HTML 5 Bangla Tutorial

GBP wU Gg Gj 5

Aa¨vq-15

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cieZx© fvm© fvm© b : 2.0 [ Av‡iv Av‡iv wKQz †ewk †ewk ] HTML 4 & 5

m¤cv`bvq ey KwewW www.bookbd.info

1

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Aa¨vq-15

ÒAvgv‡ì cÖ ej B Qv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Avgiv eBwUi m¤cy b© Kwc Avc‡jvW Ki‡Z cvijvg bv GRb¨ Ly eB `ytwLZ twLZ | †Kbbv eBwU wcÖ ›U Kwc evRv‡i Av‡Q Avcbviv PvB‡j eBwU evsjv‡`‡ki †h †Kvb †Kvb jvB‡eª wi †_‡K msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Ò ‛

e m¤c‡K †h †Kvb ai‡bb Z_¨ I mgm¨vi mgm¨vi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‚ b : 01712901842 (Shihab) Email: [email protected]

www.bookbd.info ey KwewW n‡ ‛ Q Q evsjv‡`kx cÖ ‡dkbvj evsjv eB mg~ ‡ni I‡qemvBU| †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb B -ey K webv g~ ‡j¨ WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †h eB¸‡jv Avcbv‡K AvBwU AvDU‡mvwm© AvDU‡m vwm© s s -G -G cÖ ‡dkbvj K¨vwiqvi M‡o Zz j‡Z Zz j‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| G QvovI wb‡R wb‡R †Kvb cÖ Kvi cÖ Kvi †Uª wbs QvovB †h †Kvb wel‡qi Dci cÖ ‡dkbvj cÖ ‡dkbvj `¶Zv AR© b Ki‡Z cv‡ib GB eB¸‡jv c‡o| Avi Avcbv‡ì †Kvb civgk© _vK‡j _vK‡j Aek¨B Avgv‡ì‡K Rvbv‡eb, GB wVKvbvq t [email protected].

2

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Aa¨vq-15

GBP wU Gg Gj 5 †jLK

: †gvt wgRvby i ingvb ( m¤úv`bvq ey KwewW )

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Ávb‡Kvl cÖ Kvkbx 38/2K evsjvevRvi, XvKv-1100| †dvb -7118443, -7118443, 8623251, 8112441 E-mail

: [email protected] gyankoshprokasho [email protected] [email protected]

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: Ry jvB 2013 Bs‡iwR

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15/we, wgicy i †ivW XvKv -1205| -1205| †dvb t 9667919

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: 978-984-90538-0-4

: 360.00 (wmwW mn) UvKv gvÎ gvÎ |

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DrmM© Av¤§y wg‡mm wg‡mm mvwdqv †eMg Ges

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K… ZÁZv B givb †nv‡mb I‡qe cÖ ‡dkbvj (mvD_ (mvD_ Gwkqvb AvBwmwU)

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GB eBwUi mv‡_ wd« hv hv i‡q‡Q :

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GBP wU Gg Gj 5

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†gvt wgRvby i ingvb facebook.com/ebookbd facebook.com/mijanurrahmanbd www.bookbd.info [email protected]

m~ wPcÎ GBPwUGgGj-5 9

GBP wU Gg Gj 5

Aa¨vq

Aa¨vq-15

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Aa¨vq-1 t GBPwUGgGj ( HTML) HTML) wb‡q cÖ v_wgK Av‡jvPbv : ..........................................16

HTML) Kx?..................................................... 1.1: GBPwUGgGj ( HTML) Kx?......................................................................................17 .................................17 1.2: HTML j¨vs¸‡qR wKfv‡e KvR K‡i?...... ....................................................................17 1.3: GBPwUGgGj j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri cÖ ‡qvRbxqZv .......................................................................18 .......................................................................18 1.4: K ¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e HTML j¨vs¸‡qR ..........................................................................19 ..........................................................................19

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GBP wU Gg Gj 5

Aa¨vq-15

3.1.3.3 t Element .................................................................................46 3.1.3.3.1 t <title> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi t .......................................................47 3.1.3.4 t <body> Element ...............................................................................49 3.1.3.4.1 t <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi t ......................................................49 3.1.3.4.1.1 t <body> Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ............................52 ............................52 3.1.3.4.1.1.1 t alink .................................................................52 3.1.3.4.1.1.2 t background ......................................................54 3.1.3.4.1.1.3 t bgcolor .............................................................56 3.1.3.4.1.1.4 t link ..................................................................58 3.1.3.4.1.1.5 t text ...................................................................60 3.1.3.4.1.1.6 t vlink .................................................................61 Aa¨vq-4 t GBPwUGgGj †U·U di‡gwUs : ............................................................................65 4.1 t HTML Basic Text Formatting ..................................................................................66 4.1.1 t Heading (<h1> †_‡K <h6>) Elements wb‡q Av‡jvPbv .........................................66 4.1.1.1 t.Heading Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ..................................................72 ..................................................72 4.1.1.1.1 t align (Deprecated) .................................................................72 4.1.1.1.1.1 t left ...............................................................................72 4.1.1.1.1.2 t right .............................................................................73 4.1.1.1.1.3 t center ...........................................................................74 4.1.2 t Paragraph () Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ...........................................................75 ...........................................................75 4.1.2.1 t.Paragraph Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ..............................................76 ..............................................76 4.1.2.1.1 t align A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) ..................................................76 4.1.2.1.1.1 t left ...............................................................................77 4.1.2.1.1.2 t right .............................................................................78 4.1.2.1.1.3 t center ...........................................................................79 4.1.2.1.1.4 t justify ..........................................................................80 4.1.2.1.2 t style A¨vwUª weDU ...........................................................................81 ......................................................... ..................81 4.1.2.1.3 t dir A¨vwUª weDU .............................................................................85 .......................................................... ...................85 4.1.2.1.3.1 t ltr .................................................................................85 4.1.2.1.3.2 t rtl .................................................................................86 4.1.3 t bb †eª wKs †¯úm ( ) ( ) Gi eënvi ....................................................................87 4.1.4 t jvBb †eªK ( ) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ...........................................................89 4.1.5 t Preformatted (<pre>) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ...................................................92 ...................................................92 4.1.6 t Font () Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv (Deprecated) .........................................93 4.1.6.1 t.Font Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ........................................................93 ........................................................93 4.1.6.1.1 t color A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) ..................................................93 4.1.6.1.2 t face A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) ...................................................96 4.1.6.1.3 t size A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) (Deprecated ) ...................................................97 4.2 t HTML Presentational Elements ...............................................................................97 11 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 4.2.1 t Bold Element .......................................................................................100 4.2.2 t Italic Element ........................................................................................100 4.2.3 t Underline Element ...............................................................................101 4.2.4 t Center <center> Element (Deprecated) (Deprecated )......................................................102 4.2.5 t <s> Ges <strike> (Deprecated) (Deprecated ) Elements ..................................................104 4.2.6 t <tt> Element (Deprecated) ..........................................................................105 4.2.7 t Element ............................................................................................106 4.2.8 t Element ............................................................................................107 4.2.9 t <big> Element (Deprecated) (Deprecated ).......................................................................108 4.2.10 t Element ........................................................................................109 4.2.11 t <hr> Element .............................................................................................110 4.2.11.1 t align A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) (Deprecated )............................................................111 4.2.11.2 t width A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated) .........................................................112 4.2.11.3 t noshade A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) (Deprecated ).......................................................112 4.2.11.4 t size A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) (Deprecated ).............................................................118 4.3 t HTML Phrase Elements ..........................................................................................119 4.3.1 t Element ..............................................................................................121 4.3.2 t Element ........................................................................................121 4.3.3 t <address rel="nofollow"> Element ......................................................................................122 4.3.4 t <abbr rel="nofollow"> Element ...........................................................................................122 4.3.4.1 t title A¨vwUªweDU................................................................................. .....124 4.3.5 t <acronym rel="nofollow"> Element (Deprecated) .............................................................124 4.3.5.1 t title A¨vwUªweDU .....................................................................................126 ............................................................................ .........126 4.3.6 t <dfn> Element ............................................................................................128 4.3.7 t <blockquote> Element ................................................................................129 4.3.7.1 t cite A¨vwUª weDU ......................................................................................131 .................................................................... ..................131 4.3.8 t <q > Element ...............................................................................................132 4.3.9 t <cite > Element ...........................................................................................133 4.3.10 t <code> Element .........................................................................................134 4.3.11 t <kbd> Element ..........................................................................................135 4.3.12 t <var> Element ...........................................................................................136 4.3.13 t <samp> Element ........................................................................................137 4.4 t Editing Text Elements ............................................................................................138 4.4.1 t <ins> Bwj‡g›U ................................................................................................138 4.4.1.1 t title A¨vwUª weDU ................................................................................ .......................... ...........................................................140 .....140 4.4.1.2 t cite A¨vwUª weDU ......................................................................................141 ............................................................ ..........................141 4.4.1.3 t datetime A¨vwUª weDU ..............................................................................142 .................................... ..........................................142 4.4.2 t <del> Bwj‡g›U ................................................................................................143 4.4.2.1 t title A¨vwUª weDU .................................................................................. .................................... .................................................145 ...145 12 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 4.4.2.2 t cite A¨vwUª weDU .......................................................................... ............146 4.4.2.3 t datetime A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................147 .......................................................... ...................147 Aa¨vq-5 t GBPwUGgGj wj÷ ............................................................................................151 5.1 t List <li> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................152 5.2 t Ordered List (ol) Bwj‡g›U ..........................................................................................152 5.2.1 t type A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ................................................................................. ................................ .................................................154 154 5.2.2 t start A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi .................................................................................160 ...................................................................... ...........160 5.3 t Unordered List (ul) Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................166 ......................................................................................166 5.3.1 t type A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi .................................................................................138 .................................................................. ...............138 5.4 t Directory List (dir) Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................172 ......................................................................................172 5.5 t Menu List (menu) Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................173 ........................................................................................173 5.6 t Definition List (<dl>,<dt> & <dd>) Bwj‡g›U ............................................................175 ............................................................175 5.7 t Nesting Lists ...........................................................................................................177 Aa¨vq-6 t GBPwUGgGj wjsK ...........................................................................................187 6.1 t <a> Bwj‡g›U ...............................................................................................................188 ...............................................................................................................188 6.1.1 t href A¨vwUªweDU .................................................................... .............................188 6.1.2 t style A¨vwUª weDU ........................................................................................... ...................................... .........................................................204 ....204 6.1.3 t name A¨vwUª weDU ....................................................................................... ................................................... ...........................................206 .......206 6.1.4t target A¨vwUª weDU ............................................................................................... .................................................................. .............................212 212 6.1.4.1 t _blank f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ......................................................................213 ....................................... ...............................213 6.1.5t tabindex A¨vwUªweDU ..........................................................................................217 ............................................................................. .............217 6.1.6 t accesskey A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ........................................................................219 ....................................... .................................219 6.2 t <link /> Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................................219 6.3 t <nav> Bwj‡g›U ...........................................................................................................219 Aa¨vq-7 t GBPwUGgGj B‡gR ..........................................................................................222 7.1 t <img /> Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................................223 7.1.1 t src A¨vwUª weDU .................................................................................................. ........................................................................... .......................227 227 7.1.2 t alt A¨vwUªweDU ...................................................................................................227 ........................................................................................ ...........227 7.1.3 t height A¨vwUª weDU ............................................................................................. .................................................................. ...........................229 229 7.1.4 t width A¨vwUª weDU ..............................................................................................231 .................................................... ..........................................231 7.1.5 t border A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) (Deprecated )......................................................................233 7.1.6 t hspace A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) .....................................................................233 7.1.7 t vspace A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) ......................................................................234 7.2 t <figure> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................235 7.3 t <figcaption> Bwj‡g›U ................................................................................................237 ................................................................................................237 Aa¨vq-8 t GBPwUGgGj B‡gR ..........................................................................................239 8.1 t <table> Bwj‡g›U .........................................................................................................240 8.1.1 t border A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) (Deprecated )......................................................................242 13 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 8.1.2 t cellpadding A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) ..............................................................243 8.1.3 t cellspacing A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) (Deprecated )...............................................................245 8.1.4 t width A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated) (Deprecated )........................................................................246 8.1.5 t align A¨vwUª weDU ............................................................................................... .................................................................... ...........................249 249 8.1.5.1 t left ....................................................................................................249 8.1.5.2 t center ................................................................................................251 8.1.5.3 t right ..................................................................................................252 8.1.6 t bgcolor A¨vwUª weDU ........................................................................... ................253 8.2 t <tr> Bwj‡g›U ..............................................................................................................255 8.2.1 t align A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) .........................................................................257 8.2.2 t bgcolor A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) ....................................................................259 8.3 t <td> Bwj‡g›U .............................................................................................................261 8.3.1 t align A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) ........................................................................264 8.3.2 t bgcolor A¨vwUª weDU (Deprecated) (Deprecated )....................................................................265 8.3.3 t colspan A¨vwUª weDU .......................................................................................... ..................................................... .....................................267 267 8.3.4 t rowspan A¨vwUª weDU .........................................................................................269 .................................................................... .....................269 8.4 t <th> Bwj‡g›U .............................................................................................................271 Aa¨vq-9 t GBPwUGgGj dg© ..............................................................................................276 9.1 t <form> Bwj‡g›U .........................................................................................................275 9.1.1 t action A¨vwUª weDU ..................................................................................... ........................ ....................................................................278 .......278 9.1.2 t method A¨vwUª weDU ...........................................................................................2 .................................................................. .........................280 80 9.1.3 t target A¨vwUª weDU .............................................................................................282 ................................................................................. ............282 9.2 t <input> Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................................284 9.2.1 t type A¨vwUª weDU ............................................................................................. ............................................................. ...................................284 ...284 9.2.1.1 t text f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ...........................................................................284 .............................................................. .............284 9.2.1.1.1 t size A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ...........................................................286 .................................................... .......286 9.2.1.1.2 t value A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ........................................................287 ............................... .........................287 9.2.1.2 t password f¨vwjD Gi eënvi .................................................................288 ......................................................... ........288 9.2.1.2.1 t size A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ...........................................................289 ....................................................... ....289 9.2.1.2.2 t value A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ........................................................290 ....................... .................................290 9.2.1.3 t checkbox f¨vwjD Gi eënvi .................................................................290 .......................................... .......................290 9.2.1.3.1 t value A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ........................................................290 .............................................. ..........290 9.2.1.4 t radio f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ........................................................................292 ................................................................ ........292 9.2.1.4.1 t name A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ........................................................293 ............................................... .........293 9.2.1.4.2 t value A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ........................................................294 ........................... .............................294 9.2.1.5 t file f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ...........................................................................296 ............................................ ...............................296 9.2.1.6 t reset f¨vwjD Gi eënvi .........................................................................296 ................................................................ .........296 14 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 9.2.1.6.1 t value A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ........................................................297 ............................. ...........................297 9.2.1.7 t submit f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ......................................................................297 ................................................................... ...297 9.2.1.7.1 t value A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ........................................................299 ............................................ ............299 9.2.2 t <label> Bwj‡g›U .............................................................................................300 .............................................................................................300 9.2.2.1 t for A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ........................................................................302 ........................................................... .............302 9.2.3 t <select> Bwj‡g›U ............................................................................................302 ............................................................................................302 9.2.3.1 t multiple A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ...............................................................303 .............................. .................................303 9.2.4 t <option> Bwj‡g›U ...........................................................................................305 9.2.4.1 t disabled A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi ...............................................................307 ...................................................... .........307 Aa¨vq-10 t GBPwUGgGj Kvjvi .......................................................................................310 10.1 t GBPwUGgGj Kvjvi .....................................................................................................311 10.2 t Kvjvi Gi eënvi ........................................................................................................311 10.2.1 t Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg ) eënvi K‡i : : ........................................................311 10.2.2 t t RGB Code eënvi K‡i ...............................................................................311 ...............................................................................311 10.2.3 t Hex (Hexadecimal) †KvW eënvi K‡i t ..........................................................312 Aa¨vq-11 t GBPwUGgGj GbwUwU (Entities) ...................................................................315 11.1 t GBPwUGgGj GbwUwU (Entities) ....................................................................................316 11.1.1 t GbwUwU Gi eënvi ............................................................................................316 Aa¨vq-12 t GBPwUGgGj wgwWqv (Media) ......................................................................320 12.1 t <audio rel="nofollow"> Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................................321 12.1.1 t src A¨vwUª weDU .............................................................................................. ........................................................ ........................................321 ..321 12.1.2 t controls A¨vwUª weDU .............................................................................. .................................... ...................................................322 .........322 12.1.3 t loop A¨vwUª weDU ............................................................................................. .......................................................... ...................................324 324 12.1.4 t autoplay A¨vwUª weDU ...................................................................................... ............................ ..........................................................325 325 12.2 t <video> Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................................326 ......................................................................................................326 12.2.1 t src A¨vwUª weDU ............................................................................................... .................................................................. .............................327 327 12.2.2 t controls A¨vwUª weDU ........................................................................................ ....................................................... .................................327 327 12.2.3 t loop A¨vwUª weDU ..............................................................................................329 ................................................................................. .............329 12.2.4 t autoplay A¨vwUª weDU ....................................................................................... .............................................................. .........................331 331 12.2.5 t width A¨vwUª weDU ..................................................................................... ............................................. ...............................................332 .......332 12.2.6 t height A¨vwUª weDU ........................................................................................... ................................................................ ...........................333 333 12.2.7 t muted A¨vwUª weDU ........................................................................................... ................................................................ ...........................334 334 12.2.8 t poster A¨vwUª weDU ........................................................................................... .......................................................... .................................335 335 12.3 t <source> Bwj‡g›U ....................................................................................................336 ....................................................................................................336 12.3.1 t <src> A¨vwUª weDU ............................................................................................ ........................................................... .................................336 336 12.3.2 t <type> A¨vwUª weDU .........................................................................................337 .................................................................... .....................337 Aa¨vq-13 t GBPwUGgGj MÖ“ “ wcs (Grouping)..................................................................340 15 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 13.1 t <div> Bwj‡g›U ..........................................................................................................341 13.1.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................341 ...................................................................................... .......341 13.1.2 t id A¨vwUª weDU ......................................................................................... ................................................. .................................................344 .........344 13.1.3 t class A¨vwUª weDU ............................................................................................. .......................................................... ...................................347 347 13.2 t Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................348 13.2.1 t class A¨vwUª weDU ...................................................................................... ........................................ .....................................................348 .......348 Aa¨vq-14 t GBPwUGgGj †nW (Head) ............................................................................349 14.1 t <head> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................351 14.2 t <title> Bwj‡g›U .........................................................................................................351 14.3 t <meta> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................352 14.3.1 t name A¨vwUª weDU ....................................................................................... ................................................. ...........................................352 .....352 14.3.2 t content A¨vwUª weDU ......................................................................................... ........................................................ .................................354 354 14.4 t <style> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................355 14.4.1 t type A¨vwUª weDU .............................................................................................. ............................................................................. .................356 356 Aa¨vq-15 t GBPwUGgGj cÖ ‡R± (cÖ ‡R± ) ...........................................................................358 15.1 t Project-1 (Two Column Layout with a Header and a Footer) ..............................359 15.2 t Project-2 (Three Column Layout with Header, Navigation bar and Footer) ........361 15.3 t Project-3 (Creating a Index Page) .........................................................................364 15.4 t Project-4 (Creating a Page using List) ..................................................................367 15.5 t Project-5 (Use of Images in Table in a Page) .......................................................374 15.6 t Project-6 (Uses of Images and Paragraph in Table in a Page) .............................378 15.7 t Project-7 (Creating a Registration Page) ..............................................................382 15.8 t Project-8 (Creating a Login Page) ........................................................................385 15.9 t Project-9 (Creating a Full Website) ......................................................................388 Aa¨vq-1 16 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 HTML) GBPwUGgGj ( HTML) wb‡q cÖ wb‡q cÖ v_wgK Av‡jvPbv 17 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 1.1 t GBPwUGgGj t GBPwUGgGj (HTML) Kx t nvBcvi‡U·U gvK© Avc j¨vs¸‡qR (HyperText Markup Language) Gi msw¶ ß iƒc n‡‛Q GBPwUGgGj (HTML)| GwU †Kvb †cÖ vMÖ vwgs j¨vs¸‡qR bq, GwU g~ jZ GKwU gvK© Avc j¨vs¸‡qR| cÖ Kvk Kivi HTML •Zwii c~ ‡e© ) Kw¤úDUvi ¸‡jv‡Z †Kvb †jLv‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖ Kvk Hyper : AwZ cy i‡bv ( HTML Rb¨ †jLvi wb‡P †iLv Uvbv Uvbv nZ| wKš‘ eZ© eZ© gv‡b ïay †iLv †iLv B bq, "Hyper" Gi gva¨‡g eënviKvixiv GLb Ab¨ †Kvb I‡qe‡cBR G cÖ‡ek Ki‡ZI m¶g n‡‛Q|   Text:Text ej‡Z g~ jZ Avgiv hv co‡Z cvwi| GwU †Kvb kã ev k‡ãi mgwó‡K ey Svq| ‡qvRbxq cwieZ© b mvab Ki‡Z eëüZ c×wZB n‡‛Q 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Pvj, Wvj, cvwb BZ¨vw`| Kb‡UBbvi Gme wKQz aviY ( contain) contain) K‡i| Avi aviYK… Z Pvj, Wvj, cvwb n‡‛Q D³ Kb‡UBbvi Gi Kb‡U›U (Contents)| wVK †Zgwb, GLv‡b Kb‡UBbvi n‡‛Q Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡cR Avi Kb‡UBbvi Gi g‡a¨ _vKv Pvj,Wvj, cvwb BZ¨vw` hveZxq Kb‡U›U n‡‛Q I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ †U·U, B‡gR, AwWD, wfwWD BZ¨vw`| I‡qe‡cR Gi Kb‡U›U mg~ n )| wPÎ : 2.4.1 ( I‡qe‡cR 2.5 t HTML G·‡Ubkb (Extension) Kw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ cÖ wZwU dvBj, wewfbœ †cÖ vMÖ vwgs j¨vs¸‡qR Gi wbR¯^ G·‡Ubkb/dig¨vU G·‡Ubkb/dig¨vU i‡q‡Q| G·‡Ubkb ej‡Z GKwU dvBj †h bv‡g †mf Kiv n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K ey Svq| †hgb t- wewfbœ wewfbœ wfwWI dvB‡ji G·‡Ubkb t AwWI dig¨v‡Ui Mvb Gi G·‡Ubkb t ".mp3, .amr, ".avi, .vod. .dat, .mp4" BZ¨vw` n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ AwWI .wav" BZ¨vw` n‡q _v‡K| Avevi wewfbœ †cÖ vMÖ vwgs j¨vs¸‡qR †hgb t - wcGBPwcÔi wcGBPwcÔi G·‡Ubkb n‡‛Q ".php", JavaScript †cÖ vMÖ vwgs j¨vs¸‡qR Gi G·‡Ubkb n‡‛Q ".js"| wVK †Zgwb HTML j¨vs¸‡qR Gi G·‡Ubkb n‡‛Q ".html"| G·‡Ubkb e¨vwZZ A_ev G·‡Ubkb cwieZ© b n‡j †Kvb fv‡eB D³ dvBj KvR Ki‡e bv| †hgb t †Kvb AwWI dvB‡ji G·‡Ubkb cwieZ© b K‡i hw` B‡gR dig¨vU dvB‡ji G·‡Ubkb ".jpg, .gif, .png" †`qv nq, Zvn‡j †hgb D³ AwWI dvBj KvR Ki‡e bv, wVK †Zgwb HTML Gi G·‡Ubkb cwieZ© b K‡i hw` ".php" ivLv nq, Zvn‡j GwU I KvR Ki‡e bv| my Zivs G·‡Ubkb AwZ ¸i‚ Z¡c~ c~Y©Y welq| © welq| 26 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 2.6 t HTML GwWUi GBPwUGgGj †KvW wjLvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì GKwU †U·U GwWUi cÖ ‡qvRb cÖ ‡qvRb n‡e, †hgb - Notepad, Notepad ++, wewfbœ ai‡bi ai‡bi IDE (Integrated Development Environment) Text Editor BZ¨vw`| GQvov, eZ© gv‡b Software †hgb:- ( Macromedia Macromedia Dreamweaver, Adobe Dreamweaver BZ¨vw` ) i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv eënvi K‡i mnR I ¯^ í mg‡q †cÖ vMÖ vg †jLv hvq| g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWª gI‡qfvi eënvi K‡i Abvqv‡mB A‡bK AvKl© bxq I‡qemvBU I‡q emvBU •Zwi Kiv hvq| g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWª gI‡qfvi wWª gI‡qfvi eënvi K‡i I‡qemvBU •Zwi Kiv wkL‡Z PvB‡j †jL‡Ki †jLv ÔÔg¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWª gI‡qfviÕÕ eBwU msMÖ n K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWª gI‡qfvi ) wPÎ : 2.6.1 ( wPÎ : 2.6.2 (Notepad Editor) 27 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 2.7 t HTML dvBj Gi e¨vwmK MVb GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi GKwU wbR¯^ •ewkó¨/MVb •ewkó¨/MVb c×wZ i‡q‡Q| †mB MVb/wbqg Aby mv‡i GBPwUGgGj dvBj wjL‡Z nq| Gi evB‡i GBPwUGgGj dvBj dvBj KvR Ki‡e bv| wb‡P GKwU GBPwUGgGj GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi e¨vwmK MVb c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj wPÎ : 2.7.1 ( HTML MVb )| HTML dvBj Gi e¨vwmK MVb ïi‚ Ki‡Z ïi‚ Ki‡Z nq <html> ( html G es †kl † kl Ki‡Z nq </html> wbs U¨vM ) w`‡q, Ges html Gi I‡c U¨vM, (html Gi †K¬ vwRs U¨vM ) w`‡q| GB html Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬ vwRs U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ Avgv‡ì Ab¨vb¨ mg¯— U¨vM, Kb‡U›U _vK‡e| html Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬ vwRs U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb avb †h `yÕwU ÕwU †mKkb _vK‡e, G¸‡jv nj t head †mKkb Ges body †mKkb | head †mKkb Gi wfZi †cR m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Bbdi‡gkb, †cR Gi wk‡ivbvg, wewfbœ w¯Œ w¯ŒÞ, ÷vBj BZ¨vw` welqmg~ n †hvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| head †mKkb‡K body nIqvi Av‡MB body †mKkb ïi‚ nIqvi †K¬ vR Ki‡Z n‡e| head †mKkb wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ© x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi Avgiv Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡c‡R †h mKj wKQz ( †U·U, †U·U, B‡gR, d¬ ¨vk BZ¨vw` ) †`L‡Z cvB, Zvi meB body †mKkb Gi g‡a¨ D‡j - L Av‡i v GKwU welq j¶¨bxq †h, †h U¨vM mevi Av‡M ïi‚ n‡q‡Q, ïi‚ n‡q‡Q, †mwU mevi c‡i G‡m †kl K i‡Z nq| GLv‡b Av‡iv n‡q‡Q| G mKj welq¸‡jv Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ© x‡Z cÖ ¨vKwUK¨vjx †`L‡Z cv‡ev| cÖ wZwU HTML dvBj 2.8 t HTML G cÖ_g _g †cÖ vMÖ vg †jLv GZ¶ b Avgiv GBPwUGgGj Gi yLu wUbvwU welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| GLb GmKj welq¸‡jv eënvi K‡i GBPwUGgGj G Avgiv Avgv‡ì cÖ _g _g †cÖ vMÖvg wj‡L Zv eª vDRv‡i ivb K‡i †`L‡ev| Pjy b, Zvn‡j ïi‚ Kiv Kiv hvK . . avc-1 t †bvUc¨vW I‡cb Kiv GRb¨ cÖ_‡g _‡g Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii Start †gby ¨ †_‡K Run G wK¬ K Ki‚ b| 28 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 Start wPÎ : 2.8.1 ( Start Run G wK¬ K Kiv )| †_‡K ( Window A_ev, Kx-†evW© †_‡K b| Window evUb + R) †cÖ m Ki‚ †_‡K Window key + R †cÖ m Kiv )| wPÎ : 2.8.2 ( Kx-†evW© †_‡K GLb wb‡Pi g‡Zv GKwU WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| wPÎ : 2.8.3 ( ivb WvqvjM e· )| Gevi Open Gi cv‡ki †U·U wd‡ì "notepad" UvBc Ki‚ b Ges Ok evU‡b wK¬ K Ki‚ b| 29 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †U·U wd‡ì notepad UvBc K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiv )| wPÎ : 2.8.4 ( †U·U Zvn‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv GKwU †bvUc¨vW †bvUc¨vW I‡cb n‡e| †bvUc¨vW I‡cb nIqv )| wPÎ : 2.8.5 ( †bvUc¨vW avc- 2 t HTML dvB ‡j †KvW † jLv Gevi AvMZ †bvUc¨v‡W wb‡Pi g‡Zv HTML †KvW/U¨vM wjwL| †cÖ vMÖ vg bs 1 ( p1.html) p1.html) HTML G cÖ_g _g †cÖ vMÖ vg †jLv| <html> <head> <title> This is my first HTML Program ;) Hellow World !!

