ljklnj Alr{hw| njk Ualfhrhua|““& lj? Ahwr{ Dwöicw !Awri*,& Jcsc Ljklcjdsjkc* @cr{rbawl`{ Ynf{cw Wsgcj zsm 95* Icgsw{r{ni !Gcwflj& ><95,& uu* 22>-;2* ll* Gnr{lnnj Ylcfcjin& Mnwqlr{ Plcyr hj Ljkln lj Alr{hwlbnf Ucwrucb{lpc !Mnkwnr& ><90,4 rcc crucblnff| {acwclj& Banu{cw LL ? Ljklnj Mnwqlr{r hj Mnwq njk Ljklnj Alr{hw|& uu* 02->>7*
>2
Yalfc bhffcb{lji mn{cwlnfr `hw {alr nw{lbfc L wcbclpck n fh{ h` acfu `whm Wnonjl njk Rnjolp Pnlk|n& Glufng Bandwnghw{|& Ganjskcg Ks{{n& I* Dsmnwnuun njk& fn{c Rhmjn{a Iahra*
>;
Dnwf Mnwq& ‑‑[ac @s{swc Wcrsf{r h` {ac Gwl{lra Wsfc lj Ljkln““& J\K[ & Jh* 21;5 h` Nsisr{ 1& >1324 lj ? MCBY & Phf* >7& f*b*& !j* ;,& u* 7>1*
>3
Rcc? Klflu Dsmnw Glrynr !ck*,& [ac Bhwwcruhjkcjbc h` Wnon Wnmmhasj Wh| & Phf* LL !Bnfbs{{n& ><<9,& uu* 933-30*
>0
Rcc? Lk* !ck*,& [ac Bhwwcruhjkcjbc h` Wnon Wnmmhasj Wh| & Phf* L !Bnfbs{{n& ><<7,& uu* 305-074 Phf* LL& f*b *& !j* >3,& uu* 950-5<& 993-90& <<5& >>77*
>9
Rcc? MCBY & Phf* >7& f*b*& !j* ;,& uu* >73-22& 7>9-77*
>1
Rcc? {ac yccdf| Rhmuwhdnra !Anwljnpl& 72 Gnlranda >70<(3 Mn| >1074 ~sh{ck lj? Rsdhmnf Rcj& Ganwn{cw Rawnmld Njkhfnjcw L{lanr !Alr{hw| h` Ljklnj Fnghsw Mhpcmcj{ , !Bnfbs{{n& ><934 2wk ck* ><1;,& u* >><*
77
><
Rcc? {ac [wnjrnb{lhjr h` {ac Gcjinf Rhblnf Rblcjbc Nrrhbln{lhj ? >109-914 unw{lnff| wcuwlj{ck lj? Gcfn Ks{{ Isu{n& Rhblhfhi| lj Ljkln !Bnfbs{{n& ><97,& rcc crucblnff| {acwclj? Unw{ [yh& uu* 37-02& >10-<;& 791-259& 2;;-0>*
75
Wcpcwcjk Onmcr Fhji& Plffnic Bhmmsjl{lcr lj Ljkln njk Wsrrln * Wcnk hj 70 Mnwba >197* Wcuw* lj? Ks{{ Isu{n& Rhblhfhi| lj Ljkln& f*b* & !j* ><,& Unw{ [yh& uu* 77>-99* @hw Mnwq“r cqbcwu{r bhj{nljlji n wc`cwcjbc {h l{& rcc Mnwq-Jnbafnrr !LLRI& Nmr{cwknm,& G>;5& uu* ;5& 9>4 Cji* {w* lj ? Dwnkcw& [ac Nrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj c{b*& f*b*& !j* <,& Unw{ LL& uu* 201& 21<4 Gcjinfl {w* lj ? Uwnklu Gndrl !ck*,& Dnwf Mnwq& Ganwn{gnwrc OnmlRnmunwdcw L{lanr Uwnrnjic !Hj {ac Alr{hw| h` Fnjk Wcfn{lhjr lj Ljkln,& !Bnfbs{{n& ><<<,& uu* 25& 07*
7>
Ohaj Gskk Uacnw& [ac Nw|nj Plffnic lj Ljkln njk Bc|fhj !Fhjkhj& >115,* @hw Mnwq“r jh{cr `whm l{ rcc ? MnwqJnbafnrr !LLRI& Nmr{cwknm,& G >;0& uu* >71-3;4 wcuwhksbck lj ? Dwnkcw !ck*,& [ac C{ajhfhilbnf Jh{cghhdr h` Dnwf Mnwq& f*b* & !j* 1,& uu* 7;2-1;4 unw{lnf Gcjinfl {w* g| Unw{an Ban{{hunka|n|n lj bhffnghwn{lhj yl{a Rsonj Banjkn njk Rasphwnjonj Knrisu{n& sjkcw {ac {l{fc ? ‑‑Gnjifnw Iwnmrnmno Uwnrnjic Dnwf Mnwq““ !‑‑Dnwf Mnwq hj {ac Wswnf Rhblc{| h` Gcjinf““,& Gnwhmnr !Bnfbs{{n& Ns{smj ><19,& uu* 7-77*
77
Ucnw| Mhanj Msdacwocc Tlj Mnwq“r jh{cr? Gngs Ucnw| Basjk Mhhdcwocc]& Hj {ac bhjkl{lhj h` Gcjinf W|h{ * Wcnk hj >> @cgwsnw| >195* Wcuw* lj ? Ks{{ Isu{n& Rhblhfhi| lj Ljkln& f*b* & !j* ><,& Unw{ [yh& uu* >10-<;* @hw Mnwq“r cqbcwu{r `whm l{ rcc? Mnwq-Jnbafnrr !LLRI& Nmr{cwknm,& G >;0& u* >204 njk& Dwnkcw !ck*, [ac C{ajhfhilbnf Jh{cghhdr h` Dnwf Mnwq& f*b* & !j* 1,& u* 739*
