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Institute for
onstruction
T.raining and Development , l ';
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,I
r;'
'FIRE REGULATIONS
~'r
ICTAD
ICTAD PUBLICATION NO: ICTAD/DEV/14
INSTITUTE FOR CONSTRUC'nON
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT (ICTAD)
FIRE REGULATIONS
,
2nd Edition (Revised) - December 2006
MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND CONSTRUCTION
Published by Institute for Construction Training and Development (ICT AD) ,Savsiripaya' 123, Wijerama Mawatha Colombo 07.
1st Edition 2nd Edition (Revised)
1997 1
December 2006 <
Copyright Reserved No part of this publication shall be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means without permission of the publisher.
FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION
The necessity for a Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in buildings had been a long felt need for our country. ICTAD realize this fact and had been working on the preparation of a such code for quite some time. Now it has become a reality due to the tremendous effort made by the committee appointed for the formulation of fire regulations for Sri Lanka. Hence I would like to thank all the members of the committee Mr. N D Dickson, Mr. S W Molligoda, Mr. K A H Ranaweera, Mr. K M I de Silva, Mr. K D M Udugama, Mr. Somapala de Silva.Dr. Milroy Perera, Mr. E I Munasinghe, Mr. Mervyn Gunasekera, Mr. W V K M Abeysekera and Wg. Cdr. C A 0 Dirck:ze. I believe that this document will be a useful guide for Engineers, Designers, Architects and others to provide their clients with the required level of fire protection for life and property. Finally, Iwould like to thank Wg. Cdr. C A 0 Dirck:ze, Technical Editor of this document and Mr. G Gaffoor, Mr. L P C Liyanarachchy, Former Director (Development) and the Development Division Staff for their contributions to make this event a success.
PROF. D S WlJEYESEKERA CHAIRMAN ICTAD
FOREWORD TO THE REVISED EDITION The first edition of the Fire Regulations was prepared by the following Committee and published in 1997. l.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
11.
Mr. N D Dickson Mr. S W Molligoda Mr. K A H Ranaweera Mr. K M Ide Silva Mr. K D M Udugama Mr. Somapala de Silva Dr. Milroy Perera Mr. E I Munasinghe Mr. Mervyn Gunasekera Mr. W V K M Abeysekera Wg. Cdr. C A 0 Dirckze
Director (Planning) I UDA Managing Partner I Molligoda Associates Addl. Director I My, LGH&C Chief Fire Officer I CMC Deputy CFO/CMC Chief Planning Officer /CMC Partner / Mis Selvaratnam & Perera Adviser / ICTAD Deputy Director IICTAD Deputy Director I ICTAD Fire Engineering Consultant
"
.,
After using this document for several yeats, a necessity of a revision was felt by ICTAD hence a sub committee was formulated and the committee consisted of the following; 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07.
08. 09. 10. 11.
Mr. J Kannangara Mr. P Mervyn Gunasekera Wg. Cdr. C A 0 Dirckze Archt. BET Fernando Mr. Russel De Zilva Ms. S D H de Silva Mr. R Gurusinghe Archt, R Nadesapillai Mr. Dayaratne Perera Mr. K P W Rajasiri Mr. C Arnarakoon
Fire Chief / Fire Service Dept MDILAN Management Development Service Fire Engineering Consultant Deputy Director (Enforcement) / UDA Executive SecretarylIESL Director (Works) / Ministry of Housing and Construction Electrical Consultant / Dept. of Buildings Secretary! SLIA ',f.' "' Planning Officer/ CMC Director DevelopmentflCTAD Deputy Director (TD)/ICT AD
The resource person Wg. Cdr. C A 0 Dirckze revised this edition under the guidance of the sub committee to suit the current development in the construction industry. I wish to acknowledge with grateful thanks the services of Wg. Cdr. C A 0 Dirckze and all the members of the steering committee and the sub committee. Meanwhile my special thanks are also due to Mr. J Kannangara, Mr. J K Lankatilake, Mr. K P W Rajasiri, Mrs. Vajira Ranasinghe and Mr. C. Amarakoon who contributed in numerous ways in the publication of this document. I also appreciate the assistance rendered by Mrs. W L Lalitha Ranjani for the secretarial work. I hope that this publication
will be a useful guide for Engineers, Designers, Architects, Consultants, Property Developers and others to provide their clients with the required level of fire protection for life and property.
Vidyajyoth! Prof. Lakshman Alwis Chairman ICTA))
CONTENTS
Page
1- 10
Chapter 1
Definitions
Chapter 2
Means of Escape
11 - 30
Chapter 3
Structural Fire Precautions
31 - 64
Chapter 4
Fire Extinguishing Appliances, Detection Systems and Other Fire Protection Systems
Chapter 5
Special Uses, Occupancies and Structures
Chapter 6
Access For Fire Fighting Vehicles
109 - 112
Chapter 7
Maintenance of the Fire Protection Facilities
113-115
and Alarm
65 - 82
83 - 108
List of Tabies Table No.
Description
Page 8
Table 1
Abbreviations
Table 2
Classification
Table 3
Occupant Loads
16
Table 4
Number of Exists from Rooms and Spaces
18
Table 5
Determination
24
of Purpose Groups
of Exit Requirements
9
Illustration of Application of Travel Distances and Concept of Direct Distance
25
Table 6
Table of Size Limitations of Buildings and Compartments (Exception Purpose Group 1)
39
Table 7
Multi Storey Industrial and Storage Buildings - (Purpose Group 5)
39
Table 8
Minimum Period of Fire Resistance
43
Table 9
Table for the Regulation 14
45
Table 10
Unprotected Areas in any Side of a Building
48
Table 11
Classification of Fire Resisting Doors
56
Table 12
Table of Classification of Surface of Walls and Ceiling relating to Flame Spread
62
Table 13
Materials for Roofing and Roof Framing
62
Table 14
Provision of Fire Alarms according to Purpose Group, Height and Size of the Building
73
Table 15
Minimum Sizes of Fire Extinguishers for Class A Fire Hazards
80
Table 16
Minimum Sizes of Fire Extinguishers for Class B Fire Hazards
80
Table 17
Separation Distance of Tanks
Diagram
1
100
II
,,:'''1.,
CHAPTER 1 DEFINITIONS CONTENTS Page Definitions Table 1
Abbreviations
Table 2
Classification
8 9
of Purpose Groups
III
CHAPTER 1 DEFINITIONS In these Regulations, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them and other expressions have the meanings assigned to them by the Urban Development Authority Planning and Building Regulations. Expression
Definition
Accepted codes of practice
-
means codes, standards or manuals Authority;
Aggregate
-
means any material other than cement and water used in the making of concrete and complying with the requirements of the respective Sri Lanka Standards or in the absence of such a standard, the respective British standard.;
Air Conditioning
-
means the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, purity, distribution and movement to meet the requirements of the air conditioned space;
Air Change
acceptable to the Urban Development
Means the rate of air entering or leaving a space by natural or mechanical means in terms of the volume of the space;
Approved
-
means approved by the Urban Development Authority (UnA) or the relevant Local Authority, under the authority delegated by the Urban Development Authority;
Approved Plan
-
means a plan of a building or any building work or any land subdivision approved by the Urban Development Authority or the Local Authority in accordance with the law and the Regulations;
B.S.S
-
means British Standard Specifications;
Balcony
-
means any stage, platform oriel window or other similar structure projecting outwards from the wall of a building beyond the outer face of an external wall of the building and supported by brackets 'or cantilevered;
Base
Basement
in relation to a wall or pier, means-
-
Bressumer British Standard Code of Practice
(a)
The underside of the course immediately above the footings, if any, or.in.the case of a wall carried by a beam, above the beam; and
(b)
In any other case the bottom of such wall or pier;
means a storey which is located below the corresponding natural ground level in its entirety otto an extent of 2/3 of its height below such ground level. 111 case where natural light and ventilation is intended to be obtained; means a beam or girder which carries a wall;
-
means the current Code of Practice issued by the British Standards Institution;
fire _____ Regulations ,__ "'.,__ ..~...._.h...........__ '
~.__
.......,...._..'~~_._ __ "'.~
,..._......._
R.~.'.__
·____Chapter 1 ,.Ddinitiolls
_..~___.__ ............
Building
Include a house, latrine, shed, godown or any structure made out of masonry bricks, mud, timber, metal or any other permanent material;
Business Premises
means a building or part thereof designed, adapted or used for business with a profit making motive;
Car Parks
(a)
the carrying on a
Covered car park means a parking area which is housed in a building or a part of a building which is roofed over as distinct from a car parking area in the open air;
(b) Multi Storey car park means a covered car park as defined above comprising two or more storeys above ground level; Ceiling
~
means the excluding means the supporting
covering to the underside of a floor joist, ceiling joists or floor slab in every case any supporting beam, and where no such covering exists, underside of a floor joist, floor slab, roof collar or tie excluding any beam;
Column
in relation to structural steel or reinforced concrete, means a part of a construction which by its resistance to compression in the direction of its length and to bending actions induced by such compression, supports and transmits a load;
Concrete
shall have the same meaning as defined in the Sri Lanka Standards for Concrete; means a passage providing
Construct
, Dead Load or Dead Loading
a-means of access from rooms or spaces to an exit;
means build, erect and place in position and includes reconstruct, and replace in position; -
means the structures;
of all
floors, roofs, partitions
rebuild, re-erect
and other like permanent
Depth
in respect of a building, means the measured distance at ground level between the front line of the building and the back line of the rear main wall which separates the main building from the open space;
Detached Building
means a building or part thereof which is used or is intended, adapted, or designed to be used for living purposes and is a self contained unit;
Duct
Means a passageway
Dwelling House or Dwelling Unit
means a building or part of a building consisting forming a self contained unit with independent facilities;
Factory
-
means a building or
for conveying
air; of a room or group of rooms living, cooking and sanitary
part thereof designed, adapted or used for-
(a) The making of any article, commodity
or product or part thereof; or
(b) The altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, cleaning, washing or the breaking up or demolition of any article, commodity or product 01' part thereof; or
The adapting thereof;
for sale or assembly
of any article, commodity
or product or
part
2
Chapter 1 • Definitions ------'._ _._-
Fire Regulations
...............
Fire Doors, Fire Windows and Fire Shutters
-
means respectively, doors, windows and shutters constructed in conformity with the relevant provisions of Chapter 3 of this Code;
Fire Resistance Rating
-
means the minimum period of time during which an element of a structure may be expected to function satisfactorily while subject to the standard fire test provided for in Chapter 3 of this Code;
Flat
-
means a separate dwelling used or constructed or adapted to be used wholly or principally for human habitation for a single family, where the kitchen, lavatory, bathroom Of water-closet are contained within the separate dwelling and that dwelling is contained in a building comprising two or more such dwellings joined vertically;
Flat Roof
means a roof having no inclination or having an inclination of not more than seven and a half degrees with the horizontal;
Floor
includes any horizontal platform forming the surface of a storey and any joist board, timber, stone concrete, steel or other substance connected with or forming part of such platform;
Floor Area
-
means the of exterior centre line exceeding
Footing
-
means the construction by which the weight of a building is transferred to the foundation or pile of the building;
Footway
horizontal area of a floor of a building measured from the exterior faces walls or in the case of a common wall separating two buildings from the of such common wall and shall include all roof projections and balconies 1m in width and all areas having a roof and capable of being enclosed;
includes a footway or verandah way at the side of any street;
Foundation
-
means the part of the construction immediately below the footings of a building, which is in direct contact with and through which the weight of the building is transmitted to the ground;
Garage
-
means a building or part thereof, used for housing or parking of motor vehicles;
Godown
-
means a building or part thereof designed, adapted or used for the storage but not for the sale of goods in connection with the carrying on of any trade or business;
Ground Storey
-
means the storey of a building to which there is an entrance from the natural ground on or above the level of the same at the front of the building or as may be decided by the authority depending on the circumstances;
Habitable Room
-
means any room not less than 8 m2 in area but does not include any bathroom, water-closet, open verandah, terrace or garage;
Hardwood Timber
-
conventionally the timber of broad leaved trees belonging to the botanical group Angiosperms. Varieties are as given in the leT AD specifications for Building Works -Volume 1;
.Headroom
-
means the clear vertical distance between landings, floors and ceilings etc.; where people are expected to move; -,
3
Fire RegllJg~;i:;.:(\f
Chi.ipt~:T '~.- ~:~:~~;Hnitions
-.---.'<"-."'~''''''''''~'''~~<'.'--"'_''''.""""-,.--
--~..-- "._'_''-,,,~ ,..-..,~...------
~-------~-~
--.---.-.-,--.---
"'''...,.. -
.<-~--
"•..
In relation to-
Height
(a) A room means the vertical distance measured and the underside of the ceiling;
between the finished floor level
(b) Any storey means the vertical distance measured between the upper surface of the floor immediately above it; (c) A wall means the vertical distance measured from the base of the wall to its highest part or, in the case of a gable to half the height of the gable; (d) A building, means the vertical distance location toits highest floor level;
measured
from the corresponding
Highly Flammable Liquid
-
means liquid petroleum, kerosene and any oil, liquid, spirit or similar liquid which will flash or emit an inflammable vapour at or below a temperature of 65° C, Abel Close Test;
High-rise Building
-
means any building with more than ten floors including the ground floor, or whose height at any part of it above the ground level exceeds 30 rn, excluding a lift or motor-room not exceeding 56 m2• in extent or a staircase room not exceeding a height of 3 m and not exceeding 25 m2. in extent or a water tank not exceeding a height of 1.5 rn;
Hospital
Hotel
means a building or thereof designed, adapted or used for the care or treatment of the sick, infirm, aged, convalescent or pregnant; -
means a building speciaUy designed and constructed or substantially adapted to be used to accommodate. persons for the purpose of gain or profit, with or without arrangements for communal feeding; means a group of dwelling units on a site which is permanently in "common enjoyment" and may include a block of flats. "industrial building" includes factories, workshops and warehouses;
House Complex
Lintel
-
means a beam supporting walling over an opening or recess;
Low-rise Building
-
means any building that does not exceed 18 m in height;
Maintained
means maintained
Mechanical Ventilation
means the process of supplying or removing thereof by mechanical means or devices;
Medium-rise Building
means any building height;
Mesh
in relation to the measurement of materials, means the mesh of a sieve complying with BS for Test Sieves numbered 410;
in an efficient state, in proper working order and in good repair;
that exceeds
J8
ill
air to or from a building
in height but does not exceed
or part
30 m in
Mezzanine
-
means any subsidiary storey interposed between two main storeys of a building;
Natural . Ventilation
-
means the supply of outside air to a building or removal of inside air from a building by means of windows and other openings due to wind outside and convection effects arising from temperature or vapour pressure differences (or both) between inside and outside of the building;
"
4
Chapter 1 - Definitions
Fire Regulations
NonCombustible Material
-
means any material which neither bums nor gives off an inflammable vapour in sufficient quantity to ignite when subjected to the test for combustibility prescribed in BS 476 Part 4 1970;
Office
-
means a building or part thereof used for office purposes or for the purposes of administration, clerical work, book keeping, accounting, drawing, editorial work or banking;
Partition
-
means a temporary or easily removable vertical structure made of panel work, covered with metal, wood or plastic sheets or other similar material used for the sub-division of spaces within a building;
party Structure
-
means any partition wall or floor required to have a fire resistance rating and used for the purpose of separating storeys or rooms in separate occupancies to resist the spread of fire in accordance with Chapter 3 of this Publication;
Person with Disability
means any person who, as a result of any deficiency in his physical or mental capabilities, whether congenital or not, is unable by himself to ensure for himself, wholly or partly, the necessities of life;
Pitched Roof
-
means a roof having an inclination of more than seven and one-half degrees with the horizontal;
Place of Public Resort
-
means a building or a defined or enclosed place used or constructed or adapted to be used either ordinarily or occasionally as a church, chapel, mosque, temple or other place where public worship is or religious ceremonies are performed, not being merely a dwelling-house so used, or as a cinema, theatre, public hall, public concert room, public ballroom, public lecture room, or public exhibition room, club, association, restaurant, hotel, coffee house, eating house or milk bar, or as a public place of assembly for persons admitted thereto by ticket or otherwise or used or constructed or adapted to be used either ordinarily or occasionally for any other public purpose;
.Pre-stressed Concrete
-
means concrete in which pre-determined stresses are induced to counteract the stresses due to dead and superimposed loading for the purpose of eliminating or decreasing the tensile stresses due to bending and shear;
Professional Engineer
-
means the person who carries out the relevant engineering design of any construction recognised by an acceptable professional institution;
Public Building
includes any building or part thereof used or constructed or adapted to be used for the purpose of public worship, instruction, recreation, meeting, shopping centre, medical institution or a nursing home or govemment'private office;
Reinforced Concrete
-
shall have the same meaning as in BS 8110;
Relevant Qualified Person
-
means any person who has obtained his professional qualification in the specified field as listed below as recognised by the relevant professional institute. (a) Chartered or Registered Architect (b) Town Planner (c) A Professional Engineer! Chartered Engineer in the discipline that appropriate for the works of which a plan is submitted under the Law
IS
'<
(d) Licensed Surveyor & Leveller (e) Valuer
----------------, 5
Chapter 1 .. Definitions
Fire Regulations
Repair Garage
-
means any premises or part thereof where repairing, painting or washing of motor vehicles, automobile body and fender work or any process connected therewith is , carried on;
Residential Building
-
means a building or part thereof designed; adapted or used for human habitation such as a detached, semi-detached or terrace house or a residential flat and includes any out-building and other covered structure which are intended for the enjoyment of the occupiers of the building or part thereof or are otherwise appurtenant to a residential building as such;
Restaurant
-
means a building or part.thereof to which the public has access ani], used for the carrying on of any business where the primary purpose is the sale off'6od stuffs for consumption in the building or part thereof;
-
means a portion of a building enclosed by walls or partitions;
School
-
means a building or part thereof designed, adapted or used for the dissemination of knowledge;
Service Road
-
means a small road parallel to a main road, which can be used to avoid obstruction to through traffic;
-
means a terrace building the ground storey of which is designed, adapted or used for business purposes and of which the ground and other storey or storeys have a common entrance;
Shop or Shopping Centre
-
means a' building or part thereof to which the public has access and used for the carrying on of a trade or business where the primary purpose is the sale of goods and includes a building used for the purposes of a hairdresser, ticket agency, pawn broker, dispensary or receiving office for goods to be washed, cleaned or repaired or any other similar trade or business;
Storey
-
means the space between the upper of every floor and surface of the floor next above it, or if there is no such floor then the underside of the or collar beam of the roof or other covering or if there is neither a tie nor a collar beam then the level of half the vertical height of the underside of the rafters or other support of the roof;
Superimposed Load or Superimposed Loading
-
means all loading other than dead load;
. Terrace House
-
means a residential building designed as dwelling unit row or terrace of not less than three such residential buildings;
-
means a covered footway at the side of a street;
Verandah Way Walls
(a) "Blind wall" means a solid wall constructed using trans lucent material having no openings;
6
Fire Regulations
Chapter 1 • Definitions
(b) "Boundary wall" means any wall, enclosure or screen built on or along a boundary line of a parcel of land for the purpose of separating such land from another adjoining parcel of land; (c) "Cross wall" means an internal wall dividing a party wall or an external wall into distinct lengths; (d) "External wall" means an outer wall or vertical enclosure of a building not being a party wall even though it may adjoin a wall of another building when such wall is constructed at the boundary it shall considered as a blind wall; (e) "Load bearing wall" means a wall which supports any load in addition to its own weight; (f) "Non-load bearing wall" means a wall which supports no load other than its own weight; (g) "Panel wall" means. a non-load bearing wall in frame construction between columns or piers and wholly supported at each storey;
built
(h) "Partition wall" means an internal wall used for the purpose of sub-dividing a storey of a building into sections and which supports no load other than its own weight; .. (i) "Party walls" means a wall forming part of a building and used or constructed to be used along any part of its height or length for the separation of adjoining buildings, lands, or parts of the building that belong to different owners or are intended to be occupied by different persons; (j) "Retaining material;
wall" means a wall used to resist the lateral displacement
of any
7
:____:::___-------_._--_._------_._--_
Fire Regulations
Abbreviations and Symbols
The abbreviations regulations.-
_ _---_.
..
..
Chapter ----" .._
'J. -
Definitions
and symbols listed in the following Table 1 are used in these
Table 1 Abbreviation
or Symbol
Definition
BS
British Standard
°C
Celsius
CP
Code. of Practice
dB
Decibel
o
Degree
kg
Kilogram
kN
Kilo Newton
w
Watt
kW
Kilowatt
m
Metre Square Metre Cubic Metre
mm
Millimetre
~----~----.----~--------------------mm Square Millimetre min
Minute
N
Newton
Reg.
Regulation
---------j
r---~~-~-----_+----------------.------~ UDA Urban Development Authority
8
Fire Regulations
----------------------
Designation of Purpose Groups
Chapter -------------"-----,----
I " Definitions
For the purpose of this Regulation wherever reference is made to "PURPOSE GROUPS" every building or part of a building shall be regarded as falling within one of the groups set out in Table 2. Table 2 Classification
Title Residential" (dwellings)
Group lea)
of Purpose
GI'OUpS
Purpose for which the Building or Compartment is intended to be used Flat or maisonette
--
1(b)
Dwelling house containing a habitable storey with a floor more than 4.5 m above ground level
1 (c)
Dwelling house not containing a habitable storey witha floor more than 4.5 m above ground level.
Residential (Institutional)
2 (a)
Hospital, nursing home, home for old people or children, school etc used as living accommodation or for treatment or care of sick or disabled, place of detention, where people sleep on the premises.
Residential (Other)
2 (b) "
Hotel, boarding house, residential college, hall of residence, hostel, and any other residential purpose not described above.
Office
3
Offices or premises used for administration, clerical work, handling money, communications, recording or performance not open to the public.
Shop & Commercial
4
Shops or premises used for retail trade, hire or repair
Assembly and Recreation
5
Place of assembly, entertainment or recreation
Industrial
6
Factories, other premises used for manufacturing
Storage and other non residential
7 (a)
Place for the storage of goods or materials other than 7 (b) and any building not within groups I~6 Car parks for light vehicles
7 (b)
--
Notes * Includes offices etc not exceeding 50 m2 forming part of a dwelling. ** Detached garage or carport not exceeding 40 m2 is included in group 1 (c).
9
CHAPTER 2 MEANS OF ESCAPE CONTENTS Page Reg. 1 Reg. 2
General Definitions and General Requirements (a) Exit 13 (b) Occupant Load 13 (c) Travel Distance 13 (d) External Staircase 14 (e) Protected Staircase 14 (f) Exit Passageway 14 (g) Sprinkler System 14 (h) Corridor 14 (i) High Hazard Occupancy 15 (j) Area of Refuge 15 (k) Vertical Exit 15 (I) Direct Distance 15 (m) Two-way Escape 15
13 13
Table 3 Reg. 3
Occupant Loads Determination of Exit Requirements (1) Mixed Occupancy 17 (2) Multiple Occupancy or Use 17 (3) Non simultaneous Occupancy 17 (4) Capacity of Exits 17 (5) Minimum Widths 17 (6) Maximum Widths 17 (7) Measurement of Width 18 (8) Number of Exits from Rooms and Spaces Number of Exists from Rooms and Spaces (9) Number of Staircases or Exits per Storey (10) Exit Reduction 19 (11) Location of Exits 19 (12) Smoke Free Approach Staircase 20 (13) Pressurized Systems for Stairways 21 (14) Exemption 22 (15) Exit Doors 22 (16) Smoke Control Systems 22
16
Table 4
Table 5 Diagrams Reg. 4
Reg~ 5 Reg. 6
_-
17
18
18 19
Determination of Exit Requirements Illustration of Application of Travel Distances and Concept of Direct Distance Means of Escape Requirements (I) Exit Passage ways 26 (2) Internal Staircases 26 (3) External Staircases 27 (4) Scissor Stairs 27 (5) Hardwood Staircases 27 (6) Spiral Staircases 27 (7) Ramps 27 (8) Doors 28 ." Exit Lighting Exit and Directional Signs
24 25 26
29
29 11
CHAPTER
2
MEANS OF ESCAPE General
Reg. 1
The provisions of this Chapter of this Regulation shall control the design, construction, protection, location, arrangement and maintenance of required exit facilities to provide' safe means of escape from all buildings hereafter erected, altered or changed in occupancy, except that exit requirements for special uses and occupancies, as are provided in Chapter 5 of these Regulations shall be additional to or take precedence over the provisions of this Chapter as the case may be.