30

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Aa¨vq-15

wPÎ : 2.8.6 ( Notepad G HTML †KvW †jLv )|

avc-3 t dvBj †mf Kiv

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wPÎ : 2.8.7 ( File File

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1 2

wPÎ : 2.8.8 ( .html G·‡Ubkb eënvi K‡i html dvBj Gi bvg † jLv )| 31

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wPÎ : 2.8.11 ( dvBj Gi wW‡i±wi )|

Gevi †h dvBjwU wKQz ¶b Av‡M †mf K‡i‡Qb, †mwU †Kvb GKwU eª vDRvi w`‡q I‡cb Ki‚ b| GRb¨ dvBjwUi Dci gvDm Gi Wvb evUb wK¬ K Ki‚ b| Zvici Open With Ges GLvb †_‡K AvMZ †h †Kvb GKwU eª vDRvi eª vDRvi †hgb t- Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera BZ¨vw` ) Gi bv‡gi Dci ( †hgb wK¬ K Ki‚ b, †h¸‡jv Avcbvi Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i Bb÷j Kiv Av‡Q | eª vDRvi Gi Dci wbf© i K‡i KvR K‡i| G m¤ú‡ K© Avgiv we t `ªt GBP wUGgGj Gi A‡bK U¨vM, A¨vwUª weDU - eª cieZ© x Aa¨vq ¸‡jv‡Z we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|

GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi AvDUcy U †`Lvi Rb¨ eªvDRvi wm‡j± Kiv ) wPÎ : 2.8.12 ( GBPwUGgGj )| Gevi wb‡Pi g‡Zv Avcbvi •ZwiK… Z GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`L‡Z cv‡eb| 33

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HTML dvBj Gi AvDUcy U wPÎ : 2.8.13 ( HTML )|

†KvW we‡k - - lY lY t

Rvb‡ ev| GLb Avgiv GB HTML dvBj Gi cÖ wZwU U¨vM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ Avgv‡ì HTML dvBjwU ( html ïi‚ n‡q‡Q Ges †kl n‡q‡Q html Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM ) w`‡q ïi‚ n‡q‡Q (html Gi †K¬ vwRs U¨vM ) eënvi K‡i| A_© vr wbqgvby mv‡i Ges U¨vM Gi wfZi Ab¨vb¨ U¨vM I Kb‡U›U eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Gi ci U¨vM eën vi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mKkb Gi wfZi wewfbœ ÷vBj, ÷vBj, w¯ŒÞ eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wbqgvby mv‡i head †mKkb‡K ( ) body U¨vM ïi‚ nIqvi nIqvi Av‡MB †K¬ vR †K¬ vR Kiv n‡q‡Q| head †mKkb wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ© x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†mKk‡bi wfZi bv‡g GKwU U¨vM eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB U¨vMwU I‡qe‡c‡Ri UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg aviY K‡i| UvB‡Uj U¨vM eënvi K‡i cieZ© x‡Z Avgiv cÖ ¨vKwUK¨vjx A‡bK KvR †`L‡ev| <head> <title> This is my first HTML Program ;) This is my first HTML HT ML Program ;)

wb‡P eª vDRv‡i UvB‡Uj U¨vM Gi AvDUcy U †`Lv‡bv nj t 34

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wPÎ : 2.8.14 ( UvB‡Uj U¨vM Gi AvDUcy U )|

Dc‡i wPwýZ RvqMvUz Kz Title U¨vM Gi wfZi †jLv, hv eª vDRvi Gi UvB‡Uj As‡k cÖ `wk© Z n‡‛Q| K‡iwQ| Avgiv †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡R hv wKQz Avgiv U¨vM Gi KvR ïi‚ K‡iwQ| U¨vM †K¬ vR Kivi ci Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB ( Kb‡U›U ), Zvi me wKQz B GB U¨vM Gi wfZi wjL‡Z nq| †hgb t -Hellow World!! †jLvwU‡K I‡qe‡c‡R cÖ `k© b Kivi Ki vi Rb¨ R b¨ Avgiv Avgi v GwU‡K U¨vM Gi wfZi wW‡K¬ qvi wj‡LwQ| I‡qe‡c‡Ri GmKj Kb‡U›U‡K wbqš¿b Kivi Rb¨ HTML G A‡bK U¨vM A‡bK U¨vM eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Av‡¯— Av‡ Av‡¯— Av‡ ¯ — Avgiv Avgiv G mKj welq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev| Rvb‡ev| " Hellow World !! " This is my first HTML Program ;) Hellow World !!