72
Rcc? {ac Khbsmcj{r h` {ac @lwr{ Lj{cwjn{lhjnf ? >195->19> !Mhrbhy njk Fhjkhj& j* k*,& uu* 731& 325*
7;
Gnjdlm Banjkwn Ban{{hunka|n|n& ‑‑Rnm|n““& Gnjinknwranj !Bnfbs{{n& >19;-90,* Wclrrsck nr n mhjhiwnua lj >19<* Wcuw* lj? Ihunf Anfkcw !ck*,* Gnjdlm Wnbanjnrnjiwnan& Uwngnjkan Danjkn& Uwn{anm Njiran !Bnfbs{{n& ><92,& uu* ;<1-322* Rsgrc~scj{f|& Gnjdlm klr{njbck almrcf` `whm {ac plcyr cquwcrrck {acwclj*
73
Lglk *& u* 359* Acwc njk acjbc`hw{a nff {wnjrfn{lhjr lj{h Cjiflra nwc mljc ‛ U* G*
70
Ohicjkwn Banjkwn Iahra& ‑‑[ac Plffnic Bhmmsjl{| h` Gcjinf njk Suucw Ljkln““& [ac Bnfbs{{n Wcplcy & Phf* FQQLP& Jh* BQFPLLL !Bnfbs{{n& >117,& uu* 779-95*
79
Rcc? Mnwq-Jnbafnrr !LLRI& Nmr{cwknm,& G >;5& uu* 7<-2;4 Dwnkcw& [ac Nrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj c{b*& f*b* & !j* <,& Unw{ LL& uu* 2;0-33*
71
Rcc? Mnwq-Jnbafnrr !LLRI& Nmr{cwknm,& G >;5& uu* 25& 2>& 00& 904 Dwnkcw& [ac Nrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj c{b*& f*b*& !j* <,& Unw{ LL& uu* 235& 23>& 217& 2<9*
7<
Iahra& ‑‑[ac Plffnic Bhmmsjl{| h` Gcjinf njk Suucw Ljkln““& [ac Bnfbs{{n Wcplcy & f*b*& !j* 70,& u* 7;;*
25
[ac wc`cwcjbc lr {h? Nsisr{ phj Anq{ansrcj& R{sklcj ögcw klc ljjcwj _sr{njkc kcr Phfdrfcgcj sjk ljrgcrhjkcwc klc fëjkflbacj Cljwlba{sjicj Wsrrfnjkr& 2 phfr* !Anjhpcw& >1;9->137, njk& {ac klrrbsrrlhj {an{ `hffhyck {alr usgflbn{lhj*
2>
Dnwf Mnwq& Hs{fljcr h` {ac Bwl{l~sc h` Uhfl{lbnf Cbhjhm| !Whsia Kwn`{r h` >139-31, & lj ? MCBY & Phf* 7<& f*b*& !j* 3,& u* 732*
27
Wngljkwnjn{a [andsw& ‑‑Rhblnflrm““& Rnkanjn !Bnfbs{{n& Onlr{an >7<<(Mn|-Osjc >1<7,& uu* 19-<>*
22
Rynml Plpcdnjnjkn& Fc{{cw {h Mlrr Mnw| Anfc& >r{ Jhpcmgcw& >1<04 lj ? [ac Bhmufc{c Yhwdr h` Rynml Plpcdnjnjkn& Phf* PL !Bnfbs{{n& ><304 >2{a wcuw* ><<3,& uu* 21>-17*
2;
Rcc? Dahwrack Nkl Rc{ajn& Mnknmc Galdanol Wsr{hm Dnmn !Jcy Kcfal& ><19,& uu* 29-21*
23
Lglk*& u* 9>*
20
Lglk*& u* 21*
29
Jniljfnf A* Rc{nfpnk& ‑‑Rhblnflrm njk {ac Rhblnf Mhpcmcj{““& [ac Mhkcwj Wcplcy & Phf* PLL& Jh* 2 !Bnfbs{{n& Mnwba ><>5,& uu* 733-09*
21
Ycwjcw Rhmgnw{& Rhzlnflrmsr sjk rhzlnfc Gcycisji lm ><* Onawasjkcw{ 4 rsgrc~scj{f| wclrrsck nr ? Rhzlnflrmsr sjk rhzlnfc Gcycisji 4 Cji* {w* Rhblnflrm njk {ac Rhblnf Mhpcmcj{ !Fhjkhj njk Jcy \hwd& ><5<,4 lj ><7; {ac >5{a ck* h` {ac hwliljnf ynr usgflrack sjkcw {ac {l{fc ? Kcw uwhfc{nwlrbac Rhblnflrmsr !‑‑Mnwqlrmsr““,*
72
2<
Fnfn Anwkn|nf& ‑‑Dnwf Mnwq ? N Mhkcwj Wlral““& [ac Mhkcwj Wcplcy & Phf* LQ& Jh* 2 !Bnfbs{{n& Mnwba ><>7,& uu* 792-10*
;5
D* Wnmndwlrajn Ulffnl& Dnwf Mnwq !Unfian{& Nsisr{ ;& ><>7,* @hw nj Cji* {w* h` l{ g| D* U* Mhanj& {hic{acw yl{a n wcuwlj{ h` Anwkn|nf“r crrn| !rcc j* 2<,& rcc ? U* B* Ohral njk D* Knmhknwnj& Mnwq bhmcr {h Ljkln !Kcfal& ><93,& uu* ;9-92& >51-72*
;>
