Used for the Chemistry part of IGCSE CIE Coordinated Science (Double Award) but may be also prove useful for other examinations. General revision notes for the examination with sample questi…Full description
Chemistry checklist
For IGCSE
Igcse Chemistry Paper 6 RevisionFull description
Lab report Chemistry 102 Hydrolysis of SaltsFull description
Full description
Full description
Revision notes on different types of bonding and how to represent them with suitable diagrams e.g. dot-and-cross diagrams.Full description
A comprehensive 347 page question - answer guide with hundreds of questions based on the newest GCSE/IGCSE Syllabus. These questions are also useful for O Level or other such syllabus. Note…Full description
Chemistry class 12 investigatory projectFull description
Full description
Full description
Identifique o sal de Schussler pela face.
.homeoFull description
IGCSE chemistry
Preparation Preparat ion of salts
Salts Ionic substances which consists of a positive ion (e.g. metal ion or ammonium ion) and a negative ion (eg non-metal ion or non-metal ion radical) most of which have a pH of 7 and which, when molten or dissolved, conduct electricity. ost salts are soluble in water e!cept a few as shown in the table below.
Salts Sodium and potassium carbonates "ll ammonium salts
"ll other bases
Silver chloride, lead chloride #arium sulphate, lead sulphate, calcium sulphate is slightly soluble "ll other carbonates
How do we ma%e samples of pure dry crystals of a salt. $he flowchart below will help you to identify the correct method
no
yes
Is salt soluble &
#ase soluble &
no yes
'. or each of the following salts decide which method you will use to ma%e the salt and select suitable chemicals* Salt you are going to make
Starting chemicals you will use
The method you will use
magnesium sulfate sodium nitrate calcium chloride barium chloride ammonium nitrate copper ethanoate +. $his uestion is about preparing insoluble salts. (a) omplete the table below about he ma%ing of insoluble salts
'. +. . /. 0.
salt copper carbonate silver chloride lead sulphate lead chloride barium sulphate
starting chemicals
'. or each of the following salts decide which method you will use to ma%e the salt and select suitable chemicals* Salt you are going to make
Starting chemicals you will use
The method you will use
magnesium sulfate sodium nitrate calcium chloride barium chloride ammonium nitrate copper ethanoate +. $his uestion is about preparing insoluble salts. (a) omplete the table below about he ma%ing of insoluble salts
'. +. . /. 0.
salt copper carbonate silver chloride lead sulphate lead chloride barium sulphate
starting chemicals
(b) or each of the above e!amples (i) write a chemical euation and (ii) an ionic euation.
. "dd these captions in the correct bo!es on the flowchart.
Precipitation
'eutrali&ation "cid ( e)cess base*metal!
- Make solutions containing ions of salt to be made need soluble salts! - "dd the solutions - #ilter off precipitate - $ash precipitate with distilled water - %ry with filter paper or on warm gau&e
- "dd e)cess base*metal to acid until no more dissol+es warm acid if necessary! - filter off e)cess base*metal - obtain salt from solution see below!
Indicator method*titration
.btaining dry salt from solution
- "dd acid +ia burette to alkali, ( indicator until neutral or until temperature stops rising! - Measure +olume of acid added throw away solution - "dd same +olume of acid to same amount of alkali without indicator - .btain dry salt from solution
- Concentrate solution until it becomes saturated which is done by dri+ing off most of the water by heating it/ Solution is saturated when crystals form on a glass rod dipped in the solution/ - Stop heating and allow solution to cool - Crystals can be washed with distilled water - %ry crystals with filter paper or place on warm gau&e or in warm place
/. omplete the following symbol and word euations of neutrali1ation reactions (you will need to
balance the symbol euations) a. Hl (a)
2
g3 (s)
→
b. H+S3/ (a)
2
43H (a)
→
c. H53 (a)
2
5H/3H (a)
d. +H33H(a) e. H53 (a)
2 2
→
5a3H (a) a(3H)+ (a)
f. sulfuric acid (a) 2
→
→
copper o!ide (s)
g. hydrochloric acid (a) 2
→
lithium o!ide (s)
h. nitric acid (a) 2 copper o!ide (s) i.
→
→
6.
→
→
aS3/ (a)
2
H+3 (l)
nl+ (a)
2
H+3 (l)
0. $he diagram below shows some reactions of dilute sulfuric acid. 8se it to answer the uestions below.
magnesium ribbon
copper (II) o!ide
magnesium sulfate solution 2 gas " blue solution #
sodium hydrogen carbonate sulfuric acid
sodium sulfate solution 2 gas substance 9
substance 9 goes red
solution :
potassium sulfate solution only
5ame or give the formula of each of the following (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
gas " solution # gas substance 9 solution :