wPÎ : 2.8.15 ( U¨vM Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvi AvDUcU )| 35

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2.9 t Bb‡W‡›Ukb (Indention) †cÖ vMÖ vg †jLvi mgq wbw`© ó ¯’ v‡b du vKv ( Avwg GLv‡b PviwU K‡i †¯úm eënvi K‡iwQ - G KvRwU Avcwb mn‡R †_‡K Tab evUb eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib ) †i‡L †i‡L †cÖvMÖ vwgs‡q †mŠ›`h© /¯úóZv e„ w× KivB n‡‛Q Kivi Rb¨ Kx- †evW© †_‡K Indentation. †hgb t Dc‡ii GBPwUGgGj dvBjwU‡Z Indentation eënvi K‡i dvBjwU wj‡LwQ| Avwg hw` Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi bvI KiZvg, ZeyI Avgvi dvBjwU KvR Ki‡Zv| wKš‘ , Avcwb GKRb fv‡jv I‡qe wWRvBbvi/†W‡fjcvi/†cÖ vMÖ vgvi - Ab¨ Ab¨ †Kvb †cÖ vMÖ vgvi Gi Kv‡Q Gi Kv‡Q Avcbvi `¶Zv Avcwb †cÖ vMÖ vg wjLvi gva¨‡g cÖ Kvk cÖ Kvk Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ZvQvov A‡bK mgq †cÖ †c vMÖ Ö vwgs‡q Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi bv Kivi Kvi‡b Kvi ‡b A‡b‡K B›UviwfD †_‡KI ev` c‡o hvq| †h‡Kvb fv‡jv Af¨v‡mi g‡Zv †cÖ vMÖ †cÖ vMÖ vwgs‡q Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi KivUvI mgq mva¨ mgq mva¨ e¨vcvi| Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ vgwU‡Z Avwg Avwg †jLvq †Kvb Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi Kwiwb, KviY html U¨vM GBPwUGgGj dvB‡ji cÖ_g/cÖ _g/cÖavb avb Ask|

wKš‘, head Ges body †mKkb eënvi Gi mgq Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi K‡iwQ, KviY G¸‡jv html Gi GK GKwU Bwj‡g›U (A_©vr, GLv‡b cÖavb avb Bwj‡g›U, Avi Ges n‡‛Q Gi Bwj‡g›U )|

UvB‡Uj U¨vM wU ‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v Bb‡b›Ukb eënvi K‡i wj‡LwQ| KviY, title n‡‛Q head Avevi †nW †mKkb Gi wfZi UvB‡Uj Gi Bwj‡g›U| Bwj‡g›U wb‡q Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ© c ieZ© x‡Z we¯— vwiZ Av ‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| This is my first HTML Program;)

wVK †Zgwb, Gi wfZ‡ii Hellow World!! †jLvwU‡Z Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi K‡iwQ| KviY, Hellow World!! Gi Kb‡U›U| Hellow World!!

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2.10 t GBPwUG gGj K‡g›U (Comments) K‡g›Um Gi K_v ïb‡j nq‡Zv ev †dmey K †dmey K K‡g›U Gi K_v g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| welqwU w elqwU Avm‡j Zv bv| †dmey K †dmey K K‡g›U †Kej Avcbvi Avcbvi eySvi my weav‡_©| Gi g‡Zv GwU eª vDRv‡i cÖ `wk© Z nq bv| GBPwUGgGj G K‡g›U eënvi Ki‡eb †Kej g‡b Ki‚b, AvR Avcbvi •Zwi Kiv GKwU GB PwUGgGj †cBR/†cÖ vMÖ vg/WKz ‡g›U - AvR AvR †_‡K AvMvgx 6 gvm ci Gi wewfbœ †KvW †KvW Gi eënvi bvI ey S‡Z cv‡ib| G‡¶‡Î †KvW Gi cv‡k K‡g›U eënvi K‡i GB mgm¨v †_‡K gy w³ †c‡Z cv‡ib| ZvQvov A‡bK mgq I‡qe‡cR wWRvBb/†W‡fjc‡g›U Gi †¶‡Î GKvwaK wWRvBbvi/†W‡fjcvi GKmv‡_ KvR K‡i _v‡Kb, ZLb Avcbvi †cÖ vMÖ †cÖ vMÖ vgwU Ab¨vb¨ wWRvBbvi Gi ey Svi my weav‡_©I K‡g›U eënv‡ii cÖ ‡qvRb n‡q _v‡K|

2.10.1 t K‡g›U (Comments) Gi eënvi GBPwUGgGj G K‡g›U eënvi Kivi Rb¨ K‡g›U (!--) U¨vM eëüZ nq| †h †jLv‡K K‡g›U Gi wfZ‡i ivL‡Z Pvb, Zvi cÖ _‡g _‡g "" eënvi Ki‡Z nq| A_© vr,

wb‡P GKwU D`vnib Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹ cwi®‹ vi nIqv hvK|

†cÖ vMÖ vg G K‡g›U Gi eënvi )| wPÎ : 2.10.1.1 ( †cÖ

†KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡i Avgiv This is a comment. The Comment line(s) w... jvBbwU‡K jvBbwU‡K K‡g›U U¨vM Gi wfZ‡i †i‡LwQ, †i ‡LwQ, ZvB GwU eª vDRv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡e bv| wKš‘ wb‡Pi wb‡Pi jvBbwU wVKB eª vDRv‡i eª vDRv‡i cÖ `wk©Z n‡e| GLb †cRwU †cR wU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

†cÖ vMÖ v‡g K‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 2.10.1.2 ( †cÖ 37

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2.11 t WKz ‡g›U UvBc wW‡ K¬ q v‡ikb †Kvb GBPwUGgGj †cB‡R Gi WKz ‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬ qvi bv Kiv Kiv n‡j eªvDRvi ey S‡Z cv‡i bv †h, GwU GBPwUGgGj Gi †Kvb fvm©‡b •Zwi| †m‡¶‡Î GBPwUGgGj msµvš— wewfbœ wewfbœ Z_¨B Z_¨B eª vDRvi Gi wbKU †cu ŠQvq bv| WKz ‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kiv Qvov GBPwUGgGj †cBR f¨vwj‡WkbI m¤¢ e bq| ZvB h_vh_ WKz ‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬ qvi Kiv Ri‚ix| WKz ‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬ qvi Kivi Rb¨ GBPwUGgGj Gi eëüZ nq| Z‡e, GwU GBPwUGgGj Gi †Kvb U¨vM bq| GwU GBPwUGgGj †cBR Gi ïi‚‡Z ( _‡g ) D‡j - L Ki‡Z nq| U¨vM Gi cÖ_‡g D`vniY t

wPÎ : 2.11.1 ( WKz ‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬ qv‡ikb )| )|

2.11.1 t HMTL 4.01 fvm© ‡b WKz ‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬ qvi Kiv HTML 4.01 G wZbfv‡e WKz ‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬ qvi Kiv nq|

2.11.1.1 t Strict Dchy ³ WKz ‡g›U dig¨vU GwU| †Kvb †WwcÖ ‡K‡UW U¨vM, A¨vwUª weDU, †d« g‡mU GB GBPwUGgGj 4.01 f vm© ‡b WKz ‡g›U dig¨v‡U eënvi‡hvM¨ bq| GwU †jLvi †jLvi wbqg t

2.11.1.2 t Transitional A‡bK mgq Avcbv‡K Avcbvi I‡qe‡cB‡R †WwcÖ ‡K‡UW †WwcÖ ‡K‡UW A¨vwUª weDU, U¨vM eënv‡ii cÖ ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î GB WKz ‡g›U UvBcwU D‡j - L Ki‡Z nq|

2.11.1.3 t Frameset †d« g‡mU eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡cBR •Zwi‡Z GB WKz ‡g›U UvBcwU D‡j - L Ki‡Z nq|

2.11.2 t HMTL 5 fvm© ‡b WKz ‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kiv HTML 5 G wb‡gœ v³ c×wZ‡Z WKz ‡g›U UvBc D‡j - L Ki‡Z nq|

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bq| we t `ª t t GBPwUGgGj 5 G †Kvb cÖ Kvi †WwcÖ‡K‡UW U¨vM, A¨vwUª weDU mgw_© Z

39

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40

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Aa¨vq-3 HTML Bwj‡g›Um (Elements)

(Elements) 3.1 t HTML Bwj‡g›U (Elements)

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Bwj‡g›U ej‡Z hLb GBPwUGgGj Gi †Kvb U¨vM Gi cwic~Y©Y© eënvi nq, ZLb H cy ‡iv U¨vM Gi eënvi‡K GKwU Bwj‡g›U e‡j| †hgb t -
GKwU U¨vM| hLb GB p U¨vMwUi m¤ú~Y©Y eënv i n‡e, ZLb cy ‡iv welqwU w elqwU wg‡j GwU G wU © eënv n‡e p Bwj‡g›U|

w PÎ : 3.1.1 ( p Bwj‡g›U )| 1) GLv‡b
n‡‛Q I‡cwbs U¨vM n‡‛Q p U¨vM Gi Kb‡U›U 2) This is Paragraph Text Text – – n‡‛Q 3) Ges
n‡‛Q †K¬ vwRs U¨vM

GLb GB cy ‡iv welqwU wg‡j GwU‡K ejv n‡e
Bwj‡g›U| wb‡P Av‡iv wKQz D`vn D`vn iY Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹ cwi®‹ vi nIqv hvK -

wPÎ : 3.1.2 ( h1 h1 Bwj‡g›U )|

wPÎ : 3.1.3 ( html html Bwj‡g›U )| 42

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wPÎ : 3.1.4 ( html, html, body Ges p Bwj‡g›U )|

wPÎ : 3.1.5 ( html, html, body, p Ges a Bwj‡g›U )|

3.1.1 t Bwj‡g›U Gi MVb n‡Z n‡e 1 ) I‡cwbs U¨vM w`‡q ïi‚ n‡Z 2 ) †K¬ vwRs U¨vM eënvi K‡i †kl Ki‡Z n‡e U¨vM/Bwj‡g›U A_ev Kb‡U›U _vK‡e 3 ) I‡cwbs Ges †K¬ vwRs U¨vM Gi wfZi Ab¨vb¨ U¨vM/Bwj‡g›U †hgb t - hr, br, img BZ¨vw` ) I‡cwbs U¨vM Gi wfZiB †K¬ vR Ki‡Z n‡e 4 ) G¤úwU Bwj‡g›U‡K ( †hgb
,
, )| (
, , BZ¨vw`| 43

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3.1.2 t †b‡óW GBPwUGgGj Bwj‡g›U (Nested HTML Elements) cÖ wZwU GBPwUGgGj WKz ‡g›U/†cBR AmsL¨ Bwj‡g›U Gi mgš^ ‡q MwVZ| GBPwUGgGj G BPwUGgGj Gi cÖ vq cÖ wZwU Bwj‡g›U Aci †Kvb Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY K‡i aviY K‡i Ges hLb †Kvb Bwj‡g›U Aci †Kvb Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY K‡i _v‡K, ZLb cy ‡iv cy ‡iv welqwU‡K Nested Element ( GKvwaK GKvwaK Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi ) ejv n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P wKQz D`vniY D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹ vi nIqv hvK|

wPÎ : 3.1.2.1 (Nested Element - )|

GLv‡b Bw j‡g›UwU Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q| wPÎ : 3.1.2.2 ( Nested Element - <head> )| GLv‡b <head> Bwj‡g›UwU <meta> Ges <title> Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q| wPÎ : 3.1.2.3 ( Nested Element - <body> <bod y> )| 44 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 GLv‡b <body> Bwj‡g›UwU Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q| wPÎ : 3.1.2.4 (Nested Element - <body>)| GLv‡b <body> Bwj‡g›UwU <h1> Ges Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q| wPÎ : 3.1.2.5 (Nested Element - <html>)| GLv‡b <html> Bwj‡g›UwU <body>, <h1> Ges Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q| 3.1.3 t HTML Gi cÖavb avb Bwj‡g›Umg~n n cÖ wZwU GBPwUGgGj †cBR •Zwi‡Z cÖavb avb PviwU Bwj‡g›U eëüZ nq, †h¸‡jv bv n‡jB bq| GB Bwj‡g›U¸‡jv n‡jv t 1. 2. 3. 4. <html> <head> <title> <body> 45 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 3.1.3.1 t <html> Element †Kvb GBPwUGgGj WKz ‡g›U/†cBR Gi cÖavb avb Bwj‡g›U n‡‛Q GB <html> Bwj‡g›U| GBPwUGgGj †cB‡Ri — Bwj‡g›U/Kb‡U›U GB Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ Ae¯’ vb K ‡i (!DOCTYPE ev‡` )| GBPwUGgGj Gi I‡cwbs mg¯ — Bwj‡g›U/Kb‡U›U U¨vM‡K mevi cÖ_‡g _‡g (!DOCTYPE Gi c‡i) Ges †K¬ vwRs U¨vM‡K mevi †k‡l wjL‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î G‡¶ ‡Î Avgiv Avgi v †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW †KvW (Source Code) †`‡LI welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi n‡Z cvwi| †mvm© †KvW †KvW †`Lv t †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW †KvW †`Lvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g _‡g I‡qe‡c‡Ri †h †Kvb RvqMvq gvD‡mi Wvb evUb wK¬ K wK¬ K Ki‚ b| AZtci AvMZ Ackb¸‡jv †_‡K "View Page Source" †jLvwUi Dci wK¬ K Ki‚ b| I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW †`Lvi Rb¨ †c‡Ri Dci gvD‡mi Wvb evUb wK¬ K wK¬ K Kiv ) wPÎ : 3.1.3.1.1 ( I‡qe‡c‡Ri )| Gevi wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv GB †cRwUi †mvm© †KvW P‡j Avm‡e| 46 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 G P GgGj Gi I‡c bs ¨vM Rs ¨vM G P GgGj Gi †K¬ v Rs †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW †KvW †`Lv )| wPÎ : 3.1.3.1.2 ( †Kvb 3.1.3.2 t <head> Element †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri wk‡ivbvg, I‡qe‡cR msµvš— wewfbœ msµvš— wewfbœ Z_¨vewj, Z_¨vewj, wewfbœ CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) Style, Javascript †KvW <head> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi wjL‡Z nq| <head> Bwj‡g›U‡K <html> I‡cwbs U¨vM Gi c‡i - ïi‚ ïi‚ Ges ïi‚ nIqvi c~ ‡e©- †kl Ki‡Z nq Ges <head> Bwj‡g›U Ges <body> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM ïi‚ nIqvi Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬ vwRs U¨vM (<head> </head>) Gi wfZi <head> Bwj‡g›U Gi Ab¨vb¨ Bwj‡g›U,Dcv`vb (<title>, <meta>, <base> BZ¨vw` ) wjL‡Z nq| wb‡P GKwU D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹ vi nIqv hvK t 47 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 <html> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM <head> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM U¨vM <head> Gi †K¬ vwRs U¨vM <body> Gi U¨vM I‡cwbs U¨vM wPÎ : 3.1.3.2.1 (<head> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi )| Bwj‡g›Umg~ n t <head> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi eëüZ Ab¨vb¨ Bwj‡g›Umg~  <title>  <style>  <base>  <link>  <meta>  <script> Ges  <noscript> Gme welq mg~ n m¤ú‡K© Avgiv Avgiv eB‡qi c i eZ© x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev| 3.1.3.3 t <title> Element I‡qe‡cR Gi UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg Gi Rb¨ <title> Bwj‡g›UwU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| UvB‡Uj‡K ( UvB‡Uj Bwj‡g›U ) †Kvb m¤ú~Y©Y© I‡qe‡cBR Dc¯’ Dc¯’ vcb Kivi gva¨g wn‡m‡eI AvL¨vwqZ AvL¨vwq Z Kiv nq| UvB‡Uj †`‡L † Kvb GKRb wfwRUi ey S‡Z cv‡ib cv‡ ib †h, †h, GwU Avm‡j †Kvb ai‡Yi I‡qemvBU| ZvQvov, mvP© BwÄb BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb ( GmBI GmBI ) Gi †¶‡ÎI UvB‡Uj Bwj‡g›U AZ¨š— ¸i‚Z¡c~ c~Y©Y© f~ wgKv cvjb K‡i| I‡qe‡c‡Ri UvB‡Uj eënv‡i wewfbœ †KŠkj eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi I‡qemvB‡U Ggb wewfbœ †KŠkj †KŠkj eënvi K‡i I‡qemvBU‡K mvP© BwÄb BwÄb †iRv‡ëi kx‡l© wb‡q wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ †jL‡Ki ÔÔmvP© BwÄb BwÄb AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ Ges ÔÔA¨vWfvÝW mvP© BwÄb BwÄb AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ eB `yÕwU ÕwU msMÖ n K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri UvB‡Uj eª vDRv‡ii eª vDRv‡ii mevi Dc‡i cÖ `wk© Z nq| wb‡Pi wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t 48 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 I‡qe‡c‡Ri UvB‡ Uj )| wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1 ( I‡qe‡c‡Ri 3.1.3.3.1 t <title> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi t <title> Bwj‡g›U‡K GBPwUGgGj †cB‡Ri <head> †mKkb Gi wfZi wjL‡Z nq| wb‡P GKwU D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g UvB‡Uj Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t <title> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.1 ( <title> )| 49 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 AvDUcy U t wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.2 ( <title> <title> Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i AvDUcy U †`Lv )| wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.3 ( <title> <title> Bwj‡g›U‡K <head> †mKk‡bi wfZi ivLv )| †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii HTML dvBjwU‡Z Avgiv <title> Bwj‡g›U‡K wbqgvby mv‡i <head> †mKkb Gi wfZi †i‡LwQ| <title> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi †c‡Ri Rb¨ UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg wjLv ) wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.4 ( <title> )| I‡qe‡c‡R Avgiv †h †jLvwU‡K UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg wn‡m‡e cÖ `k© cÖ `k© b Kiv‡Z Pvw‛Q, †mwU‡K (<title> Bwj‡g›U ) Gi wfZi ivLv n‡q‡Q| 50 <title> Ges