Sucjkwnjn{a Gnjkhunka|n|n& ‑‑Cswhuc Rnmno Glufng““ !‑‑Rhblnf Wcphfs{lhj lj Cswhuc““,& Jnwn|nj !Bnfbs{{n& Nrnwn >279(Osjc-Osf| ><75,4 wcuw* lj ? Raluwn Rnwdnw njk Njnml{wn Knra !bhffcb{ck,& Gnjinflw Rnm|ngnk Banwban ![ac Bsf{lpn{lhj h` Bhmmsjlrm lj Gcjinf , !Bnfbs{{n& ><<1,& uu* 22-29*
;7
Rwlunk Nmwl{ Knjic& Injkal pr Fcjlj !Ghmgn|& ><7>,4 wcuw* lj? Lk*& Rcfcb{ck Ywl{ljir& Phf* > !Ghmgn|& ><9;,& uu* ;>->70*
;2
Mnjngcjkwn Jn{a Wh|& lj bhffnghwn{lhj yl{a Ngnjl Msdacwol& Ljkln lj [wnjrl{lhj !Icjìpc& ><77,*
;;
Fnwicf| rcbsfnw& cq{wcmlr{ njk& Unj-Ljklnj*
;3
Lj ><75& nghs{ >1&555 Msrflm ucnrnj{r ycj{ {h N`injlr{nj `whm Ljkln* [ac| bhjrlkcwck Ljkln sjkcw {ac Gwl{lra {h gc nj nuhr{n{c fnjk& njk r|mun{alrck yl{a {ac uflia{ h` {ac Rsf{nj h` [swdc| !rcc j* ;1 gcfhy,*
;0
[ac Unw{| hwliljn{ck lj Bnfl`hwjln* N{{cmu{ck suwlrlji lj bcj{wnf Usjong lj ><>3* [ac unw{| ynr klrrhfpck lj ><;1*
;9
Fldc {ac \sinj{nw njk Njsralfnj lj Gcjinf* N fnwic jsmgcw h` {aclw mcmgcwr ohljck {ac bhmmsjlr{ njk {wh{rd|lr{ unw{lcr lj {ac ><25r*
;1
N mhpcmcj{ lj cnwf| 75{a bcj{sw| Ljkln& yalba nwhrc nr n wcrsf{ h` Msrflm `cnwr `hw {ac lj{ciwl{| h` Lrfnm* L{ ynr n bnmunlij lj kc`cjrc h` {ac Rsf{nj h` [swdc|& yah ynr nfrh {ac Danfl`n !Bnflua, h` Lrfnm* L{ bhffnurck yacj Msr{n`n Dcmnf N{n{öwd nghflrack {ac bnfluan{c lj ><7;*
;<
N mhpcmcj{ `hw {ac flgcwn{lhj h` {ac Rlda rawljcr ! Iswskynwnr, `whm {ac bfs{bacr h` ns{hbwn{lb bfcwi| !Mnanj{r,* N`{cw {ac n{{nljmcj{ h` kcmhbwn{lb bhj{whf h` {ac rawljcr lj ><73& {ac mhpcmcj{ {swjck l{rcf` lj{h n uhfl{lbnf unw{|& uwcrcj{f| hucwn{lpc lj Ljklnj Usgong*
35
Rcc? Injinkanw Nkaldnwl !ck*,& Khbsmcj{r h` {ac Alr{hw| h` {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| h` Ljkln ! acjbc`hw{a& KABUL ,& Phfsmc Hjc? ><>9-><77 !Jcy Kcfal& ><9>,& uu* >-;*
3>
Dnwf Mnwq& Hs{fljcr h` {ac Bwl{l~sc h` Uhfl{lbnf Cbhjhm| !Whsia Kwn`{r h` >139-31, & lj ? MCBY & Phf* 7<& f*b*& !j* 3,& u* 732*
37
Ckynwk Ralfr& ‑‑[ac Nbnkcmlb Uwh`crrlhj lj Ljkln““& lj ? Ckmsjk Fcnba njk R* J* Msdacwocc !ck*,& Cfl{cr lj Rhs{a Nrln !Bnmgwlkic& ><95,& u* ><<*
32
Rcc? Dwnkcw& [ac Nrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj c{b*& f*b* & !j* 1,& uu* 279-2<& crucblnff| uu* 229-2< {acwclj*
3;
Rcc ? Dns{lf|n& [ac Nw{anranr{wn& ck*& wcnwwnjick& {w* njk lj{whksbck g| F* J* Wnjinwnonj !Jcy Kcfal& ><<7,& uu* 772-37& 703-9;& 71>-19& 7<;-252& 27;-30& 20<-<>& 2<7-;;3*
33
Rcc? [ac Dnmnrs{wn h` Pn{r|n|njn& {w* g| Wlbanwk @* Gsw{hj !Jcy Kcfal& ><<2,& uu* 753-29*
30
Rcc {ac ;;{a nmcjkmcj{ {h {ac Ljlknj Bhjr{l{s{lhj nkhu{ck lj ><91*
39
Rcc? {ac yhwdlji unucw hj Nrlnj fnghsw g| Uwh`* Onj Gwcmnj& N R{sk| h` Ljksr{wlnf Fnghsw lj Uhr{-Bhfhjlnf Ljkln& u* >5* Bcj{wc `hw Nrlnj R{sklcr& Nmr{cwknm* !C-mnlf ? gwcmnjEurby*spn*jf,*
31
M* J* Wh|“r Mcmhlwr !Ghmgn| c{b*& ><0;,& u* 7<*
3<