Definitions and General Requirements
Reg.2
For the purpose of these Regulations the following associated requirement shall be applicable;
definitions
and
(a)
"Exit" - means of egress from the interior of the building to an exterior space which is provided by the use of the following either, singly or in combination: exterior door openings, protected staircases, exit passageways or exterior stairs, but not including access stairs, aisles, corridor doors or corridors.
(b)
The "occupant load" of a building or part thereof means the total number of persons that may occupy such building or part thereof at anyone time. The "occupant load" shall be established either-
(c)
(i)
By the actual number of occupants for whom each occupied space of the building is designed as shown on the plans, or
(ii)
By applying to the floor areas available for occupation the appropriate areas per person as laid down in Table 3, whichever is the greater.
"Travel distance" means the distance required to be traversed from the most remote point in any room or space to the centre of a door opening directly to a protected staircase, or an open exterior space, or an exit passageway, provided that in the case of a residential flat or apartment the travel distance should be measured from the door of the furthermost room, and in the case of a hotel bedroom or suite, the travel distance should be measured firstly from the most remote point in the room or suite to its exit door, and secondly from its exit door to the protected staircase, open exterior space or exit passageway. The maximum travel distance for the respective type of occupancies shall be not greater than as laid down in Table 5 read in conjunction with the following»
0) In the case of a floor area designed with two-way escape provisions, the maximum travel distance as given in Table 5 shall be applicable to both escape routes measured from the most remote equidistant point (in relation to the 2 exits) in the room or space to the relevant exits. (See Diagram I-A).
13
(ii)
In a large floor area subdivided into rooms, corridors and so forth, the travel distance requirements of the foregoing paragraphs of this Regulation shall be deemed to be satisfied if the "direct distance" as defined in Regulation 2(l) does not exceed the applicable maximum direct distance as specified in Table 5.
(iii) For the purpose of this Regulation, the most remote point from which the travel distance is measured shall be taken as being 400 mm from the enclosure wall of the room or space. (iv) The maximum direct distance in a dead end to either the nearest exit from the storey or-to a point from which escape is available in separate directions to alternative exits, should not exceed the permissible one way escape direct distance subject to the overall travel distance to the nearest exit from the storey not exceeding the two way escapepermissible travel distance. (v) In the case of a hotel bedroom storey, the travel distance from the most remote point in a room or suit to its exit door shall not exceed 9 m and then from the furthermost of such room or suit exit door on the storey to a protected staircase or exterior open space, the travel distance shall not exceed that specified for hotels in Table 5. (d)
"External Staircase" Any staircase constructed of non~c~llibustible materials open to the outdoor air that serves as a required exit. -,
(e)
"Protected Staircase" A staircase which has its walls, ceilings and floors so constructed of non-combustible materials, having a fire resistance for not less than the minimum period required by Regulation 13 in Chapter 3 for elements of structure for the part of the building in which it is situated. The doors to such staircases shall have a minimum 112 hour fire-resistance, shall be self-closing, and be opening in the direction of escape. A protected staircase shall discharge at ground level either directly or in close proximity to an exterior open space or to an exit passageway or to the ground storey, which is protected by a sprinkler system, having direct access to an exterior open space.
(f)
"Exit passageway" means a horizontal. extension of a vertical exit viz protected staircase, or a passage leading from a yard or court to an open external space, complying with the requirements of Regulation 18 for protected shafts in respect of the fire resistance ratings of its enclosure walls, floors, ceilings and doors. In addition to the doors connecting the exit passageway to a protected staircase or other vertical exit or external open space, there shall be not more than 2 doors opening into an exit passageway and such doors shall be selfclosing and complying in every respect with the relevant provisions of Regulation 19 except that in the case of an external exit passageway along the side of a storey of a building the limitation as to the number of doors shall not be applicable.
(g)
"Sprinkler
system"
means
an
automatic
sprinkler
installation
conforming to the requirements of an accepted Code of Practice. (h)
"Corridor" A passage providing a means of access from rooms or spaces to an exit.
Fire Regulations
(i)
"High hazard occupancy" means any occupancy in which the type goods or materials stored or the nature of the trade or manufacture such as to increase the fire probability and cause the rapid burning it's contents or produce poisonous or noxious. fumes or explosions the event of a fire or in any way accentuate the fire hazard.
(D
"Area of refuge" in relation to the means of exit of a building means an area in adjoining building or an adjoining part of the same building adequately fire separated from it by a construction having fire resistance for a period of at least. 2 hours, to which egress. is made through supplemental exits such as a balcony, a bridge, a tunnel, staircase and so forth.
of be of in
An area of refuge shall be adequate in size to hold the occupant load it receives from the floor area it serves in addition to its own occupant load on the basis of 0.3 m2 per person and shall be provided with at least one protected staircase and exit facilities of adequate width discharging at ground level directly to an exterior open space. Doors providing access to an area of refuge shall be kept unlocked at ail times when the floor area served by the area of refuge is occupied. Such doors shall be swinging and self-closing doors having a fire resistance rating of 1Y:z hours except that doors in fire divisions of 3 or 4 hours fire resistance rating shall have a fire resistance rating of 3 hours. They shall swing in the direction of exit travel. (k)
"Vertical exit" means a staircase or ramp serving as an exit from one or more storeys above or below ground level.
(l)
"Direct distance" means the shortest distance from a point in the floor area, measured within the external enclosure walls of the floor area, to the relevant exits, ignoring internal walls, partitions and fittings other than the enclosure walls of protected staircases (See Diagrams I-B and I-C). Where the "direct distance" concept is adopted, the maximum permissible direct distance shall be taken as being 2/3 of the maximum permissible travel distance given in Table 5.
(rn)
"Two-way escape" means a situation where there are 2 independent escape routes and the subtended angle between the 2 lines of travel from the relevant point in the floor area to the exits shall not be less than 45° (See Diagram I-D). If the subtended angle is less than 45° , then it should be considered as a one-way escape arrangement, notwithstanding the fact there are 2 exits.
15
----_._------_-----Fire Regulations
Table 3 Occupant Loads Areas of occupied floor space per person. ( m2)
Intended use or type of occupancy of the room or storey of the building Places of public resort not otherwise provided for in this table
--
1 1
Dance halls (calculated on dancing area) Restaurants (calculated on dining are~)
1.5
Public lounges and hotel lobbies (calculated on usable area)
2.5
~.s
5
and showrooms (calculated on usable area)
Offices, hotel service areas ~alculated on usable area)
10
Dormitories and self-contained single room flats (calculated on living area)
3
Apartments and flats (calculated on living area)
IS
....
-
Schools
1.5
Warehouses, godowns, bulk storage, public garages and motor showrooms
28
Factories
3
Hospitals'
-,.
-.-
7.5
(a)
For any occupancy not specified in this Table the Urban Development Authority shall determine the scale to be used.
(b)
Where the provisions of this Table are inapplicable or where certain circumstances would render their application unreasonable, the Urban Development Authority may, notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, determine the basis on which exit , provisions shall be calculated.
(c)
Hotel bedrooms to be taken as 4 persons per bedroom.
(d)
For a factory building, a deduction of 30% in the computed floor area may be allowed when apl'Jying the applicable rate in calculating occupant load.
-
16
Fire Regulations
Determination of Requirements
Reg.3
The determination of exit requirements for a building shall be based upon the type of use or occupancy of the building, the occupant load, the floor area, the travel distance to an exit, and the capacity of the exists as provided in Table 5 and herein. Every storey of a building shall be provided with exit facilities for its occupant load. Vertical exits (staircase or ramps) provided from any storey above ground level may serve simultaneously all storeys above ground level and vertical exits provided from any storey below ground level may serve all storeys below ground level, subject to the provisions of Regulation 56 which prohibits basement staircases being continuous with staircases serving upper storey.
Mixed Occupancy
Reg.3 (1)
Where different parts of a building or storey of a building are designed for different types of occupancies or used for different purposes at the same time, the exit requirements of the entire building or storey of the building shall be determined on the basis of that type of occupancy or usage having the strictest exit requirements, or the exit requirements for each building section shall be determined separately.
Multiple Occupancy or Use
Reg.3 (2)
Where a building, or storey of a building or a part of a building, is used for multiple purposes involving different activities at different times, that purpose or usage involving the greatest number of occupants shall form the basis of determining the exit requirements.
Nonsimultaneous Occupancy
Reg.3 (3)
The floor areas of toilets, locker rooms, meeting rooms, storage rooms, staff canteens and similar rooms and spaces that serve other rooms and spaces on the same storey but are not occupied at the same time as such other rooms or spaces, may be omitted from the occupant load calculations of that storey of the building on which they are located. In the case of factory and office buildings only, the floor area of a corridor may also be omitted from the occupant load calculations of that storey of the building on which the corridor is located.
Capacity of Exits
Reg.3 (4)
The capacity of exits, staircases and other exit facilities shall be measured in units of width of one half of a metre and the number of persons per unit of width shall be determined by the type of occupancy and type of exit as listed in Col (iii) of Table 5. Fractions of a unit of width less than 250 mm . shall not be credited. Where 250 nun or more are added to one or more full units, half of a unit of width shall be credited. Exit staircases shall be of such width that in the event of anyone staircase not being available for exit purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of anyone floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with the stipulations in Table 5.
Minimum Widths
Reg.3 (5) Notwithstanding any of the above computations no exit or staircase shall be narrower than the minimum width requirements specified in Col. (iv) of Table 5.
Maximum Widths
Reg.3 (6)
The maximum width of staircases shall not be more than four units of width unless divided by handrails into sections of not less than two units of width or more than four units of width. For the purpose of determining the exit capacity of a staircase that is wider than 4 units of width and forms part of the required means of escape from any storey of the building, that part of its
Chapter 2 -
Fire Regulatiolls ---
Measurement of Width
Number of Exits from Rooms and Spaces
M"'llllS
of Escape
,-------------_._----"-"'-,--_.-
Reg.3 (7)
Reg.J (8)
The width of a staircase shall be the clear width between-
if the staircase is enclosed on both
(a)
The finished surfaces of the walls, sides by walls only; or
(b)
The finished surface of the wall and the inner side of the balustrade or handrail, if the staircase has a wall on one side and a balustrade or handrail on the other side; or
(c)
The inner sides of the balustrade or handrails balustrades' or handrails on both sides.
if the staircase has
There shall be at least two door openings remote from each other and leading to exits, from every room or enclosed space in which the total occupant load exceeds the maximum permissible occupancy load for one door as listed in the following Table 4.
Table 4 Type of Occupancy
Maximum
Occupant Load with one Door
High hazard
10
Godowns, storage buildings
50
";.:
.
.~.;
Shops, departmental
stores and business premises
75
Factory buildings without high hazards
50
Place of public resort
75
Educational
75
buildings
Hospitals Hotels, boarding houses, hostels, residential block etc.
--::
--
15
20
18
________
Fire Regulations
..
Chapter 2 -
~f;l!liS
of Escape
(a)
Application of Table 4 shall be subject to the travel distance being in accordance with Regulation 2( c).
(b)
In a block of residential
(c)
Every school classroom, other than the "educational buildings" referred to in the above table, shall have at least 2 exits.
(d)
In a block of maisonettes, there shall be at least one exit door from each storey of each unit that shall have direct access to the staircase or staircases that are required to be provided for such block of maisonettes under subsequent paragraph (9) of this Regulation provided that the upper storey of a may be exempted form compliance with this requirement if the following conditions are complied with:
fiats, there shall be not less than two exit doors from each flat, that shall have direct access to the staircase or staircases that are required to be provided for such block of flats under subsequent paragraph (9) of this Regulation except that only one exit door may be provided when there is a smoke dispersal condition within the flat to the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority and the travel distance from the furthermost bedroom door to the exit door does not exceed 13 m. When there is an alternative escape route from the furthermost bedroom door to the single exit door, an extension of the aforesaid travel distance up to 15 m may be permitted.
(i)
The aggregate floor area of the maisonette should not exceed 60 m2;
upper
storey
of the
(ii) The distance from the furthermost bedroom door to the main entrance door should not exceed 13 m; (iii) The escape route should not pass through unprotected opening of the kitchen; and
or near
an
(iv) The maisonette should not comprise more than 2 storeys . Number of Staircases or Exits per Storey Exit Reduction
. Reg.3 (9)
Reg.S (10)
There shall be at least two independent staircases or other exits from every storey of a building, except that only one staircase may be provided for storeys in a detached type of residential building.
When a floor area has access to areas of refuge conformingtothe provisions of Regulation 2(j) the number of persons for whom vertical exits are to be provided may be reduced to 50 percent of the occupant load of the floor area when one area of refuge is provided and may be reduced to 33 1/3 percent of the floor area when two areas of refuge are provided.
Location of Exits
Reg.J (11)
All exits and access facilities shall (a)
located as follows:
They shall be clearly visibly, or their locations clearly indicated and shall be kept readily accessible and unobstructed at all times.
19
Smoke Free Approach Staircase
External Approach
Smoke free Lobby
Reg.3 (12)
(b)
When more than one tenant occupies a building or floor area, each tenant shall have direct access to .the required number of exits without passing through premises occupied by other tenants.
(c)
When more than one exit is required from a storey of a building or any room, each exit shall be placed as remote as possible from the other to the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority. Door openings to scissor staircases shall be at least 5 m distant from each other.
The entry to a protected staircase of any building or part of a building of more than 18·m in height above ground level, other than a building of purpose Group 1, shall not be direct from any part of a storey of the building but only through either: (a)
(b)
An external exit passageway conforming to the requirements of Reg. 4 (I) or an external corridor or a balcony or landing open to a street, or to an open space not less that 10m2 in horizontal plane area open vertically to the sky for its full height; such corridor, balcony or landing being enclosed on its open side by only a Im high parapet wall or balustrade and separated from the interior of the building by a imperforate wall having the requisite fire resistance under Regulation 13 in which only a Class A door conforming to the requirements of Regulation 19 (8) may be permitted, provided that in the case of an external corridor, ventilation openings of non-combustible construction located above a level of 1.2 m from the finished surface of the corridor floor and not less than 3 m from the protected staircase may also be permitted in the separation wall between the corridor and the interior of the building; or A smoke free lobby having a floor area of not less than 6 m2 if it also serves as a fire fighting lobby required under Regulation 34 (2) that is separated from the adjoining areas of the building by an imperforate wall having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour in ·which only self-closing doors conforming to the requirements of a Class A door as specified in Regulation 19 (8) shall be provided; such lobby being ventilated by either: (i)
Permanent ventilation openings in an external wall to which the lobby abuts; such openings being not less than 15 percent of the area of the lobby and located not more than 9m from any part of the lobby;
(ii) Mechanical ventilation complying with Development Authority requirements, or
the
Urban
(iii) Permanent ventilation openings of similar size as in Clause (bXi) of this Regulation, opening to an open air well having a superficial plan area of not less than 10m2 or 0.1 m2 for each 300 mm of height of the building whichever is the greater. The enclosure walls of such air well shall be of a similar standard of fire resistance as that required for the enclosures of the protected staircase and shall be imperforate except for the ventilation openings for the lobby, staircase and toilets; or 20
(c)
Cross Ventilated Corridor
Pressurized
Systems for Stairways
Reg.J (13)
A
cross ventilated corridor having openings in at least two external walls; such openings being not less than 50 percent of the superficial area of the said walls and within 13 m of any part of the corridor.
All fire escape stairways serving high-rise with a system of pressurization as follows:
buildings
shall be provided
(a)
The minimum pressurization level of 50 Pa shall be achieved with all doors closed and all pressure relief systems working.
(b)
The force required to operate any door against the combined resistance of the pressurization air and the automatic door closing mechanism shall not exceed 110 N at L'1edoor handle.
(c)
When in operation the fan capacity shall minimum average egress velocity through with any three single leaf entry doors (one and the largest exit door open, plus leakage
be enough to maintain doorways of 0.75 m/s on each of three levels) allowance for all other
doors. (d)
The minimum
pressurization
fire resistance
rating
for the enclosure
of the
plant shall be the same as that of the staircase
served. air velocity in ducts shall not exceed 20 mls.
(e)
The maximum
(f)
The number and distribution of injection points for the supplying of the pressurization air to the exit staircase shall ensure an even pressure profile. The multiple injection system with air supplies at no greater than 12 m apart to be used.
(g)
Emergency power supply shall be provided serving staircase pressurization.
(h)
All wiring, cables, electrical equipment, starters, relays, etc., including building primary and secondary sources of supply shall be suitable for continuous operation at 250 0 C ambient for one hour.
(i)
The pressurization system shall be automatically activated by the building fire alarm system. In addition a remote manual start/stop switch shall be made available for firemen at the fire command centre. Visual indication of the operation status of· the pressurization system shall be provided.
U)
Supply air for the pressurization
for all equipment
system shall be drawn directly
from the external and its intake shall be not less than 5 m from any exhaust discharge openings. (k)
"fire" mode no system connected
therewith shall be or under the influence of any Building Management System (BMS), nor shall failure or close do~ of such BMS prevent its operation. When in controlled
21
Exemption
Reg.3 (14)
Where a protected staircase of any building or part of a building of more than 18 m in height above ground level, other than a building of Purpose Group 1, is either fully pressurized or adequately cross ventilated through permanent openings, in accordance with the Urban Development Authority regulations, it shall be exempted from compliance with the requirements of Regulation 3 (12) provided that: (a)
It is not a fire fighting staircase adjacent to a fire lift as required under Regulation 34 (2)
(b)
The doors opening into such protected staircase conform to the requirements of a Class B door as specified in Regulation 19 (8) and
(c)
A suitable smoke exhaust system is provided to the adjoining floor areas of the building to the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority, if required.
Exit Doors
Reg.3 (15)
Exit doors giving access to stairways shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing. .
Smoke Control System
Reg.3 (16)
A "smoke control system" which is a "mechanical ventilation'tsystem, shall be provided where required by the Authority having Jurisdiction" and shall comply with the following stipulations: (A)
General Requirements
The "smoke control system" shall consist of the following: (i)
A "Smoke Purging System" which is independent of all other systems serving other parts of the building, and which will provide an extraction rate of not less than 8 air changes per hour.
(ii)
"Automatic Activation" The smoke purging system shall be automatically activated by the building fire alarm system.
(iii) "Manual Control" A remote control manual start/stop switch shall be provided at the Fire Control Centre, or at the main Fire Control Panel. Visual verification of the operation status of the smoke control system shall be provided with the remote control facility. (iv) "Supply Air" Supply air for the smoke control system shall be drawn directly from the exterior, and the intakes shall be not less than 5 m from any exhaust discharge openings. Outlets for the supply air of the system shall be adequately distributed over total floor area. Where there is natural ventilation based upon openings of not less than 2 percent of the floor area of each floor, such natural ventilation may be considered as a satisfactory substitution for the required air supply requirement, of the smoke control system. (v) "Discharge Outlets" The discharge outlets of the 'Smoke control system should be separated by not less than 5 m in any direction from all air inlets or building openings. 22
(B)
Additiomd Requirement
(i]
Basement Smoke Extraction Systems "Basement smoke extraction systems where required by the "Authority having Jurisdiction shall be provided in addition to the stipulations of the "general requirements" above and shall comply with the following stipulations:
(ii)
(a)
"Smoke Purging Rate" for normal environments, and in fire conditions the air changing The smoke purging rate shall be not less than 6 air changes per hour rate shall be not less than 10 air changes per hour. The extract points shall be arranged so that 50 percent are at high level and 50 percent at low level.
(b)
"Ducts" Where. ducts are used for the smoke extraction system they shall comply with the requirements for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems in buildings.
(c)
"Melting Point" All components of the smoke extraction system must have a minimum melting point of 800 0 C.
(d)
"Sprinkler System" An automatic sprinkler system must be installed, and the fire duct must be constructed to withstand the water impingement from the sprinklers.
Engineered Smoke Control System - Engineered Smoke Control Systems where required by the Authority having Jurisdiction shall be provided in addition to the stipulations of the "general requirements" above and shall comply with the following stipulations: (a) "Activation" The engineered smoke ventilation system shall be activated by smoke detectors located in the "smoke control zone." The time taken for the engineered smoke ventilation system within a smoke zone to be fully operational shall not exceed 60 s from system activation. (b) "Shut Down of Air Conditioning Systems"Air conditioning systems within the area served by the engineered smoke ventilation system shall be shut down automatically upon the activation of the smoke ventilation system. (c)
"Fire Dampers" Fire Dampers shall not be installed in the engineered smoke ventilation system.
Fire Regulations
Chapter 2 .- M~oos of Escape
............
-,-.--------------~----.---.---------.----_....'"., ...-....
C<$
<::'-!
,","~..o
_.~,.....~_.tN,._'P"""'I1'""""!
ooooooooP:: '
0000 OOOOOOOOZ"'"
V)-- .......
,J
-fiiV')lI)
24
DIAGRAM 1 - (A - D) Travel Distance not to exceed permissible values in TabJe 5
Most remote point equidistant from both exists DIAGRAM 1 A (inreference to Reg. 2 (c) (i» (Illustrating application of Travel Distance requirements to 2 exists)
tHlli~ ~"-
<,
-
-..-
'-), ---..
I_.
- - -_- - - -,..----l
Direct Distance
__j -
:
DIAGRAM 1 B (in reference to Reg. 2 (1») Illustrating co ncept of Direct Distance) Note: In this concept, internal walls and partitions are ignored.
t
~J
~'
--'1---~: ..-.- ;::,:~
.>
../,/
Direct Distance
-:
---.-~/ ././.
DIAGRAM 1 C (in reference to Reg, 2 (1» Illustrating concept of Direct Distance)
~~:,-...-~ Subtended angle> 45° __j This is a two escape situation
24
DIAGRAM 1 D (in reference to Reg. 2 (rn) Illustrating concepts of one way & two way escapes)
/
'
Subtended angle> 45° This is a one way escape situation
25
Chapter :2 -["'!fans of Escape
Fire Regulations
Means of Escape Requirements
Reg.4
Means of escape shall be provided for all buildings by one or more of the facilities listed in the following paragraphs of this regulation. Access and exit facilities not specifically covered in this regulation shall not be used to satisfy the exit requirements of Regulation 3, without the approval of the Urban Development Authority. The lifts, elevators and escalators shall not be used to satisfy the exit requirements of Regulation 3.
Exit Passageways
RegA (1)
Internal and external exit passageways that serve as means of escape or required exits from any building other than detached, semi-detached and terrace type ofdwelling houses shall have the requisite fire resistance under Regulation 13. The enclosure walls of exit passageways shall have no openings other than fire doors conforming to the relevant provisions of Regulation 19 provided that in a building having an external exit passageway, the wall between the passageway and the rest of the floor space may have ventilation openings fixed above a level of 1.8 m from the finished floor level of the passageway and not less than 3 m from a protected staircase. The minimum width and capacity of Exit Passageways shall be as listed in columns (iii) and (iv) of Table 5 and their clear heights shall be not less than 2300 mm over 75 percent of their floor areas with no point less than 2100 mrn in height. Changes in level requiring less than 2 risers shall be by a ramp complying with the provisions of Regulation 4 (7).
An external exit passageway shall be protected along its outer side by solid balustrades
of parapets of not less than 1 m in height.
All passages shall be kept readily accessible and unobstructed Internal Staircases
Reg.4 (2)
at all times.
(a)
Internal staircases serving as fire exits exceeding three storeys in height shall satisfy requirements as for protected staircases given in Regulation 2 (e).
(b)
The minimum width and capacity of staircases shall be as listed in Table 5 and such staircases shall comply with the following-
(i)
Headroom: The clear headroom Planning and Building Regulations Authority.
shall be as given in the of the Urban Development
(ii)
Landings: Except for circular or geometric stairs, all staircases shall be in straight flights with landings provided at intervals of not more than 16 risers or less than 2 risers and at every floor level. The minimum width of a landing (measured perpendicular to the direction of travel) and in length shall be not less than the width of the staircase except that on a straight run staircase the distance between risers of upper and lower flights at intermediate landings need not be more than 1 m.
(iii)
Winders: Winders shall not be permitted in any building other than residential buildings and in such cases there shall be not more than 1 winder per 90 0 tum.
(iv)
Risers and treads: In straight flights shall be as given in the Planning and Building Regulations of the Urban Development Authority.
26
f
Fire Regulations
Chapler 2 - Means of Escape
Handrails Balustrades etc.
(c) Every staircase shall have walls, grilles, balustrades or handrails on both sides except that stairs that are 1250 mm or less in width may have a balustrade or handrail on one side only. Where the width of the stairs exceeds 4 units of width intermediate handrails shall be provided in accordance with Regulation 3 (6). There shall be no projection other than balustrades or handrails in staircases.