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3.1.3.4 t Element Avgiv †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri g‡a¨ hv wKQz w KQz †`L‡Z †`L‡Z cvB ( B‡gR, AwWI, wfwWI, †U·U, wjsK BZ¨vw` ), Zv me wKQz B wb‡P GKwU D`vnib Gi gva¨‡g welqwU welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹ cwi¯‹vi nIqv hvK GB Bwj‡g›U Gi Aš—f© ~ ³|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1 ( Bwj‡g›U Gi Dcv`vbmg~ n )|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î gvK© Kiv Kiv cÖwZwU Ask, A_© vr †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡R `„ k¨gvb mKj wKQ z B Bwj‡g›U Gi Aš— f~ ³| ©

3.1.3.4.1 t Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi t Bwj‡g›U‡K GBPwUGgGj †cB‡Ri Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM () Gi c‡i -I‡cb Ges Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ mKj Gi †K¬ vwRs U¨vM (< / html>) html>) Gi c~ ‡e©- †K¬ vR Ki‡Z nq Ges I‡qe‡c‡R cÖ `k© ‡bi Bwj‡g›U, K b‡U›U‡K Bwj‡g›U Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬ vwRs U¨vM (< body> . . . . . ) Gi wfZi

ivL‡Z nq| wb‡P GKwU D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g ewW Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

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wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1 ( Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi )|

AvDUcy U t Dc‡ii dvBjwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

Contents

Kb‡U›Umg~ n eª vDRv‡i cÖ `wk© Z nIqv ) wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.2 ( Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡ii Kb‡U›Umg~ )| 52

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†KvW we‡ k - - lb lb t

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.3 ( Bwj‡g›U Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬ vwRs U¨vM )|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î w P‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv † `Lv hv‡e †h, Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM‡K U¨vM‡K Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi c‡i Ges wjLv n‡q‡Q| Gi †K¬ vwRs U¨vM‡K Gi †K¬ vwRs U¨vM Gi c~ ‡e© wjLv

I‡qemvB‡Ui Kb‡U›U‡K Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬ vwRs U¨vM Gi wfZi ivLv ) wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.4 ( I‡qemvB‡Ui )| GLv‡b I‡qemvB‡U cÖ `k© ‡bi Rb¨ Kb‡U›Umg~ n‡K Bw j‡g›U Gi wfZi †jLv n‡q‡Q| 53

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3.1.3.4.1.1 t Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUª weDU A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi GBPwUGgGj Gi ewW Bwj‡g›U G wb‡gœ v³ A¨vwUª weDU¸‡jv eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| 

alink



background



bgcolor



link



text Ges



vlink

3.1.3.4.1.1.1 t alink ß "active link" Gi msw¶

iƒc n‡‛Q "alink". GB A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i wjs‡Ki Kvjvi wba© viY K‡i †`qv w js‡Ki Dci Dc i wK¬ K K‡i, ZLb GB A¨vwUª weDUwU KvR K‡i| A_© vr, nq| wfwRUi hLb I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ †Kvb wjs‡Ki †Kvb wjs‡Ki Dci wK¬ K Kivi mgq "alink" A¨vwUª weDU G eënvi Kiv KvjviwU cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| Value :

gvb alink A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb

wn‡m‡e

Color wba© viY

Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba© viY Kiv

hvq|

Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i 1. Color name (

- †hgbt "green"); 2. RGB (Red, Greeen & Blue) Code - RGB gvb, †hgb t rgb (0,0,0) eënvi K‡i 3. Hex (Hexadecimal) †KvW eënvi K‡i - †hgb t- "#0000FF"|

j Kvjvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GBPwUGg wjLvi wbqg t

wb‡P alink A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-2 ( p2.html) eënvi| p2.html) Bwj‡g›U G alink A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|
W3Schools.com

HTML Tutorial

Note: If using color names, different browsers may render different colors, and Firefox have problems if the attribute va lue is in RGB code (will not display correct color).

Tip: To produce equal results in all browsers, always use hex co de to specify colors.

54

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However, the alink attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict S trict DTD. Use CSS instead.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Gi gva¨‡g alink A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e w n‡m‡e jvj K vjvi eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Avgiv Kvjvi Gi bvg D‡j - L K‡i KvRwU K‡iwQ| PvB‡j RGB A_ev Hexadecimal Code eënvi K‡iI KvRwU Ki‡Z cviZvg| Gi wb‡P
W3Schools.com
Ges
HTML ÕwUi gva¨‡g I‡qe‡c‡R `yÕwU ÕwU wjsK •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ( wjsK wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ© x‡Z Tutorial
jvBb `yÕwUi we¯ —vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q )| GLb †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

GBPwUGgGj †cR‡K eª vDRv‡i †kv Kiv‡b v )| wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.1.1 ( GBPwUGgGj Gevi I‡qe‡c‡R cÖ `wk© Z wjsK `y ÕwUi ÕwUi (W3Schools.com Ges HTML Tutorial) Dci wK¬ K Ki‡j, G¸‡jv KviY, Avgv‡ì A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD jvj is‡qi is‡qi wQj ) aviY Ki‡e| jvj is ( KviY, GLb Avwg hw` HTML Tutorial Tuto rial wjsKwUi Dci wK¬ K Kwi, Zvn‡j †`wL welqwU wK nq !! 55

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wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.1.2 ( HTML HTML Tutorial wjs‡K wK¬ K Kiv )|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶ Kiv Kiv hv‡‛Q †h, HTML Tutorial wjsKwUi Dci wK¬K Kiv‡Z GwU jvj is aviY Ki‡Q | Note : K‡i bv| *) HTML 5 - A¨vwUª weDU mv‡cvU© K‡i GwU‡K Deprecated ( AewPZ ) †Nvlbv Kiv nq| *) HTML 4.01 fvm© ‡b ie‡Z© CSS eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| *) Gi cw

3.1.3.4.1.1.2 t background I‡qe‡c‡Ri e¨vKMÖ vD‡Û B‡gR eënv‡ii Rb¨ GB A¨vwUª weDUwU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Value : background A¨vwUª weDU

Gi f¨vwjD/gvb wn‡m‡e URL (Uniform Resource Locator), A_© vr wjsK eënvi Kiv Ki v nq| A_© vr †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb Avc wb B‡gRwU eënvi Ki‡Z Ki ‡Z Pv‡‛Qb, †mLvbKvi wjsK w jsK GLv‡b D‡ j - L K‡i w`‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î `y B ai‡Yi wjsK eënvi Kiv nq| h_v t 1. Absolute URL : hLb Ab¨ †Kvb I‡qemvB‡Ui wjsK eënvi Kiv nq, ZLb GwU‡K Absolute URL ejv nq| †hgb t (www.anotherwebsite.com/images/body_image.jpeg) 2. Relative URL : hLb GKB I‡qemvB‡Ui †Kvb wjsK eënvi Kiv nq, ZLb GwU‡K Relative URL ejv nq| †hgb t (images/body_image.jpeg) wjsK Ges B‡gR wb‡q Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ© x‡Z we¯— vwiZ Rvb ‡ev| wjLvi wbqg t

wb‡P background A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t 56

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Absolute URL f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i e¨KMÖ vD‡Û B‡gR †mU Kiv t

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-3 (p3.html) Bwj‡g›U G background A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi|
Hello world!

The background attribute was deprecated deprecat ed in HTML 4, and is not supported in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict S trict DTD. Use CSS instead.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g e¨KMÖ vDÛ B‡g‡Ri Rb¨ GKwU Absolute Url "" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GLb †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

‡gR eënvi K‡i †c‡Ri AvDUcy U †`Lv ) wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.2.1 ( e¨vKMÖ vDÛ B )| Dc‡ii wP‡Î "HTML Logo" m¤^ wjZ GKwU B‡gR Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡c‡Ri eëKMÖ vD‡Û †`Lv hv‡‛Q| Relative URL f¨vwjD

eënvi K‡i e¨vKMÖ vD‡Û e¨vKMÖ vD‡Û B‡gR †mU Kiv t

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-4 (p4.html) Bwj‡g›U G background A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi|
Hello Learners!

57

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The background attribute will show a grey color image on Webpage Background.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g e¨vKMÖ vDÛ B‡g‡Ri Rb¨ Background A¨vwUª weDU G GKwU background="images/grey.jpg">" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Relative URL "
GLb †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

e¨vKMÖ vDÛ G B‡gR eënvi K‡i †c‡Ri AvDUcy U †`Lv )| wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.2.2 ( Dc‡ii wP‡Î a~ mi is‡qi GKwU B‡gR Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡c‡Ri eëKMÖ vD‡Û †`Lv hv‡‛Q Note :

K‡i bv| *) HTML 5 - A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i GwU‡K Deprecated ( AewPZ ) †Nvlbv Kiv nq| *) HTML 4.01 fvm© ‡b *) Gi cwie‡Z© CSS eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

3.1.3.4.1.1.3 t bgcolor I‡qe‡c‡Ri e¨vKMÖ vD‡Û Kvjvi eënvi Kivi Rb¨ bgcolor A¨vwUª weDUwU eënvi Kiv nq| Value :

gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba© wba© viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba© wba© viY Kiv bgcolor A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb hvq| Kvjvi G i bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgb t t "green,red,yellow"); 1. Color name ( 2. RGB (Red, Greeen & Blue) Code - RGB gvb, †hgb t rgb(0,0,0) eënvi K‡i

58

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3. Hex (Hexadecimal) †KvW eënvi K‡i - †hgb t- "#0000FF"|

j Kvjvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GBPwUGg

wjLvi wbqg t

wb‡P bgcolor A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t Hex_Code eënvi K‡i e¨KMÖ vDÛ Gi Kvjvi wba© viY Kiv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs - 5 (p5.html) Bwj‡g›U G bgcolor A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi|
Hello world!

Note: If using color names, different browsers may render different colors, and Firefox have problems if the attribute value is in RGB code (will not display correct color).

Tip: To produce equal results in all browsers, always use hex code to specify colors.

However, the bgcolor attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g -I‡qe‡c‡Ri e¨vKMÖ vDÛ G Kvjvi †`qvi Rb¨ "" jvBbwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Brown ( ev`vwg Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ Hex_Code ev`vwg ) KvjviwU wbe© vPb "A52A2A" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Dc‡ii †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

59

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wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.3.1 ( e¨vKMÖ vDÛ G Kvjvi †mU K‡i †c‡Ri AvDUcy U †`Lv ) )| Note : K‡i bv| *) HTML 5 – "bgcolor" "bgcolor" A¨vwUª weDU mv‡cvU© K‡i GwU‡K Deprecated ( AewPZ ) †Nvlbv Kiv nq| *) HTML 4.01 fvm© ‡b Ki v †h‡Z cv‡i| (wmGmGm ( wmGmGm G cÖ ‡dkbvjx KvR *) Gi cwie‡Z© CSS eën vi Kiv

Ki‡Z †jL‡Ki ÔÔwm Gm Gm G m (3)

eBwU msMÖ n K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib)|

3.1.3.4.1.1.4 t link I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ mKj wjsK Gi Kvjvi †mU Kivi Rb¨ GB

link A¨vwUª weDUwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|

Value :

gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba© wba viY © Kiv hvq| wba© v iY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba© link A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb 1. Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgbt "green,red,yellow"); 2. RGB (Red, Greeen & Blue) Code - RGB gvb, †hgb t rgb (0,0,0) eënvi K‡i 3. Hex (Hexadecimal) †KvW eënvi K‡i - †hgb t- "#0000FF"|

x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GBPwUGgj Kv jvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©

wjLvi wbqg t

wb‡P link A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t Color_Name eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡c‡Ri wjsK Gi Kvjvi wba© viY Kiv t 60

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†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-6 (p6.html) Bwj‡g›U G link A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi| eënvi|
BookBD

Facebook


Tip: To produce equal equa l results results in all browsers, bro wsers, always use hex code to specify colors.

However, the link attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g -I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ cÖ wZwU wjsK w jsK Gi Kvjvi wba© viY K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ "" U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b green ( mey Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ jvBbw mey R ) KvjviwU wbe© vPb Color_Name "red" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †cÖ vMÖ vgwU‡Z
BookBD
Ges
Facebook
ÕwU wjsK •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q | ( wjsK wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ© x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv jvBb `y ÕwUi ÕwUi g va¨‡g I‡qe‡c‡R `yÕwU Kiv n‡q‡Q )| GLb †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.4.1 ( Bwj‡g›U G link A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i AvDUcy U †`Lv )| 61

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Dc‡ii wP‡ w P‡ Î j¶ ¨ Ki‡j Ki ‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, Avgv‡ì †c‡R BookBD Ges Facebook bv‡g †h `y wU wjsK eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, jvBbwU eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y †m¸‡jv jvj is‡q cÖ`wk© Z n‡‛Q| Note :

K‡i bv| *) HTML 5 – 5 – "link" "link" A¨vwUª weDU mv‡cvU© K‡i GwU‡K Deprecated ( AewPZ ) †Nvlbv Kiv nq| *) HTML 4.01 fvm© ‡b *) Gi cwie‡Z© CSS eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

3.1.3.4.1.1.5 t text I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ mKj †U·U Gi Kvjvi †mU Kivi Rb¨ GB text A¨vwUªweDUwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| Value :

text A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba© wba© viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e K vjvi wba© viY Kiv hvq|

Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgbt "green,red,yellow"); 1. Color name ( 2. RGB (Red, Greeen & Blue) Code - RGB gvb, †hgb t rgb (0,0,0) eënvi K‡i 3. Hex (Hexadecimal) †KvW eënvi K‡i - †hgb t- "#0000FF"|

GBPwUGgGj Kvjvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ© x‡Z we¯— vwi Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wjLvi wbqg t

wb‡P text A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t Hex_Code eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡c‡Ri †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-7 (p7.html) Bwj‡g›U G text A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi| eënvi|

Tip: To produce equal results in all browsers, always use hex code to specify colors.

However, the link attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead.


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Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g -I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ cÖ wZwU †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba© viY K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ "" jvBbwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b gold ( †mvbvjx †mvbvjx ) KvjviwU wbe© vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ Hex_Code "#FFD700" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.5.1 ( Bwj‡g‡›U link A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i AvDUcy U †`Lv )|

Dc‡ii wP‡ Î j¶ ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡c‡Ri mKj †U·U Gi Kvjvi Kvjvi †mvbvjx is‡qi †`Lv hv‡‛Q|

3.1.3.4.1.1.6 t vlink Visited link Gi msw¶ ß

iƒc n‡‛Q vlink. Visited link ej‡Z †h mKj wjsK w jsK c~ ‡e© wfwRU wfwRU Kiv n‡q‡Q/wK¬ K n‡q‡Q/wK¬ K Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m mKj wjsK Gi Kvjvi Kvjvi vlink A¨vwUª weDU Gi gva¨‡g wba©viY K‡i †`qv hvq| Value : gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba© Kiv hvq| wba© viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba© viY text A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb

1. Color name ( Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgb t t "green, red, yellow"); 2. RGB (Red, Greeen & Blue) Code - RGB gvb, †hgb t rgb(0,0,0) eënvi K‡i 3. Hex (Hexadecimal) †KvW eënvi K‡i - †hgb t- "#0000FF"|

we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GBPwUGgG j Kvjvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ© x‡Z

wjLvi wbqg t

wb‡P vlink A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t Kiv t Color_Name eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡c‡Ri wfwR‡UW wjsK Gi Kvjvi wba© viY †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-8 (p8.html) Bwj‡g›U G vlink A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi| eënvi| 63

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Youtube

Twitter


Tip: To produce equal equa l results results in all browsers, bro wsers, always use hex code to specify colors.