Mhanmmnk Gnwndn{sffna& Ghfracplrm njk Lrfnmlb Jn{lhjr !lj Ucwrlnj, ![nradcj{& ><><,4 Cji* {w* g| Bnu{nlj Rnmnk Rana h` {ac Gwl{lra-Ljklnj Nwm|& uwcrcwpck lj {ac Jn{lhjnf Nwbalpcr h` Ljkln& Ahmc njk Uhfl{lbnf Kcunw{mcj{& ><><& @lfc Jh* 77<34 unw{lnff| wcuwhksbck lj ? KABUL& Phfsmc Hjc ? ><>9-><77 & f*b*& !j* 35,& uu* >72-71& rcc {acwclj u* >72*
05
Lglk *& uu* >72-71*
0>
Knjic& Injkal pr Fcjlj& lj ? alr Rcfcb{ck Ywl{ljir& Phf* >& f*b*& !j* ;7,& u* 93*
7;
07
@wckcwlbd Cjicfr& [ac Alr{hw| h` Uwlml{lpc Bawlr{lnjl{| * Ywl{{cj gc{yccj Osjc >< njk Osf| >0& >1<;* Unw{lnff| wcuwhksbck lj ? Mnwq& Cjicfr& Uwc-Bnul{nflr{ Rhblh-Cbhjhmlb @hwmn{lhjr !Mhrbhy& ><9<,& u* ;17*
02
Ylcfcjin& Mnwqlr{ Plcyr hj Ljkln lj Alr{hwlbnf Ucwrucb{lpc& f*b* & !j* >7* ll,& u* qplll*
0;
Lglk *
03
Rcc? Uwnklu Gndrl& ‑‑Wnmmhasj H Nmnkcw Dnf““ !‑‑Wnmmhasj njk Hsw [lmcr““,& {wnjrfn{hw“r lj{whksb{lhj {h ? Wnmmhasj Wh|& Rnmnold H Wnojnl{ld Uwnrnjin !Hj Lrrscr Rhblnf njk Uhfl{lbnf , !Bnfbs{{n& ><<1,& u* qlll*
00
Lk* Rnmndnflj Rnmnocw S{{nwnjcw Rnmnr|n !Uwhgfcmr h` Rhblnf [wnjrl{lhj [hkn| ,* Wnmmhasj Wh| Mcmhwlnf Fcb{swc !Bnfbs{{n& >1 Mnwba& ><<1,& uu* 72-7;
09
Gcjh| Dsmnw Rnwdnw& Unwlgnw& Ihr{al H Wnr{wn !L{lanrcw Nw{anjnl{ld G|nda|n , T [ac @nmlf|& {ac Icjr njk {ac R{n{c ! Nj Cbhjhmlb Lj{cwuwc{n{lhj h` Alr{hw| ,] !Bnfbs{{n& ><7;,*
01
Lglk *& uu* pll-plll*
0<
Lglk*& u* plll*
95
Rcc? @wckcwlbd Cjicfr& Unwlgnw& G|nd{lin{n Rnmun{{l H Wnr{wcw S{un{{l ![ac Hwlilj h` {ac @nmlf|& Uwlpn{c uwhucw{| njk {ac R{n{c,& {w* g| Mnjmn{an Jn{a Rnwdnw !Bnfbs{{n& Mn|& ><;;,4 {w* g| Wcgn{l Gnwmnj !Bnfbs{{n& Jhpcmgcw ><;;,4 njhj|mhsr {w* !Mhrbhy& ><99,*
9>
Rnwdnw& Unwlgnw& Ihr{al H Wnr{wn !L{lanrcw Nw{anjnl{ld G|nda|n,& f*b* & !j* 09,& uu* lp& pl*
97
Lglk*& u* p*
92
Lglk*& u* qpl*
9;
Lglk*& uu* qqll-qqlll*
93
Mnrrcr& Jh* >> !Jhpcmgcw& ><73,*
90
Wnonjl Unfmc Ks{{& Mhkcwj Ljkln !Fhjkhj& ><704 Ljklnj wcuwlj{ ? Ghmgn|& ><70,*
99
Rcc? Njonj Gcwn& Gnjifn| Mnwdrgnkl Uwndnranjnw Uwn{anm Unwgn ![ac @lwr{ Uanrc h` Mnwqlr{ Usgflbn{lhjr lj Gcjinf , !Bnfbs{{n& 7555,& u* 75*
91
Rhsmcjkwnjn{a [andsw& Rnkanwnj Ryn{{yngnklw Lr{nanw !Mnjl`cr{h h` {ac Suahfkcwr h` Bhmmhj Hyjcwralu , !Bnfbs{{n& ><7<,*
9<
@hw {alr / mnwdck `hh{jh{c rcc? MCBY & Phf* 0& !Mhrbhy& ><90,& u* ;17*
15
Rcc? {ac R{n{cmcj{ h` R* N* Knjic & Nbbsrck lj {ac Mccws{ Bhjrulwnb| Bnrc& Gc`hwc W* F* \hwdc& Cr~w* L*B*R*& Nkkl{lhjnf Rcrrlhjr Oskic& Mccws{& S* U* Ljkln4 Kcflpcwck `whm 70{a Hb{hgcw ><2> {h 3{a Onjsnw| ><27 !Mccws{& ><27,4 wcuw* lj? R* N* Knjic& Rcfcb{ck Ywl{ljir& Phf* 7 !Ghmgn|& ><99,& rcc uu* >29-21 {acwclj*
1>
Rcc? Knjic& Rcfcb{ck Ywl{ljir& Phf* 7& f*b*& !j* 15,& Nuucjklq C& u* 3>2*
17
Lglk*& @hwcyhwk& uu* qlq-qq*
12
Rcc? Dnwf Mnwq& ‑‑[ac Gwl{lra Wsfc lj Ljkln““& lj ? MCBY & Phf* >7& f*b*& !j* ;,& u* >27*
1;
Msfd Wno Njnjk !ck*,& Mnwq njk Cjicfr hj Ljkln !Nffnangnk& ><21,*
13