Lighting and Ventilation
(d) AU' staircases shall be ...lighted and ventilated by openings in the external walls or mechanically ventilated in accordance with the Planning and Building Regulations of the Urban Development Authority.
External Staircases
RegA (3)
External staircases may be used as exits in lieu of internal staircase provide they comply with all of the requirements of Regulation 4 (2) for internal staircases, except enclosure, and also comply with the provisions of Regulation 2(d).
Scissor Staircases
Reg.4 (4)
Where
Hardwood Staircases
Reg.4 (5)
Hardwood staircases shall only be permitted as internal staircases in Group 1 buildings.
Spiral Staircases
Reg.4 (6)
Spiral staircases may serve as required exits from mezzanine and balconies on any storey having an occupant load not exceeding 25 persons, when built externally as an un-closed staircase and also of non-combustible materials and having a tread length of at lest 0.75 m. Such spiral staircases shall not be more than 10m high and shall not be used as an exit from a public area. Spiral staircases shall not be allowed as a fire exit for Purpose Group2(a).
Ramps
Reg.4 (7)
Internal and external ramps may be used as exits in lieu of internal and external staircases, and also as a "means of escape" for disabled persons, provided their exit capacities are as listed in Table 5 and except where otherwise provided, they comply with the applicable requirements of Regulations 4 (2) and (3) and with the following:
2 separate internal staircases are contained within the same enclosure (so called "scissor stairs") each stair shall be separated from the other by non-combustible construction having fife resistance for a minimum period equal to that required for the enclosure. Such scissor staircases shall coliform to all the provisions of Regulation 4(2) for internal staircases. The location of their door openings shall comply with Regulation 3 (11) (c).
(a) Maximum slope: The slope of such ramps shall not be steeper than 1 in 8 except fhat in factory buildings and godowns the slope shall not exceed 1 in 12 and except as otherwise provided in any other Regulations. (b)
Changes in direction: .Ramps shall be straight with changes in direction being made at level platforms or landings, except that ramps having a slope not greater than 1 in 12 at any place, may be curved.
(c) Length: The sloping portion of ramps shall be at least 1m but not more than 12.5 m long between platforms orlandings.
27
FireRegulati~
-----
Chapter 2 - Means of Escap;
(d) Platforms: Level platforms or landings at least as wide as the ramp shall be provided at the bottom, at intermediate levels where required . and at the top of all ramps. Level platform shall be provided at each door opening into or from a ramp having a minimum length in the direction of exit travel of 1 m. Guards and handrails: Guards and railings of ramps shall comply with Regulation 4(2) (d) except that only ramps having a slope steeper 1 in 10 need comply with the requirements of handrails and handrails shall not be required. ramps shall be provided with non-slip surfaces. Provided that ramps serving as means of escape to only one basement not be enclosure walls. (8)
"'''"",.,.-'..,n
the
access to exits shall open in the direction of following:
as door thickness the door is open more than 80 mm. open 1 m. VIA,H''''J<. shall be 2000 mm.
have a door. Door hardware: exit door which has to shut and fastened whilst the building is occupied should be fitted with "panic bolts", appropriately shown "Push bar to in letters not less 100mm An to rule be made for are locked back in the fully open position time that the building is occupied. All other exit with closing devices other than rising butt and all exit doors shall be hung on metal and not on any combustible material. The
bolt shall be not more than 1 m from the floor
and shall be capable of being operated.by a horizontal thrust
Fire .Regulations
.._---------------_.---_._-----
Exit Lighting
(e)
Power operated doors: or corridors provided but shall be manually required exit unless it
Power operated doors may be used as exit they remain closed in case of power failure, operable. No such door shall be credited as swings in direction of travel,
(f)
Revolving doors: Revolving or as access doors to exits.
(g)
Sliding doors: Horizontal and vertical sliding or folding doors shall not be used as required exits or as access doors to exits in places of public resort, shopping centres and departmental stores, except only in exceptional circumstances with the approval of the Urban Development Authority. Horizontal sliding doors, in such buildings where allowed, shall be clearly marked "slide to open" on both sides and shall be supplemented by hinged doors of the required exit width immediately adjacent and such exit shall be clearly marked accordingly. Sliding doors, providing exit to the outside at grade, where allowed and not supplemented as above, shall be kept open when such buildings are being occupied.
doors shall not be used as required exits
Reg.5 (I)
Exit passageways, staircases and exits, and all escape routes of all buildings, other than detached, semi-detached, or terrace type of dwelling houses, shall be provided with artificial lighting facilities. The level of illumination at all times shall not be less than 50 lux. Illumination shall be so arranged that the failure of anyone light shall not leave any area in darkness.
Reg.5 (2)
Where a total of 4 lights or more is required, exit lighting shall be connected to an emergency power source or a fail-safe system which shall automatically function upon failure of the normal power supply and shall maintain adequate illumination at least for 1 hour.
Reg.5 (3)
A block of residential flats shall be exempted paragraph (2) of this Regulation subject to: (a)
Its escape routes being uncomplicated;
from the provisions
of
and
(b) AU exit passageways, staircases and exits being so arranged and located against external walls having openings or glazed windows to the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority so as not to be left in complete darkness in event of failure of the artificial lighting facilities. Reg.6 (1)
In every building or part thereof, except buildings of Purpose Group 1 and 2(b) as in Table 2, the locations of every exit door and exit facility on every storey shall be clearly indicated by exit signs using internationally accepted symbols.
Reg.6 (2)
Such signs shall be so placed so as to be clearly visible at all times. In long corridors, in open floor areas, and in all situations where the location of the exits may not be readily visible, direction signs in internationally accepted symbols shall be provided to serve as guides from all portions of the corridors or floors to the exits.
Reg.6 (3)
The exit and directional signs shall either be in green or red on a white background or in white on a green or red background and the signs shall be electrically illuminated at all material times.
29
CHAPTER 3 STRUCTURAL
FIRE PRECAUTIONS
CONTENTS Page
35
General Reg. 7 Reg. 8 Reg. 9
Definitions Designation of Purpose Groups Rules for Measurement of (a) Height of a Building 36 (b) Area of a Storey of a Building or Compartment 37 (c) Cubical Extent of Building or Compartment 37 (d) Cases Where Excess Height above 4m may be Ignored
Provision of Compartment
Walls and Compartment
35 36 36
37
Floors
37
Reg. 10 (1) (2) (3) (4)
Excess Floor Area and Cubical Extent Building Authority may Consent to Greater Sizes 38 Excess Height 38 Other Cases Requiring Compartment Walls and Compartment
Table 6
Table of Size Limitations of Buildings and Compartments (Exception Purpose Group 1) Multi Storey Industrial and Storage Buildings - (Purpose Group 7) Exemption from Reg. 10 (1) Buildings of High Fire Risk
Table
7 11 12
Reg. Reg.
Fire Resistance Reg. 13 (1) (2) (3)
(4) (5) Table 8
37
Floors 38
39 39 40 40
of Elements of Structure Minimum
periods of Fire Resistance
41 41
(a) Exemption for Non-load Bearing External Walls (b) Exemption for Single-Storey Building 41
41
Interpretation and Application of this Regulation 41 Fire Resistance for Element of Structure that Carries another Elements Fire Resistance for Compartment Wall of Flats 42 Minimum Period of Fire Resistance
Tests of Fire Resistance Reg. 14 (1) Reg. 14 (2) Table 9
Meaning of Fire Resistance Requirements Deemed to Satisfy Provisions 44 Table for the Regulation 14
15 (1)
(2) (3) (4)
(5)
43 44
and "Deemed to Satisfy"
External Walls Reg.
42
44
45
46 Unprotected Areas in any Side of a Building 46 Requirements of External Walls 46 Cladding on External Walls 47 Reference to Roofs 47 Requirements when 2 0t more Buildings are on Land in Common Occupation 47
31
Fire Regulations
,----------
_________
C_I_:_lllPter 3 • Structu~~~.~~!:I!cautions
48
Unprotected Areas in any Side of a Building
Table 10
48
Party Walls Reg.
16 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Compartment Reg.
Requirements of Party Walls 48 Openings in Party Walls 48 Party Wall - Roof Junction 48 Party Wall - External Wall Junction 48 Prohibition of Combustible Materials in Party Walls Non-combustibility of Party Walls 49 Walls and Compartment
17 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
49
49
Floors
Compartment Walls and Floors to be Imperforate 49 Compartment Walls and Floors Forming Junctions with Other Structures 50 Compartment Walls - Roof Junctions 50 Prohibition of Combustible Materials in Compartment Walls 50 Ducts Passing through Compartment Walls and Floors 50 Non-combustibility of Compartment Walls and Floors 51 Exemption from Sub-paragraph (6) 51 Beams and Columns in Compartment Walls and Floors 51 51
Protected Shafts Reg.
18 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
(7) (8) (9) (10)
Definition of" Protecting Structure" 51 Purpose of Protected Shaft 51 Enclosure 52 Non-combustibility of Protecting Structure 52 Openings in Walls or Floors of Protected Shafts Fire Stopping 52 Doors in Protecting Structure 52 Protected Shaft for Lift 53 Protected Shaft for Ventilating Duct 53 Protected Shaft of Staircase 53
52
53
Fire Resisting Doors Reg.
19(1) (2)
(3)
(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Table 11 Reg. 20
Application of Regulation 53 Definitions Automatic Self-closing Device 53 Electro - Magnetic or Electro - Mechanical Device Susceptible to Smoke 53 Provisions of Closing Devices and Non-combustible Hinge 54 Door to be Manually Openable 54 Direction of Opening of Door 54 Direction of Opening of Door 54 Two Separate Doors to One Opening 54 "Deemed to Satisfy" Provisions 55 Classification of Fire Resisting Doors Doors in Lift Shafts
Staircases Reg.
21 (1) (2)
56 57 57
"of Structure
Non-combustibility 57 Special Requirements for Buildings of Purpose Group 1 Exceeding 3 Storeys 57 32
Chapter 3 - Structural Fire Precautions _---_. ~...---~---."'--,-__.,.,....~...---- -.~--.,"'.----
Fire Regulations
....
Fire Stopping Reg.
22 (1) (2) (3) (4)
58 Fire Fire Fire Fire
Stop to Prevent Passage of Flame 58 Stop for Pipe, Duct or Cavity 58 Stop at Junction of Elements of Structure 58 Stopping of Cavity in an Element of Structure
58
Restriction of Spread of Flame over Surfaces of Walls and Ceilings Reg. Reg. Reg.
23 24 25
Table 12 Table 13 Reg. 26
Definitions, Interpretations and Classifications Class of Flame Spread to be not Lower than Specified in Table Where Class of Flame Spread may be of any Class not Lower than Class 3 Table of Classification of Surface of Walls and Ceiling relating to Flame Spread Materials for Roofing and Roof Framing "Deemed to Satisfy" Requirements
58 58 60 60 62 62 62
Roofs
1
Reg. Reg. Reg.
27 28 29
Reg.
30
Roof Covering and Construction to be Non-combustible Special Requirements for Other Types of Roofs Exemption from the Requirements for Non-combustibility of Partitions in Office Buildings Exemption from the Requirements for Non-combustibility or Partitions in Shops and Places of Public Resort
63 63 63 63
3
;6
)7
32
33
CHAPTER 3 STRUCTURAL
FIRE PRECAUTIONS
The purpose
of this Chapter of the Regulation is to minimize the risk of the spread of fire between by a stable and durable form of construction, to prevent the untimely collapse of buildings in the event of fire and to prevent the spread of fire between specified parts of buildings by the division of such buildings into compartments ..
adjoining buildings
In this Chapter of the Regulation Definitions
Reg.7
and the Tables thereto-
(a) "Basement storeys" Chapter 1.
has the meaning
ascribed
to it in Regulation
of
(b) "Compartment" means any part of a building which is separated from all parts by one or more compartment walls or compartment floors or both such walls and floors; and for the purpose of this Chapter, if any part of the top storey of a building is within a compartment, the compartment shall also include any roof space above such part of the top storey. (c)
"Compartment wall" and "compartment floor" means respectively a wall and a floor which is provided for the purpose of diving a building into compartments for the purpose of Regulation 10 and complies with Regulation 17.
(d)
"Door" includes any shutter, cover or other form of protection to an opening in any wall or floor of a building or in the structure surrounding a protected shaft, whether the door is constructed of one or more leaves.
(e) "Element of structure" means(i)
Any member forming part ofthe structural frame of a building or beam or column (not being a member forming part of a roof structure only).
(ii)
A floor, including a compartment floor, other than the lowest floor (in contact with the ground) of a building.
(iii)
An external wall.
(iv)
Party wall.
(v)
A compartment
(vi)
Structure enclosing a protected shaft.
wall.
(vii) A load bearing wall or load bearing part of a wall, and (viii) A gallery or mezzanine. (f)
"External wall" has the -meaning ascribed to it in Regulation Chapter 1 and complies with Regulation 15.
(g)
"Fire resistance" has the meaning ascribed to that expression Regulation Z of Chapter 1 and Regulation 14 of this Chapter.
(h)
"Fire stop" means a barrier or seal which would prevent or retard the passage of smoke or flame within a cavity or around a pipe or duct where it passes through a wall or floor .or at a junction between elements of structure and "fire stopped" shall be construed accordingly.
2 of
in
35
(i) "Part of a single storey building" includes any part of a building of two or more storeys if such part-
Consists of a ground storey only.
-
Has a roof that is only accessible for the purpose of maintenance
and
repairs, and Is completely separated from all other parts of the building by a compartment wall or compartment walls in the same continuous vertical plane.
0)
"Party wall" has the meaning ascribed to it in Chapter 1 and complies with Regulation 16 of this Chapter.
(k) "Permitted
limit of unprotected area" means the maximum aggregate area of unprotected areas in any side or external wall of a building or compartment, which complies with the requirements of the Urban Development Authority.
(1)
"Protected shaft" means a stairway, exit passageway, duct or other shaft which enables persons, things or air to pass between different compartments and which complies with the requirements of Regulation 18 of this Chapter.
(m) "Relevant boundary" in relation to any side or external wall or part of any external wall of a building or compartment. (Such land being deemed to include any abutting portion of any street, canal, river or drainage reserve up to the centre line thereof). (n)
"Unprotected
area" in relation to an external wall or side of a building
means(i)
A window, door or other opening,
(ii) Any part of the external wall which has fire resistance less than that specified by this Chapter for that wall, and (iii)
Designation of Purpose Groups
Rules for Measurement
Reg. 8
Any part of the external wall which has combustible material more than Imm thick attached or applied to it's external face, whether for cladding or any other purpose.
For the purpose of this Chapter every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set out in Table 2 of Chapter 1 and, where a building is divided into compartments used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined separately. Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment (as the case may be) is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls. In this Chapter(a)
The height of a building, or (where relevant) of part of a building as described in the code means the height of such building or part, measured from the mean level of the ground adjoining the outside of 36
-_._--------_.--_.
Fire Regulations --------
C:haptcr 3 - Structural fire Precautions
the external walls of the building to the level of half the vertical height of the roof of the building or part, or the top of the walls or of the parapet (if any), whichever is the higher: (b) The area of -
(c)
(i)
Any storey of a building or compartment shall be taken to be the total area of that storey bounded by the inner finished surfaces of the enclosing walls or, on any side where there is no enclosing wall, by the outermost edge of the floor on that side:
(ii)
Any room or garage shall be taken to be the total area of it's floor bounded by the inner finished surfaces of the walls forming the room or garage;
(iii)
Any part of a roof shall be taken to be actual visible area of such part measured on a plane parallel to the pitch of the roof.
The cubical extent of a building or compartment shall be ascertained by measuring the volume of space contained within»
(i)
The inner' finished surfaces or on any side where there is no enclosing wall, a plane extending vertically above the outermost edge of the floor on that side;
(ii) The upper surface of it's lowest floor; and (iii) In the case of a building or of a compartment-which
extends to a roof, the under surface of the roof or, in the case of any other compartment, the under surface of the ceiling of the highest storey within the compartment, including the space occupied by any other walls, or any unprotected shafts, ducts or structure within the space to be so measured, but excluding protected lift walls, staircases etc., and also any accommodation such as lavatory and locker rooms which are enclosed with walls having not less than a one hour standard of fire resistance and Class A fire doors.
s t
:1
Cases where excess height above 4m maybe ignored in computing cubical extent
(d)
In computing the cubical extent of compartments in shops, similar premises and in single storey factory building, a height of 4 m may be used where the actual height exceeds that figure provided that this rule shall not be applied when a compartment comprises more than one storey or contains mezzanine, galleries or lofts.
e
,r
PROVISION
OF COMPARTMENT
WALLS AND COMPARTMENT
FLOORS
e Excess floor area and cubical extent
is 't,
36
Reg.IO (1)
Any building other than a building of Purpose Group I which has -
(a) Any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that height in column (2) of Table 6, or (b)
A cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant in column (3) of Table 6, shall be so divided into compartments by means of compartment walls or compartment floors or both that37
Fire Regulations
Chapter 3 - Structul1;;1_FircPrecautions
(i)
No such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area specified as relevant to the building in column (2) of Table: and
me
(ii)
10 (2)
No such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant in column (3) of the Table.
however,
the Urban
Development Authority is satisfied that is necessary for any such building or or part thereof, as aforesaid, he may consent to such additional floor area and cubical extent provided: additional floor area and cubical extent
Authority may '-./V,u.,,,,.u to Greater
or compartment
thereof is fitted throughout with an which complies with the relevant an accepted Code of Practice on Automatic Sprinkler
Brigade appliances
(b)
measures have or maintained lessening so as is reasonably oracticable any danger from
Excess Height
Reg.l 0 (3)
In building 18 m in any one storey from another storey, other than a floor
(b)
Other Cases Requiring Compartment
Reg. 10 (4)
a comoartment 6 or paragraph (2) of this to be constructed as a compartment floor.
The following walls or floors-
floors
Any floor a of Hospitals, Nursing houses, School or other similar
Walls and
Compartment Floors
uunuuuz:
(b)
Any wall or floor separating a flat or maisonette from any other same building:
(c)
Any wall or part of a building from any other the same building which is used or intended to be used purpose falling within a different purpose group in 2: and
(d)
Any floor immediately over a basement storey if such (i)
Forms
of a building of purpose group 1
more storeys or a
or compartment of purpose
2(b) or 4; and (ii)
Has an area exceeding 100 m2•
as
for
Fire Regulatio!ls
SIZE LIMITATIONS
OF BUILDINGS
A1W
COMPARTMENTS
Compartmentatiou The spread of fire within a building shall be restricted by sub-dividing from one another by walls andlor floors of fire -resisting construction.
01.
Size Limitation for Building
&,
Compartments
it into compartments
separated
(Except Purpose Group 1)
Table 6 Maximum
Compartments
Floor Area Below ground level - no compartment comprise more than one storey.
to
Maximum Cubic Extent
2000m2 7500m3 2
If sprinklered
4000 m
Between ground and a height of 30m. No compartment to comprise more than 3 storeys.
4000 m2 15000m3 2
8000 m
If sprinklered More than 30 m from ground level -. No compartment to comprise more than one storey.
2000 m2 7500m3 2
4000 m
If sprinklered 02
Multi-storey Industrial
and Storage Buildings (purpose Group '7) Table 7 Height above Ground Level
Purpose Group
Floor Area of Compartment
Industrial>- Not Sprinklered
Not more than ]8 m More than 18 m
7000 m2 2000 m2
Sprinklered
Not more than 18 m More than 18 m
14000 m2 4000 m2
t 03.
f
04. If
p
38
High Hazard Occupancy
3.1
The compartment
3.2
If habitable floor exceeds 18 m, an Automatic Fire Sprinkler System to be provided.
shall not exceed one half of the sizes given in Tables 6 & 7.
Exemption from Size Limitation 4.1
Buildings used solely for the storage/packaging
of non combustible
materials.
4.2
Open sided Car Parking decks ,having not less than 50% of the sides permanently to provide cross ventilation.
open
39
Chapter 3 - Structural Eire P!ccautions
Fire Regulations
05.
Areas of Special Hazard Boiler Rooms, Transformer Rooms, Generator Rooms, Storage Areas of highly flammable I combustible materials to be separated from compartment walls and floors having fire resistance of not less than 4 hours.
06.
Other Residential Buildings All floors in buildings of the other residential purpose group should be constructed as compartment floors.
07.
Institutional Buildings Including Health Care 7.1
In institutional purpose group buildings, all floors should be constructed as compartment floors.
7.2
Compartments should not exceed 2000 m2 in multi - storey hospitals and 3000 m2 in single storey hospitals.
Exemption from Regulation 10 (1)
Reg. 11
Buildings used solely for the sale storage, processing and packaging of goods and substances of a non-combustible nature shall be exempted from the operation of paragraph (1) of Regulation 10 provided: .
Reg; 11(1) Any portion used otherwise than as described above is separated from the remainder of the building by compartment walls, floors and protected shafts and comply with the limitations of size laid down in paragraph (1) of Regulation 10: .Reg. II (2)
The relevant parts of paragraph 3 and 4 of Regulation lOon the. provision of compartment floors are complied with:
Reg.l 1(3) Any special risks such as boiler rooms, electrical substations, packing rooms and the like are separated from the remainder of the building by compartment walls and floors; and
Building of High Fire Risk
Reg. I I (4)
The requirements of Regulations in chapter 6 on accessibility of the site to Fire Brigade appliances are complied with.
Reg. 12
Pursuant to Regulation 10, the compartments of any building of high fire risk or used for the bulk storage of goods or substances of a combustible nature shall not exceed one half of the sizes given in Table 6 and each compartment shall be limited to one storey only. . No storey of a building, the floor level of which is more than 18m above average ground level, shall be used for the storage of combustible goods unless the building is provided with a sprinkler system in accordance with the requirements of Reg. 36 (1) (b) and complies with any other requirements which the Urban Development Authority may deem fit to impose.
40
fire Regulations
Chapter 3 "'Structural ---_._----_.""._-----_._---_._--_
--..--"'------~--FIRE RESISTANCE Minimum Periods of Fire Resistance
Reg.l3
(1)
OF ELEMENTS
_-----
Fire Precautions
..
OF Sl1~UCTIJRE
Subject to any express provision to the contrary any element of structure shall be so constructed as to have fire resistance for not less than the relevant period specified in Table 8 having regard to the purpose group of the building of which it forms part and the dimensions specified in that Table: Provided that: (a)
Any party wall shall have a fire resistance of not less than one hour;
(b) Any compartment
wall or compartment floor which separates a part of a building falling within purpose group 2( a) or 2(b) from any other part of the building falling within a purpose group other than purpose group 2(a) or 2(b) shall have a fire resistance of not less than one hour.
Exemption for External Nonload Bearing Walls
Reg.l 3 (2)
Exemption for Single Storey Building
(a)
Nothing in paragraph (1) shall apply to any part of an external wall which is non-load bearing and may in accordance with Regulation 15 be an unprotected area.
(b)
In the case of a single-storey building or a building consisting of a ground storey and one or more basement storeys, nothing in paragraph (1) shall apply to any element of structure which forms part of the ground storey and consists of-
(i)
A structural frame or a beam or column: Provided that any beam or column (whether or not it forms part of a structural frame) which is within or forms part of a wall, and any column which gives support to a wall or gallery, shall have fire resistance of not less than the minimum period, if any required by this regulation for that wall or that gallery.
(ii) An internal load bearing wall or a load bearing part of a wall, unless that or part is, or forms part of, a compartment wall or a separating wall, or forms part of, the structure enclosing a protected shaft or supports a gallery; or
(iii) Part of an external wall which does not support a gallery and which may, in accordance with Regulation 15 be an unprotected Interpretation and Application of this Regulation
)
Reg.I3 (3 )
area.
(a)
In this Regulation and in Tab le 8 thereto (subject to the provisions of . sub-paragraph (b) of this paragraph and any other express provision to the contrary) any reference to a building of which an element of structure forms part means the building or (if a building is divided into compartments) any compartment of the building of which the element forms part.
(b)
In this regulation and in Table 8 thereto, any reference to height means the height of a building, not of any compartment in the building, but if any part of the building is completely separated throughout it's height both 'above and below ground from all other parts by a compartment wall or compartment walls in the same continuous vertical plane, any reference to height in relation to that part means the height solely of that part. 41
Chapler 3 - Structuf~_~i"~ Precautions
F ire Regulations
Fire Resistance for Elements of Structure that Carries another Elements
Reg. 13 (4)
Any element of structure shall have fire resistance of not less than the minimum period required by this regulation for any element which it carries.