However, the vlink attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g - wfwR‡UW wfwR‡UW wjsKmg~ ‡ni Kvjvi wba© viY K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ "" jvBbwU Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ Color_Name eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b yellow ( njy ` ) KvjviwU wbe© vPb "yellow" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.6.1 ( Bwj‡g‡›U link A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i AvDUcy U †`Lv )| 64

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Dc‡ii wP‡Î Youtube Ges Twitter †h `y wU wjsK †`Lv hv‡‛Q, †m¸‡jvi Kvjvi bxj †`Lv hv‡‛Q| wKš‘ Avgiv Avgiv Avgv‡ì †cÖ vMÖ v‡g njy ` Kvjvi eënvi K‡iwQjvg| Gi KviY n‡‛Q, GB wjsK¸‡jv GL‡bv wfwRU/wK¬ K Kiv nqwb| Avi wWdëfv‡e wjsK Gi Kvjvi bxj _v‡K| Gme welq m¤ú‡K© Avgiv Avgiv GBPwUGgGj wjsK †mKk‡b we¯— vwiZ Rvb‡ev| GLb Dc‡ii wjsK `y wUi †h †Kvb GKwUi (Twitter) Dci wK¬ K Kwi Ges cy bivq GB †cRwU‡Z wd‡i Avwm| Zvn‡j Avgiv wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv D³ Twitter wjsKwUi Kvjv‡i cwieZ© b ( njy ` Kvjvi ) †`L‡Z cv‡ev|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.6.2 ( wfwRU nIqvi ci wjsK Gi Kvjvi cwieZ© cwieZ© b )|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, wfwRU Kivi ci n‡q njy ` Kvjv‡i cÖ `wk©Z n‡‛Q|

Twitter

†jLv wjsKwUi wWdë Kvjvi ( bxj ) cwieZ© b

Note : *) HTML 5 – 5 – "link" "link" A¨vwUª weDU mv‡cvU© K‡i K‡i bv|

GwU‡K Deprecated ( AewPZ ) †Nvlbv Kiv nq| *) HTML 4.01 fvm© ‡b *) Gi cwie‡Z© CSS eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

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GBPwUGgGj †U·U dig¨vwUs (HTML Text Formatting)

Avgiv hLb †Kvb I‡qemvBU wfwRU Kwi, ZLb †mLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡Yi ai‡Yi †U·U (†jLv) †`L‡Z cvB| wewfbœ ai‡Yi ai‡Yi †U·U ej‡Z - †U·U‡K wewfbœ fv‡e mvRv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb t †jLv‡K †evì Kiv, AvÛvijvBb Kiv, c¨vivMÖ vd 67

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AvKv‡i wjLv, †jLvi Kvjvi cwieZ© b Kiv, Ki v, d›U cwieZ© b Kiv Ki v BZ¨vw`| Avcbviv Avc bviv hviv gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© G KvR K‡i‡Qb, Zviv Rv‡bb - †jLv‡K Ggb wewfbœ Avw½‡K Avw½‡K cÖKvk Kiv †Kej wKQz Ack‡b Ack‡b wK¬ K Kiv gvÎ| †hgb t "b" evU‡b wK¬ K K‡i †jLv‡K †evì Kiv , "Font color" Ackb †_‡K wewfbœ Kvjvi Kvjvi wbe© vPb Kiv , "Font size" Ackb †_‡K †jLvi AvKvi cwieZ© b Kiv BZ¨vw`| GBPwUGgGj GI welq¸‡jv A‡bKUv GKB, Z‡e cv_© K¨ n‡jv gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© GG †hgb KvR¸‡jv Avgiv wK¬K K‡i K‡i K‡i K‡iwQ, Avi GLv‡b g¨vby qvjx g¨vby qvjx †KvW wj‡L w j‡L wj‡L Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ ‡qvRb cÖ ‡qvRb n‡e wewfbœ Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kivi| eënv‡ii w`K †_‡K Gme Bwj‡g›Umg~ n‡K Avevi wewfbœ fv‡M fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Avgiv Gme Bwj‡g›Um m¤ú‡K© we we ¯ —vwiZ Rvb‡ev|

4.1 t HTML Basic Text Formatting 4.1.1 t Heading (
†_‡K
) Elements wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Avgiv hLb cÎ-cwÎKvq †Kvb †jLv cwo, ZLb †jLvi Dci wk‡ivbvg †`‡L _vwK| wVK †Zgwb I‡qemvB‡UI wewfbœ

AvwU© ‡Kj, †cv÷, B‡gR A¨vjevg BZ¨vwì Dci wk‡ivbvg Dci wk‡ivbvg eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K, hv‡Z K‡i cvVKiv GK bR‡i cy ‡iv welqe¯‘ wU ey ‡S wb‡Z cv‡i| Avi I‡qe‡c‡R Gme wel‡q wk‡ivbvg eënvi Kivi †¶‡Î GBPwUGgGj Gi †nwWs Bwj‡g›U (
†_‡K
) eëüZ eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| _v‡K| GBPwUG GBPwUGgGj gGj G Qq Qq ai‡Y ai‡Yii †nwWs †nwWs Bwj‡g Bwj‡g›U ›U i‡q‡Q| i‡q‡Q| h_v t 1. h1 (Heading 1) 2. h2 (Heading 2) 3. h3 (Heading 3) 4. h4 (Heading 4) 5. h5 (Heading 5) I 6. h6 (Heading 6)

G‡¶‡Î eª vDRvi Heading 1 (
) Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLv‡K me‡P‡q eo AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z K‡i Ges µgvby mv‡i G AvKvi †QvU n‡Z _v‡K| wb‡Pi D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹ cwi®‹ vi nIqv hvK|

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-9 (p9.html) †nwWs 1 Gi eënvi|
This is Heading 1

GLb dvBjwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv g‡Z v AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

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GBPwUGgGj †nwWs 1 Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i eª vDRv‡i Zvi AvDUcy U †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.1.1 ( GBPwUGgGj

This is Heading 2


wPÎ : 4.1.1.2 (GBPwUGgGj †nwWs 2 Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i eªvDRv‡i Zvi AvDUcy U †`Lv)|

†cÖ vMÖvg bs-11 (p11.html) †nwWs 3 Gi eënvi|
This is Heading 3

GBPwUGgGj †nwWs 3 Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i eª vDRv‡i eª vDRv‡i Zvi AvDUcy U †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.1.3 ( GBPwUGgGj 69

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This is Heading 4


GBPwUGgGj †nwWs 4 Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i eª vDRv‡i eª vDRv‡i Zvi AvDUcy U †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.1.4 ( GBPwUGgGj

This is Heading 5



This is Heading 6

70

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†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-15 (p15.html) †nwWs Bwj‡g›Umg~ ‡ni eënvi| The example of Heading Elements
This is Heading 1 – 1 – The The largest one

This is Heading 2 – 2 – The The larger larger one

This is Heading 3 – 3 – Larger Larger than (h4,h5 & h6)

This is Heading 4 – 4 – Smaller Smaller than (h3)

This is Heading 5 – 5 – Larger Larger than (h6)

This is Heading 6 – 6 – The The smallest one


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖv‡g GBPwUGgGj Gi mKj †nwWs Bwj‡g›U (
†_‡K
) Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b †nwWs 1 Bwj‡g›U (

) Gi wfZi "This is Heading 1 – The The largest one" †jLvUz Kz eª vDRv‡i me‡P‡q eo AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| †nwWs 2 Bwj‡g›U (

) Gi wfZi "This is Heading 2 n‡e| Gfv‡e – The larger one" †jLvUz Kz eª vDRv‡i †nwWs 1 Bwj‡g›U Gi PvB‡Z †QvU AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z µgvby mv‡i †jLvi AvKvi †QvU n‡q Avm‡e| GLb dvBjwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv g‡Z v AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

71

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GBPwUGgGj Gi mKj †nwWs Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i eª vDRv‡i Zvi AvDUcy U †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.1.7 ( GBPwUGgGj Dc‡i Avgiv GBPwUGgGj Gi mKj †nwWs Bwj‡g›Umg~ ‡ni AvDUcy U † `L ‡Z cvw‛Q| GLb cÖkœ n‡‛Q, n‡‛Q, †Kvb †¶‡Î †Kvb †nwWswU eënvi Ki‡ev?? n¨v !! g~ !! g~ jZ welqe¯‘ i ¸i‚Z¡c~ c~Y©Y Zvi © µg Aby mv‡i Gme †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb welqe¯‘ i cÖavb avb †mKkb/wk‡ivbvg‡K †nwWs 1 (
) Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ †jLv n‡q _v‡K| Zvi ‡P‡q GKUz Kg Kg ¸iæZ¡c~ c~Y †mKkb‡K © †mKkb‡K †nwWs 2 (
) Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ †jLv n‡q _v‡K| Avevi Zvi †P‡qI GKUz Kg ¸i‚Z¡c~ cY©Y~ †mKkb‡K © †mKkb‡K †nwWs 3 (
) Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ †jLv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e Z‡ e GLv‡b j¶¨bxq welq n‡‛Q, Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g eënvi Kiv (
,
Ges
) †nwWsmg~ ‡ni AvDUcy U A‡bKUv ¯^ vfvwe K †U·U Gi g‡ZvB cÖ `wk© Z n‡‛Q| G‡¶‡Î wfwRUi ey S‡Z cvi‡e bv †h, †KvbwU Avm‡j †nwWs Avi †KvbwU bigvj †U·U| BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb Gi †¶‡ÎI h_vh_ †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi GKwU ¸i‚ Z¡c~ ZvQ vov, mvP© BwÄb cY©Y~ welq| © welq| ZvB †nwWs Bwj‡g›U eënv‡i h_vh_ †KŠkj eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi Ggb G gb wewfbœ †KŠkjmg~ †KŠkjmg~ n †jL‡Ki ÔÔmvP© ÔÔmvP© BwÄb BwÄb AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ Ges ÔÔA¨vWfvÝW mvP© BwÄb UgvB‡RkbÕÕ eB `yÕwU‡Z ÕwU‡Z ¯úó I we¯—vwiZfv‡e Zz ‡j Zz ‡j aiv n‡q‡Q, BwÄb Acw †h¸‡jv Aby mib K‡i AvcwbI Avcbvi I‡qemvBU‡K I‡qemvBU‡K mvP© BwÄb †iRv‡ëi kx‡l© wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡P †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi Av‡iv GKwU D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g welqwU welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹ cwi®‹ vi nIqv hvK t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-16 (p16.html) †nwWs Bwj‡g›Umg~ ‡ni eënvi| The example of Heading Elements
Web Designing

To learn or work professionally as being a Web Designer, you must have the knowledge of HTML, CSS & Photoshop at least. For further you can learn also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

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HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. Developed by scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, HTML is the "hidden" code that helps us communicate with others on the World Wide Web (WWW).

CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a a style sheet language used for describing the presentation the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but XHTML, but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML XML document, including plain XML, SVG XML, SVG and XUL. and XUL.

Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ vgwU‡Z Avwg "Web Designing" †jLvwU‡Z †nwWs 1 (
) eënvi K‡iwQ, KviY -GB jvBbwU‡K avb wk‡ivbvg wn‡m‡e D‡j - L Ki‡Z Pvw‛Q| cieZ© x‡Z Avwg "HTML (HyperText Markup Avwg cÖavb Language)" Ges "CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)" GB `yÕwU ÕwU RvqMvq †nwWs 2 (
) eënvi K‡iwQ, KviYGB †jLv `yÕwU‡K ÕwU‡K Avwg "Web Designing" Gi Dc- wk‡ivbvg wk‡ivbvg wn‡m‡e D‡j - L Ki‡Z Pvw‛Q| Avkv Kwi welqwU ey S‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

†nwWs 1 Ges †nwWs 2 Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)| wPÎ : 4.1.1.8 ( †nwWs eª vDRv‡i me‡P‡q eo AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡‛Q| "Web Designing" †jLvwU‡Z †nwWs 1 eënvi Kivi Kvi‡Y GwU eª vDRv‡i Ab¨w`‡K, "HTML (HyperText Markup Language)" Ges "CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)" †jLv `y'wU‡Z 'wU‡Z †nwWs 2 eënvi Kivi Kvi‡Y GwU eª vDRv‡i eª vDRv‡i †nwWs 1 Gi PvB‡Z wKQz Uv †QvU AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡‛Q| 73

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4.1.1.1 t .Heading Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUª weDU A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t Heading Bwj‡g›U G eëüZ A¨vwUª weDUmg~ ‡ni eënvi m¤ú‡K© wb‡P

4.1.1.1.1 t align ß Alignment Gi msw¶

iƒc n‡‛Q

align.

†nwWsmg~ ‡ni w`K wb‡`© k Kivi Rb¨

align A¨vwUª weDU

eënvi n‡q

_v‡K| Value :

gvb wn‡m‡e wewfbœ w`K w`K wb‡`© k Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡jv t align A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb Kiv 1. left : wWdëfv‡e left f¨vwjD wba© viY

_v‡K| left f¨vwjD eënv‡i eªvDRv‡ii evg w`K w` K †_‡K

†nwWs ïi‚ n‡e n‡e | n‡e | 2. right : right f¨vwjD eënv‡i eª vDRv‡ii Wvb w`K †_‡K †nwWs ïi‚ n‡e nq| 3. center : center f¨vwjD eënv‡i eª vDRv‡ii gvSLvb †_‡K †nwWs ïi‚ nq| x‡Z Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| K i‡ev| †Kbbv, †K bbv, †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi †¶‡Î 4. justify : Gi eënvi wb‡q Avgiv cieZ© GwU KL‡bvB eëüZ nq bv | wjLvi wbqg t

wb‡P align A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

t left †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-17 ( p17.html) p17.html) align A¨vwUª weDU G left f¨vwjD Gi eënvi| Use of Align Attribute in HTML Heading Element
Left Alignment

The Heading Text will be displayed as Left-aligned in Browser.

†KvW we‡k - - lY lY t 74

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eënv‡i

GB †nwWs Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª vDRvi Gi evg w`K †_‡K

GLb †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

wPÎ : 4.1.1.1.1.1.1 ( align align A¨vwUª weD‡U left f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î Left Alignment †nwWsUz Kz ‡K Avgiv eª vDRvi Gi evg w`‡K †`L‡Z cvw‛Q -†Kbbv, A¨vwUª weD‡U Gi value/ gvb gvb left eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

align

4.1.1.1.1.2 t right †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-18 ( p18.html) p18.html) align A¨vwUª weDU G right f¨vwjD Gi eënvi| Use of Align Attribute in HTML Heading Element
Right Alignment

The Heading Text will be displayed as Right-aligned in Browser.

†KvW we‡k - - lY lY

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ v‡g cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

eënv‡i

GB †nwWs †nw Ws Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª vDRvi Gi Wvb w`K †_‡K

GLb †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e| 75

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wPÎ : 4.1.1.1.1.2.1 ( align align A¨vwUª weD‡U right f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î Right Alignment †nwWsUz Kz ‡K Avgiv eª vDRvi Gi Wvb w`‡K †`L‡Z cvw‛Q -†Kbbv, A¨vwUª weD‡U Gi value gvb / gvb right eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

align

4.1.1.1.1.3 t center †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-19 ( p19.html) p19.html) align A¨vwUª weDU G center f¨vwjD Gi eënvi| Use of Align Attribute in HTML Heading Element
Center Alignment

The Heading Text will be displayed as Center-aligned in Browser.