Rcc? MCBY & Phf* >7& f*b*& !j* ;,& uu* <2->55*
10
Rcc? MCBY & Phf* ;5 !Mhrbhy& ><12,& uu* ;<-3>4 njk MCBY & Phf* ;2 !Mhrbhy& ><11,& uu* 21<-<>& ;9>-90*
19
Dnwf Mnwq& Nw{lbfcr hj Ljkln !Ghmgn|& ><;24 7jk ck* ><;3,*
11
Bhmunwc? Wnonjl Unfmc Ks{{& Ljkln [hkn| !Fhjkhj& ><;54 Bnfbs{{n wcuwlj{ h` ><<9,& uu* 12-<0& ><2-<3*
1<
Mnwq& Cjicfr& [ac @lwr{ Ljklnj Ynw h` Ljkcucjkcjbc >139->13< !Mhrbhy& ><3<,* Mnwq& Jh{cr hj Ljklnj Alr{hw| & f*b*& !j* >5,*
<5
Rcc? Kn{{n njk Wh|& Dnwf Mnwq ? {awhsia Ljklnj C|cr & f*b*& !j* >>,*
73
<>
@hw ljr{njbc? Dnwf Mnwq& Uwc-bnul{nflr{ Cbhjhmlb @hwmn{lhjr4 {w* O* Bhacj& Ck* njk Lj{wh* g| C* O* Ahgrgnym !Fhjkhj& ><0;,* Knjlcf [ahwjcw& ‑‑Mnwq hj Ljkln njk {ac Nrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj““& Bhj{wlgs{lhjr {h Ljklnj Rhblhfhi| & Phf* LQ !Unwlr& Kcbcmgcw ><00,& uu* 22-00* Rafhmh Npljcwl !ck*,& Dnwf Mnwq hj Bhfhjlnflrm njk Mhkcwjlzn{lhj? alr kcrun{bacr njk h{acw ywl{ljir hj Baljn& Ljkln& Mcqlbh& {ac Mlkkfc Cnr{ njk Jhw{a N`wlbn
!Jcy \hwd& ><0<,* <7
Mnwq& Cjicfr& Uwc-Bnul{nflr{ Rhblh-Cbhjhmlb @hwmn{lhjr& f*b*& !j* 07,* Uwc`nbc g| Jhwwlwc [cw-Ndhu|nj*
<2
Rcc j* 1 njk j* <*
<;
Rcc? ‑‑Gnjifnw IwnmRnmno Uwnrnjic Dnwf Mnwq““& Gnwhmnr& f*b*& !j* 7>,*
<3
Rcc? Gndrl !ck*,& Dnwf Mnwq& Ganwn{gnwrc Onml-Rnmunwdcw L{lanr Uwnrnjic& f*b*& !j* 75,*
<0
‑‑Lz jchusgfldhpnjj|da wsdhulrlco Dnwfn Mnwdrn““& Rhpc{rdhc Phr{hdhpckcjlc !Mhrdpn& ><31,& Jh* 2 !r{w* 2->2,& Jh* ; !r{w* 2-27,& Jh* 3 !r{w* 2-71,*
<9
Rcc j* <*
<1
Lj{whksb{lhj {h? Dnwf Mnwq& ‑‑[ac @s{swc Wcrsf{r h` {ac Gwl{lra Wsfc lj Ljkln““& !J\K[ & Jh* 21;5& h` Nsisr{ 1& >132,& wcuw* lj Mnrrcr& Jh* >> !><73,& f*b*& !j* 93,* Lj{whksb{lhj wcuw* lj KABUL& Phfsmc [yh ? ><72-><73 !Jcy Kcfal& ><9;4 7jk uwlj{ ><17,& uu* 31<-<5*
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Alwcjkwnjn{a Msdahunka|n|n& ‑‑Ganwn{gnwrn H Dnwf Mnwq““ !‑‑Ljkln njk Dnwf Mnwq““, !Bnfbs{{n& >2;9(><;5,4 unw{lnff| wcuw* lj Rnwdnw njk Knra !bhffcb{ck,& Gnjinflw Rnm|ngnk Banwban& f*b*& !j* ;>,& u* 73<*
>55 Unjkswnjin P* Inkilf& ‑‑Dnwf Mnwq Njl Aljksr{nj““ !‑‑Dnwf Mnwq njk Ljkln““,& Unwlralr{n !Nuucjklq,? Bnul{nf Iwnj{anbal Unwrangasml ![ac Gnbdiwhsjk h` {ac Bnul{nf ,& Mnwqbac Bnul{nf-Rnwiwnj{an ! N Rsmmnw| h` Mnwq“r Bnul{nf , !Msmgnl ( Ghmgn|& ><;>4 7jk ck* ><;<,& u* >23* >5> Onynanwfnf Jcaws& [ac Klrbhpcw| h` Ljkln !Bnfbs{{n& ><;04 Jcy Kcfal& ><1>,* >57 Lglk*& uu* 7<-25* >52 Lglk*& u* 25* >5; R* N* Knjic& Ljkln? `whm Uwlml{lpc Bhmmsjlrm {h Rfnpcw| ‛ N Mnwqlr{ R{sk| h` Njblcj{ Ljklnj Alr{hw| lj Hs{fljc !Jcy Kcfal ><;<4 3{a ck* ><97,* >53 Lglk*& u* qqpll* >50 Rcc? Lglk*& u* >;* >59 Lglk*& u* ql* >51 Lglk*& u* qpl* >5< Lglk*& u* qqlll* >>5 Wnmnwnh& ‑‑Mnwqlrm? Ljklnj Alr{hw| njk Ualfhrhua|““& lj ? Dwöicw !Awri*,& Jcsc Ljklcjdsjkc& f*b*& !j* >7*l,& u* 22>* >>> Rcc? Kw* Gasucjkwn Jn{a Kn{{n& Nuwndnral{n Wnojl{ld