Fire Resistance Reg. 13 (5) of Compartment Walls of Flats
Any compartment wall separating a flat or maisonette from any other part of the same building shall not be required to have fire resistance exceeding one hour unless(i) The wall is a load bearing wall or a wall forming part of a protected
shaft; or (ii) The part of the building from which the wall separates the flat of maisonette is of a different purpose group and the minimum period of .fire resistance required by the provisions of this regulation for any element of structure in that part is one and a half hours or more
,
'~.
42
Fire Regulations
Table 8 Minimum Period of Fire Resistance
Purpose Group Residen tial 1 (a) l(b) & (c)
Minimum Periods (minutes) for Elements of Structure in a: Basement storey Ground or upper storey (1) including floor over Height (m) of top floor above ground, in building Depth (m) ofa Lower basement or separated part ofbuildi.!_!g -More Not more Not more Not more Not more More than 10 than 10 than 5 than 20 than 30 than 30 90
NR
120(3)
60 30(2)
30(2) 30(2)
60 (3,7) 60(8)
90(3) NR
NR 120(5) 120(5)
I,!.
2 (a) 2 (b)
90 90
60 60
30(2) 39(2)
60 60
90 90
3 Office Not sprinklered Sprinklered
90 60
60 60
30(2). 30(2)
60 30(2)
90 60
NP 120(5)
" Shop/Commercial Not sprinklered Sprinklered
90
60 60
60 30(2)
60
60
60
90 60
NP 120(5)
90 60
60 60
60 30(2)
60 60
90
60
NP 120(5)
"
'
5 Assembly and Recreation Not sprinkJered Sprinklered
.
.
6 Industrial Not sprinklered Sprinklered
120 90
90 60
60 30(2)
90 60
120 90
90 60
60 30(2)
NA 90
NA 60
15(2,6) 30(2)
120' 90
NP 120(5)
90 60
120 90
NP 120(5)
15(2,6) 60
15(2,6) 90
60 120(5)
s ;
7 Storage & other nonresidential a. Any building or part not described elsewhere Not sprinkle red Sprinklered b. Car park for light vehicles open sided (9) any other
-
Notes NR - not relevant
l\i'P - not permitted
NA - not applicable
Sprinklered means that the building is fitted throughout with an automatic sprinkler system meeting the relevant recommendations of BS 5306: Part 2; ie the relevant occupancy rating together with the additional requirements for life safety.
43
2
Fire Regulations
-------
._--
Chapter 3 • Structural til,,: P...,cautiolls
......
-~,-~--,......
Modifications (1)
The floor over a basement (or if there is more than one basement, the floor over the topmost basement) should meet the provisions for the ground and upper storeys that period is higher.
(2)
Increased to a minimum of 60 minutes for compartment walls separating buildings.
(3)
Reduced to 30 minutes for any floor within a maisonette, but not if the floor contributes to the support of'thebuilding,
(4)
Multi-storey hospitals should have a minimum 60 minutesstandard.
(5)
Reduced to 90 minutes for elements not forming part of the structural frame.
(6)
Increased to 30 minutes for elements protecting the means of escape.
(7)
Refer to Approved Document B paragraph 7.12 regarding the acceptability of 30 minutes in flat conversions.
(8)
30 minutes in the case of three storey dwelling houses, increased to 60 minutes minimum for compartment walls separating buildings
(9)
car park should comply with the requirements for open sided car parks specified in approved Document B Section 11. TESTS OF FIRE RESISTANCE
Meaning of "Fire Resistance" Requirements
Reg. 14 (1)
Any requirement in this Chapter that an element of structure door or other part of a building shall have fire resistance ora specified period shall be construed as meaning that it shall be so constructed that a specimen constructed to the same specification, if exposed to test by fire in accordance with as 476, would (subject to any relevant provisions in the Table to this Regulation) satisfy the requirements of that test as to stability, and insulation for not less than the specified period:
"Deemed to Satisfy" Provisions
Reg.l4 (2)
Provided that an element of structure, door or other part of a building shall be deemed to have the requisite fire resistance if(a) It is constructed to the same specification as that of a specimen which prior to 31 st August 1973 was either exposed to test by fire in accordance with BS 476 and satisfied the requirement of that test as to co Ilapse, passage of flame and insu lation for not less than the specified period or was assessed by an appropriate authority as capable of satisfying requirements.
44
Fire Regulations
-----, TABLE TO REGULATION
14
Table 9 Provision as to method of test and minimum period of fire resistance Part of Building
Method of Test
-
Minimum period as to BS476 Stability Integrity Insulation. 'BS 476
(1)
(2)
l.
External wall situated exposure of 1m more from relevant boundary (excluding any part of such a wall which is described in item 2.
2.
External wall situated less than 1m from any point on relevant boundary.
3.
Separating
4.
Compartment
5.
Structure external protected
6.
Structure referred to in Regulation 21 (2) (a).
7.
Compartment
8.
Floor of upper storey in building of purpose group 1 which has 2 storeys
exposure of underside of floor to test by fire
9.
Door other than a door described in item 10 or 11.
10.
Door referred to in both and regulation 19(5) regulation 17(1) (a) (i) or 21 (2)(b)
exposure to test by fire when fitted in its frame. exposure to test by fire when fitted in its frame.
II.
Door referred to in both regulation (6) and 19 regulation or 18(7Xa)
r
wall.
III
18(7)(b).
* 44
Passage --
(4)
Insulation (5)
exposure of inside of wall to test by fire:
>I<
*
15 min
exposure of each side of structure separately to test by fire.
'"
'"
*
-
..
wall.
(other wall) shaft.
than an enclosing
floor.
exposure of underside of floor to test by fire.
at is
Collapse (3)
<.
exposure to test fire when by fitted any III rebated frame
*
30 min
*
'"
15 min
'"
15 min
No requirement
30 min
20 min
No requirement
30 min
30 min
No requirement
--
,"
Denotes 'period of fire resistance specified' 45
Fire Regulations
_------_- ----EXTERNAL WALLS
Unprotected Areas in any Side of a Building
Reg.15 (1)
(a)
Except where otherwise provided, any side of a building shall comply with any relevant requirements relating to the permitted limits of unprotected areas specified in Table 9.
(b)
The extent of unprotected openings in an external wall of a building in relation to it's distance from the lot boundary may be double that which is specified when the building is protected by an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with the provision of an accepted Code of Practice.
(c) Notwithstanding the requirements of sub-para (a) of this regulation, the unprotected areas in a side of a building or part of a building used for car parking conforming with the provisions of Regulations 36 (lXa) and 62(1) shall be exempted from compliance with the relevant requirements relating to the permitted limits of unprotected areas. Requirements of External Walls
Reg.lS (2)
(a) Any external wall, which constitutes or is situated within a distance of 1m from any point on the relevant boundary, or is a wall of a building which exceeds 18m in height shall(i) Be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials apart from any external cladding which complies with paragraph (3) of this regulation or any in internal lining which complies with Regulation 24; and (U) Be so constructed as to attain any
resistance required by this Chapter without assistance from any combustible material permitted by this sub-paragraph:
Provided that the requirements of this sub-paragraph shall not
apply toExemptions
(i) An external wall of a building which is not divided into compartments and is within the limits of size indicated in Table 8 if, in either case, that building does not exceed 18m in height; (ii) An external wall of a building or part ofa building, 'of purpose group l(a) which consists of flats or maisonettes if that building has not more than three storeys or that part is separated as described in Regulation 13(3Xb) and has not more than three storeys; (iii) An external wall of a part of a building if that wall is situated 1m or more from the relevant boundary and that part separated as described in Regulation 13(3Xb) and does not exceed 18m in height. (b)
Any beam or column forming part at: and any structure """MT1~"T an external wan which is required to be constructed of .. combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (a) as to non-combustibility.
Fire Regulations
3 - Structural Fir;;; Prel;autions .----------------.--_,.. ..~Chapter -----....,----,---...
Cladding on External Walls
Reg.IS (3)
(a) Any cladding on any external wall, if such cladding is situated less than 1m from any point on the relevant boundary, shall have a surface complying with the requirements for Class 0 specified in Regulation 23; and (b) Any cladding on any external wall situated 1m or more from the relevant boundary shall, if the building is more than 18m in height, have a surface complying with the requirements specified for Class 0 in Regulation 23 , except that any part of such cladding below a height of 18m from the ground may consist of timber of not less than 9mm finished thickness or of a material having a surface which when tested in accordance with BS 476, has an index ofperfonnance (1) not exceeding 20. Provided that if the building is of Purpose Groups 6 and 7(a) such cladding material shall; when tested in accordance with BS 476, have an index of performance (1) not exceeding 12 and a subindex ( ii ) not exceeding 6.
Reference to Roofs
Reg.lS (4)
For the purpose of this regulation(a)
t
)
e
e It is
e
Requirements When 2 or More Buildings are on Land in Common Occupation
Reg. IS (5)
Any part of a roof shall be deemed to be part of an external wall or side of a building if it is pitched at an angle of 70° or more to the horizontal and adjoins a space within the building to which persons have access not limited to the purposes of maintenance or repair.
If(a)
Any building is to be erected on land occupied with any other building, or two or more detached buildings are to be erected on land in common occupation; and
(b) Either of those buildings is of purpose group l(a) or 2(b) (other than outhouses); in the application of the provisions of this regulation to any external wall of any building to be so erected which faces, an external wall of such other buildings(i) The relevant boundary shall be a notional boundary passing between those buildings and such boundary must be capable of being situated in such a position as to enable the external walls of those buildings to comply with the requirements of this regulation; and (ii) If such other building is an existing building, .it shall be deemed to be a building to be erected on the site which it occupies, being of the same purpose group and having the same unprotected areas and fire resistance as the existing building.
g, 1-
i:>-
Chapter 3 - Structural Fire Precautions
Fire Regulations
,-------, Table 10
Unproteeted Areas in any Side of a Building Minimum Distance between side of building and relevant boundary in metres 1 2
Maximum Total Percentage of Unprotected Area
15
4 8 20 40 60
20 25
100%
5 10
80
PARTY WALLS Requirements of Party Walls
Reg. 16 (1)
Any party wall shall conform to the relevant provisions of the Building Regulations with regards to it's thickness and non-combustibility of materials and shall have fire resistance for not less than the relevant period specified in Regulation 13 and subject to the exceptions specified in paragraph (2) shall be imperforate and shall form a complete vertical separation between any buildings separated (including any roof space therein).
Openings in Party Walls
Reg. 16 (2)
Nothing in paragraph (1) shall prohibit(a) The passage through a party wall of a pipe, if the pipe(i)
Is not a flue pipe; and
(ii)
Has a diameter not exceeding 25mm (if it is made of combustible material) or 150mm (if it is made of noncombustible material); and
(iii) Is fire-stopped where it passes through the wall; ,or (b)
Party WallRoof Junction
Reg. 16 (3)
An opening in a party wall which is necessary as a means of escape from fire, if the opening is fitted wit; a door which(i)
Complies with the requirements of Regulation 19 and
(U)
Has fire resistance which is not less than the period required by Regulation 13 for the party wall.
A party wall shall in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Building Regulations be either carried up to form a close joint with the underside of a pitched roof of non-combustible covering or carried up to 450mm above the level of such roof covering, and the junctions such party wall and such roof shall be properly fire stopped, so as not to render ineffective the resistance of such party wall to the effects of fire and the spread of fire. nAT'""Pf'n
Party WallExternal Wall Junction
Reg. 16 (4)
If any external wall is carried across the end of a party wall, such external. wall and party wall shall be bonded together or the junction of such walls shall be fire-stopped,
Fire Regulations
Prohibition of Combustible Materials in Party Walls
Reg.16 (5)
In addition to the relevant provisions of the Building Regulations, no combustible material shall be carried through into or across the ends of or over the top of any party wall of such a type or in such a way as to render ineffective the resistance of such a party wall to the effects of fire and the spread of fire: Provided thatIf a building has a non-combustible roof covering, and is of Purpose Group 1, 2(a), 2(b), 3 or 6 nothing in this paragraph shall prohibit the continuation over the top ofthe party wall 0[.'
(i) Any boarding, with or without sarking felt or sarking paper, if such boarding is used as a base for the roof covering and the boarding is solidly bedded on mortar or other not less suitable material where it rests on the party wall; or
(ii) Any roof tiling, slating or sheeting battens, if the battens are solidly bedded on mortar or other not less suitable material where they rest on the party wall and the space between them is filled with mortar or other not less suitable material up to the underside of the roof covering. NonCombustibi lity of Party Walls
Reg.16 (6)
In addition any party wall shall be constructed wholly of noncombustible materials apart from any surface finish which complies with Regulation 24 and the required fire resistance shall be attained independently of any such combustible surface finish: Provided that the requirements
of this paragraph shall not apply to:
A wall separating buildings, which are defined as temporary buildings and which are not divided into compartments and are single storey building within the limits of size indicated in Tables 6 and 7:
COMPARTMENT Compartment Walls and Floors . to be Imperforate
Rcg.17 (l)
WALLS AND COMPARTMENT
FLOORS
Any compartment wall or compartment floor shall be imperforate the exception of anyone or more of the following:
with
(a) An opening
fitted with a door which has fire resistance for the following minimum period and which complies with the provisions of Regulation 19 or 20.
(i) In the case of a wall separating a flat or maisonette from any space in common use giving access to that flat or maisonette, half an hour; or
(ii) In any other case, the period required by the provisions Regulation (b)
of
13 for the wall or floor;
An opening for a protected shaft fitted with a door as in clause (a);
49
Fire Regulations
.-..••,,--.-_._--_.
--_._------------_. (c) An opening for a ventilation duct (other than a duct in, or consisting of, a protected shaft) if any space surrounding the duct is firestopped and the duct is fitted with an automatic fire shutter where it passes through the wall or floor; (d)
An opening for a pipe, which does not exceed(i)
25 mm in diameter, if the pipe is of combustible material; or
. (ii) 150 mm in diameter, if the pipe is of non-combustible material; (e)
An opening for a refuse chute, (which complies with the requirements oftheUDA Building Regulations.)
(1)
Ventilation openings to an external exit passageway as permitted under Regulation 4( 1): and
(g)
Ventilation openings to an external corridor as permitted under Regulation 3 (12) (a)
Compartment Walls and Floors Forming Junction with Other Structures
Reg.17 (2) Where a compartment wall or compartment floor forms a junction with any structure comprising any other compartment wall, or any external wall, party wan or structure enclosing a protected shaft, such structures shall be bonded together at the junction, or the junction shall be firestopped.
Compartment Walls-Roof Junctions
Reg.17 (3)
Where any compartment wall forms a junction with a roof, such wall shall be carried up to form a close joint with the underside of the roof or carried up to 450mm above the level of the roof covering (as the case may be) and the junctions between such party walls and such roof shall be properly fire stopped in accordance with the relevant provisions of Regulations 16(3).
Prohibition of Combustible Material in Compartment Walls
Reg. 17 (4)
No combustible material shall be built into or carried through, into or across the ends of any compartment wall or compartment floor or over the top of any compartment. wall in such 'a manner as to render ineffective the resistance of such wall or floor to the effects of fire and the spread of tire: Provided that nothing in this paragraph shall prohibit the continuation over the top of a compartment wall of any construction which complies with the requirements of Regulation 16(5).
Ducts Passing through Compartment Floors & Walls
Reg. 17 (5) Where any appliance ventilation duct or duct encasing one or more flue pipes passes through a compartment floor or compartment wall. (a)
The passage in
appliance ventilation duct: or
(b) The space within the duct encasing the flue pipe or pipes; shall be separated from that compartment floor or compartment wall and from each compartment adjoining that floor or wall by noncombustible construction having fire resistance of not less than half the minimum fire resistance required by Regulation
13 for the
compartment floor or compartment waH through which it passes.
Fire Regulations
NonCombustibility of Compartment Walls and Floors
Reg.l7
(6)
Any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required by Regulation 13 to have fire resistance of one hour or more (except where that requirement arises solely by virtue of Regulation 13(l)(b) shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials apart from-
(0
Any floor finish; or
(ii) Any surface finish to a wail or ceiling which complies with the requirements of Regulation 23, and the required fire resistance of the wall or floor shall be obtained without assistance from any combustible material permitted by this sub-paragraph. Exemption for SubParagraph (6)
Reg. 17 (7)
The requirements
(a)
of paragraph
(6) shall not apply to-
The following walls and floors in a building or part of purpose group 2(b) which consists of flats or maisonettes: (i)
If that building has three storeys or that part is separated as described in Regulation 13(3)(b) and has three storeys, any wall or floor other than a wall within a basement storey or a floor immediately over a basement storey;
(ii) If that building has four storeys or that part is separated as described in Regulation 13(3)(b) and has four storeys, any floor other than a floor immediately and
(b)
Beams and Columns in Compartment Walls & Floors
Reg.17 (8)
Any existing floor in a building or part of purpose group 3,4,5,6 or 7(a) which is altered or extended if, after alteration or extension, that building does not exceed 18m in height or that part is separated as described in Regulation 13(3)(b) and does not exceed IS m in height.
Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure Carrying any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials, shall itself comply with the provisions of paragraph (6) as to non-combustibility.
PROTECTED Definition of "Protecting Structure"
Reg.IS (1)
over a basement storey;
SHAFTS
In this regulation," protecting structure" means any wall or floor or other structure which encloses a protected shaft other than(a)
A wall which also forms part of an external wall, party wall or compartment wall; or
(b) A floor which is also a compartment floor or a floor laid directly on the ground: and (c) Purpose of Protected Shaft
Reg. IS (2)
A roof.
No protected shaft shall be constructed for use for any purposes additional to those specified in Regulation 7 (I) other than the accommodation of any pipe or duct.
51
Ch~pter 3 - StnlctUro~!'iff; Precautions
Fire Regulations
Reg. 18 (3)
Subject to the provisions of this regulation, completely enclosed by walls or floors resistance rating under Reg. 13.
NonCombustibility of Protecting Structures
Reg.l S (4)
Any protecting structure which is required by Regulation 13 to have fire resistance of one hour or more shall be constructed wholly of noncombustible materials apart from any surface which complies with the requirements of Regulation 23.
Openings in Wall or Floor of Protected Shafts
:) ,)
any protected shaft shall be having the necessary fire
Enclosure
Reg.IS (5)
(a)
Provided that the requirements of this sub-paragraph shall not apply to a protecting structure which is situated within the ground storey or an upper storey of a building or part thereof of Purpose Group 2(b) consisting of flats or maisonettes if that building has three storeys or that part is separated as described in Regulation 13(3Xb) and has three storeys.
(b)
Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying a protecting structure which is required to be constructed of noncombustible materials shall itself comply with the provisions of sub-paragraph (a) as to non-combustibility.
(a)
Any wall or other structure enclosing a protected shaft but not being a protecting structure may contain such openings as shall be in accordance with other provisions of this code.
(b)
There shall be no opening in any protecting one or more of the following-
structure other than any
(i)
An opening for a pipe;
(U)
An opening fitted with a door which has fire resistance complying with the provisions of paragraph (7) and complies with the provisions of Regulation 19 or 20;
(iii)
(If the protected shaft contains a lift) an opening .complies with the provisions of paragraph (8) and
(iv)
(If the protected shaft serves as, or contains a ventilating duct) an inlet to or outlet from that duct or opening for that duct.
Fire Stopping
Reg.IS (6)
Any opening for a pipe shall be effectively fire-stopped.
Doors in Protecting Structure
Reg. IS (7)
Any door fitted in an opening in protecting resistance for the following minimum period-
structure
which
shall have fire
(a)
If the protected shaft is in a building of Purpose Group 2(a), 2(b), 4 or 5 and is wholly or partly above the level of the adjoining ground, not less than half an hour; or
(b)
In any other case, either not less than half the period required by other provisions of this chapter for the protecting structure surrounding the opening or not less than half an hour (whichever is the greater).
Fire Regulations
...
._---------
Protected Shaft for Lift
Reg.IS (8)
Any protected shaft containing a lift or !ifts(a) Shall be ventilated to the external air by means of one or more permanent openings situated at the top of the shaft and having a total unobstructed area of not less than 0.1 m2 for each lift in the shaft; and (b) Shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilation duct and (c) May have an opening in it's protecting structure for the passage of the cables operating the lift into the room containing the lift motor: Provided that if the opening is at the bottom of the shaft the opening shall be as small as practicable.
Protected Shaft for Ventilation Duct
Reg.IS (9)
(a) If a protected shaft serves as or contains a ventilating duct. (i)
The duct shall be fitted internally with automatic fire shutters so constructed, at such intervals and in such positions as may be necessary to reduce, so far as practicable, the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment, or such other provision shall be made as will reduce such risk so far as practicable; and
(ii)
The duct shall not be constructed of, or lined with, any material which substantially increases such risk.
(b) In addition, in the case of a protected shaft containing a ventilating duct, the shaft shall be so constructed with additional barriers to fire between the duct and the shaft as may be necessary to reduce so far as practicable the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment. Protected Shaft of Staircase
Reg.IS (l0)
If a protected shaft consists of a staircase, it shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilating duct. FIRE RESISTING DOORS
Application of Regulations
Reg. 19 (1)
This regulation shall apply to any door which provisions of this Section to have fire resistance.
Reg. 19 (2)
In this regulation-
IS
required by the
Automatic Self-Closing Device does not include nsmg butt hinges except in relation to a door to which Regulation 19 (5) applies; and Electro-Magnetic or Electro-Mechanical Device Susceptible to Smoke refers only to any such device which will allow the door held open by it to close automatically upon the occurrence of each or anyone of the following(a)
Detection of smoke by automatic apparatus suitable in nature, quality and location;
(b)
Manual operation of a switch fitted in a suitable position; 53
Chapter 3 • Structural Fi1~jPrecautions ...--------~------~,."'-, .... - ..--
Fire Regulations .-------""--------.....""..-,-,......,.">',..~.... .','-.-. --.---------,
19 (3)
Combustible Hinge
Door to be Manually Openable
(c)
Failure of electricity supply to the device, apparatus or switch;
(d)
If a fire alarm system is installed in the building, operation of that system.
(a)
door to which this regulation applies shall (subject to Reg. 20) be fitted with an automatic self-closing device.
(b)
No means holding any such door open shall be provided other than a fusible link or, if the door is so constructed and installed that it can readily be opened manually, an electro-magnetic or electromechanical to smoke.
(c)
on which any door is hung shall be made material or of non-combustible material less than °C.
(4)
Provided that there may also be ~....~.....,....a door cannot readily (a)
the same is
Such door is with an automatic ~~,. V'~~~'a held open a fusible
(b) The manually half and hour;
openable
door has
not
(c)
Direction Opening of Door
Two Separate Doors to One Opening
Reg.l9(5)
Any door to which reference is made in Reg. 17(1) (a)O) or 21(2) (b) shall be a door ~U1111!10"m double leaf door, of which from the other
Reg.19 (6)
door which is in protecting structure in 18(1) and is not required by the provisions of Reg. 18(7) to have fire resistance of more than half an hour may consist of any single or double leaf door (the leaf or each leaf of which swings in one or both directions), other than a double leaf door both leaves of which swing in one and the same direction and have rebated meeting stiles, if-
Reg.19 (7)
(a)
The door opens into a hall, lobby or corridor enclosed partitions having fire resistance of not less than half an
(b)
The clearance between the or leaves of any such door and it's frame and (if the door has two leaves) between the leaves is as small as is reasonably oracncame.
For the purpose this code, if two doors single double leaf doors) installed in an opening, it shall be sufficient if required fire resistance is achieved by the two doors together or by of them separately.
Fire Regulations
"Deemed to Satisfy "Provisions
Reg. 19 (8)
Where any door is required under the provisions of this Publication to be fire resisting, it shall be deemed to have(i)
The requisite fire resistance if a similar door made to the same specifications as that door is proved to have the requisite fire resistance under the conditions of test prescribed in the foregoing paragraphs of this Publication; or
(ii) The requisite fire resistance for a minimum period of(a)
1/2 hour if it is constructed in accordance with one of the relevant specifications for Class A in Table 1I and is of not less standard than that of such class; or
(b)
1 hour if it is constructed in accordance with one or the relevant specifications for Class B in Table 1I and is of not less standard than that of such class.
55
Fire
Table 11
-
Class of Door
Specifications: Construction and Material
----
1.
Solid timber not less than 45 mm finished thickness.
2.
Laminated timber core solid throughout covered both sides with ply facing and with all edges protected with a solid timber capping covering the full thickness of the core and facings, the total thickness of door not less than 45 mm.
3.
Timber stiles and top and bottom rails not less than 96 mm wide and a middle rail not less than 165 mm wide rebated to receive 9.5 mm plasterboard in filling on both sides strengthened by 45 mm wide intermediate rails, the whole covered both sides with plywood facings, the total thickness of door not less than 45 mm.
4.