†KvW we‡k - - lb lb

Dc‡ii †cÖ † cÖ vMÖ v‡g
eënv‡i GB †nwWs Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª eª vDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

76

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wPÎ : 4.1.1.1.1.3.1 ( align align A¨vwUª weD‡U center f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î Center Alignment †nwWsUz Kz ‡K Avgiv eª vDRvi Gi gvSLv‡b †`L‡Z cvw‛Q -†Kbbv, A¨vwUª weD‡U Gi value/ gvb gvb center eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

align

Note :


4.1.2 t Paragraph (
) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv I‡qe‡c‡R †jLv‡K c¨vivMÖ vd AvKv‡i †jLvi Rb¨
Bwj‡g›U eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| I‡qe‡c‡Ri wewfbœ WKz WKz ‡g›U Z_v †jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ mvaviYZ
Bwj‡g›U wU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi eë nvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-20 ( p20.html) p20.html) Paragraph Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|
This is Paragraph

GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.2.1 ( c¨vivMÖ 77

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†cÖ vMÖvg bs-21 ( p21.html) p21.html) Paragraph Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| The example of Paragraph Element
Paragraph Element

This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g
eënvi K‡i GKwU †nwWs Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hwU eª vDRv‡ii gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| Ges wb‡P c¨vivMÖ vd (
) Bwj‡g›U Gi gv‡S wKQz †jLv †jLv n‡q‡Q, hv eªvDRv‡i c¨vivMÖvd AvKv‡i cÖ `wk©Z n‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy AvDUcy U eªvDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.2.2 ( c¨vivMÖ

4.1.2.1 t .Paragraph Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUª weDU A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t Paragraph Bwj‡g›U G eëüZ A¨vwUª weDUmg~ ‡ni eënvi m¤ú‡K© wb‡P

4.1.2.1.1 t align A¨vwUª weDU ß Alignment Gi msw¶

iƒc n‡‛Q

align.

c¨vivMÖ vd Gi w`K wb‡`© k Kivi Rb¨

align A¨vwUª weDU

_v‡K| Value : gvb wn‡m‡e wewfbœ w`K w`K wb‡`© k Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡jv t align A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb

78

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Wdëfv‡e left f¨vwjD wba© viY Kiv 1. left : w 2.

_v‡K| left f¨vwjD eënv‡i eªvDRv‡ii evg w`K †_‡K

c¨vivMÖ vd ïi‚ n‡e n‡e | w`K †_‡K c¨vivMÖ vd ïi‚ n‡e n‡e | right : right f¨vwjD eënv‡i eª vDRv‡ii Wvb w`K †_‡K

n‡e | 3. center : center f¨vwjD eënv‡i eª vDRv‡ii gvSLvb †_‡K c¨vivMÖ vd ïi‚ n‡e †jLvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q fv‡jv dig¨vU GwU | Gi gva¨‡g †jLv¸‡jv 4. justify : †Kvb †cv÷/AvwU© ‡Kj evg w`K †_‡K ïi‚ nq i‚ †_‡K †kl ch© š— mgvb mgvb _v‡K| nq Ges cÖ wZwU jvBb ï i‚ †_‡K

wjLvi wbqg t

justify">

wb‡P align A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t t left †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-22 ( p22.html) p22.html) align A¨vwUª weDU G left f¨vwjD Gi eënvi| Use of Align Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element
Left Alignment in Paragraph Element

This Paragraph will be displayed from left to right in browser.


eënv‡i GB †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª vDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ `wk©Z n‡e| Gi wb‡P c¨vivMÖ vd c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U G left-alignment A_© vr
eënv‡i GB c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª eª vDRvi Gi evg w`K †_‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

79

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wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.1.1.1 ( align align A¨vwUª weD‡U left f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )|

t right †cÖvMÖ vg bs-23 ( p23.html) p23.html) align A¨vwUª weDU G right f¨vwjD Gi eënvi| Use of Align Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element
Right Alignment in Paragraph Element

This Paragraph will be displayed from right to left in browser.


eënv‡i GB †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvU z Kz eª vDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| Gi wb‡P c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U G right-alignment A_© vr
eënv‡i GB GB c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª eª vDRvi Gi Wvb w`K †_‡K cÖ`wk© Z n‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e| Avm‡e|

80

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align A¨vwUª weD‡U right f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.1.2.1 ( align )|

t center †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-24 ( p24.html) p24.html) align A¨vwUª weDU G center f¨vwjD Gi eënvi| Use of Align Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element
Right Alignment in Paragraph Element

This Paragraph will be displayed as center -alignment in browser.


eënv‡i GB †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª vDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| Gi wb‡P w b‡P c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U G center-alignment A_© vr
eënv‡i GB GB c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª eª vDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡ e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

81

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wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.1.3.1 ( align align A¨vwUª weD‡U center f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )|

t justify †cÖ vMÖvg bs-25 ( p25.html) p25.html) align A¨vwUª weDU G justify f¨vwjD Gi eënvi| Use of Align Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element
Justify Alignment in Paragraph Element

This Paragraph will be displayed as justify-alignment in browser. All the t he lines in this Paragraph will be shown in equal. This Paragraph will be displayed as justify-alignment in browser. All the lines in this Paragraph will be shown in equal. This Paragraph will be displayed as justify-alignment in browser. All the lines in this Paragraph will be shown in equal. This Paragraph will be displayed as justifyalignment in browser. All the lines in this Paragraph will be shown in equal. This Paragraph will be displayed as justify-alignment in browser All the lines in this Paragraph will be shown in


eënv‡i GB †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª vDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ `wk© cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| Gi wb‡P c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U G justify-alignment
eënv‡i GB GB c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi cÖ wZwU jvBb ïi‚ †_‡K †kl ch©š— mgvb mgvb _vK‡e| 82

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wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.1.4.1 ( align align A¨vwUª weD‡U justify f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| Note :


4.1.2.1.2 t style A¨vwUª weDU †c‡R GK jvBb wewkó †Kvb Bwj‡g‡›U ÷vBj ( Inline Inline CSS) cÖ ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| HTML

style A¨vwUª weDU

Value :

gvb style A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb

wn‡m‡e CSS cÖcvwU© cvwU© I f¨vwjD eëüZ nq| CSS m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y©Y © AwfÁZv AR© ‡bi Rb¨ †jL‡Ki ÔÔwmGmGm (3) A¨vÛ wWfÕÕ eBwU msMÖ msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|

wjLvi wbqg t

GLv‡b CSS Property:CSS Value Gi gv‡S GKwU †Kvjb eënvi Ki‡Z nq Ges GKvwaK †÷Ug¨v›U ( cÖcÖcvwU© _K Ki‡Z nq| I f¨vwjD ) _vK‡j G‡ì †mwg -†Kvjb w`‡q c„_K

wb‡P style A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖ vMÖvg bs-26 ( p26.html) p26.html) c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g‡›U ÷vBj A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi|

Use of Style Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element
Use of Style Element E lement

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This Paragraph will Paragraph will be shown as Red color. This Paragraph Paragraph will be shown as Red color. This Paragraph Paragraph will be shown as Red color. This Paragraph Paragraph will be shown as Red color. This Paragraph Paragraph will be shown as Red color. co lor.

be shown as Red color. will be shown as Red color. will be shown as Red color. will be shown as Red color. will be shown as Red color.

This This This This This


e ënv‡i GB c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª vDRv‡i jvj Kvjv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g‡›U style A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv ) wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.2.1 ( c¨vivMÖ )|

†cÖ vMÖ v g bs-27 ( p27.html) p27.html) c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g‡›U ÷vBj A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi| Use of Style Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element

This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned. This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and

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Center-aligned This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned


eënv‡i GB c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª eª vDRv‡i jvj Kvjv‡i Ges eª vDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g‡›U style A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| 4.1.2.1.2.2 ( c¨vivMÖ

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-28 ( p28.html) p28.html) c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g‡›U ÷vBj A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi| Use of Style Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element
Use of Style St yle Element

This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned Ce nter-aligned & the Font size s ize would be larger than normal. This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned & the Font size would be larger than normal. This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned & the Font size would be larger than normal.

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Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ v‡g
eënv‡i GB c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz eª vDRv‡i jvj Kvjv‡i Ges eª vDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e Ges Gi wfZ‡ii †U·U Gi mvBR n‡e 20 wc‡·j| (Font Bwj‡g›U wb‡q Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ© x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g‡›U style A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv ) wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.2.3 ( c¨vivMÖ )|

†cÖ vMÖvg bs-29 ( p29.html) p29.html) c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g‡›U ÷vBj A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi| Use of Style Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element

This Paragraph st will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned & all the 1 letters of every words will be st capitalized. This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned & all the 1 letters of every words will be capitalized.


style="co lor:red; text-align:center; text-transform:capitalize;"> text-transform:capitalize;"> eënv‡i GB Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g

wb‡P dir A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t 4.1.2.1.3.1 t ltr †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-30 ( p30.html) p30.html) align A¨vwUª weDU G ltr f¨vwjD Gi eënvi| Use of Dir Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element
Left to Right Direction in Paragraph Element

This Paragraph will be displayed from left to right in browser.

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Gi wb‡P c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U G Right to Left Direction A_© vr
eënv‡i GB GB c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz †jLvU Kz z eª eª vDRvi Gi evg w`K †_‡K Wvb w`‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g‡›U dir A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.3.1.1 ( c¨vivMÖ

4.1.2.1.3.2 t rtl †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-31 ( p31.html) p31.html) align A¨vwUªweDU G rtl f¨vwjD Gi eënvi| Use of Dir Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element </t itle> itle> </head> <body> <h1 align="center"> Right to Left Direction in Paragraph Element </h1> This Paragraph will be displayed from right to left in browser. </body> </html> †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ v‡g c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U G Right to Left Direction A_© vr eënv‡i GB GB c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUz Kz †jLvUz Kz eª eª vDRvi Gi Wvb w`K †_‡K evg w`‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e| 88 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g‡›U dir A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.3.2.1 ( c¨vivMÖ Dc‡iv³ A¨vwUª weDUmg~ n QvovI c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U G Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ A¨vwUª weDU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| cieZ© x‡Z Avgiv G¸‡jvi eënvi †`L‡ev| ( ) Gi eënvi 4.1.3 t bb †eªwKs †¯úm ( ) GBPwUGgGj G GKwUi †ewk †¯úm KvD›U/MbYv Kiv nq bv| A_© vr HTML GwWU‡i †Kvb WKz ‡g›U/†cÖ vMÖvg †jLvi mgq GKvwaK †¯úm eënvi Kiv n‡jI, eª vDRv‡i eª vDRv‡i †Kej GKwU GKw U gvÎ †¯úm Gi eënvi j¶¨ Kiv hvq| G‡K †nvqvBU †¯úm Kj¨vwás (White Space Collapsing) ev †nvqvBU †n vqvBU †¯úm Gi cZb c Zb ejv nq| wb‡Pi D`vniYwU †`Lv hvK| †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-32 ( p32.html) p32.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g GKvwaK †¯úm Gi eënvi| <html> <head> <title> Use of Non-Breaking Space
White Space Collapsing!

The browser will show only one space instead of using extra spaces in HTML Editor. The browser will show only one space instead of using extra spaces in HTML Editor. The browser will show only one space instead of using extra spaces in HTML Editor.

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Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ vgwU‡Z j¶ Ki‡j Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, c¨vivMÖ c ¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡i GK IqvW© †_‡K †_‡K Ab¨ IqvW© Gi Gi g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jv †¯úm eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ eª eª vDRv‡i †KejgvÎ GKwU K‡i †¯úm cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

†cÖ vMÖ v‡g GKvwaK †¯úm eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.3.1 ( †cÖ ’ v †_‡K gy w³ †c‡Z Avgv‡ì †cÖ vMÖ v‡g bb -†eª wKs †¯úm ( ) Gi eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU GLb GB Ae¯ GBPwUGgGj Gi †Kvb U¨vM/Bwj‡g›U bq, GwU‡K HTML Entity ejv nq| Ggb Av‡iv A‡bK I‡qe‡c‡R eënv‡ii cÖ ‡qvRb nq| cieZ© x‡Z Avgiv G m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|

Entity

GLb Avgiv †cÖ vMÖv‡g bb -†eª wKs †¯úm Gi eënvi †`L‡ev t

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-33 ( p33.html) p33.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Gi eënvi|
S P A C E


†cÖ vMÖ v‡g bb-†eª wKs †¯úm GbwUwU eënvi eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eªvDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.3.2 ( †cÖ 90

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Aa¨vq-15 †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-34 ( p34.html) p34.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g bb -†eª wKs †¯úm GbwUwU Gi eënvi|

Use of Non-Breaking Space
Non-Breaking Space Entity!

The Non-Breaking Space Entity E ntity creates extra space for displaying in webpages.

The Non Breaking Space.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ vgwU‡Z j¶ Ki‡j j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, wØZxq c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡i KZ¸‡jv bb -†eª wKs †¯úm ( ) Gi eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv eª vDRv‡i AwZwi³ †¯úm •Zwi Ki‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

†cÖ vMÖv‡g bb -†eª wKs †¯úm GbwUwU Gi eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.3.3 ( †cÖ (
) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv 4.1.4 t jvBb †eªK (
†nvqvBU †¯úm Gi g‡Zv jvBb †eª KI †eª KI GBPwUGgGj G KvD›U/MbYv Kiv nq bv| GBPwUGgGj G BPwUGgGj GwWU‡i jvBb †eª K †eª K ( Kx-†evW© †_‡K Enter evUb †cÖ m Kiv ) eënvi Kiv n‡jI eª vDRv‡i Gi eënvi j¶¨ Kiv hvq bv, G‡¶‡Î †KejgvÎ GKwU †¯úm Gi eënvi j ¶ Kiv hvq| †hgb t Avwg hw` GBPwUGgGj Gi gva¨‡g GKwU KweZv wjL‡Z PvB, Z‡e Avgv‡K mvaviYZ mvaviYZ wb‡Pi g‡Zv †cÖ vMÖ vg wjL‡Z n‡e| 91

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†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-35 ( p35.html) p35.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g GKvwaK jvBb eënvi Kiv| Use of Line Break Element
Line Break Collapsing! Co llapsing!

My Bonnie lies over the ocean. My Bonnie lies over the sea. My Bonnie lies over the ocean. Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ vgwU‡Z j¶ Ki‡j j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡i w fZ‡i GKvwaK jvBb eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GwU GwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j Gme jvBb †eª wKs †eª wKs †Kvb Kv‡R Avm‡e bv, Gme jvBb †eª wKs †eª wKs Gi wecix‡Z wecix‡ Z †KejgvÎ GKwU †¯úm Gi eënvi j¶¨ Kiv hv‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

†cÖ vMÖ v‡g jvBb †eª K eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eªvDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.4.1 ( †cÖ GLb GB Ae¯’ v †_‡K gy w³ †c‡Z †c ‡Z Avgv‡ì †cÖ vMÖ v‡g jvBb †eª K Bwj‡g›U GKwU G¤úwU Bwj‡g›U| GLb Avgiv †cÖ vMÖv‡g jvBb †eªK Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi †`L‡ev t 92

(
)

Gi eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU

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†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-36 ( p36.html) p36.html) †cÖ vMÖv‡g jvBb †eªK Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|
Line Break
Line Break
Line Break
Line Break
Line Line Break

GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e |

†cÖ vMÖ v‡g jvBb †eª K Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.4.2 ( †cÖ

†cÖvMÖ vg bs-37 ( p37.html) p37.html) †cÖ vMÖv‡g jvBb †eªK Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of Line Break Element
Poem Writing using Line Break Element!

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

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Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ vgwU‡Z j¶ Ki‡j Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡i KZ¸‡jv jvBb †eª K †eª K Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv eª vDRv‡i GKwU K‡i bZz b jvBb •Zwi Ki‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

†cÖ vMÖ v‡g jvBb †eª K Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.4.3 ( †cÖ

4.1.5 t Preformatted (
) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv †cÖ vMÖ v‡g bb-†eª wKs †¯úm Avi jvBb †eª K †eª K eënvi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GZ¶‡b nq‡Zv ev gnvMÖ š’ iPbv iPbv K‡i †d‡j‡Qb| welqwU A‡bK Sv‡gjvi I e‡U| Avi GB mgm¨v †_‡K gy w³ †c‡Z
Bwj‡g›UwU eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡ii cÖ wZwU †¯úm I jvBb †eªK eª vDRv‡i cÖ `wk© Z nq| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-38 ( p38.html) dig¨v‡UW Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| p38.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g wcÖ- dig¨v‡UW Use of Preformatted Element
Count each Space & Line Break using Preformatted Element !!

First

Line

Second

Line

Third

Line

Fourth

Line

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Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU‡Z j¶ Ki‡j j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, PviwU Avjv`v- Avjv`v jvB‡b wKQz †jLv †jLv n‡q‡Q, Ges cÖ wZwU jvB‡b †U·U Gi g‡a¨ wKQz †¯úm †¯úm eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB Kb‡U›U¸‡jv‡K wcÖ - dig¨v‡UW dig¨v‡UW U¨vM Gi gva¨‡g †jLvq Gi cÖ wZwU jvBb †eª K I †¯úm eª vDRv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcy U Avm‡e|

†cÖ vMÖ v‡g wcÖ- dig¨v‡UW dig¨v‡UW Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eªvDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.5.1 ( †cÖ

4.1.6 t Font () Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

I‡qe‡c‡Ri †U·U Gi Kvjvi, mvBR, wewfbœ d›U d›U wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|

4.1.6.1 t .Font Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUª weDU A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi Font Bwj‡g›U G eëüZ A¨vwUª weDUmg~ ‡ni eënvi m¤ú‡K© wb‡P wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

4.1.6.1.1 t color A¨vwUªweDU GB A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba© wba viY/cwieZ© © b Kiv nq| Value :

gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba© wba© viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba© wba viY © Kiv color A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb hvq| 1. Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgbt "green,red,yellow"); 2. RGB (Red, Greeen & Blue) Code - RGB gvb, †hgb t rgb(0,0,0) eënvi K‡i 3. Hex (Hexadecimal) †KvW eënvi K‡i - †hgb t- "#0000FF"|

j Kvjvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GBPwUGg

wjLvi wbqg t

wb‡P color A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t 95

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Hex_Code eënvi K‡i †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba© viY Kiv t

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-39 (p39.html) Bwj‡g›U G color A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi| eënvi| Use of Color Attribute in HTML Font E lement
Set Text/Font Color using Hex_Code!
This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color.