L{lanr !Sjusgflrack Uhfl{lbnf Alr{hw| , !Bnfbs{{n& ><32,& uu* 7;5-232* >>7 Lk*& Klnfcb{lbr h` Fnjk Cbhjhmlbr h` Ljkln !Bnfbs{{n& ><37,* >>2 Rcc? Lglk*& u* 72>* >>; Lglk* >>3 [ac wc`cwcjbc lr {h Mnwq“r fc{{cw {h Cjicfr kn{ck >; Osjc >1324 rcc MCBY & Phf* 2<& f*b*& !j* 0,& u* 2;1* >>0 Kn{{n& Klnfcb{lbr h` Fnjk Cbhjhmlbr h` Ljkln&f*b* & !j* >>7,& u* 72>* >>9 Lglk*& u* 727* >>1 Rcc? Mnwq-Jnbafnrr& G >;5* >>< Rcc? Mnwq-Jnbafnrr& G >;0* 70
>75 Acjw| Rsmjcw Mnljc& Plffnic-bhmmsjl{lcr lj {ac Cnr{ njk Ycr{& {h yalba nwc nkkck H{acw Fcb{swcr& Nkkwcrrcr& njk Crrn|r !Fhjkhj& >19>,* >7> Lk*& Njblcj{ Fny? l{r bhjjcb{lhj yl{a {ac cnwf| alr{hw| h` rhblc{|& njk l{r wcfn{lhj {h mhkcwj lkcnr !Fhjkhj& >10>,& u* >95* >77 Rcc? MCBY & Phf* 0& f*b*& !j* 2,& uu* ;13-1<* >72 MCBY & Phf* 70& f*b*& !j* 9,& u* >10* >7; Knmhknw Kanwmnjnjk Dhrnmgl& Nj Lj{whksb{lhj {h {ac R{sk| h` Ljklnj Alr{hw| !acjbc`hw{a& LRLA , !Ghmgn|& ><304 wcp* 7jk ck* ><934 ;{a Wcuw* ><<>,* >73 Lglk*& uu* 1-<* >70 Lglk*& u* >3 !Dhrnmgl“r jh{c >2,* >79 Lglk*& uu* <->5* >71 Lglk*& u* >5* >7< Lglk*& uu* >3->0 !Dhrnmgl“r jh{c >;,* >25 Rcc? Mnwq& Bnul{nf & Phf* L& f*b*& !j* 3,& uu* 229-2<* >2> Dhrnmgl& LRLA& f*b*& !j* >7;,& u* >>* >27 Mnwq& ‑‑[ac @s{swc Wcrsf{r h` {ac Gwl{lra Wsfc lj Ljkln““& lj MCBY & Phf* >7& f*b*& !j* 3,& u* 7>9* >22 [lmc? b* ;{a-7jk bcj{swlcr G*B* Nwcn? {ac yahfc h` Ljkln& mljsr {ac nwcn rhs{a h` Dnwjn{ndn* >2; [lmc? b* >r{ bcj{sw| G*B*-2wk bcj{sw| B*C* Nwcn? jhw{a Kcbbnj* >23 [lmc? b* ;{a-0{a bcj{swlcr B*C* Nwcn? jhw{a Ljkln* >20 Dhrnmgl& LRLA& f*b*& !j* >7;,& u* >7* >29 Lglk* >21 Lglk*& u* >; >2< Ucwanur {ac wc`cwcjbc lr {h? @wnjblr Gsbanjnj& N Ohswjc| `whm Mnkwnr {awhsia {ac Bhsj{wlcr h` M|rhwc& Bnjnwn& njk Mnfngnw & 2 phfr* !Fhjkhj& >159,* Rcc? Mnwq-Jnbafnrr& G >;5& u* 01* >;5 K* K* Dhrnmgl& Fc{{cw h` Ulcwwc Plknf-Jn~sc{& ;{a Osf| ><0;4 ~sh{ck lj? Whmlfn [anunw& ‑‑[ac Bhj{wlgs{lhj h` K* K* Dhrnmgl {h Ljkhfhi|““& Lj{cwuwc{lji Cnwf| Ljkln !Jcy Kcfal& ><<7,4 ljbfskck lj ? Lk*& Alr{hw| njk Gc|hjk !Jcy Kcfal& 7555,& u* >53* >;> Rcc? Mnwq-Jnbafnrr& G >;5& uu* 21& 95-9>* @hw Dhrnmgl“r r{sk| h` {ac Ihnj plffnic hwinjlrn{lhj& yalba ynr& nbbhwklji {h alm& {ac mhkcf `hw {ac Dnwjn{nd rc{{fcmcj{ njk yalba rswplpck nfmhr{ {h {ac ><05r& rcc ? K* K* Dhrnmgl& M|{a njk Wcnfl{| !Ghmgn|& ><07,& Ba* P* >;7 Rcc? K* K* Dhrnmgl& [ac Bsf{swc njk Blplflrn{lhj h` Njblcj{ Ljkln lj Alr{hwlbnf Hs{fljc !Jcy Kcfal& ><954 0{a lmuwcrrlhj ><1>,& uu* >00-7>5* >;2 [lmc? >220->0;0 B*C* Nwcn? n unw{ h` {ac Kcbbnj* >;; K* B* Rlwbnw& ‑‑Fnjkfhwklrm bhj`srck yl{a @csknflrm&““ lj ? Lk* !ck*,& Fnjk R|r{cm njk @csknflrm lj Njblcj{ Ljkln !Bnfbs{{n& ><00,& u* 39* >;3 Lw`nj Anglg& ‑‑Uwhgfcmr h` Mnwqlr{ Alr{hwlbnf Njnf|rlr““& Cj~slw| !Kcfal& Mhjrhhj ><0<,& uu* 3>-304 wcplrck pcwrlhj lj ? Rblcjbc njk Asmnj Uwhiwcrr ? Uwh`* K* K* Dhrnmgl