A
--1-----A
A
Doors tested in accordance with the provisions of Section 7 of British Standard "Fire Test on Building Materials and Structures" BS 476 and certified as being capable of resisting the action of fire for 112 hour. Class A doors shall be hung to open in one direction only in solid timber or metal frames with rebates or door stops not less than 13mm deep, centre opening doors may be in two leaves each hung to the frame with butt-jointed meeting stiles where only minimum clearance is allowed at the meeting edges.
A
Provided that Class A doors which open into a corridor or lobby with enclosures capable of resisting the action of fire for a period not less than 112 hour, may open in 2 directions without .rebated frames provided minimum clearance only is allowed at the meeting edge. Glazing resisting panel of frame at
fixed shut may be incorporated in a Class A door if it is capable of the action of fire for a period of 1/2 hour, or if it comprises a single vision 6.35 mm thick clear glass not exceeding 650 cm2 in area in a solid timber least 45 mm and 45 mm clear of rebates.
5.
Doors in accordance with paragraph (1), (2) or (3) of this table, but covered completely on both sides either externally or beneath plywood facings with asbestos insulating board not less than 4.75 mm in thickness.
B
6.
Doors tested in accordance with the provision of Section 7 of the British Standard BS 476 and certified as being capable of resisting the action of fire for 1 hour.
B
Class B doors shall be hung to open in one direction only, shall not exceed 910 mm width or 2,130 mm in height and shall be hung in solid timber or metal frames (not aluminium) with rebates of door stops not less than 25 mm deep and having a width at right angles to the face of the door or not less than 35mm. 7.
A panel of glazing not exceeding 152 mm wide by 300 mm high may be incorporated in a Class B door if it is filled with glass reinforced with wire and capable of resisting the action of fire for aperiod of 1 hour. ..
Notes: (a)
B
In this Table the term "Asbestos Insulating Board" means a board as so defined in BS No. 3536: 1966.
(b)
The word "timber" appearing in this Table shall mean "hardwood" as defined in Chapter 1.
56
Fire Regulations
Doors in Lift Shafts
Reg. 20
Notwithstanding Regulation 19(3Xa),a door which is not fitted with a selfclosing device may be installed in an opening in the structure which encloses a protected shaft containing exclusively a lift or lifts if either(a)
The door has fire resistance for a period of not less than half an hour and there is also installed so as to close the same opening another door which is fitted with an automatic self-closing device, is held open by a fusible link and has fire resistance for a period not less than that prescribed by the relevant provisions of Regulation 13 for the structure surrounding the opening; or
(b)
(Unless the opening is in a compartment wall and is one of two openings provided at the same level to allow access to a lift from different sides) the door has fire resistance for a period not less than that prescribed by relevant provisions of Regulation 13 for the structure surrounding the opening.
STAmCASES NonCombustibility of Structure
Reg.21 (1)
Every staircase (including any landing thereof) which forms part of a building shall, whether the staircase is internal or external, be constructed of non-combustible (a)
(b)
materials except-
An internal staircase which is situated-
(i)
Within a maisonette; or
(ii)
Within a building of purpose group 1 or 2(b) which has not more than 3 storeys; or
(iii)
Within the ground storey or an upper storey of part of a building, which part consists of flats or maisonettes if that part is separated as described in Regulation 13 (3) (b) and has not more than three storeys; or
An external
staircase of a building of purpose .group 1 and such staircase is situated between the ground and a floor or flat roof the level of which, at the head of the staircase, is not more than 6 m above the finished surface of the ground adjoining the foot of the staircase:
Provided that nothing in this paragraph shall prohibit the addition of any combustible material to the upper surface of any staircase or landing. Special Requirements for Buildings for Purpose Group I Exceeding 3 Storeys
Reg.21 (2)
In any building of purpose group 1 which exceeds 3 storeys, any internal staircase (including any hall or landing associated therewith and any part of a floor which affords passage between flight of the staircase) shall be separated from all other parts of the building by structure complying with the following requirements(a)
The structure shall have fire resistance for not less than the minimum period required by Regulation J 3 for elements of structure forming part of the storey in which it is situated; and
(b)
Any opening in the structure which gives access to a habitable room, garage, or kitchen shall be fitted with a door which has fire resistance of not less than half and hour and complies with the requirement s of Regulation 19. 57
FffiE STOPPING Fire Stop to Prevent Passage of Flame
Reg.22 (l)
Any fire stop required by the provisions of this Chapter shall be so formed and positioned as to prevent or retard the passage of flame.
Fire Stop for Pipe Duct or Cavity
Reg.22 (2)
Any fire stop shall(a) If provided around a pipe or duct or in a cavity, be made of noncombustible material or if it is in a floor or wall constructed of combustible material of hardwood timber not less than 38 mm thick; and (b) If provided around a pipe or duct, be so constructed as not to restrict essential thermal movement.
Fire Stop at Junction of Elements of Structure
Reg.22 (3)
Any fire 'stop formed as a seal at the junction of two or more elements of structure .shall be made of non-combustible material if all such elements are required by this Chapter to be non-combustible.
Fire Stopping of Cavity in an Element of Structure
Reg.22 (4)
(a) Has a surface of combustible material exposed within the cavity is of a class lower than Class 0 in Regulation 23, shall be fire
(i)
At any junction with another element of structure or with a ceiling under a roof; and
(ii) In such a position that there is no continuous cavity
but nothing in this paragraph shall prohibit the insertion of combustible filling in a cavity provided that such filling is not prohibited under any other regulation. RESTRICTION
Definitions and Interpretation
OF SPREAD
Reg. 23
For (a)
OF FLAME
OVER
SURFACES
OF WALLS
&
"_,.o.:"J.......,JU,
purposes of this code and Table 12. "Ceiling" includes any soffit and any skylight, or other part of a building which encloses and is exposed overhead within a room, circulation space or protected shaft; "Circulation space" means any space which is solely or predominantly used as a means of access between a room and protected shaft or between either a room or a protected shaft and an exit from the building or ('()rlW,,~rtrl1pr'1" "Small room" means a room which is totally enclosed and has a floor area not exceeding that specified in column (2) of the Table 12, according to the purpose group of the building or compartment; and "Trim" means any architrave, cover mould, picture rail, skirting or similar narrow member;
(b)
Any reference to the surface of a wall shall be construed as a reference to that surface the surface of any window, window frame, glazing and frame in which-the glazing is fitted excluding any unglazed portion of a door, door frame, fitted furniture or trim;
Requirements for a Class Other than Class O.
Classification
,"
(c)
Any reference to the surface of a ceiling shall be construed as a reference to that surface excluding the surface of the frame of any roof light or skylight;
(d)
Any part of a ceiling which sl.opes at an angle of 70° or more to the horizontal and is not part of a roof light shall be deemed to be a wall;
(e)
Any reference to a surface being of Class 0 shall requirement that:
be construed as a
(i)
The material of which the wall or ceiling is constructed non-combustible throughout; or
(ii)
The surface material (or, if it is bonded throughout to a substrate, the surface material in conjunction with the substrate) shall have a surface of Class I and, if tested in accordance with BS 476; Part 6: 1968, shall have an index of performance (1) not exceeding 12 and a sub-index (i) not exceeding 6.
shall be
(f)
Any reference to a surface being of a class other than Class 0 shall be construed as a requirement that the material of which the wan or ceiling is constructed shall comply with the relevant test criteria as to surface spread of flame specified in relation to that class in clause 2.8 ofBS 476 Part 7: 1971: and
(g)
In relation to a requirement of a surface shall be of a class not lower than a specified class, Class 0 shall be regarded as the highest class followed in descending order by Class 1, Class 2, Class 3 and Class 4, as set out hereunder:
Class 0 -
Surface of no flame spread., Those surfaces that conform to the requirements (i) and (ii) of sub-paragraph (e).
Class 1-
Surfaces of very low flame spread. Those surfaces on which not more than 150mm mean spread of flame occurs under the relevant test conditions.
Class 2 -
Surfaces of low flame spread. Those surfaces on which during the first 1 1/2 minutes of test, the mean spread of flame is not more than 37 5mm and the final spread does not exceed 450 mm under the relevant test conditions.
Class 3 -
Surfaces of medium flame spread. Those surfaces on which during the first 1 1/2 minutes of test the mean spread of flame is not more than 375 mm and during the first 10 minutes of test is not more than 825 mm under the relevant test conditions.
Class 4 -
Surfaces of rapid flame spread. Those surfaces on which during the first 1 112 minutes of test the mean spread of flame is more than 375 rnm and during the 10 minutes of test is more than 825 fum under the relevant test conditions.
59
Chapter 3 - Structural ~~::~tions
Class of Flame Spread to be not Lower than Specified in Table
Reg. 24
The surface of a wall or ceiling in a room, circulation space or protected shaft shall be of a class not lower than specified in the Table 12: Provided that-
(i)
A wall may have a surface of any class not lower than Class 3 to the extent permitted by Regulation 25 (1):
Where Class of Flame Spread may be of any C lass not lower than Class 3
Reg.25 (1)
(ii)
A ceiling may have a surface of any Class not lower than Class 3 to the extent permitted by Regulation 25 (2)
(iii)
Where an automatic accordance with an circulation spaces or ceilings therein may specified as relevant
(iv)
If timber is used as the surface material for the walls along the side gangways of the auditorium of a cinema, the requirements of this regulation pertaining to the requisite class of flame spread may be relaxed only in respect of those parts of such wall surfaces, which are above a height of 2.1 m (measured from floor level) provided the aggregate area of such wall surfaces does not exceed 50 percent of the whole surface area of the side walls of the auditorium.
sprinkler accepted protected be of a in Table
system is provided and installed in Code of Practice, .in such rooms, shafts, the surfaces of the walls and class that is two classes lower than 12; and
Any part of the surface of a wall in a room may be of any class not lower than Class 3 if the area of that part (or, if there are two or more such parts, the total area of those parts) does not exceed the lesser of the following(a)
Half the floor area of the room; or
(b)
(In the case of a building or compartment of Purpose Group 1,2 (a) or2 (b) 20 m2 or (in any other case) 60 m2•
Any part of the surface of a ceiling may be of any class not lower than Class 3 if that part of the surface is the face of a layer of material the otherface of which is exposed to the external air and-
(a) (i)
(b)
The ceiling is that of a room in a building or compartment of Purpose Group 2(a), 2(b), 3, 4, or 5 or that of a circulation space in a building or compartment of any purpose group; and
(ii)
The area of that part does not exceed 2.5 m2 and
(iii)
The distance between that part and any other such part is not less than 3.5 m; or
(i)
The ceiling is that of a room in a building or compartment Purpose Group 6 or 7(a); and
(ii) The area of that part does not exceed 5 m2 and (iii) The distance between that part and any other such part is Jess than 1.8 m; and
of
,'ire Regulations....... -
..• .,..----
..
,
............ __ ,_.
,.__
"'._> .... __
""_._ ... ~_~
Chapter 3 - Stractural F~r' Precautions .......... __ ... '""'~.'''''O'_: __ ._. _
(iv) That part and all other such parts are evenly distributed over the whole area of the ceiling and together have an area which does not exceed 15% ofthe floor area of the room; or, Reg.25 (2)
(c)
The ceiling is that of a balcony, verandah, open carport, covered way or loading bay which (irrespective of it's floor area) has at least one of it's 'longer sides wholly and permanently open; or
(d)
The ceiling is that of a garage, or outbuilding which (irrespective of whether it forms part of a building or is a building which is attached to another building or wholly detached) has a floor area not exceeding 40 m2•
Reg.25 (3) The internal non-load bearing walls, or partitions of a building of Purpose Group 3, 4 or 5 occupancy, which are exempted from being constructed of non-combustible materials under Regulations 29 and 30 may be of any class not lower than Class 3.
61
Chapter 3 • Structural Fh-,o1're0imtiofiS .-- ~--.._.----.--.,-'" -"'-.--
':ire Regulations
..........
..... "-, ....
Table 12 CLASSIFICATION
OF SURFACES OF WALLS AND CEJLINGS RELATING TO FLAME SPREAD Class of surface for both walls and ceilings (except where separately specified).
_._
n.
of building of
K I.HI'V"'o;; r»,
lLlUo;;Ul
(1)
(i)
amum floor area small room (in nr') (2)
(Small idential) ~ House having not more than two storeys. Any
(ii)
(Other
(iii)
Small rooms (see column)
Rooms other
than small rooms.
(2) (3)
(4)
4
3
(WaH) 1 rCeiling) 3 ~,
4
3
Circulation spaces and protected shafts. (5)
1
(Wall) 1 (Ceiling) 3 0 I
'"
sidential) ..
0
4
3
(Institutional) ...
4
1
(iv)
(Office) ....
30
3
1
0
(v)
(Shop)
30
3
1
0
(vi)
(Factory) ....
30
3
1
0
resort).
30
3
1
0
(Storage and general)
30
3
I
0
1
(WaH) 0 (~ eiling) 1
0
(vii) (viii)
Table 13
Materials for Roofing and Permitted for use with Ceilinzs of Flame S reads as in Table 12 Roofing (1)
(2) (3) (4)
Asbestos Clay Metal Concrete
Materials for Roof Framing (l) (2) (3)
"Deemed to Satisfy" Requirements
Concrete Metal Timber Reg.26
Any type of material shall he deemed to he of a class relating to flame spread if the same type of material (manufactured to the same specifications) is proved to satisfy the relevant tests criteria as to flame spread specified in relation to such class in Clause 2.8 ofBS 476. 62
f_ire_R_e_gu_la_h_'m_,s
.
,_'
3 - Stnlc.t\lral.,:!.~:_~:~cautions
ROOFS Roof Coverings and Construction to be Noncombustible
Reg.27 (1)
AU roof covering and roof construction (as listed in Table 13). Timber may be used subject to: (i)
shall be non-combustible in the construction of roofs
The timber being of hard wood of the approved type; and
(ii) The provisions of Regulation
16(5) being complied with.
Reg.27 (2)
When a pitched roof is deemed to be part of an external wall under Regulation 15(4) or when otherwise required by the Urban Development Authority, such roof shall have a fire resistance of not less than that of an external wall in the building or compartment of which such roof forms a part, as laid down in Regulation 13.
Special Requirement for Other Types of Roofs
Reg. 28
When approving the use of any other type of roof construction or roof covering materials not shown in Table 13 the Urban Development Authority may require a ceiling of a class higher than that specified in Table 12 relating to flame spread, to be provided under a roof of such construction or roof covering materials, in addition to imposing other fire preventive requirements that he may deem fit to impose.
Exemption from the Requirement for Noncombustibility of Partition in Office Buildings.
Reg.29 (1) The provisions requiring all walls of a building to be constructed of non combustible materials may be waived by the Urban Development Authority in respect of the internal non - load bearing walls or partitions of a building or part of a building of Purpose Group 3 occupancy (offices), provided they do not form any part of the means of escape of the building and-
Exemption from the Requirements for Noncombustibility of Partitions in Shops & Places of Public Resort
(i)
The said building
(ii)
The building does not comprise more than four storeys and such walls or partitions are within a compartment which has a floor area of not more than 250 m2 and is enclosed by fire walls and doors having a fire resistance of at least one hour.
or part of the building
is fully sprinklered
or
Reg.29 (2)
For the forming required exceed a
purpose of paragraph (I) of this Regulation, the partitions any part of the means of escape of the building shall not be to be constructed of non-combustible materials if they do not height of 1.8 m measured from floor level.
Reg.30
The provisions requiring all walls of a building to be constructed of noncombustible materials may be waived by the Urban Development Authority in respect of the internal non - load bearing walls or partitions of a building or part of a building of purpose group. 4 (Shops) or (Place of public resort) provided: (a)
Such building or part of the building sprinkler system;
is fitted throughout
with a
(b)
Such walls and partitions do not form any part of the means of escape of the building; and
(c)
All other measures have been or will be taken and maintained for lessening so far as is reasonably practicable any danger from fire as directed by the Urban Development Authority.
63
CHAPTER 4 FIRE EXTINGUISHING
APPLIANCES, DETECTION
AND OTHER FIRE PROTECTION
AND ALARM SYSTEMS SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
Page Reg. 31
Definitions (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Dry Rising Main
67 67
Wet Rising Main 67 Hydraulic Hose reel 67 Hydrant 67 Protected Lobby 67 Protected ventilated lobby
67
Reg. 32
Rising Mains - General Provision
67
Reg. 33
Hydraulic Hose Reels
69
Reg. 34
Fire Lifts and Fire Fighting Shafts
69
Reg. 35
Fire Alarms
70
Reg. 36
Automatic Sprinkler System
72
Table 14
Provision of Fire Alarms according to Purpose Group, Height and Size of the Building
73
Reg. 37 to 39
Portable Fire Extinguishers
79
Table 15
Minimum Sizes of Fire Extinguishers for Class A Fire Hazards.
80
Table 16
Minimum Sizes of Fire Extinguishers for Class B Fire Hazards
80
Reg. 40
External Hydrants
80
Reg. 41
Fire Pump Sets.
81
Reg. 42
Total Flooding Systems
81
65
CHAPTER 4 FIRE EXT.iNGUISHING
APPLIANCES, DETECTION
AND OTHER FIRE PROTECTION
AND ALARM SYSTEM
SYSTEMS
DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Code the following definitions shall be applicable: Rising - A water main, normally empty, installed in the building or the site of the building, with an inlet or inlets at street level through which water can be pumped to provide a water for branch mains to hydrants on various storeys. (b) Wet Main - A water main charged with water installed in the or within the site of the building to provide a water for branch mains to on storeys. (c) a diameter of
(e)
Protected - An enclosed space having a direct access to a protected The elements of structure of such a the provisions of Chapter 3 of the
a opens and the purpose of fire shall conform to
Protected Ventilated Lobby - A lobby as defined above but openable windows or ventilation to the open air.
,",V'U
C
RISING MAINS General Provision
Reg.32 (1)
building in which the floor the ",,.,"M~' 18 metres above or ground level, shall be Mains.
Number of Mains Required
Reg.32 (2)
Where mains have to be provided under paragraph (1) of this regulation or are otherwise provided, the number of mains required shall be such that:
Reg.32 (3)
(a)
There shall be at least one rising main to every 900m2 or part thereof of floor area on each storey, which is higher than 18 m above pavement or ground level.
(b)
They may be so positioned that all parts of any floor space shall be within 60 metres from a rising main on any which is higher than 18 metres above pavement or ground level.
Where the building has access from more than one level or road level, the height measurements for the purpose of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this regulation shall be taken from the lowest level at which .aceess for fire brigade engines is required to be provided.
67
Fire Regulations ~_,
Siting
"'
.....
~ .....
_~
Chapter 4 - Fire Extinguishing Appliances, Detection and Alarm Systems and other Fire Protection Systems
Reg.32 (4)
~
__
w ..
, ..
(a)
Within the protected ventilated or smoke free lobby or
(b)
Immediately outside the protected or smoke free lobby or
(c)
In any oilier position approved by the Urban Development Authority.
_,.
_
staircase if there is no protected
Inlets and Access Roads
Reg.32 (5)
Buildings fitted with rising mains shall have access roads for pumping appliances, within 18m of the inlet to the main and within sight of the inlet conforming to the provisions of an accepted code of practice. A rising main inlet shall be suitably located on an external wall of the building at a height of 1m above the surrounding ground road or pavement level and a notice with the words "WET RISER lNLET" shall be prominently displayed adjacent to every inlet.
Outlets
Reg.32 (6)
Outlets shall be provided off the rising mains on each level at a height of I m above the floor level. The pressure and flow rate at each outlet shall be in accordance with the relevant provisions of an acceptable Code of Practice on the installation of rising mains.
Installation
Reg.32 (7)
The installation shall be in accordance accepted code of practice on rising mains.
Reg.32 (8)
When a building which in pursuance of Regulation 32 (I) is required to be equipped with rising mains, such rising mains shall be installed progressively as the building attains height during the course of construction and all outlets, landing valves and inlets as well as water tanks and pumps as may be required for the system, shall be properly installed as directed by the Urban Development Authority so as to be readily operational in case of fire.
Reg.32 (9)
The locating of Wet Risers and Landing Valves should be as follows:
Location
with the provisions
of the .
(a) Rising Mains should be housed ina dedicated fire duct (b) Rising
Mains should horizontal direction.
(c)
No part of any Landing Valve.
(d)
Within a ventilated
be not more
than 60 metres
apart
in a
floor should be more than 60 metres from a lobby, or in a stairway enclosure
Size
Reg.32 (10)
The diameter of the rising main should be not less than 100 mm for .Medium Rise buildings, and not less than 150 mm for High Rise buildings.
Water Supply
Reg.32 (11)
The water supply for the landing valves and the hose reels should be independent, and should not be combined with any other supplies not included for fire fighting.
Pipe Work
Reg.32 (12)
The rising main and all associated pipe work should be wrought steel heavy duty, and "elbow bends" should not be used.
Installation
Reg.32 (13)
Landing valves should be installed as follows: (1)
They should be protected
from mechanical
damage. 68
Fire Regulations
Chapter 4 - Fire Extinguishing Appliances, Detection and Alarm Systems and other Fire Pm1t':,,;i.o!lSystems "',--~---~-,,,,"--,,----",,,,*,"-,,,,,-~-.,,,,,,-,,------,-,,~---,,,,,,,,,_",,---,,"~-~"-"'.:'---"-' ,._.,_,,_ .. .,
(2)
The lowest point approximately between 750 mm to 1200 mm above floor level, not less than 150 mm clearance on both sides, not less than 230 mm below the centre line of the outlet of the landing valve, not less than 200 mm clearance above the hand, wheel, and the front edge of the female coupling of the landing valve should be not more than 75 mm behind the face of the wall.
Automatic Air Vent Valve
Reg.32 (14) The rising main should be provided the highest point.
Hydraulic Hose ReelGeneral
Reg. 33 (1)
with an automatic
air vent valve at
At least one hydraulic hose reel conforming to the provisions of this regulation shall be provided in every storey of every building except the following:
(a)
A building of purpose group I which does not exceed four storeys (and does not exceed a maximum height of 18m).
(b)
A shop on the ground storey of a shop-cum-residential building provided the shop does not exceed 280m2 in floor area and is properly separated from the residential floors or parts of the building by compartment walls and floors.
(c)
A petrol service station comprising a small office ofthe like.
(d)
Any other building which is less than 300 square feet in area does not require a hose reel.
Size
Reg.33 (2)
The hose reel should be of 19mm or 25mm diameter, non-kinking reinforced rubber not exceeding 4S m in length and terminating in "shutoff" branches with 4.8mm or 6.4mm nozzles.
Pressure
Reg.33 (3)
The pressure at the end of the nozzle shall be such that there should be a throw of not less than 6m at the rate of 24 litres per minute.
Siting
Reg.33 (4)
Hose reels should be sited in prominent positions approved by the authorities, in each storey along escape routes, preferably in corridors in such a way that the nozzle at the end can be taken within 6m of all portions of the buildings.
Specification
Reg.33 (5)
Every hose reel shall conform to the specifications accepted standards.
Reg.33 (6)·
The hose reel cabinets should not be locked.
FIRE LIFTS AND FIRE FIGHTING General
Reg.34 (1)
of BS 3169 or other
SHAFTS
In any building or part thereof; in which the floor level of any storey exceeds 30m in height, there shall be provided at least one fire lift, which shall be contained within a separate protected shaft or a conunon protected shaft containing other lifts subject to such other lifts being served at each storey by the protected ventilated lobby, which is required by the provisions of Regulation 34 (2) of this regulation. In the event of a fire all lifts except the fireman's lift shall be automatically brought down to ground level and remain there with doors open.
69
.'-
Siting
Reg.34 (2)
A fire lift shall be adjacent to a staircase enclosure and be approached by a protected ventilation lobby at each storey, which if not naturally ventilated, shall be mechanically ventilated in accordance with the requirements of the Urban Development Authority. The lobby floor shall be gradually graded from the lift door openings towards the lobby doors with a fall of 1 in 200.
Electric Supply
Reg.34 (3)
The electric supply to the lift shall be connected to a sub-main Circuit exclusive to the lift and independent of any other main or sub-main circuit. The cables supplying current to the lift installation shall be located on a route of negligible fire risk.
Fire Fighting Shafts
Reg.34 (4)
The "PURPOSE" of a Fire Fighting Shaft is to provide a quick, safe, and protected access route for Fire Fighters when fighting fires in tall building. It may also serve as a means of escape for the occupants of the building in the event of a fire. "Fire Fighting Shaft" shall be installed in high-rise buildings andshall.consist of the following:
all
(a)
Components consist of:
of a Fire Fighting Shaft - The Fire Fighting Shaft shall
(i)
A protected
(ii)
A fire fighting lobby, and
enclosure
containing
a fire fighting stairway,
and
(iii) A fire fighting lift. (b)
Protected Enclosure - The protected enclosure shall comply with the requirements stipulated in Fire Regulations 2 ( e), and 31 (e.) and (f.), of these regulations.