†KvW we‡ k - - lY lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g d›U/†U·U Gi Kvjvi wba© viY Kivi Rb¨ jvBbwU eënvi Kiv| GLv‡b Orange ( Kgjv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ Hex_Code "#FFA500" eënvi Kgjv ) KvjviwU wbe© vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Dc‡ii †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy AvDUc Uy cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.1.1 ( d›U Bwj‡g‡›U color A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| 96

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Color_Name eënvi K‡i †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba© viY Kiv t

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-40 (p40.html) Bwj‡g›U G color A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi| eënvi|

Use of Color Attribute in HTML Font Element
Set Text/Font Color using Color_Name!
This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g d›U/†U·U Gi Kvjvi wba© viY Kivi Rb¨ jvBbwU eënvi KKiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ Color_Name "Orange" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Dc‡ii †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.1.2 ( d›U Bwj‡g‡›U color A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| 97

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4.1.6.1.2 t face A¨vwUª weDU wewfbœ iK‡gi iK‡gi d›U †hgb : - Arial, Calbiri, Courier, Times New Roman BZ¨vw` eënvi Kivi Rb¨ d›U Bwj‡g›U G GB A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| Gme d›U eënv‡i d›U/†U·U Gi AvDUjy K cwieZ© b nq| Value :

gvb face A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb

wn‡m‡e wewfbœ d›U d›U eëüZ nq| wewfbœ d›U d›U eënv‡i d›U/†U·U Gi ÷vBj wewfbœ

n‡q _v‡K|

wjLvi wbqg t

wb‡P face A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-41 (p41.html) Bwj‡g›U G face A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi| eënvi| Use of Face Attribute in Font Element
Set different types of Fonts us ing Face Attribute !

This is a paragraph, p aragraph, shown in the Times New Roman font.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g d›U †dm A¨vwUª weD‡U d›U wn‡m‡e "Times New Roman" d›UwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Dc‡ii †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy AvDUc Uy cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.2.1 ( d›U Bwj‡g‡›U face A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| 98

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†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-42 (p42.html) Bwj‡g›U G face A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi| eënvi| Use of Face Attribute in Font Element
Set different types of Fonts using Face Attribute !

This is a paragraph, shown in the Arial font.


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g d›U †dm A¨vwUª weD‡U d›U wn‡m‡e "Arial" d›UwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Dc‡ii †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy AvDUc Uy cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.2.2 ( d›U Bwj‡g‡›U face A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )|

4.1.6.1.3 t size A¨vwUª weDU

I‡qe‡c‡R †U·U I‡qe‡c‡R †U·U Gi Gi mvBR/AvKvi wba© viY/cwieZ© b Kivi Rb¨ d›U Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U G GB A¨vwUª weDU eënvi n‡q _v‡K| Value :

gvb wn‡m‡e bv¤^ vi/ms L¨v n‡q _v‡K Ges L¨v eëüZ nq| Gi gvb mvaviYZ 1 †_‡K 7 ch© š— n‡q size A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb eª vDRv‡i Gi ¯^vfvweK gvb n‡‛Q "3"| 99

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wjLvi wbqg t

wb‡P size A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-43 (p43.html) Bwj‡g›U G size A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi| eënvi| Use of Size Attribute in Font Element
Set Fonts Size using Size Attribute !
This line should be displayed larger than normal size.

†KvW we‡ k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g d›U mvBR A¨vwUªweD‡U d›U Gi mvBR/AvKvi wn‡m‡e 5 eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i eª vDRv‡i d›U Gi mvBR ¯^ vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z wKQz Uv eo †`Lv hv‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy AvDUc Uy cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.3.1 (d›U Bwj‡g‡›U size A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv)| 100

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†cÖ vM Ö vg bs-44 (p44.html) Bwj‡g›U G size A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi| eënvi| Use of Size Attribute in Font Element
Set Fonts Size using Size Attribute !
This line should be displayed s maller than normal size.

†KvW we‡ k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g d›U mvBR A¨vwUªweD‡U d›U Gi mvBR/AvKvi wn‡m‡e 2 eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i eª vDRv‡i d›U Gi mvBR ¯^ vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z wKQz Uv †QvU †`Lv hv‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cRwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy AvDUc Uy cÖ `wk©Z n‡e|

d›U Bwj‡g‡›U size A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.3.2 ( Note : mKj A¨vwUª weDU mv‡cvU© K‡i K‡i bv| *) HTML 5 - Bwj‡g›U I Gi mKj

G¸‡jv‡K Deprecated (AewPZ) †Nvlbv Kiv nq| *) HTML 4.01 fvm© ‡b *) Gi cwie‡Z© CSS eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 101

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4.2 t HTML Presentational Elements GBPwUGgGj G †U·U/†jLv‡K wewfbœ Avw½‡K Avw½‡K cÖ Kvk Kivi Rb¨ GmKj Bwj‡g›U¸‡jv eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb t †jLv‡K †evì Kiv, Av ÛvijvBb Kiv, BZvwjK Kiv BZ¨vw`| GBPwUGg Gj Gj G Gme Bwj‡g›U‡K Presentational Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi †`L‡ev t Elements ejv nq| GLb Avgiv GmKj Bwj‡g›U

4.2.1 t Bold Element †jLv‡K †evì/Mvp Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-45 (p45.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| eënvi| This is BOLD

GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

†evì Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.2.1.1 ( †evì

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-46 (p46.html) †cÖ vMÖv‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements!
Bold Element
This line should be displayed d isplayed as bold

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Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ v‡g †evì Bwj‡g›U ( ) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUz Kz eª eª vDRv‡i †evì/Mvp AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

†evì Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv ) wPÎ : 4.2.1.2 ( †evì )|

4.2.2 t Italic Element †jLv‡K BZvwjK ( BZvwj kã †hfv‡e †jLv n‡q _v‡K, GKUz evKv evKv UvBc Gi ) ÷vB‡j †jLvi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-47 (p47.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| This is ITALIC


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AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.2.2.1 ( BZvwjK Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-48 (p48.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements!
Italic Element
This line should be displayed as italic


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g BZvwjK Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U ( ) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUz Kz eª eª vDRv‡i BZvwjK AvKv‡i cÖ`wk© Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 4.2.2.2 ( BZvwjK Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )|

4.2.3 t Underline Element †jLv‡K AvÛvijvBb K‡i ( †jLvi †jLvi wb‡P `vM †U‡b †jLv ) cÖ `k© b Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t 104

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†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-49 (p49.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| .

This is Underline


wPÎ : 4.2.3.1 ( AvÛvijvBb Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )|

†cÖ vMÖ vg bs-50 (p50.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements!
Underline Element
The following word would be Underlined


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g AvÛvijvBb Bwj‡g›U ( ) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUz Kz (Underlined) eªvDRv‡i AvÛvijvBb AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk©Z n‡e|

105

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wPÎ : 4.2.3.2 ( AvÛvijvBb Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )|

4.2.4 t Center Element I‡qe‡cB‡Ri Kb‡U›U‡K eª vDRvi Gi gvSLv‡b cÖ `k© b Ki‡Z GB Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|

† cÖc vMÖ Ö vg bs-51 (p51.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| .

This Line goes to center in Browser.


†m›Uvi Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy AvDUc Uy eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.2.4.1 ( †m›Uvi

†cÖvMÖ vg bs-52 (p52.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements!

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Center Element


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Gi gva¨‡g GKwU B‡gR eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges GwU‡K †m›Uvi Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ †jLv n‡q‡Q, G‡Z K‡i B‡gRwU eª vDRvi Gi gvSLv‡b cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e|

†m›Uvi Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.2.4.2 ( †m›Uvi

4.2.5 t Ges Elements Dc‡iv³ Ges Gi KvR GKB| KvU vi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U `y wU eëüZ nq|

ß Strikethrough Gi msw¶

iƒc G¸‡jv| †jLvi gv‡S `vM

wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖvMÖ vg bs-53 (p53.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Ges Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements!

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Strikethrough Elements

These Elements are not ~~available~~ in HT ML 5 version

These Elements are not ~~available~~ in HTML 5 version


Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g ÷ª vBK‡_ª v Bwj‡g›U ( ~~(available) Gi gv‡S `vM Uvbv _vK‡e|~~

) Ges

( )

Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUz Kz


Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.2.5.1 ( ÷ªvBK‡_ª v Bwj‡g›U

4.2.6 t Element ß iƒc TeleType Gi msw¶ n‡‛Q tt. †U·U‡K †UwjUvBc AvKv‡i cÖ `k© cÖ `k© b Kivi Rb¨ R b¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-54(p54.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! 108 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 TeleType Element The following word would be TeleTyped †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g †UwjUvBc Bwj‡g›U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| ( ) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUz Kz (TeleTyped) †UwjUvBc AvKv‡i GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| †UwjUvBc Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.2.6..1 ( †UwjUvBc 4.2.7 t ^{Element ß Superscript Gi msw¶ iƒc n‡‛Q sup. GB Bwj‡g›U eënv‡i †U·U Gi mvBR ¯^ vfvweK ¯^ vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z A‡a© K AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z nq| GwU Ab¨vb¨ †U·U Gi cv‡k GKUz Dc‡ii Dc‡ii w`‡K w`‡K cÖ `wk© Z nq| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-55 (p55.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g ^{Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! Superscript Element This Book written on the 15^th March. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t 109 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g †UwjUvBc Bwj‡g›U (^{) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUz Kz (th) eª vDRv‡i mycviw¯Œ cviw¯ŒÞ AvKv‡i cÖ`wk© Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| mycviw¯Œ cviw¯ŒÞ Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.2.7.1 ( 4.2.8 t _{Element ß iƒc n‡‛Q sub. GB Bwj‡g›U eënv‡i †U·U Gi mvBR ¯^ vfvweK ¯^ vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z A‡a© K AvKv‡i Subscript Gi msw¶ cÖ `wk© Z nq| GwU Ab¨vb¨ †U·U Gi cv‡k GKUz wb‡Pi wb‡Pi w`‡K cÖ`wk© Z nq| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-56 (p56.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g _{Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! Subscript Element The EPR paradox2 was devised by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g mvew¯ŒÞ Bwj‡g›U (_{) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUz Kz (2) eª vDRv‡i mvew¯ŒÞ AvKv‡i cÖ `wk©Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| 110 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.2.8.1 ( mvew¯ŒÞ Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy 4.2.9 t Element †U·U‡K ¯^ vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z wKQz Uv eo AvKv‡i cÖ`k© b Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-57 (p57.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! Big Element The following word should be bigger than those around it. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ v‡g weM Bwj‡g›U weM Bwj‡g›U () Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUz Kz wKQz Uv eo AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| (bigger) eª vDRv‡i GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| 111 ¯^ vfvweK †U·U Gi PvB‡Z GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 weM Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.2.9.1 ( 4.2.10 t Element †U·U‡K ¯^ vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z wKQz Uv †QvU AvKv‡i cÖ `k© b Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡ K| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-58 (p58.html) †cÖvMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! Small Element The following word should be smaller than those around it. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g mvew¯ŒÞ Bwj‡g›U () Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUz Kz (smaller) eª vDRv‡i ¯^ vfvweK †U·U Gi PvB‡Z wKQz Uv †QvU AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| 112 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.2.10.1 ( ¯§j Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy 4.2.11 t Element ß Horizontal Gi msw¶ iƒc n‡‛Q hr. I‡qe‡c‡R Avby f~ wgK †iLv †i Lv •Zwi •Z wi Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| I‡qe‡c‡Ri Kb‡U›Umg~ n‡K c„_K _K Kivi RbÏ GwU eëüZ nq| GwU GKwU G¤úwU Bwj‡g›U| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-59 (p59.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! HR Element HTML HTML is a language for describing web pages. CSS CSS defines how to display HTML elements. elements. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g HTML is a language for describing web pages. Gi wb‡P GKwU Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i D³ c¨vivMÖ c¨vivM vd Ö Gi wb‡P GKwU Avby f~ wgK †iLv †`Lv hv‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| 113 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 nivBRbUvj Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv)| wPÎ : 4.2.11.1 ( 4.2.11.1 t align A¨vwUª weDU ß iƒc n‡‛Q align. Avby f~ wgK †iLvi w`K wb‡`© k Kivi Rb¨ align A¨vwUª weDU eënvi n‡q Alignment Gi msw¶ _v‡K| Value : gvb wn‡m‡e wewfbœ w`K w`K wb‡`© k Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡jv t align A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb Kiv 1. left : wWdëfv‡e left f¨vwjD wba© viY 2. _v‡K| left f¨vwjD eënv‡i eª vDRv‡ii evg w`K †_‡K Avby f~ wgK †iLv ïi‚ ïi‚ nq| nq| ï i‚ nq| nq| right : right f¨vwjD eënv‡i eª vDRv‡ii Wvb w`K †_‡K Avby f~ wgK †iLv ï ï i‚ nq| nq| 3. center : center f¨vwjD eënv‡i eª vDRv‡ii gvSLvb †_‡K Avby f~ wgK †iLv ï GLv‡b GKwU welq j¶bxq †h, Bwj‡g‡›U align A¨vwUª weDU eënvi Ki‡j Gi mv‡_ eënvi Kivi cÖ ‡qvRb nq| Ab¨_vq †Kvb cwieZ© b j¶ ¨ Kiv hvq bv| width A¨vwUª weDU † jLvi wbqg t 4.2.11.2 t width A¨vwUª weDU Avby f~ wgK †iLvi cÖ k¯ —Zv wba© viY Kivi Rb¨ GB A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| Value : gvb n‡m‡e w width A¨vwUª weD‡U value/ gvb wc‡·j A_ev I‡qe‡c‡Ri cÖ k¯— Zvi Dci GKwU kZKiv gvb eënvi Kiv nq| wjLvi wbqg t wb‡P width A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e kZKiv gvb eënvi Kiv 114 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-60 (p60.html) Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUªweDU eDU Gi eënvi Gi Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! Width Attribute in HR Element E lement HTML HTML is a language for describing web pages. CSS CSS defines how to display HTML elements. elements. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUª weDU eën vi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e kZKiv gvb eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kvb A¨vjvBb‡g›U A¨vjvBb‡g›U wba© viY K‡i bv †Ìqvq GwU wWdëfv‡e eª vDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K ïi‚ n‡e| n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| 115 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 wPÎ : 4.2.11.2.1 ( Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-61 (p61.html) Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi| eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! Width & Align Attribute in HR Element HTML HTML is a language for describing web pages. CSS CSS defines how to display HTML elements. elements. 116 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUª weDU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e kZKiv gvb eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K align A¨vwUª weDU Gi gvb wn‡m‡e w n‡m‡e left eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i Avby f~ wgK †iLvwU eª vDRvi Gi evg w`K †_‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk©Z n‡e| wPÎ : 4.2.11.2.2 ( Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| †cÖvMÖ vg bs-62 (p62.html) Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi| eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! Width & Align Attribute in HR Element HTML HTML is a language for describing web pages. CSS CSS defines how to display HTML elements. elements. 117 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUª weDU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e kZKiv gvb eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K A b¨w`‡K align A¨vwUª weD U Gi gvb wn‡m‡e right eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i Avby f~ wgK †iLvwU eª vDRvi Gi Wvb w`K †_‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| wPÎ : 4.2.11.2.3 ( Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e wc‡·j eënvi Kiv †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-63 (p63.html) Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi| eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! Width & Align Attribute in HR Element HTML HTML is a language for describing web pages. CSS CSS defines how to display HTML elements. 118 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t 300px) Dc‡ii †cÖ † cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUª weDU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e w n‡m‡e wc‡·j ( 300px) eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K align A¨vwUª weDU Gi gvb wn‡m‡e center eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i Avby f~ wgK †iLvwU eª vDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| wPÎ : 4.2.11.2.4 ( Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-64 (p64.html) Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi| eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! Width & Align Attribute in HR Element HTML HTML is a language for describing web pages. 119 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 CSS CSS defines how to display HTML elements. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t 500px) Dc‡ii †cÖ † cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUª weDU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e w n‡m‡e wc‡·j ( 500px) eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K align A¨vwUª weDU Gi gvb wn‡m‡e left eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i Avby f~ wgK †iLvwU eª vDRvi Gi evg w`K †_‡K cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| wPÎ : 4.2.11.2.5 ( Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| 4.2.11.3 t noshade A¨vwUª weDU Ly e fv‡jvfv‡e j¶¨ Ki‡j Avgiv Avby f~ wgK †iLv‡Z Shade/ Qvqv Qvqv †`L‡Z cv‡ev| Avi GB Shade/ Qvqv Qvqv gy ‡Q mwjW Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ noshade A¨vwUª weDUwU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P width A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖvg bs-65 (p65.html) Bwj‡g›U G noshade A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi eënvi Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! 120 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 Noshade Attribute in HR Element A shaded horizontal line (this is defaul de fault): t): A noshaded horizontal line: The noshade attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g cÖ_g _g nivBR›Uvj jvBbwU bigvwj eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z GKwU Qvqv j¶¨ Kiv hv‡e| Ab¨w`‡K, wØZxq nivBR›Uvj jvBbwU‡Z noshade A¨vwUª weDUwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| n‡q‡Q | G‡Z K‡i GwU mwjW Kvjv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡e, A_© vr †Kvb Qvqv _vK‡e bv| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| wPÎ : 4.2.11.3.1 ( Bwj‡g›U G noshade A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv ) )| 4.2.11.4 t size A¨vwUª weDU Avby f~ wgK †iLvi D‛PZv wba© viY Kiv nq GB A¨vwUª weDU Gi gva¨‡g| 121 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 f¨vwjD t size A¨vwUª weDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e wc‡·j eënvi Kiv nq| Aa¨vq-15 †cÖ vMÖvg bs-66 (p66.html) Bwj‡g›U G size A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi| eënvi| Use of HTML Presentational Elements! Size Attribute in HR Element A normal horizontal line: A horizontal line with a height of o f 30 pixels: The size attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g cÖ _g _g nivBR›Uvj jvBbwU bigvwj eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwUi AvKvi ¯^ vfvweK ¯^ vfvweK _vK‡e| Ab¨w`‡K, wØZxq nivBR›Uvj jvBbwU‡Z size A¨vwUª weDUwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e 30px eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| wPÎ : 4.2.11.4.1 ( Bwj‡g›U G size A¨vwUª weDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv ) )| 122 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 4.3 t HTML Phrase Elements GBPwUGgGj Gi GB †mKkb Gi wKQz Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U Gi AvDUcy U cÖ vq Presentational Elements †mKkb Gi wKQz Bwj‡g›U Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡ZvB| †hgb t , , . Z‡e cv_© K¨ n‡jv Presentational Bwj‡g›U¸‡jv †KejgvÎ eª vDRv‡i †U·U Gi wfbœ Zv Avbvi Rb¨B eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘, Phrase Bwj‡g›U¸‡jv we‡kl we‡kl †¶‡Î eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov mvP© BwÄb Gi Kv‡QI GB Bwj‡g›U¸‡jv ¸i‚Z¡ c~ c~Y©Y© f~ wgKv cvjb K‡i| mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb Gi mKj †KŠkjmg~ n m¤ú‡K© †jL‡Ki †jL‡Ki ÔÔmvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ Ges ÔÔA¨vWfvÝW mvP© BwÄb BwÄb AcwUg vB‡RkbÕÕ eB `y wU‡Z mnR I we¯—vwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 4.3.1 t Element ß Emphasis Gi msw¶ iƒc n‡‛Q em. Gi A_© n‡‛Q †Rvo †`qv/¸i‚ Z¡ †`qv| A_© vr †Kvb IqvW© /ev‡K¨ ¸i‚ Z¡ iƒc cÖ Kvk Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›UwU eënv‡ii cÖ ‡qvRb cÖ ‡qvRb nq| GwU eª vDRv‡i BZvwjK AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z nq| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-67 (p67.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase Elements! em Element You must remember to close elements in HTML5 Version. Version. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi must kãwU‡Z Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.3.1.1 ( †cÖ 123 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 4.3.2 t Element ‡g›U Gi G i PvB‡ZI Emphasis Bwj †ewk ¸i‚Z¡ ¸ i‚Z¡ †`qv †`qv nq GB Bwj‡g›U‡K| GwU †Kvb WKz ‡g›U/jvBb Gi me‡P‡q ¸i‚Z¡c~ c~Y©Y AskUz © AskUz Kz wb‡`© wb‡`© k Ki‡Z eëüZ nq| GwU eª vDRv‡i †evì/Mvp AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z nq| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-68 (p68.html) †cÖvMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase Elements! Strong Element HTML is mandatory for creating/building any we bsite!! †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi mandatory kãwU‡Z Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.3.2.1 ( †cÖ 4.3.3 t Element evmvi wVKvbv / †gBj A¨v‡Wª m/ KbU¨ v± Bbdi‡gkb †jLvi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›UwU eënvi n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t 124 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-69 (p69.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase Elements! Address Element Name : Imran Hossain E-Mail : [email protected] Phone : 01674 977 208 †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g A¨v‡Wªm Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †U·U/†jLv ¸‡jv eªvDRv‡i GKUz wfbœ wfbœ AvK… AvK… wZ‡Z cÖ `wk© Z n‡e, hv‡Z ey Sv hv‡e †h GwU Kv‡iv KbU ¨ v± Bbdig¨vkb| ZvQvov Dc‡iv³ Dc‡i v³ A¨v‡Wª m A¨v‡Wª m Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi `y wU jvBb †eªK Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv eª vDRv‡i bZz b jvBb •Zwi Ki‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| 125 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy AvDUcy U eªvDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.3.3.1 ( †cÖ 4.3.4 t Element ß Abbreviation Gi msw¶ iƒc n‡‛Q abbr. †Kvb k‡ãi msw¶ß iƒc cÖ Kvk Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›UwU e¨ eüZ n‡q _v‡K| A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi t 4.3.4.1 t title A¨vwUª weDU Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi eëüZ msw¶ ß k‡ãi c~Y©Y iƒ© c cÖ Kvk Kivi Rb¨ title A¨vwUª weDU eënvi n‡q _v‡K| Value : UvB‡Uj A¨vwUª weDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e †U·U eëüZ nq| wjLvi wbqg t Abbreviation of Word wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-70 (p70.html) †cÖvMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase Elements! Abbreviation Element By marking up abbreviations you can give useful information to browsers, spellcheckers, screen readers, translation systems and search-engines. I have a Friend called MD Salman. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g A¨vweª wf‡qkb Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi MD ( msw¶ ß iƒc ) †jLv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi c~Y©Y iƒ© c‡K A¨vweª wf‡qkb Bwj‡g›U Gi UvB‡Uj A¨vwUªweD‡U f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e †jLv n‡q‡Q| 126 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U I Gi title A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.3.4.1.1 ( †cÖ Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb †h, Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Avgiv †h MD kãwU wj‡LwQjvg, †mwU GLv‡b cÖ `wk© Z n‡‛Q| GLb Gi Dci gvD‡mi Kvm© i wb‡q ai‡j Avgiv GB kãwUi c~Y©Y iƒ© c wn‡m‡e Bwj‡g›U Gi UvB‡Uj A¨vwUª weD‡U hv wj‡LwQjvg, Zv cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| wPÎ : 4.3.4.1.2 ( title nIqv )| title A¨vwUª weDU Gi f¨vwjD cÖ `wk© Z Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, Avgiv UvB‡Uj A¨vwUª weDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e hv wj‡LwQjvg , Zv D³ n‡‛Q| BPL †jLvwUi Dci Kvm© i aivq cÖ `wk© Z 4.3.5 t Element Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi A‡bKUv Gi g‡ZvB| Z‡e, cv_©K¨ n‡jv t Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv nq, †Kvb k‡ãi k‡ ãi msw¶ ßKiY Kivi Rb¨| Avi Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv nq g~ jZ †Kvb vK¨ ev we‡kl †Kvb welqe¯‘ ‡K msw¶ ßKiY Kivi Rb¨| GKwU e A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi t 4.3.5.1 t title A¨vwUª weDU 127 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 © c cÖ Kvk Kivi Rb¨ R b¨ title A¨vwUª weDU eënvi n‡q Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi eëüZ msw¶ß k‡ãi c~Y©Y iƒ _v‡K| Value : UvB‡Uj A¨vwUª weDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e †U·U eëü Z nq| wjLvi wbqg t The Acronym word wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-71 (p71.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase Elements! Acronym Element By marking up acronyms acro nyms you can give useful information to browsers, bro wsers, spellcheckers, screen readers, translation systems and search-engines. This chapter covers marking up Phrase Elements E lements in HTML †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g A¨v‡µvwbg Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi HTML ( msw¶ ß iƒc ) †jLv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi c~Y©Y iƒ© c‡K A¨v‡µvwbg Bwj‡g›U Gi UvB‡Uj A¨vwUªweD‡U f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e †jLv n‡q‡Q | GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| 128 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †cÖvMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U I Gi title A¨vwUª weDU eënvi wPÎ : 4.3.5.1.1 ( †cÖ K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb †h, †mwU GLv‡b cÖ `wk© Z n‡‛Q| Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Avgiv †h HTML kãwU GLb Gi Dci gvD‡mi Kvm© i wb‡q ai‡j Avgiv GB kãwUi c~Y©Y iƒ© c (HyperText wn‡m‡e Bwj‡g›U Gi UvB‡Uj A¨vwUª weD‡U hv wj‡LwQjvg, Zv cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| wj‡LwQjvg, Markup Language) wPÎ : 4.3.5.1.2 ( title nIqv )| title A¨vwUª weDU Gi f¨vwjD cÖ`wk© Z 4.3.6 t Element ß Definition Gi msw¶ iƒc n‡‛Q dfn.I‡qe‡c‡R †Kvb WKz ‡g›U/jvBb Gi g‡a¨ we‡kl w e‡kl †Kvb kã‡K kã ‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z GB Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| GwU eª vDRv‡i BZvwjK AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z nq| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t 129 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †cÖvMÖ vg bs-72 (p72.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase Elements! Definition Element This book teaches you how mark up your documents for the Web using HTML This book teaches you how mark up your documents for the Web using HTML †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g †Wwdwbkb Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi HTML kãwU †jLv n‡q‡Q| GwU eª vDRv‡i BZvwjK AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| †cÖvMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.3.6.1 ( †cÖ 4.3.7 t Element †Kvb WKz ‡g›U Gi †Kvb † Kvb †jLv/jvBb hLb Ab¨ †Kvb I‡qemvBU ev †mvm© †_‡K †_‡K Kwc K‡i Avbv nq, ZLb mvavi YZ H Kwc Kiv AskUz Kz ‡K GB Bwj‡g›U Gi gva¨‡g †jLv n‡q _v‡K| Bwj‡g›U eënv‡i †jLvi `y B cv‡k GKwU wbw`© ó Ask dvu Kv _v‡K| 130 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-73 (p73.html) †cÖ vMÖv‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase Elements! Blockquote Element The following description description of HTML5 is taken from the W3C W3C Web site: HTML5 is the W3C’s first Recommendation for HTML, HTML, following on from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g < blockquote> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi HTML5 is the W3C’s first Recommend . . . . . eª vDRv‡i ïi‚ Ges Ges †k‡li w`‡K wKQz Uv dvu Kv †i‡L cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| . . . †jLvUz Kz eª GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.3.7.1 ( †cÖ Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Avgiv Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi wKQz †U·U wj‡LwQ| GwU f¨vwjW wbqg bq| cieZ© x‡Z Avgv‡ì GB †cRwU f¨vwj‡Wkb Kivi mgq GwU mgm¨v n‡q `vov‡e| ZvB cÖ_‡gB _‡gB GB Bwj‡g›U‡K f¨vwjW K‡i K‡ i †jLv DwPZ| Gi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †U·U‡K Aci †Kvb †U·U Bwj‡g›U w`‡q wjL‡Z nq| †cR f¨vwj‡Wkb m¤ú‡K© eB‡qi †k‡l Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡Pi D`vniYwU j¶ ¨ Kiv hvK t 131 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †cÖvMÖ vg bs-74 (p74.html) †cÖvMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U G c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase Elements! Blockquote Element The following description description of HTML5 is taken from the W3C W3C Web site: HTML5 is the W3C’s first Recommendation for HTML, foll following owing on o n from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, 4. 0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ †cÖ vMÖ v‡g < blockquote> Bwj‡g›U‡K f¨vwj‡WU Kivi Rb¨ Gi wfZi HTML5 is the W3C’s first Recommend . . . . . . . . †jLvUz Kz ‡K c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U Gi gva¨‡g †jLv n‡q‡Q| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U G c¨vivMÖ vd Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi wPÎ : 4.3.7.2 ( †cÖ AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| 132 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi t 4.3.7.1 t cite A¨vwUª weDU †KvW (†h mvBU mvBU †_‡K †_‡ K Avbv n‡q‡Q) D‡j - L Kivi < blockquote> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi eëüZ †jLvUz Kz i †mvm© †KvW Rb¨ cite A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| Value : cite A¨vwUª weDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e URL (Uniform Resource Locator) eëüZ nq| wjLvi wbqg t < blockquote cite="URL"> The Blockquote Sentence. wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-75 (p75.html) Bwj‡g›U G cite A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase Elements! Cite Attribute in Blockquote Element The following description description of HTML5 is taken from the W3C W3C Web site: HTML5 is the W3C’s first Recommendation for HTML, foll following owing on o n from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, 4. 0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0. †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ v‡g < blockquote> Bwj‡g‡›Ui wfZi eëüZ welqe¯‘ i †mvm© †KvW‡K D‡j - L Kivi Rb¨ A¨vwUª weDU Gi eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU eª vDRv‡i †Kvb cwieZ© b Avb‡e bv| 4.3.8 t Element 133 cite GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 ß iƒc GwU| GwU| Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi A‡bKUv Gi g‡ZvB| Z‡e cv_©K¨ Quotation Gi msw¶ n‡jv, †Kvb e - K jvBb‡K †Kv‡Ukb Gi gva¨‡g †jLvi Rb¨ Bwj‡g›U eëüZ nq, Avi †Kej GKwU gvÎ evK¨‡K †Kv‡Ukb Gi gva¨‡g †jLvi Rb¨ Bwj‡g›U eëüZ nq| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-76 (p76.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase Elements! Quotation Element As The Girl said, Somebody’s boring me. I t hink it’s me!! it’s me!! †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g < q> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Somebody’s bor. . . . . . . . †jLvUz Kz i ïi‚ Ges ïi‚ Ges †k‡l D×„ wZ wPý j¶ ¨ Kiv hv‡e| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.3.8.1 ( †cÖ 4.3.9 t Element ß Citation Gi msw¶ iƒc GwU| †Kvb †jLv‡K †Kv‡Ukb Kivi mgq Gi †mvm© †KvW‡K D‡j - L Kivi Rb¨ mvaviYZ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î cite Bwj‡g›U‡K Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi wjL‡Z nq| j‡g›U m¤ú‡K© eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cite Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡ii †jLv Bw eª vDRv‡i BZvwjK AvKv‡i cÖ `wk© Z nq| wb‡Pi D`vniYwU j¶ ¨ Kiv hvK t 134 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-77 (p77.html) †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase P hrase Elements! Citation Element This line is taken from < cite > Beginning Web Development < /cite > †KvW we‡k - - lY lY t Dc‡ii †cÖ Dc‡ii †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Beginning Web Development †jLvUz Kz ‡K wjsK wjsK Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi ïi‚ Ges ïi‚ Ges †k‡l Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖ vgwU eª vDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcy U cÖ `wk© Z n‡e| †cÖ vMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcy U eª vDRv‡i †`Lv )| wPÎ : 4.3.9.1 ( †cÖ Dc‡ii wP‡Î w P‡Î Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡ii Beginning Web Development †jLvUz Kz AvÛvijvBb AvÛvijvBb Ges bxj Kvjvi Gi †`Lv hv‡‛Q| Bwj‡g›U Gi ïi‚‡Z Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kivi Kvi‡b GgbwU †`Lv hv‡‛Q| j‡g›U m¤ú‡K© eB‡qi eB‡qi cieZ© x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bw 4.3.10 t Element I‡qe‡c‡R wewfbœ †cÖ †cÖ vMÖ vwgs †KvW †jLvi mgq GB Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ nq| wb‡Pi D`vniYwU j¶ ¨ Kiv hvK t 135 GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15 †cÖ vMÖ vg bs-78 (p78.html) †cÖvMÖ v‡g Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi| Use of HTML Phrase Elements! 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