Bhmmcmhwn{lhj Phfsmc !Ghmgn|& ><9;,& uu* 2;-;9* Nff rsgrc~scj{ wc`cwcjbcr nwc {h {alr wcplrck pcwrlhj* >;0 Anglg& ‑‑Uwhgfcmr h` Mnwqlr{ Alr{hwlbnf Njnf|rlr““& lj? Rblcjbc njk Asmnj Uwhiwcrr c{b*& f*b* & !j* >;3,& u* 20* >;9 Rcc? Mnljc& Plffnic-bhmmsjl{lcr lj {ac Cnr{ njk Ycr{ c{b* f*b* & !j* >75,* >;1 Anglg& ‑‑Uwhgfcmr h` Mnwqlr{ Alr{hwlbnf Njnf|rlr““& lj? Rblcjbc njk Asmnj Uwhiwcrr c{b*& f*b* & !j* >;3,& u* 29*
79
>;< Lglk*& u* 21* >35 Lglk* >3> Lglk*& u* ;5* >37 Rcc& `hw ljr{njbc? Lw`nj Anglg& ‑‑Mnwq“r Ucwbcu{lhj h` Ljkln““& [ac Mnwqlr{ & Phf* > !Jcy Kcfal& Osf|-Rcu{cmgcw ><12,& uu* <7->;24 nfrh ljbfskck lj? Mnwq hj Ljkhjcrln njk Ljkln * Ml{ Gcl{wëicj phj @wl{oh` [lbacfmnj sjk Lw`nj Anglg* Rbawl`{cj nsr kcm Dnwf-Mnwq-Ansr ![wlcw& ><12,* >32 Injinkanw Nkaldnwl& Mnwq njk Ljkln !Jcy Kcfal& ><0<,& u* >2* >3; Lglk*& u* >;* >33 Rsrhganj Rnwdnw& ‑‑Mnwq hj Ljklnj Alr{hw|““& lj ? U* B* Ohral !ck*,& Ahmnic {h Dnwf Mnwq ? N R|muhrlsm !Jcy Kcfal& ><0<,& u* <2* >30 Lglk*& u* <;* >39 Lglk*& u* <3* >31 Lglk* >3< Lglk*& u* <3-<0* >05 Lglk*& u* <9* >0> Rcc Mnwq-Jnbafnrr& G >;5& uu* 2;-2<* >07 Rnwdnw& ‑‑Mnwq hj Ljklnj Alr{hw|““& lj? Ohral !ck*,& Ahmnic {h Dnwf Mnwq? N R|muhrlsm& f*b* & !j* >33,& u* <1* >02 Lglk * >0; Dnwf Mnwq& ‑‑[ac Gwl{lra Wsfc lj Ljkln““& lj MCBY & Phf* >7& f*b*& !j* ;,& u* >70* >03 Lglk* >00 [ahmnr R{nm`hwk Wn``fcr& [ac Alr{hw| h` Onpn& Phf* > !Fhjkhj& >1>9,& u* >3>* ^sh{ck g| Mnwq lj alr nw{lbfc bl{ck lj j* >0; nghpc* >09 Rnwdnw& ‑‑Mnwq hj Ljklnj Alr{hw|““& lj ? Ohral !ck*,& Ahmnic {h Dnwf Mnwq ? N R|muhrlsm& f*b* & !j* >33,& u* >57*] >01 Rcc MCBY & Phf* >7& f*b *& !j* ;,& uu* >2>->27* >0< Rnwdnw& ‑‑Mnwq hj Ljklnj Alr{hw|““& lj ? Ohral !ck*,& Ahmnic {h Dnwf Mnwq ? N R|muhrlsm& f*b* & !j* >33,& u* >59* >95 Rcc? MCBY & Phf* >7& f*b*& !j*;,& uu* 7>1-7>* >9> Rnwdnw& ‑‑Mnwq hj Ljklnj Alr{hw|““& lj ? Ohral !ck*,& Ahmnic {h Dnwf Mnwq ? N R|muhrlsm& f*b* & !j* >33,& u* >51* Rcc nfrh& Rsjlf Rcj& ‑‑Mnwq hj Ljklnj Wnlfyn|r““& lj ? Mhal{ Rcj njk M* G* Wnh !ck*,& Knr Dnul{nf Bcj{cjnw| Phfsmc ? N R|muhrlsm !Kcfal c{b*& ><01,& uu* >31-03* >97 @hwmck lj ><0; n`{cw n rufl{ lj {ac Bhmmsjlr{ Unw{| h` Ljkln* >92 C*M*R* Jnmghhklwlunk& ‑‑Mnwq& {ac Nrln{lb Mhkc njk {ac r{sk| h` Ljklnj Alr{hw|““& [ac Wnklbnf Wcplcy & Phf* 2& Jh* 7 !Mnkwnr& Nuwlf-Osjc ><97,4 wcuw* lj Lk*& Rcfcb{ck Ywl{ljir& Phfsmc Hjc !Bnfbs{{n& ><17,& u* 239-034 rcc u* 23< {acwclj* >9; R* Jn~pl& ‑‑Mnwq hj Uwc-Gwl{lra Ljklnj Rhblc{| njk Cbhjhm|““& Rhblnflr{ Klicr{ & Jh* 9& Mnwba ><924 Wcuw* lj? Rblcjbc njk Asmnj Uwhiwcrr? Uwh`* K* K* Dhrnmgl Bhmmcmhwn{lhj Phfsmc& f*b* & !j* >;3,& uu* ;1-904 rcc u* 31 {acwclj* >93 Lglk * >90 Lglk*& uu* 3<-05* Rcc nfrh Mnwq-Jnbafnrr& G >;5& u* 09* >99 @wnjéhlr Gcwjlcw& Ph|nicr& bhj{cjnj{ fn kcrbwlu{lhj kcr C{n{r ks Iwnjk Mhihf & 7 phfr* !Nmr{cwknm& >00< ( >972-7;,* >91 Wcuhw{ h` {ac Bhmml{{cc h` {ac Ahsrc h` Bhmmhjr !Fhjkhj& >1>7,* 71