(c)
Fire Fighting Lobby - The fire fighting lobby shall comply with the requirements stipulated in Fire Regulation 3 (12) (b) of these regulations. The fire fighting lobby shall be provided with a Fire Main as stipulated in Fire Regulations 32 of these regulations.
(d)
Fighting Lift - The fire fighting lift shall comply with the stipulations of Fire Regulation 34 (1) and (2.) of these regulations.
FIRE ALARMS General
Reg.35 (1)
(a)
Every building or part of a building, except that of Purpose Group 1 or 2(b), having a total floor area of more than that specified in Column B of Table 14 having regard to the purpose group of the building or part of the building, shan be installed with a fire alarm system, either of the automatic or manual type as indicated in Column C, which shall be an electrically supervised system conforming to the requirement stipulated in Regulation 35 (2).
Fire Indicator
(b)
Where required, a fife alarm system of the automatic or manual type shall be provided with a fire indicator to. indicate the location of the alarm which has been actuated or operated. fire indicator should be located near the main entrance of the building or the fire command centre, if provided, or as required by the relevant Authority.
Alarm System for Cinema
(c)
An independent .cinema hall, which does not form of any other building, shan be provided with a fire alarm system of the manual type complying with the following:
70
Fire Regulations
Alarm Call
Sound Device
(i)
The manual alarm system shall be installed in the lobbies and other areas adjoining the auditorium.
(ii)
Visual and audio alarm indicators shall be installed in the projection room and in another room where a responsible person, whose identity must be made known to the Urban Development Authority, is readily available to alert the audience in case of fire.
(d) In a manual alarm system, except as otherwise specified in the provision of paragraph the call points shall be provided on every storey of building or part of the building concerned and shall be so located that no person travel more than 30m from any position the building in order to activate the alarm. Manual call points should be located on exit routes preferably next to hose reels and in particular on the floor landings of staircases and at exits to the street. They should be fixed at a of l.4m above the floor at easily accessible and conspicuous free from obstructions. The installation of shall be in with an acceptable Code of Fire alarm (e)
A fire
device shall have a sound that is readily distinguishable any other alarm on the same floor should be at least l Odb above level. conform to the
Warning System (a)
The "selection of the detector" (i)
The "detector" should be for the predominant emission of the fire, that is smoke, etc. and should be detecting the fire at the earliest. False Alarms. The detector between the """,,,,,c,uu,,, order to eliminate false alarms.
(iii)
Selection of Type of Detection System
(b)
Environmentally mentally friendly.
The detector should be environ-
The selection of the "type of detection following: (i)
Type "L" Detection Systems which are for the protection of "Life" and are automatic in operation. They can be throughout the building, or only in certain parts of the building, or only in protected routes. 0,'::>'0.«10""
(ii)
Type "P" Detection Systems which are for the protection of "Property" and are automatic in operation. They can be installed throughout the building, or only in defined parts of the building.
(iii)
Type "M" Detection Systems which could be installed for both life and property protection, and are manual in operation.
(iv)
Type "X" Detection Systems which are recommended for multi-occupancy buildings. 71
Warning in the Event of a Fire
(c) The "warning" given by a fire alarm should comply with the following stipulations: (i)
The warning "sound' to indicate a fire situation should be distinct from aU other alarm sounds.
(ii) The alarm should be heard at the most remote area of the building, as follows: 1. For LOW fire hazard buildings - Fire Floor only. 2.
For :rvmDIUM fire hazard buildings - Fire floor, and floors immediately above and below.
3. For HIGH fire hazard buildings - All floors The minimum sound level of the alarm should be 10 db above ambient sound in any area. Early Detection
(d)
Warning
In order to ensure that the "detection" of a fire situation, and the "warning" are given and at the earliest, the system should comply with the following stipulations: (i)
"Spacing." In general the "spacing" of detectors should not exceed 5.3 metres for heat detectors, and 7.5 metres for smoke and line and beam detectors.
(ii)
"Area Coverage." In general the detector coverage should not exceed 100 sq. metres. for one smoke detector, and 50 sq. metres for one heat detector.
(iii)
"Siting." Detectors should be sited so that their sensitive elements are not less than 25 rum or more than 150 mm below the ceiling for heat detectors, and not less than 25 rum and not more than 600 mm below the ceiling for smoke detectors.
(iv)
"Ceiling Height." The ceiling height should normally not exceed 9 metres. "Identification of Location of Fire." In the "conventional" type systems the detectors are "grouped" into "zones" and hence the "location" of the fire may not be identified without delay. The system must therefore be so designed that the search distance to locate the fire should not exceed 30 metres.
(v)
and "remote indicators" should be installed on. doors to facilitate locating the position of the fire.
(vi)
Fire Alarm Response - On the activation of a detector or a manual call point, the fire alarm in that area should sound in ' less than 03 seconds.
AUTOMATIC General
SPRINKLER
SYSTEMS
Reg.36 (1) The following shall be provided with an automatic sprinkler system: (a)
Whenever compartmentation requirements under the Chapter 3 of the Regulation cannot be complied with except in the case of the car parking decks of a building that are' open sided having not less than 50% of their sides permanently opened and such openings being so distributed as to provide cross ventilation to all parts of the car parking areas. 72
Fire Regulations
------
Table 14 Provision of Fire Alarms Acco~ding to Purpose Group, Height and Size of the Building
A purpose group and height of building
B
C
Total Floor area (per storey in m2) in excess of which alarm must be
Type of alarm
NL 375
NR
(iii)
etc. - Single storey building b - Building of2 to 4 storeys c - Bui of more than 4 Clinics or other institution buildings without in facilities a - Single storey building b - Building of2 to 4 storeys of more than 4
NR NR
NR
NL 185
NR
(m) (m)
(m) (a) (a)
(m) (a)
NL 185
(m)
NR
(a)
NL NR
(m) (a)
NL* NR
(m)
NR
(a)
NL** NR NR
(m) (a)
NR NR NR
(a) (a) (a)
185
NL* 1000
(m)
NR
(m) = Not Relevimt
(a)
= manual type ~ auromatlc type
When there are :2 or more purpose groups involved in a building, the strictest reqtii'rement for anyone of the purpose groups shall be applicable to the whole building.
73
Reg. 36(1 )
(b)
Every storey of a building, the highest habitable storey of which is more than 30 m above average ground level, irrespective of whether or not the compartmentation requirements are complied with
(c)
Any part of a basement storey which is used as a place of public resort, shops, office, factory or warehouse irrespective of whether or not the compartmentaiton requirements are complied with.
(d)
Where a building or a compartment of a building except that of purpose groups I and Il and school buildings, is allowed to comprise more than one storey and there are unprotected openings in the floor between such storeys, each storey should be sprinklered irrespective of compliance with compartmentation requirements, provided that these requirements shall not be applicable if-
(e)
(0
The means of escape of the building or compartment are properly protected in accordance with Chapter 2 of the Regulation and
(ii)
The cubical extent of the building or compartment 3 exceed 14200m ,
does not
In buildings or parts of buildings used for special purposes or where required under provisions of Chapter 5 of the Regulation.
hazards,
Reg.36 (2)
Exemption
A cinema hall may be exempted from the provisions of paragraph (1) (a) of this regulation provided it conforms to the requirements of Regulation 35 (3) and the relevant provisions
of Regulations
45 to 49.
Commencement of the Installation Work
Reg.36 (3)
No person shall commence work on the installation of the sprinkler system unless plans for such system required to be submitted in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs (4) and (5) of this Regulation have been approved by the Urban Development Authority. .
Submission Plans
Reg.36 (4)
Plans for the installation or extension of a sprinkler system shall be signed by a Professional Engineer and by the owner of the building in which the sprinkler system is installed and bear the certification of the Professional Engineer that:
of
Information Required to be given on Plans
Reg.36 (5)
(a)
Such plans have been prepared in accordance with the accepted code of practice on automatic sprinkler systems, and
(b)
He shall be responsible for the proper installation of the sprinkler system in accordance with such plans and shall carry out such tests and submit such test reports as and when required by the Urban Development Authority.
Plans for sprinkler shall consist of layout of every storey of the building in which such system is to be installed, drawn to a similar scale as the building plans and shall contain the data and information as laid down in the accepted code of practice for sprinkler system.
74
Installation . Maintenance and Testing
Reg36 (6)
The installation, maintenance and testing of a sprinkler system shall be in accordance with the accepted code of practice. A test valve shall be provided at the end of the line at every floor level to test the sprinkler flow.
Reg.36 (7)
Classification of Occupancies
Light Hazard
-
Non Industrial Quantity and combustibility 2 not more than 125 m •
of contents floor area
Ordinary Hazard - Commercial
and Industrial occupancies handling, processing and storage of ordinary combustible materials unlikely to develop intensely burning fires initially. May be classified as :
Ordinary Ordinary Ordinary. Ordinary
High Hazard
Hazard Hazard Hazard Hazard
Group Group Group Group
I or II or
III or IIIS
- Commercial and Industrial occupancies abnormal fire loads such as
having
Process Hazard High piled storage hazard Oil and flammable liquid hazard Potable spirit storage hazard
(8) Design Data Hazard
Minimum Design Density Mmlmin
Assumed Maximum of Operation in m2
Light
2.25
84
5
72
Ordinary Group I Group II GroupIU Group ms
5
144
5 5
216 360
Ar
(9) Minimum Capacity of Water Supplies The minimum capacities capacities relate to stored sprinkler system (including must be sufficient to supply its.normal rating.
shall be as specified below. These water sources entirely reserved for the fire hose reels). The minimum capacity the pump for one hour when running at .
75
Ordinary Hazard Class
Maximum
Minimum
Height of Sprinkler (m) 15 30 45 60 75 15
Capacity (l)
Group
I
55,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 105,000 125,000 140,000 160,000 175,000
30 II
45
60 75
135,000 160,000 185,000 205,000 220,000
15 30
III
45 60 75 '"
15
160,000 185,000 205,000 225,000 245,000
30 45 60 75
III Special
Pressure /Flow Requirements Group
for Ordinary
Minimum Running Pressure kPa 100 70 140 100 170 140 200 150
I II III
III Special
Maximum
Hazard Class Flow Rate tlmin
375 540
725 1000 1100 1350 1800 2100
--
area coverage per sprinkler -
(a) Side wall sprinklers (b) Other sprinklers (11) Maximum distance between between adjacent rows
sprinklers
on Range
Pipes and
(a) Side wall sprinklers along the walls Fire resisting ceilings - 3.7 m Non - fire resisting ceilings - 3.4 m 76
~ife Regulations
(b) Other sprinklers .. Standard spacing Staggered spacing between sprinklers between rows
- 4m - 4.6 rn -4
m
(n) Maximum distance from walls and partitions
(a) Side wan sprinklers from end walls - 1.8 m (b) Other sprinklers - 2 m or half the design spacing whichever is the lesser (13) Clearance Space below Sprinkler (a) High piled combustible stocks - 1 m (b) Others - 0.5 m (14) Supplementary
Protection
AU concealed spaces between floors (or concrete slab roofs) and ceilings below, exceeding 800 mm in depth shall be fully protected by 'sprinklers; in accordance with the requirements for the particular hazard class. (15) Pump Installations (a) Pump sets shall be driven either by an electric motor or an approved compression ignition type engine. (b) Separate pumps shall be provided for hydrant installations. (The authority having jurisdiction may waive this requirement where special circumstances apply) (c) Sprinkler pumps shall be supplied with intake water under positive head. . (d) Pump sets shall be capable of satisfying the flow and pressure requirements of any assumed areas of operation in the system under consideration. (e) For electric motor driven pumps the power supply from the Main Switch Board to the Sprinkler pump sets shall be separate and distinct from all other services. . (f) For compression-ignition engine driven pumps, there shall be kept
on hand at all times sufficient fuel to run the engine on fun load for 6 h, in addition to that in the engine fuel tank. (16) Information to be Provided for Approval of Sprinkler Systems (a) Detail of Water Supplies (b)
Details of Automatic Pump Sets
(c) Fully detailed and dimensioned working drawings
77
Fire Regulations
PORT ABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS General
Reg.37 (1)
Portable fire extinguishers conforming to the relevant Sri Lanka Standard currently in force, effective to the class of fire which may occur and the nature of the processes or contents within a building, shall be provided and maintained in fully charged and operatable condition as may be required by . the Urban Development Authority.
Siting
Reg.37 (2)
Extinguishers shall be located where they will be readily accessible and immediately available in the event of fire. Except where otherwise stated in this regulation, they shall be located along normal paths of travel, preferably on escape routes in such a way that no person need travel more than 30 m to reach an extinguisher or as otherwise stated in Regulation 39 and Table 16.
Installation
Reg.37 (3)
Extinguishers shall be installed at a height of 1m above the floor level on the hangers.or in the brackets supplied or set of shelves and shall be placed in a manner such that the extinguisher operating instructions face outward.
Reg.37 (4)
Portable fire extinguishers intended for different classes of fire, shall be marked conspicuously according to their intended use.
Reg.38 (1)
Fires shall be classified
Classification of Fires
Selection of Fire Extinguishers
as follows:
(a)
Class A: Fires involving solid materials, usually of organic nature, in which combustion normally takes place with the formation of glowing embers.
(b)
Class B: Fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids.
(c)
Class C: Fires involving gases.
(d)
Class D: Fires involving metal.
Reg.38 (2) Selection of fire extinguishers
shall be as follows:
<---~
(a)
Fire extinguishers for protecting Class A fire hazards shall be selected from the following:
(i)
Water types and multi-purpose dry chemical, if the hazards are not connected with energized electrical equipment, or
(ii). Carbon dioxide and dry chemical types if the hazards are connected (b)
with energized electrical equipment.
Fire extinguishers for protection selected from the following:
of Class B fife hazards
shall be
Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, multi-purpose dry chemical, foam and other approved vaporizing liquid. Foam could only be used if fires do not involve energized electrical equipment. (c) .Fire extinguishers for protection of Class C fire hazards shall be selected from the following:
,
"
Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, multi-purpose and other approved vaporizing liquid.
dry chemical powder
"
78
(d)
Classification of Hazards
Fire extinguishers and extinguishing agents for the protection of Class D fire hazards other than foam shall be of types approved by the Urban Development Authority for use on the specific combustible metal hazard.
Reg.38 (3) Hazards shall be classified as follows: (a) Low Hazard - where the amount of combustibles or flammable liquids present is such that rITeSof small size may be expected and these may include offices, school rooms, places of worship, assembly halls, telephone exchanges .. (b) Medium Hazards - where the amount of combustibles or flammable liquids present is such that fires of moderate size may be expected and these may include mercantile, storage and display, motor showrooms, parking garages, light manufacturing, warehouses not classified as extra hazard, shopping areas. (c) High Hazard - where the amount of combustible or flammable liquids present is such that fires of severe magnitude may be expected and these may include wood 'working, motor repair, aircraft servicing warehouses with high-piled (4m or higher) combustibles and processes such as flammable liquid handling, painting, dipping and so forth.
Distribution and Minimum Sizes of Extinguishers
Reg.39 (1) Minimum sizes of fire extinguishers for the listed grades of Class A fire hazards shall be provided and located so that the maximum travel distances shall not exceed those specified in Table 15 except that for hazards connected with energized electrical equipment, any of the types of fire extinguishers specified in Regulation 38 (2) (a) (ii) of size and at locations as determined by the Urban Development Authority, shall be provided. Reg.39 (2) Minimal sizes of fire extinguishers the listed grades of Class B fire hazards other than for fires in flammable liquids of appreciable depth shall be provided and located so that the maximum travel distances shall not exceed those specified in Table 16. Reg.39 (3) For flammable liquid fire hazards of appreciable depth such as in dip or quench tanks, extinguishers listed in Table 16 shall be provided on the basis of 80 litres foam extinguishing potential per square metre of flammable liquid surface of the largest tank hazard within the area. If automatic fire protection systems are installed for flammable liquid hazards, extinguishers may be waived.
79
Table 15 Minimum Sizes of Fire Extinguishers fox-Class A Fire Hazards Minimum Extinguisher Rating
Maximum Travel Distance to Extinguishers
Area to be protected per Extinguisher High Hazard Ordinary Hazard Low Hazard Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy '-'-~'-'
3A
30m
30mL
15m2
SA
30m
50m2
25m2
15m2
SA
30m
80m2
40m2
20m2
13A
30m
130m2
65m2
35m2
21A
30m
210m2
lO5m2
55m2
27A
30m
270m2
135m2
70m2
34A
30m
340m2
170m2
85m2
43A
30m
430m2
215m2
110m2
55A
30m
550m2
275m2
140m2
"
3m
Table 16 Minimum Sizes of Fire Extinguisbers for Class B Fire Hazards
Type of Hazard
Basic M'inimum Extinguisher Rating
Maximum Travel Distance to Extinguishers
34B 144B
Light --f-.
--f--
15m 25m
Ordinary
144B 183B
10m 15m
High
183B 233B
7m 10m
--
EXTERNAL HYDRANTS External Hydrants
Reg. 40
(a)
Every building shall be located within 100 metres of a public hydrant. Where there is no public hydrant available within 100 metres of a factory building, commercial complex or any building in a housing estate, external hydrants shall be, provided within the factory, or complex premises or within the housing estates respectively. to the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority.
(b)
In areas where there is no Public Fire Brigade and no Town Fire Hydrant System a Private Hydrants should be installed. The Private Hydrant System must comply with the following stipulations: (i)
They should be sited so that they will not obstruct vehicular. traffic.
(ii)
They should be part of a ring-main.
(iii) They should be sited not more than 70 metres from the entry to he building.
_.
~~e Regulations
_---
Chapter 4 - Fire Extinguishing Appliances, Detection and Alarm Systems and other fire Pwt~::(;tiOflSystems
---_.,._-------_
..
(iv)
They should be not more than 150 metres apart.
(v)
They should be not less than 6 metres from the fire risk.
(vi)
A dedicated fire water sump with a capacity of 67,500 liters fire fighting. A
Set. PUMP SETS
41
consists of a "Duty" Pump, a "Stand-by" Pump, and a relation to the Fire Pump Set is as follows: - The purpose of the jockey pump is to compensate for loss of water and thereby prevent the duty pump from (b)
purpose of the duty pump is to provide the water at the pressure application rate.
(c)
IS
to
over operations for any reason.
(d)
is not provided Automatic
and
should
start
Pumps in V'~'''''''U'J'' in the control room to (g)
(h)
Excess to deal pressures and flows, control valves" ,auuu,lS valves, should be connected to a order to avoid of water the relief pipe should termmate water
(i)
Fire Water Sump of the fire water sump for the wet riser system should be a minimum of 45,000 litres, TOTAL
Total Flooding Systems
Reg. 42
The "total
SYSTEMS must comply
the following
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
- They must be Toxicity - No or low toxicity rate to humans. ODP - The "ozone depletion potential" level of the GWP "global warming potential" rate of the Atmospheric time Application Rate - The rate of application and the of application must be adequate to ensure extinguishment of the fire. (g) Adequate Warning - An audible warning must be given to enable any persons in the enclosure to evacuate BEFORE the discharge of the
81
.'-
CHAPTERS SPECIAL USES, OCCUPANCIES
AND STRUCTURES
CONTENTS Page General Reg. 43 Reg. 44
87 87 87
Application Occupancies not Regulated by this Chapter
Places of Public Resort Reg. 45 Separation of Theater, Cinema or Concert Hall from Other Parts of the Building Reg. 46 (l) - (3) Gangways in Places of Public Resort 87 (4) Floors 88 (5) Steps and Slopes of Gangways 88 (6) Handrails 88 (7) Treads of Steps of Gangways 88 (8) Guard Rails 88 (9) Slope of Tiers 88 (10) Seats 88 Reg. 47 (1) -(2) Exit Doors 88 (3)-(4) External Doors 88 Reg. 48 (1) Stages in Places of Public Resort Where Theatrical or Live Shows are Performed 89 (2) Openings in Proscenium Wall 89 (3) Provision of Sprinklers 89 (4) Exemption 89 Reg. 49 (1)-(9) Cinema Projection Rooms 89, 90
87
Hotels, Shopping, Offices and Residential Complexes Reg. 50 (1) Pressurization of Internal Corridors and Staircases Walls between Bedrooms and Corridors 90 Reg. 51 Areas of Special Risks Reg. 52 Separation of Kitchen Area from Dining Area 53 Hood and Flue Reg. 54 Canteen Kitchens
90
87
90
-90 90 91 91
Basement Occupancies Reg. 55 Smoke Extraction Reg. 56 Basement Staircase Reg. 57 Smoke Stop Lobby for Lift Opening Reg. 58 Fire Fighting Protected Lobby and Staircase Reg. 59 Rising Mains in Deep Basements Reg. 60 Foam Inlets Reg. 61 Non-Permissible Uses
91
Covered Car Parks and Garages Reg. 62 (1) Covered Car Parks - Distances from Other Buildings or Lot Boundaries 92 (2) Exemptions 93 (3) Multi-storey Car Parking Facilities and Definitions 93 (4) Automatic Sprinkler System Requirement 93 (5) Application of Ventilation, Means of Escape, Fire Safety Requirements 93 (6) Mechanical Parking Equipment 94
92
91
91 91
92 92
92 92
83
F ire Regulations _
• ..,..
~.
Chapter:) • Special Uses» Occu'pru'wi{;s :and Structures ......
__
Reg. 63 Reg. 64 Reg. 65 (1)
(2)-(5)
,
, ............
~..,___._,.
......
~
............
__
.....--.
v .....
, • ...,...
-~-""'_''''_''''''_'''''''''_''''''''-''-''''''''''''_'-'''''''''''_'"'_~'''''~'~''"'''''"''''''''_'
_,_
Separation (of a repair garage) from Other Parts of Buildings Used for any Other Purpose Separation within a Repairing Garage Spray Painting Booths 94
Drying or Baking Ovens
94
95
95 95
Reg. 66 Reg. 67
Ventilation of Spray Painting Booths etc. Floors of Basement Car Park and Garage
Reg. 68
Openings in Compartment Floors of a Multi-storeyed Car Park (Ramp Type) Ramps Minimum Number of Exits for a Garage 95 Entrance Doors, Doors for Basement Garages or Car Parks 95 Inspection and Repair Pits 95, 96
Reg. 69 Reg. 70 (1) (2) Reg. 71 (1)-(4)
94
95
95
Timber Store and Wood Working Buildings Reg. 72 (1) External Separation 96 (2) Internal Separation 96
96
Areas of Special rusk in any Building Reg. 73 (1) Separation and Permissible Openings 96 (2) Areas of Special Risk in Basement 96 (3) Fuel Storage 97 (4) Storage Areas in Factories 97 (5) Storage Areas in Departmental Stores and Shops 97 (6) When Storage Areas are to be Treated as Areas of Special Risk
96
Rubber Factory Buildings Reg. 74 Maximum Permissible Height Reg. 75 External Staircase Required Reg. 76 (l) No Part of the Building to be Used for any Other Trade (2) Areas of Special Risk 97 Reg. 77 Distance from Other Buildings Reg. 78 Use of Artificial Heat
97
97 97 97 97
. 9~; 98
Calcium Carbide Stores Reg. 79 Distance from Other Buildings (1) Distance from Other Buildings 98 (2) Ventilation 98 (3) Walls andFloors 98
98 98
Matches and Fire W orks Factory and Storage Buildings Reg. 80(1) & (2) Separate Compartmentsand Exits 98 Reg, 81(1) No Part of the Building to be Used for any Other Trade (2) Areas of Special Risk 98 Reg. 82 Chemical Stores Reg. 83 Lightning Conductors
98 98
Stores for Cellulose Solution, Paints and Inflammable Liquids Other than Petroleum Reg. 84(1) to (5) Requirements 99 Reg. 85 Definitions
98 99 99 99
,'" 84
Fire Regulations
-----------" ..•~------..--Glass Factory Buildings Reg. 86( 1) to (2) Requirements Reg. 87 Fuel Storage Reg. 88 Packing Areas
99 99, 90
100 100
Liquifled Petroleum Gas - Storage, Safe Use and Sale
100
Reg. 89 (1) Table 17 Reg. 89 (2) Reg. 90 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Reg. 91 (1) (2) (3) Reg. 92 (1)
100
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Siting of LPG Tanks and Equipment (Automobile Filling Stations) Separation Distance of Tanks Fire Fighting Equipment 101 Installation of LPG Piping Systems and Appliances 102 Piping Plan 102 Piping Material 102 Gas Piping Installation 102 LPG in Building 102 Concealed Piping in Buildings 103 Operating Pressure 103 Safety Mechanisms 103 Point Delivery 104 Over Pressure Protection Devices 104 Ventilating Service Shaft 104 LPG Storage in Retail Outlets Signage 105 Fire Protection 105 Storage of Petroleum Spirit in Underground Tanks and Pumps (Filling Stations) Conditions Applicable to the Site 106 Vent Pipes 106 Electrical Installations 106 Illuminations 106 Fire Fighting Equipment 107 Notices 107 Physical Protection 107
100
104
85
CHAPTERS SPECIAL USES, OCCUPANCIES
AND STRUCTURES
GENERAL Application
RegA3
This chapter of the code shall apply only to those buildings types, uses, occupancies and structures specifically regulated herein, and the requirements of this chapter shall be in addition to the general requirements of the other chapters of the regulation governing the size, location, structural fire precautions, means of escape, construction, ventilation, fire-extinguishing equipment and other service equipment of buildings.