>9< Jn~pl& ‑‑Mnwq hj Uwc-Gwl{lra Ljklnj Rhblc{| njk Cbhjhm|““& lj? Rblcjbc njk Asmnj Uwhiwcrr c{b*& f*b* & !j* >9;,& uu* 05-9>* >15 Yc fcnwj `whm Mnwq-Jnbafnrr& G >;5& u* 01? {an{ Mnwq ank n{ fcnr{ wcnk Dhpnfcprdlo hj {ac Fc{{cw {h Bhfgcw{ nkohljck {h ‑‑Ph|nicr kc @wnjéhlr Gcwjlcw““* Nmr{cwknm & >00<* >1> [nunj Wn|bahskaswl& ‑‑[ac Nrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj njk Ljkln“r @hwclij [wnkc lj {ac >9{a bcj{sw|? N [achwc{lbnf Cqcwblrc&““ lj ? Crrn|r lj Ahjhsw h` Uwh`* R* B* Rnwdnw !Jcy Kcfal& ><90,& u* 12<* >17 Rcc? Mnswlbc Ihkcflcw& ‑‑Fn jh{lhj kc ‑‑mhkc kc uwhksb{lhj nrln{l~sc““ c{ fcr rbaìmnr mnwqlr{cr k“ ìphfs{lhj kcr rhblì{ìr&““ Rsw fc ‑‑mhkc kc uwhksb{lhj nrln{l~sc““ !Unwlr& ><0<,& uu* ;9->554 Cji* {w* lj K* K* Rckkhj !ck*,& Wcfn{lhjr h` Uwhksb{lhj !Fhjkhj& ><91,* >12 Wn|bahskaswl& ‑‑[ac Nrln{lb Mhkc h` Uwhksb{lhj njk Ljkln“r @hwclij [wnkc lj {ac >9{a bcj{sw| ? N [achwc{lbnf Cqcwblrc““& lj ? Crrn|r lj Ahjhsw h` Uwh`* R* B* Rnwdnw& f*b* & !j* >1>,& uu* 12<-;5* >1; Lglk*& uu* 1;2-;;* >13 Lglk*& uu* 1;;* >10 Lglk*& uu* 1;3-;0* >19 Rcc? MCBY & Phf* 71& f*b*& !j* 3,& u* ;>1* >11 Klu{cjkwn Gnjcwocc& ‑‑Mnwq njk {ac [wnjr`hwmnglfl{| h` ‑Nrln{lb“ Rhblc{lcr““& lj ? Crrn|r lj Ahjhsw h` Uwh`* R* B* Rnwdnw& f*b*& !j* >1>,& u* 1;<* >1< Lglk * ><5 Lglk *& u* 13;* ><> Rcc? Jldhfnl Dhjr{nj{ljhplba Mldanlfhprdlo& ‑‑D* Mnwdr ucwck rskhm i* \s* _asdhprdhph““ T‑‑Dnwf Mnwq gc`hwc {ac [wlgsjnf h` Mw* _asdhprdlo““]& H{cbacr{pcjjl|c _nulrdl & Hb{hgcw >199& uu* 2>>-95* ><7 Rcc? Mnwq& Fc{{cw {h {ac Ckl{hwlnf Ghnwk h` {ac H{cbacr{pcjjl|c _nulrdl & Jhpcmgcw >1994 lj ? Mnwq-Cjicfr& Rcfcb{ck Bhwwcruhjkcjbc !Mhrbhy& ><03,& u* 2>2* ><2 Rcc? Mnwq& Fc{{cw {h Pcwn Lpnjhpjn _nrsflba& Mnwba 1& >11>4 Lglk*& uu* 22<-;5* ><; Gnjcwocc& ‑‑Mnwq njk {ac [wnjr`hwmnglfl{| h` {ac ‑Nrln{lb“ Rhblc{lcr““& lj ? Crrn|r lj Ahjhsw h` Uwh`* R* B* Rnwdnw& f*b*& !j* >1>,& u* 133* ><3 Lglk *& u* 195* ><0 Lglk *& u* 199-91* ><9 Lglk *& u* 191* ><1 Lglk *& uu* 115-1>* ><< Jlanwwnjonj Wn|& ‑‑Ljklnj Alr{hwlhiwnua| njk Mnwqlr{ [ahsia{““& lj? Kcgluwnrnk Ban{{hunka|n|n !ck*,& Mnwqlrm njk Ljkhfhi|* [wnjrnb{lhjr h` {ac Rcmljnw hj Mnwqlrm njk Ljkhfhi|& ohlj{f| ruhjrhwck g| Nrln{lb Rhblc{|& Bnfbs{{n njk& Ljkh-IKW @wlcjkralu Rhblc{|& Ycr{ Gcjinf& lj bcfcgwn{lhj h` {ac 15{a Glw{akn| h` Uwh`crrhw Ynf{cw Wsgcj !Bnfbs{{n& ><1>,& u* 27*
755 Lglk *& uu* 27-22* 75> Lglk *& u* 2;* 757 I* W* Mnknj& Ycr{cwj rhblhfhilr{r hj Ljklnj rhblc{|? Mnwq& Rucjbcw& Ycgcw& Kswdaclm& Unwc{h !Fhjkhj c{b* ><9<,& Ba* > ? Dnwf Mnwq !>1>1-12,& uu* >-79& cjk jh{cr lj uu* 20>-07* 752 Lglk *& u* 2* 75; Lglk *& u* 7* TRcc j* ;& <>& >5 njk 3 nghpc*] 753 Lglk *& u* 3* 750 Lglk *& u* <*
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