Occupancies not Regulated by this Chapter
Reg.44
Chemical plants, packing plants, refineries and similar special occupancies which are not regulated by this chapter shall conform to the requirements of the other chapters of this regulation where applicable and in addition thereto shall he constructed in accordance with the practices and requirements of the particular trade or industry, subject to the approval of the Urban Development Authority.
PLACES OF PUBLIC RESORT Separation of Theater Cinema or Concert Hall from Other Parts of the Building
RegAS
Notwithstanding the provisions of Regulation 17, an opening may be permitted in a compartment wall separating a theater, cinema or concert hall in part of a building from any other part of the same building which is of a different purpose group, if such opening is provided with-
a
(i)
A door having the requisite fire resistance as laid down in Regulation 18( 1) and such doors shall be held in the open position by a magnetic door holding device connected to the alarm system so that on operation of the alarm the holding device would be deenergized and thus cause the door to be closed automatically, and
(ii) A lobby enclosed by walls and doors having fire resistance for a period of not less than 1/2 hour, subject to the full exit requirements for such theater, cinema or concert hall being satisfied within it's own compartment without taking into account the door referred to in (i) above. . Gangways in Places of Public Resort
Reg.46 (1)
A clear gangway not less than 1.2m in width shall be provided around the auditorium, stalls and balcony in a place of public resort leading to exit doors therein, provided that if the gangways the balcony lead directly to exit doors not less than 1.2m in width the rear gangway may be omitted.
in
Reg.46 (2)
Gangway not less than 12m wide running parallel to the rows of seating in a place of public resort shall be provided where required by the Urban Development Authority.
Reg.46 (3) Gangways
not less than 1.2m in width shall be provided intersecting the rows of seating in a place of public resort in such a manner that no seat shall be at a greater distance than 7 seats from a gangway measured in the line of seating. 87
,---,
Fire Regulations
Floors
Cbailter:5 - Special Uses, Occupancies and Structures -~----,-.---,-"~----,--~---"",_""",.',,,,,,,,,,--,-,,",,.. -~,.,--.. ..,"~--,----
Reg.46 (4)
-.....-,~.........
The floor of a balcony
-,",
or gallery in a place of public resort shall be
.' .constructed of reinforced concrete. Steps and Slopes of Gangways
Reg.46 (5)
Steps shall not be used to overcome differences in level in a gangway in a place of public resort unless the slope of such gangway exceeds one in ten.
Handrails
Reg.46 (6)
Where steps of a pitch exceeding 30 degrees or ramps of a slope exceeding one in ten are provided in gangways flanking the seating in a place of public resort, suitable handrails shall be provided.
Treads of Steps of Gangways
Reg.46 (7)
The treads of steps in gangways in a place of public resort shall have a non-slip surface and the edges of such steps shall be illuminated so that each step will be clearly visible.
Guardrails
Reg.46 (8)
Along the fascia of a balcony' or gallery in a place of public resort there shall be provided a guardrail which may be fixed on a parapet wall or otherwise, having a height of nbt less than 900 mm above the floor level and where the incline towards the guard rail exceeds 15 degrees, the guard rail shall be not less than 1000 mm in height at the feet of any gangway that descends such incline. i •
Slope of Tiers
Reg,46 (9)
The slope of tiers in places of public resort shall not exceed-Sf
Seats
RegA6 (10) The seats shall be either fixed to the ground or battened together in numbers not less than seven. No seat shan be more than 4250 nun from an aisle.
Exit Doors
Reg.4 7 (1)
Ali doors used by the public as exit door from any part of a place of public resort or leading to the open air, shall open only in the direction of exit.
RegA7 (2)
In a place of public resort all exit doors and doors through which the public pass on the way to the open air, shall be without locks, belts or other fastenings while the public are in the building; provided that floors used for exit only may be fitted with panic bolts complying with the provisions of Regulation 4(8) (d). ,i·'
RegA 7 (3)
In a place of public resort every external door used by the 'public and every collapsible gate shall be capable of being locked in the fully open position in such a way that a key is required to release such door or gate
External Doors
degree.
from such open position. RegA 7 (4)
A notice or notices so arranged as to be visible from both sides of the door, gate or shutter whether the door, gate or shutter is in the open or closed position, shall be affixed to or in a position adjacent to every door and gate referred to in paragraph (3) of this regulation, such notice bearing the words "This gate/door is required to be kept open and locked in that position during the whole time that the audience/public is in the building." The height of the lettering for such notice shall be not less than 50nun.
fire Regulations
Chapter 5 • Special Uses, Occupancies and Structures --------------------,._---------
Stages in Places of Public Resort where Theatrical or Live Shows are Performed
Reg,48 (1)
Openings in Proscenium Wall
Reg.4S (2)
No more than three openings shall be provided in the proscenium wall in addition to the proscenium opening which shall be protected by a fire curtain which shall be automatically operated by a fusible link or a smoke detector. No such opening shall have an area exceeding 2 square metres. Each such opening shall be fitted with a door having a fire resistance of a standard not lower than Class A in Table 10.
Provision of Sprinklers
Reg,4S (3)
A sprinkler system shall be provided for the whole of the fire risk area on the stage side of the proscenium wall.
Exemption
Reg,48 (4)
The provisions of this regulation pertaining to the proscenium curtain and sprinkler system shall not be applicable to-
In. places of public: resort capable of seating more than 400 persons and in which stage scenery may be used (other than school halls or other , similar hallswhere.the stage scenery is used infrequently) the stage shall be separated from the auditorium by a proscenium wall of not less than 200mm brickwork or the equivalent, carried up from the floor of the auditorium up to the roof or the underside of the floor next above the auditorium.
(a): A single-storey
theater or' a concert hall within ..building which is used wholly for such purpose, or
(b)
wall, fire
a detached
A theater or a concert hall which is situated on the ground floor of a building and completely separated from the rest of the building by walls complying with the relevant requirements of Regulation 17 and having the requisite fire resistance required by Regulation 13 for such walls,
compartment
Provided that the seating capacity of the theater does not exceed 1,000 persons and an adequate smoke exhaust system is installed over the stage area to the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority. Cinema
Reg,49 (1)
.Projection
Cinematograph apparatus .setup'for operation only
in places of public resort shall be 'operated or
wIthin
approved enclosures.
Rooms Reg.49 (2)
Any such enclosure used for cinematograph apparatus shall be outside the auditorium and shall be of non-combustible construction having fire resistance for a period of not less than 2 hours. No openings other than projection and observation apertures or ventilation ducts protected by approved type of shutters or fire dampers shall be permitted between the enclosure for projectors and the auditorium.
Reg.49 (3)
The minimum dimensions of an enclosure for projectors shall be 5 m for one projector used with an additional 2.5 m2 for each additional projector used.
Reg.49 (4)
Two exits shall be provided to each enclosure exits shall(a) Be outside the auditorium, and
2
(b)
for projectors
and such
Be fitted each with a self-closing, close-fitting door having a fire resistance of a standard not lower than that of Class A in Table 20 A.
89
Fire Regulations .-~--------_._--
Reg. 49 (5) For each projector used, there shall be provided in the enclosure for projectors. (a)
An
observation 1300cm2, and
aperture
which
shall
be
not
larger
than
(b) A projection aperture which shall be not larger than 800cm2 Reg.49 (6)
Each such aperture or opening shall be provided with glass not less than 7mm thick or other approved material so as to completely close the opening;
Reg. 49 (7)
In a place of public resort, where cinematograph apparatus is installed, an enclosure for the purpose of rewinding films and an enclosure for battery installation shall be provided and each such enclosure shall be separated from the enclosure for projectors and from each other by walls having fire resistance fora period of not less than 1 hour.
Reg. 49 (8) All openings, bushes and joints in an enclosure where any cinematograph apparatus is installed shall be so constructed and maintained as to prevent as far as possible the escape of any smoke or noxious fumes into the auditorium. Reg. 49 (9) All enclosures prescribed in this regulation shall be adequately ventilated in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Urban Development Authority. When ventilation of the enclosures is by means of an air conditioning system which also serves the auditorium, the air from the enclosures shall not be recirculated. HOTELS, SHOPPING,
OFFICES AND RESIDENTIAL
COMPLEXES
Ii Pressurization of Internal, Corridors and Staircases
Reg.50 (1) If the internal corridors between bedrooms and the internal staircases of a hotel cannot be provided with permanent openings, providing natural ventilation such as fixed louvers, grills, etc., at a minimum of 900mm above ground level, they shall be in addition to being mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned under the' Building Regulations, be pressurized so that the pressure within such corridors would be higher than that in the bedrooms and the pressure within the internal staircases higher than that of'the corridors.
Walls between .Hotel Bedrooms and Corridors
Reg_.50(2) The bedrooms shall be separated from the corridors by walls having a fire resistance rating of at least one hour, which shall be imperforate except for door openings protected by self closing doors having a fire resistance rating of at least half an hour or other openings as permitted under Regulation 17.
Areas of Special Risk
Reg.51
Boiler rooms, mechanical plant rooms, electrical substations and other areas of special risk .within hotel building or a complex development of shopping areas, offices, residential units and like, shall conform to the provisions of Regulation 73.
Separation of Kitchen Area
Reg.52
In a hotel, restaurant, or other similar place of public resort in which the seating area exceeds 75 m2 main kitchen area shall be separated from the dining area by a wall having fire resistance for a period of not less than 1 hour and openings in such wall shall be protected by self-closing and dose-fitting doors having a fire resistance of a standard not lower than the Class A in Table 11.
from Dining
Area
Fire Regulations
Chllpter 5 .. Special Uses, Occupancies snd Structures
Hood and Flue
Reg.53
A hood and flue shall be provided over the entire cooking range of a kitchen referred to in Regulation 52 and such flue shall be fitted with an extractor fan discharging outside the building and away form neighbouring premises. Where the flue or duct passes through any other part of a building, it shall be of a construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours or equivalent to that required for the walls or floors through which it passes as specified in Table 8 whichever is the greater. There shall be no damper installed in such flue or duct.
Canteen Kitchens
Reg.54'
The kitchens of the workers' canteens in hotels, office and factory buildings shall conform to the provisions of Regulations 52 and 53 pertaining to the separation of kitchen and dining areas and provision of hood and flue.
BASEMENT OCCUPANCIES Smoke Extraction
Reg.55
The basement storeys of a building shall be provided with smoke extraction openings in well distributed positions in external walls along the street frontages or where they are easily accessible to the Fire Brigade and conforms with the following requirements-
Reg.55 (1)
The number of outlets and their sizes shall be such that the aggregate cross sectional area of such outlets shall not be less than 0.1m2 for every 3 150 m of cubical extent of the basement storey served. Such outlets shall be so arranged that a through draught can be created.
Reg. 55 (2) The smoke outlets shall be covered by stan boards or approved type pavement lights which can easily be broken by firemen. Reg.55 (3)
Reg.S5(4)
The position of all smoke outlets and the areas they serve shall be suitably indicated on the external face of the building adjacent to such outlets.
Smoke extraction shafts where extending through storeys above, shall be enclosed with imperforate walls having fire resistance less than that of the storey served by such shafts.
Basement Staircase
for a period of not
Reg.55(5)
Separate smoke extraction shafts and outlets shall be provided for each basement storey. In large basement areas where there may be difficulty to comply with the provisions of this Regulation, a smoke extract system by mechanical means may be provided to the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority.
Reg.56
In addition to being constructed in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 2(e), any staircase which serves a basement storey of a building shall not be made continuous with any other staircase which serves an upper storey of such building or other building and shall be separated from such other staircase by walls having the requisite fire resistance under Regulation 13.
Smoke Stop Lobby for Lift Opening
Reg.57
In any basement storey served by a passenger lift, there shall be provided a lobby enclosed by a wall having fife resistance for a period of not less than 1 hour and a self closing, close fitting, fire resistance door of a standard not lower than Class A in Table 10, directly in front of and <, adjoining the lift.door opening.
91
Fire Fighting
Reg.58
The entry to all protected staircases serving the basement storeys of a building comprising more than four basement storeys shall be through a smoke free lobby at every such basement storey floor level complying with the requirements of sub-paragraph (b)( ii) of Regulation 3( 12) provided that-
Protected Lobby and Staircase
0)
When the building has only three or four basement storeys, there need be only one smoke-free lobby adjoining a protected staircase at each floor level thereof for the use for the firemen in the event of a fire, and
(ii) When the building has more than four basement storeys, the fire fighting staircase shall be pressurized to the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority. Rising Mains in Deep Basements
Reg.59
In any basement storey, the floor level of which is 12m or more below the lowest pavement level adjoining the building, there shall be a wet rising main provided in accordance with the applicable parts of Regulation 32 and an accepted Code of Practice.
Foam Inlets
Reg.60
Where boiler rooms or storage rooms of high fire risk are below ground or difficult to access for the Fire Brigade, foam inlets and pipe runs shall be separately provided for each such room in accordance with an accepted Code of Practice.
NonPermissible Uses
Reg.61
No part of a basement storey shall be used for the bulk storage of highly flammable liquids or substances of an explosive nature.
COVERED CAR]?'ARKS AND GARAGES Covered Car Parks Distances from Other Buildings or Lot Boundaries
Reg.62 (1)
The distances between the external walls of a building or a part of a building that is used for car parking and any other building or the relevant lot boundaries shall be as follows(a) If the unprotected openings in the external walls of such building or part of the building are in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 36 (lXa), the clear distance between such external walls, and any other building shall be not less than 9 m, or (b) If the unprotected openings in the external walls, of such building or part of the building are not in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 36 (1) (a), the distance between such external walls and the relevant lot boundaries shall conform to the requirements of Regulation 15.
I I
j
(c) Notwithstanding clauses (a) and (b) of this regulation, if the openings in the external walls of such building or part of the building are protected by an automatic drencher system installed in accordance with an accepted code of practice, the clear distance between such external walls and any other buildings shall be(i) Not less than 4.5m or (ii) Such that the maximum distance between any part of such building and it's lot boundaries (if applicable) as required by the Urban Development Authority, whichever is the greater. 92
1
._--_,---Fire Regulations
Exemptions
Multi-Storey Car Parking Facilities
Reg.62 (2)
This regulation shall not apply to
Reg.62 (3)
A garage used in 'connection with a building of Purpose Group 1 for housing or parking motor vehicles kept for private use only, and
(b)
An open-sided
ground Group 2(b), provided
floor car park of a building
of Purpose
(i)
The relevant requirements pertaining to separation of the car park from areas of special risk or of other purpose groups within the same building are complied with, and
(ii)
Such car building
park
is only used by the residents
The car parking facilities in multi-storey
of such
car parks shall be of either the
ramp or hoist type as defined below-
Definitions
Automatic Sprinkler System Requirement
(a)
(a)
"Ramp type" means that the building or the part of the building used as a car park is provided with inclined driveways or ramps for driving the cars to various parking levels.
(b)
"Hoist type" means that the building or part of the building used as a car park is installed with mechanical lift equipment which provides either a vertical operation or a combination of vertical and horizontal operation for semi automatic parking of cars on various parking levels.
(c)
"Parking level" in this regulation means a floor part of a building on which cars are parked.
in a building or
of Regulation 36 (lXa) which exempts art opensided multi storey building or part of a building used for car parking from the requirement of an automatic sprinkler system, shall be applicable irrespective of whether the car parking facilities are of the ramp or hoist type. Where a building with the hoist type of parking facilities consists of more than four parking levels, which are enclosed on or more sides, an automatic sprinkler system shall be required to be provided.
Reg.62 (4)
The provisions
two
Application of Venti lation, Means of Escape and Fire Safety Requirements
Reg.62 (5)
For any building or part of a building used for car parking the normal requirements for lighting and ventilation of the Urban Development Authority and the relevant requirements for means of escape, structural fire precautions and ike protection systems under Chapter 2, 3 and 4 of this Regulation shall be applicable except that for a building with hoisttype car parking facilities-
<,
(a)
A reduced scale for calculating the occupant load under Table 3, for whom means of escape facilities shall be provided, may be adopted subject to the approval of the Urban Development Authority.
(b)
Hoistways and elevator shafts used solely for the movement of cars from one parking level to another need not be enclosed by protecting structures in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 18. 93
Fire Regulations
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Chapter 5 • Special Uses, Occupancies and Structures
.--~~-,,'----,--
Solid floor need not be provided at each parking level except at every third parking level an imperforate non-combustible construction shall be provided to the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority, and
(c)
(d) Where the building is of the open isolated from other buildings and fire protection of the structural reduced or omitted subject Development Authority. (6)
rn",,,h.>n"~Q
hoistway type and is completely does not exceed 15m in height, steel elements of structure may to the approval of the Urban
parking equipment installed in a hoist type car park shall in accordance with an accepted code of
Separation of a Garage Other Parts
or attached to a building used unless completely separated by a period of not
(i) 3
or, 13
Separation within a Garage
Reg.64
(ii) As required under Regulation
13 and Table 8,
urhl('l1i"''''~''' is
the
greater. Provided that the motor repair areas in a repair garage that is located in a basement storey of a building, shall be segregated from parking areas, showroom and other ancillary areas by walls and floors having a fire ~~''''"'"'''''''' of not less than 4 hours. Spray Painting Booths
Reg.65 (1)
Areas in which spray painting or other allied processes are performed or carried out, if contained in the main shall adjoin external walls and shall be completely separated from the other areas of the buildings by walls and floors or cover slabs having a of not less than 2 hours. The doors in such wall shall have a fire resistance of not less than 2 hours and shall be self dosing or so installed as to close automatically in case
94
Fire Regulations
Drying or Baking Oven
Reg.65 (2)
Ventilation of Spray-painting Booths
A drying or baking oven shall be provided with any of the following(a)
Explosion relief hatches, and readily breakable,
which
shall be of light construction
(b)
Permanent openings having an effective area of not less than 0.1m2 for each 0.3m3 of oven capacity, or
(c)
An oven top which is loose in its entirety being held in its place by its weight only.
Reg.65 (3)
No less than 2 doors shall be provided for each oven.
Reg.65 (4)
A drying or baking oven shall be so ventilated accumulation of inflammable gases or vapors.
Reg.65 (5)
A drying or baking oven shall-
Reg.66
be
in contact
(a)
Not
with any combustible
(b)
Be located on floors constructed
as to prevent
the
materials, and
of fire resisting material.
Spray-painting booths, drying and baking areas shall be well ventilated with mechanical exhaust fans fitted approximately 1m above floor level and suitably arranged air inlets communicating directly with the external
air. Floors of Basement Car Park and Garage
Reg.67
The floors of a basement garage or car park shall be laid in falls to trapped gullies, so that there are runs of not more than 7 m to each gully. The gullies should run underneath the floors to an oil interceptor.
Openings
Reg.68
In addition to the provisions of Regulation 17, the ramp openings in the compartment floors of a multi-storeyed car park shall be enclosed by walls having a fire resistance of not less than 2 hours and automatic . fire resisting doors or shutters of equivalent fire resistance.
Ramps
Reg. 69
Driveways and ramps leading in or out of any garage or car park shan be graded to a slope of not more than 1:8 ..
Minimum Number of Exits fora Garage
Reg.70 (1)
Notwithstanding the provisions of Regulation 3 (8) every building or part of a building used as a garage shall be provided with at least 2 exits conforming to the applicable requirements of Chapter 2 of this code.
Reg.70 (2)
Wl1ere entrance to a basement garage or car park has to be closed at night, such entrance shall be provided with a gate of the lattice type unless the natural ventilation is adequate. The gate shall be held shut only by means of a padlock or device that can easily be broken in an emergency.
in
Compartment Floor of a Multistoreyed Ramp Type Car Park.
Entrance Doors for Basement Garages or Car Parks
Inspection
Pit
,
,
Reg.71 (1)
A inspection (a)
and repair pits shall be so constructed that-
The floor of the pit is above outside grade level, and
(b) Natural ventilation can be promoted floor level direct to the outside.
by placing
openings
at pit
95
:..'i:':>:':<~ J)
,:·;gq~i·····"i' ."0'
j
Reg.71 (2)
I
A pit other than that specified in paragraph (I) of this regulation shall-
(a)
Be provided
with an individual ventilating system ensuring a complete air 'change every 5 minutes, and
(b)
Have the floor pitched 25mm for each 3m.
capable
of
Reg.7I (3)
The exhaust air opening of such pit shall terminate in an air opening which is perpendicular to the floor with the bottom of the opening extending to the floor at the lowest end of the pit.
Reg.71 (4)
If drainage is required for an inspection be-
or repair pit, such drainage shall
(a) Connected to a sump or pit especially provided there for, and (b)
Not connected in any manner to a storm or sanitary without the permission of the relevant authorities,
TIMBER STORE AND WOOD WORKING External
Reg.72 (1)
Separation
Internal
Separation
BUll,:mNGS
A timber store, wood working or joinery workshop shall not be attached to or located within a building used for any other purpose or trade unless completely separated from such building or any other part of such building by compartment walls and floors having fife resistance for a period of not less than 4 hours notwithstanding provisions of Regulation 13 and Table 8.
Reg.72 (2) A boiler room, engine room, electrical switch room or any other area of special risk in a building used for timber storage or wood working purposes, shall be separated from the rest of the building in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 73. AREAS
Separation and Permissible Openings
sewer system
Reg.73 (1)
OF SPECIAL
ruSK
IN ANY BUILDING
A boiler room, generator or transformer room or any other area of special risk in any building shall be located against an external wall of such building and be separated from the other parts of the building by a compartment wall compartment floor having fire resistance for a period of not less than 4 hours notwithstanding the provision of Regulation 13 and Table 8. Such compartment wallor compartment floor shall be imperforate except for the following-
(a)
Openings in the wall fitted with doors having fire resistance period of not less than that of the wall, or
(b)
Openings in the floor for protected shafts which shall conform to the requirements of Regulation 18, or
(c)
Openings tor ventilation requirements of Regulation
with
the
(d)
Openings for pipes which shall comply with the requirements
of
ducts which 17(5), or
comply
for a
Regulation 16(2). Areas of Special Risk in
Reg.73 (2)
Where the areas of special risk are located in basement storeys, the additional requirements of Regulation 60 shall also be complied with.
Basements 96
I 1
I j
I 1
I i
i1'i
I
I
I
Fire Regulations
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....
__
__
Chapter 5 - Special Uses, Occupancies and Structures ....... ......,_."""---.---" ..... ,._.... .,_._,_._-"''''....,...'--
__
Fuel Storage
Reg.73 (3) For boiler rooms or generator rooms that use flammable liquid as fuel, the amount of fuel that allowed to be stored within the same compartments shall not exceed 700 litres, Any fuel in excess of this quantity shall be stored in separate compartments in conformance with the requirements of paragraph (1) of this Regulation, and if such fuel qualifies as "Petroleum" under the provisions of the Petroleum Act, the storage compartments shall also conform to the requirements of the Petroleum Ordinance Regulations, or if such fuel does not qualify as "petroleum", then the storage compartment shall conform to the requirements of Regulation 84.
Storage Areas in Factories
Reg.73 (4) Every factory shall be provided with proper storage areas for raw materials and finished products, and such areas shall be separated from the production areas and be 6fadequate size in accordance with the practices and requirements of the particular trade or industry, subject to the approval of the Urban Development Authority.
Storage Areas in Departmental Stores and Shops
Reg.73 (5) Every departmental store or shop having a cubical extent of 1800m3 or more shall be provided with proper storage areas and such areas shall be separated from the sales, display and other stores and public areas and escape routes and be of adequate size of not less than 10 percent of the cubical extent of the sales and display areas.
When Storage Areas are to be Treated as Areas of Special Risk
Reg.73 (6) When the storage areas referred to in sub-paragraphs (4) and (5)are required for the storage of combustible materials or goods, they shall be treated as areas of special risk and the provisions of sub-paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Regulation shall be applicable.
is
RUBBER FACTORY BUILDINGS Maximum Permissible Height
Reg.74
No building. used for the manufacture, treatment smoking, or preparation of rubber, or any other form of rubber, shall exceed 15m in height measuring from the ground level to the eaves of the roof of such building and no part of the building above the ·level of the eaves shall be used for storing or treating rubber, or any other form of rubberProvided that where the Urban Development Authority is of the opinion that the land in the immediate vicinity of such building is not likely to be developed for building purposes, he may exempt such building from the provisions of this regulation <1..<; to maximum height but the exemption shall continue for so long as such land shall so remain undeveloped.
External Staircase Required
Reg.75
Of the staircases that are required to be provided for the building under Chapter 2 of this regulation, at least one shall be an external staircase complying with the requirements of Regulation 4(3) and being continuous to the ground.
No Part of the Building to be Used for any Other Trade
Reg.76 (1)
No part of any building used for the manufacture, treatment, smoking of rubber, or any other form of rubber shall be used for any other trade or business involving the use, storage Or treatment of combustible material.
Areas of Special Risk
Reg.76 (2)
Areas of special risk, such as boiler rooms, switch rooms etc., if housed in the same building as the main factory area, shall be separated from the latter in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 73. 97
Fire Regulations
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Distance from Other Buildings
Reg.77
A building used for the manufacture, treatment, smoking, preparation or storage of rubber, or any other form of rubber shall not be erected within 7.5m of other buildings
Use of Artificial Heat
Reg.78
Where a building is intended to be used as a smoking room, or for drying by artificial heat, the requirements of Regulation 13 pertaining to the fire resistance of it's elements of structure shall be strictly complied with and the furnaces shall be located outside the building. CALCIUM
Distance from Other Buildings
CARBIDE
STORES
A building required for the storage of calcium carbide shall be located at least 15 m from any other building and shall comply with the
Reg.79
following
requirements-
Reg. 79(1)
N~ part of such building shall be used for dwelling or other pufposes.
Ventilation
Reg.79 (2)
There shall be adequate cross ventilation by means of openings at high and low level, which openings shall be efficiently screened.
Walls and Floors
Reg.79 (3)
In addition to the walls being provided with damp proof courses the floor also shall be rendered damp proof and shall be raised'at least 112m above the highest known flood level. . .;
ArIfD FIRE
MATCHES Separate Compartments
WORKS
FACTORY
AND STORAGE
BUILDINGS
Reg.SO (1)
Where a building is used for the storage of both matches and fireworks, separate compartments of the building shall be provided for each, the floors and walls of which shall have the requisite fire resistance as laid down in Regulation 13 and Table 8. Such compartments shall have independent exits to the outside of the building.
Reg.SO (2)
Fireworks
andExits
containing a mixture of chlorate of substance such as sulphur, sulphides, phosphorous or powdered metals shall be separat~i9 stored in compartments specially provided for the purpose, separated from other compartments used for storing other types of fireworks and having walls, floors and exits conforming to the requirements of paragraph (1) of this regulation. that contain
a powder
potassium and any easily oxidizable
of
No part of the Buildings to be Used for any Other Trade
Reg.S1 (1)
Areas of Special Risk
Reg',81 (2)
Areas of special risk such as boilers, generator rooms etc., if housed in the same building, shall be separated from the main factory or storage areas in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 73.
Chemical
Reg. 82
Stores for Potassium Chlorate, Phospherous and any other chemical substance used in the making of matches or fireworks shall be separated and detached from any other building and located at least 15m from any public street, passage, place or anx other building. Such stores shall be non-combustible construction having the requisite fire resistance for their elements of structure as laid down in Regulation 13 and Table 8.
..
'\
Stores
No part of the building used for the manufacture or storage matches or fireworks shall be used for any other business or trade involving the use or storage of other inflammable goods of any kind or ~or dwelling purposes . !.l
Fire Regulations
Lightning
Chapter 5 ~ Special Uses, Occupancies ----,------_. -~---,---- Structures ilfKll
Reg.S3
Conductors
Every building used for the making or storage of matches shall be provided with adequate lightning conductors to the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority. ;
STORES FOR CELLULOSE
SOLUTION, PAINTS AND INFLAMMABLE
LIQUIDS
OTHER THAN PETROLEUM Requirements
Reg. 84
Any store that is used or .intended to be used for the bulk supplies of cellulose solution, paints or inflammable liquids other than petroleum, shall conform with the following requirements-
Reg.84 (1)
If such store is contained within or attached to a building it shall be separated from the other parts of the building in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 73 (1) ..
Reg.84 (2)
If such store is a detached building, it's external walls shall be of noncombustible construction having fire resistance for a period as specified in Part 2 of Table 8.
Reg. 84 (3)
TIle external doors of such a store shall be of steel or iron at least 3mm thick and hung in steel or iron frames.
Reg.84 (4)
There shall be adequate cross ventilation by means of openings at high and low level, which shall be efficiently screened as may be required by the Urban Development Authority, alternatively mechanical exhaust fans shall be provided in accordance with Regulation 66.
Reg.84 (5)
The floor of the store shall be of concrete of grade 20 not less than lOOmm in thickness rendered smooth and impervious, and either(i)
Such floor shall be dropped at least 150 mm below the level of the outside ground, pavements or floor, or
(ii) A masonry sill of not less than 150 provided acf,oss the doorways:
Definitions
Reg. 85
rum in height shall be
For the purpose' of Regulation 84 and any other pam of those Regulations where applicable, "cellulose solution" means a solution having as it's basis any nitrate of cellulose (including Pyrexylin) and for it's other ingredients any flammable or volatile solvent. GLASS FACTORY BUILDINGS
Requirements
Reg.86 (1)
Any room or part of a building containing a furnace shall be treated as an area of special risk and made to conform with the requirements of Regulation 73 and such room Of part of the building shall be adequately ventilated by(a)
(b)
Natural cross ventilation by means of openings at high and low level, or Mechanical
exhaust fans in accordance with the requirements
of Regulation 66.
-,
99
'Fire Regulations
Chapter 5· Special Uses, Occupancies and Structures
----------_"
~----Reg.86 (2)
If a furnace is housed in a detached building provided specially for that purpose, such building shall, be of non-combustible construction with external walls and columns having fire resistance for a period of not less than as specified in Regulation 13 and shall be adequately ventilated in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (l) of this regulation.
Fuel Storage
Reg.S7
If flammable liquid is used as fuel for the furnace and if more than 700 litres of such fuel is required to be stored on the premises, separate storage facilities shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of Regulation 73(3).
Packing Areas
Reg.88
The part of the building used for packing or storage of packing material shall not be within 15m of any furnace and shall be separated from the other parts of the building by compartment walls and compartment floors having the resistance for a period of not less than as required under Regulation 13 and complying with the requirements of Regulation 17. .
LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM Siting of LPG Tanks and Equipment
Reg.89 (1)
GAS - STORAGE, SAFE USE, AND SALE
Siting of LPG Tanks and Equipment (Automobile Filling Stations) The "siting" and "safe usage" of small LPG pressure storage tanks (LPG Mini Tanks) at Automotive Retail Outlets (Filling
Stations) shall conform to the following requirements. Siting of LPG Tanks and Equipment (a) The separation distance of tanks with respect to boundaries, buildings, and fixed: sources of ignition shall be as stipulated in Table 17 given below:
Table 17 :
Of any single vessel in a group (Litres) ",
150 to 500
0.05 to 0.25
500 to 2500
0.25 to 1.1
2500 to 9000
1.1 to 4
Separation Di~~'9~ (Boundaries, Buildings etc)
With Fire WaH
Between Vessels
r!-:
,
2.5 m
0.3 m
1m
3 m
1.5 m
1m
75m
4 m
1m
--
Fire Regulations
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Chapter 5·· Special Uses, Occupancies and Structures
--_-._-
(b) Dispensers should be located at a minimum distance of 03 metres from above ground LPG tanks. The nozzle connection on motor vehicles taking on LPG should not be Jess than 03 metres from the storage tank. (c) Dispensers should be not less than 4.25 metres from any buildings lines of adjoining property, and fixed sources of ignition. ' (d) The ground providing standing for the tank should be compacted or paved with suitable material. The area should be kept free from weeds, grass, and combustible materials. (e) LPG storage vessels pumps, etc., should not be located directly beneath electrical power and telephone cables. Vessels should be sited at least 1.5 m from a plane drawn vertically downwards from the cables. (f)
Fire Walls
It should be sited away from possible catchment areas where natural dissipation of any escaped gas could not take place.
The purpose of the Fire Wall is to protect the tank from thermal radiation from a fire nearby, and to ensure an adequate dispersion distance to boundaries, buildings, etc. (a) Fire Walls should be imperforate, and of solid masonry, concrete, or similar construction. (b) Fire Walls should be not less than 02 metres high, or as high as the top of the tank whichever is the greater, and should be sited between 01 metre and 03 metres from nearest point of the tank.
FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT Fire Fighting Equipment
Reg. 89 (2)
The following fire fighting equipment should be provided: (a) Two x 6kg. Dry Chemical Powder portable fire extinguishers, and should sited so that they are protected from inclement weather. (b) One x 19mm diameter x 30 metre lenght Hose Reel, with a fog nozzle capable of providing at least 30 lpm output and a jet throw of at least 6 metres. The fire water sump capacity should be at least 1000 litres and should be fed automatically from the town main or a reliable source. In situations where automatic is refilling is not possible, the sump should hold water sufficient for 1 hour requirement (30 x 60 :=),800 liters) (c) An automatic water exposure cover for application rate shall area. The fire water litres.
spray system shall be installed to provide the entire surface area of the tank. The be 10.2 lpm per square metre of tank surface sump capacity shall be not less than 55,000
Illumination ~ The fining area of the forecourt shall be provided with general illumination to an intensity of not less than 110 lux when measured at the top of each pump. Acc~ss -An access road of 4 metre wide hard standing and clearance height, for a 15 ton fire appliance shall be provided.
4~metre 101
fire Regulatioll,s
,
,INSTALLATION Installation of LPG Piping Systems and Appliances
Reg.90 (1)
..
--'-_Chapter
5· S~:_Gi;J_1 U_S:5_, O_c_cu_p~~es&_' J_dStructures
OF LPG PIPING SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES
Any building that consists of 16 or more apartments will be required to install a centralized LPG distribution system or have provision to place individual cylinders placed in an area open to the exterior in each unit. The installation of LPG Systems and Appliances shall comply with the following regulations.
Qualified Agency - The installation, the replacement of gas pipes, gas utilization equipment or accessories, and the repair and servicing of equipment, shall be performed by a qualified agency, registered by ICTAD. Piping Plan
Reg.90 (2)
Before proceeding with the installation of a LPG system, a piping pian shall be prepared showing the proposed location of piping, the size of the different branches, etc. for approval by the Authority having Jurisdiction.
Piping Material
Reg.90 (3)
Piping material shall comply with the following stipulations: (a) The piping material shall comply with an accepted International Standards. (b) Cast-iron piping shall not be used. (c) Aluminium alloy piping shall not be used in exterior locations or underground.
Gas Piping Installation
Reg.90 (4)
(d)
Metalic pipe and fitting threads shall be taper pipe threads and shall comply with an accepted International Standard for pipe threads.
(e)
Plastic pipe, tubing and fittings shall be joined by either the solvent cement method, adhesive method, heat-fusion method, electro-fusion, or by means of compression couplings or flanges.
The Installation stipulations:
of gas piping
shall comply with the following
(a) Underground Piping - The underground piping shall be installed with at least 375 mm of ground cover, but in public places it shall be at least 450 mm. If a minimum of 375 mm cannot be maintained the pipe shall be installed in conduit or bridged (shielded.) The piping shall be installed with adequate clearance from any other underground structure to avoid contact with such structure.
(b) Above Ground Piping - Outside piping installed above ground shall be securely supported to ensure protection from physical damage. (c) All pipelines carrying LPG should be painted in yellow colour and must show the direction of flow with a black arrow. (d) Piping In Buildings. Gas piping in buildings shall comply with the
following .,
stipulations:
Fire Regulations
- .......... --
(i)
.
Chapter ...,_,,_,., 5· Special Uses, Occupancies Rcd · Structures N__...""""''''''''''''' __ __
Gas piping may be installed in accessible above - ceiling spaces. If such spaces are used as a plenum, the gas piping must be welded. Valves shall not be located in such spaces. Gas piping any building shall not be run in or through a circulating air duct, clothes chute, chimney or gas vent, duct, dumb waiter, enclosed staircase or elevator shaft. be supported in a substantial manner with hooks, metal pipe straps, bands, brackets or hangers for the 1 size of piping.
LPG in Building
LPG should never enter into any building under liquid form.
(6)
shall
with the following
(c)
Operating
Reg.90 (7)
The maximum design operating pressure shall not exceed 1.4 bar.
Safety Mechanisms
Reg.90 (8)
The (a)
Pressure that the discnarze container pressure horizontally away from 'any building ,,,..,'nir,a least 1.5 discharge and 1.5 any below of ignition. .
(b)
"Emergency Shutoff Valves'tshall be incorporate all of the following means of closing:
and
shall
(I) Automatic shutoff through thermal actuation.
(ii) Manual shutoff from a safe remote location. (iii) Manual shutoff at the installed location. (c) "Hydrostatic Relief Valves" shall be installed to relieve hydrostatic pressure might develop of the liquid piping between closed valves, and shall have pressure of not less than 400 and not more than 500 psi. (d)
Valves" that are readily accessible shall be installed down stream at the LPQ container
end, and upstream of the entry point of
the pipe into the building, and at any other locations that would facilitate quick manual shutoff of the gas in an emergency. 103
Fi.re Regulations
Chapter 5 - Special Uses, Occupancies tmd Structures
(e)
Automatic Shutoff Valves that will be actuated by LPG Detectors installed in relevant areas in an apartment.
(f) "Electrical Bonding and Grounding." Each above ground portion of a gas piping system upstream from the equipment shutoff valve shall be electrically continuous and bonded to any grounded electrode. Gas piping shall not be used as a grounding electrode. Point of Delivery
Reg.90 (9)
Gas Meters
The location of the point of delivery of the LPG system to the building/complex shall be acceptable to the serving gas supplier. The installation of the LP Gas meters shall comply with the following stipulations: (a) "Location" The gas meters shall be located in ventilated spaces, readily accessible for examination, reading, replacement or maintenance. (b) "Damage" They shall not be located where they may be subjected to damage, and should be located at least 1.1 metre away from any source of ignition. (c) "Marking of Multiple Meter Installations." Gas piping at multiple meter installations shall be plainly marked by a metal tag or other permanent marking attached by the installing agency, designating the building or the part of the building being supplied.
Over Pressure
Reg.90 (10) Over Pressure Protection Devices shall be installed to comply with the following stipulations:
Protection "Prevention of Unsafe Operation." Over Pressure Protection Devices should be installed to prevent the pressure in the piping system from exceeding that value which would cause unsafe operation of any connected and properly adjusted gas utilization equipment.
Devices
Ventilating Service Shaft
In multi-storey properties where a ventilated service shaft houses an Reg.90 (11) internal gas riser pipe to meters in each dwelling, ventilation air bricks at the top and bottom of the shaft shall be provided. Flexible pipe joints at every branch and fire stopping shall be provided where the pipe penetrates the structure. LPG STORAGE IN RETAIL OUTLETS
LPG Storage in Retail Outlets
Reg.91 (1)
The "storage" of LPG at "Retail Outlets" shall conform to the following requirements. Location-Cylinders shall not be located near exits, stairways, or in areas normally used, or intended to be used for the safe egress of occupants. Storage - The "storage" of LPG Cylinders shall comply with the following stipulations: (a)
Cylinder storage shall be in such a manner as to minimize exposure to excessive temperature rises, physical damage, or tampering.
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104
Fire Regulations
Chapter 5 - Special Uses, Occupancies lJIlOStructures
..--~-------.--.--.-~--
(b) Cylinders shan be stored "upright" with the valves uppermost to avoid possible leakage. (c) Cylinders shall not be stored within 3 metres from a store containing oxygen cylinders or highly flammable liquids. (d) Cylinders shall preferably be stored in the open air with a security fence, and not within 1 metre from other buildings or the boundary fence. (e) If the LPG store is to be .a part of a building used for other purposes, the store shall be: (i)
In the ground storey in a room against an outside wall, with a door or doors leading to the outside.
(ii)
The store should be provided with high and low level ventilation facilities.
(iii) The store should be entirely of non-combustible construction. (iv) The store should be separated from other parts of the building by a fire resisting compartment of not less than 2 hours fire resistance. (f) Protection of Residence - Any residential parts of a building in which LPG is stored should be protected with a well maintained fire alarm system which triggers automatically on detection of an LPG leak by the LPG detector and is audible in every room in the building. (g) Total holding of LPG should not exceed 1000 kg at any time. (h) Explosion relief - This should be located in an outside wall or the roof with discharge to a safe place outside the building. It should give explosion relief equivalent to half the area of one of the walls and make use of light weight panels or industrial wire mesh that will not disintegrate during an explosion. Signage
Reg. 91 (2)
The storage area and rooms shall be clearly marked, "Highly Flammable," in red lettering on a white background. Smoking, Naked Lights, and Cellular Telephones should be prohibited.
Fire Protection
Reg. 91(3)
Two x 9kg. Dry Chemical Powder portable fire extinguishers with an adequate BC fire rating should be provided. The extinguishers should be located not more than 15 metres from the risk.
STORAGE Storage of Petroleum in Underground Tanks and Pumps
OF PETROLEUM
Reg.92 (1)
IN UNDERGROUND
TANKS AND PUMPS
Storage of Petroleum Spirits in Underground Spirits in Tanks and Pumps (Filling Stations.)
The storage of petroleum spirits in underground tanks and the pumps for the discharge of the spirit at "filling stations" shall comply with the following stipulations.
105
Chapter 5 - Special Uses, Occupancies am! Structures
'iire Regulations
Conditions Applicable to the Site
-_.
Reg. 92(2)
-_. -----_.,,_._.---
The following stipulations must be complied with in relation to the "site." (a)
The location of the pumps and the tanker stand shall be as far as possible level ground.
(b)
Every petroleum spirit storage tank shall be installed below ground.
(c)
Petroleum dispensing pumps and any openings to a petroleum spirit storage tank shall be installed not less than not less than 4.3 metres from any building, boundary, or access route used by the public on the premises.
on
(d) Adequate means of escape shall be provided from all parts of the premises in the event of a fire. Vent Pipes
Reg. 92(3)
The following stipulations must be complied with in relation to "vent pipes." (a)
Each tank or tank compartment shall have a separate vent pipe of not less than 50 mm in diameter.
(b)
The upper end 'of the air, should be out of above ground level, metres of windows or
pipe shall discharge upwards into the open reach, should be not less than 1.5 metres and should not be located less than 1.5 other openings.
(c) Electrical fittings within 1.5 metres in any direction of the vent discharge shall be to Zone 1 Standard. Elsewhere within 1.5 metres of the vent riser pipe Zone 11 Standard fittings shall be used. Electrical Installations
Reg. 92(4)
The following stipulations must be complied electrical installations.
with in relation to
(a)
Electrical ducts must not communicate with ducts or manholes containing fuel lines or tank openings.
(b)
Electrical chambers should be filled with sand and covered with.a screed of sand and cement.
(c) Electrical cables shall not be laid adjacent to or across metal pipe work unless run in a conduit of non-conducting material. Illuminations
Reg. 9~(5)
The filling area of the forecourt shall be provided with a general illumination intensity of not less than 110 lux when measured at the top of each pump ..
106
Fire Regulations
Fire Fighting Equipment
Notices
Chapter 5·· Special Uses, Occupancies and Structures
Reg. 92(6)
Reg. 92 (7)
The following fire fighting equipment shall be provided: (a)
At filling stations with up to 4 pumps: 2 x 9 litre portable foam fire extinguishers, and 2 x 6 kg. dry chemical powder portable fire extinguishers, and 2 x 9 litre water portable fire extinguishers.
(b)
At filling stations with 5 to 8 pumps: 3 x 9 litre foam portable fire extinguishers, and 2 x 6 kg. dry chemical powder portable fire extinguishers, and 2 x 9 litre water portable fire extinguishers.
(c)
For each additional 03 filling pumps, 01 additional portable fire extinguisher of each type.
The following notices shall be prominently displayed in the vicinity of the pumps. "No Smoking", "Switch off Engines", and Cellular Phones." The notice shall be on a white background in block red letters of 50 mm height. The notice shall not display any advertisements, etc.
Physical Protection
Reg. 92 (8)
Heavy guard rails shall be installed for the protection of the filling Pumps. The guard rails should provide protection to a height of not less than 1.2 metres.
107
CHAPTER 6
...... ,
ACCESS FOR FIRE FIGHTING
VEHICLES
Access Opening
Reg. 93 (1)
Access opening shall include unobstructed external wall openings, windows, balcony doors, glazed wall panels or access panels must be readily openable from the inside or outside unless fitted with breakable glazing
Signage
Reg. 93 (2)
Access openings shall be posted with red triangle (150mm on each side) on the external side of the wall.
Size
Reg. 93 (3)
Access openings shall be not less than 850mm wide by 1000mm high.
Hard Standing and Access way
Reg. 93 (4)
(i) In a residential building if the height of the habitable floor does not exceed 18m no hard standing is required other than a clear working space 4m wide, along the side of the building where access opening is located. (ii) In buildings where habitable floor exceeds 18m, hard standing to be
provided to accommodate the entry and manoeuvring of Fire Engines, Aerial Appliances etc. (a) The minimum width shall be 6m wide and the minimum length shall be 15m long. Other parts of the accessway for fire appliances shall be not less than 4.5m wide. (b)
Hard standing shall be positioned so that the nearer shall be not less than 2m or more than 10m from the centre position of the access opening.
(c) The hard standing shall be constructed to sustain the stationary load of 40 tonnes. Hard standing be laid on a level platform or if on an incline, the gradient shall not exceed 1:15. Accessway may be laid on an incline not exceeding a gradient of 1:8:3. (d) Overhead of hard standing or accessway shall at least 4.5 m and the outer radius for turning of accessway shall be not less than 10.5 m. (e) Public roads may serve as complies with requirement Accessibility to Site for Fire Brigade Appliances
Reg. 93 (5)
standing provided the location 93 (4) (ii) (b).
In the case of any building that exceeds 7,100 cubic metres in cubical extent, in order to provide adequate means of access in case of fire to such building, a portion of the building shall abut upon a street or road or open space conforming to the stipulations in 93 (4) (ii) to (e) to facilitate access Fire Brigade Appliances. The portion to be in accordance with the following scale:
111
Fire Regulations
----------,-~.,....---------- ......---'
_---
Chapter 6 - Access tor Fi~I,:Fightlng Vehicles .... .._,........,""",.',""' .........
,......... """",,,-_
.....,.----,_
(a)
If the building exceeds 7,100 cubic metres, at least one-sixth of the perimeter of the building.
(b)
If the building exceeds 28,400 cubic metres at least onefourth of the perimeter of the building.
(c)
If the building exceeds 56,800 cubic metres, at least one half of the perimeter of the building.
(d) If the building exceeds 85,200 cubic metres, at least three fourths of the perimeter of the building. (e)
If the building exceeds 113,600 cubic metres it should be on an island site.
CHAPTER 7 MAINTENANCE OF THE FIRE PROTECTION FACILITY. CONTENTS
Page
Reg. 94
Fire Protection Systems to be Maintained
115
Reg. 95
Category of Maintenance
115
Reg. 96
Duration
115
Reg. 97
Responsibility
115
Reg. 98
Documentation
115
_____
11:3
CHAPTER 7 MAINTENANCE
OF THE FIRE PROTECTION
FACILITIES
Chapter is to ensure that all Organizations, Institutions, rrotecuon Facility in a state of high operational efficiency, at all times. Systems to be
etc.
Protection "Systems" to be Maintained following systems shall be maintained The Means Escape
Category of
are
two
Responsibility
Reg. 97
Responsibility - A Senior Executive of be to be responsible to ensure is properly maintained. He is to be designated as Maintenance Officer."
Documentation
Reg. 98
Documentation - Separate Maintenance "Schedules" for each of the protection is to be formulated. The Technician the maintenance task is to sign the schedule, and note any uerects by the Systems Maintenance
Disclaimer
While all care and effort have been made to ensure the proper production of this document and it's contents, neither the Drafting Committee nor the ICTAD accept any liability for problems, difficulties or controversy arising from the usage of these guidelines.
