HSS LAB manual.doc

HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 4CS11 SESSION 2012-

13

ALWAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Alwar (Rajasthan)

Lab Manual HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES

Program:

B.Tech

Semester

Sesson:

!"#!$!"#%

Subject &o'e: 4CS11

Subject ame: *MAITI+S , S-&IAL S&I+&+S

Depar t mentofComp mput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng

:

IV sem


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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &ENGINEERING

SCHEME AS AS PER RTU SYLLABUS

Subject &o'e

4CS11

ame o Subject

Humanities & Social Sciences

+/am rs.

1

L

$

T

$

P

!

M.M. Sessonal0 M' term %"

M.M. +n' Term !"

Total M.M.

2"

Assessment criteria A. Internal Assessment:

30

In continuous evaluation system of the university, a student is evaluated throughout semester. His/her performance in the lab, attendance, prac tical no!ledge, problem solving sill, !ritten !or in practical file and behavior are main criteria to evaluate student performance. "part from that a lab #ui$ !ill be organi$e to see program programming sill and no!ledge about the proposed sub%ect.

B.

External Assessment:

20

"t the end of the semester a lab eamination !ill be scheduled to chec overall programming sill, in !hich student !ill need to solve ' programming problems in time span of ( h ours.

C. Total Marks:

30+20=50

FACULTY FACULTY NAME:

Mr. Nitish Patil

LAB ASSISTANT NAME:

Rn3u &hau'har4



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ENCE&ENGI NEERI NG DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCI

SYLLABUS AS AS PER RTU

4CS11. HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 1. Form of Governmen! Democracy, Dictatorship 2. In"#$! Brief history of Indian Constitution, History of Indian National Moement, !fter Independence, Independence, Socio"economic #ro$th. %. So%#e! Social #roups"concept #roups"concept and types sociali&ation' concept and types, theory social control 'concept and types means. Social pro(lem' concept and types. 4. T'e F(n"$men$)* of E%onom#%*! T'e lo#ic of economics fundamentals fundamentals de)nitions of economics, (asic terminolo#y. *. M#%ro E%onom#%*! Consumer+s (ehaior, utility, demand, supply, elasticity of demand and supply. heory of production, production function, factors of production. -. M$%ro E%onom#%*! N$#on$) income, (usiness cycles, a##re#ate term, ination, economic #ro$th, international rade, e/chan#e rates. 0. In"#$n E%onom! Basic features, infrastructure, occupation, natural and human resources,



13

ENCE&ENGI NEERI NG DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCI

LIST OF HSS ASSIGNMENTS:

1. orm orm of oer oernmen nmentt in India' India' Democr Democracy acy 2. Indian Indian Const Constitu itutio tion n

%. Society 4. unda undamen mental tals s of 3conomi 3conomics cs *. Micr Micro o 3co 3cono nomic mics s -. Macr Macro o 3co 3cono nomi mics cs 0. Indi Indian an 3con 3conom omy y

BEYOND CURRICULUM:

#. &urrent aars 5uestons !. Assgnments Assgnments on to6cs: to6cs: S+BI789I7 RBI. RBI. %. Reasonng 5uestons.



13

ENCE&ENGI NEERI NG DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCI INDE

ASSI.-.

1

ASSIM+T AM+

orm of oernment in India' Democracy #$;

2

Indian Constitution

3

Society

4

undamentals of 3conomics

5

PA+ PA+ -.

Micro 3conomics .



<$!= %"$%1 %2$%< %>$1! 1!$1%

Macro 3conomics !

Indian 3conomy


11$2;


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Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng

HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES + 4CS11

"ssignment )o. 1* +orm of overnment* -emocracy ()*ecti%es Introduce the form of overnment *-emocracy • 1. -ictatorship •

" o

rm o# $o%ernment: he $o%ernment o# In&ia , officially no!n as the 'nion $o%ernment, and also no!n as the Central $o%ernment, !as established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of the union of ' states and seven union territories, collectively called the 0epublic of India. It is seated in )e! -elhi, the capital of India.

he government comprises three branches* • • •

the eecutive, the legislative and the %udiciary.

he head of the eecutive branch is the resident, !ho is the Head of State and eercises his or her po!er directly or through officers subordinate to him/ her. he legislative branch or the arliament consists of the lo!er house, the 2o Sabha, and the upper house, the 0a%ya Sabha, as !ell as the resident. he %udicial branch has the Supreme Court at its ape, '1 High Courts, and numerous civil, criminal and family courts at the district level. India is the largest democracy in the !orld. he basic civil and criminal la!s governing the citi$ens of India are set do!n in ma%or parliamentary legislation, such as the Civil rocedure Code, the Indian enal Code, and the Criminal rocedure Code. he union and individual state governments consist of eecutive, legislative and %udicial branches. he legal system as applicable to the federal and individual state governments is based on the 3nglish Common and Statutory 2a!. India accepts International Court of ustice %urisdiction !ith several reservations. 5y the 6(rd and 64th amendments to the constitution, the anchayat 0a% system has been institutionali$ed for local governance. he legislature is the arliament. It is bicameral, consisting of t!o houses* •

•

the directly elected 7478member 2o Sabha 9:House of the eople:;, the lo!er house, and the '7<8member indirectly elected and appointed 0a%ya Sabha 9:Council of States:;, the upper house.

he arliament en%oys parliamentary supremacy. "ll the members of the Council of =inisters as !ell as the rime =inister are members of arliament. If they are not, they must be elected !ithin a period of si months from the time they assume their respective office. he rime =inister and the Council of =inisters are responsible to the 2o Sabha collectively. Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


Collective responsibility he rime =inister and the Council of =inisters are %ointly accountable to the 2o Sabha. If there is a policy failure or lapse on the part of the government, all the members of the council are %ointly responsible. If a vote of no confidence is passed against the government, then all the ministers headed by the rime =inister have to resign.>citation needed ?

Executive branch he eecutive branch of government is the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. he division of po!er into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of po!ers. he separation of po!ers system is designed to distribute authority a!ay from the eecutive branch @ an attempt to preserve individual liberty in response to tyrannical leadership throughout history.



,re*#"en

0ashtrapati 5ha!an, the residence of the resident of India he eecutive po!er is vested on mainly the resident of India by "rticle 7( 91; of the constitution. he resident en%oys all constitutional po!ers and eercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid "rticle 7(91;.he resident is to act in accordance !ith aid and advise tendered by the head of government 9rime =inister of India; and his or her Council of =inisters 9the cabinet; as described in "rticle 64 9Constitution of India;. he Constitution vests in the resident of India all the eecutive po!ers of the Central overnment. he resident appoints the rime =inister, the person most liely to command the support of the ma%ority in the 2o Sabha 9usually the leader of the ma%ority party or coalition;. he resident then appoints the other members of the Council of =inisters, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the rime =inister. he Council of =inisters remains in po!er during the ApleasureA of the resident. Ho!ever, In practice the Council of =inisters must retain the support of the 2o Sabha. If a resident !ere to dismiss the Council of =inisters on his or her o!n initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. hus, in practice, the Council of =inisters cannot be dismissed as long as it commands the support of a ma%ority in the 2o Sabha. he resident is responsible for maing a !ide variety of appointments. hese include* • •

overnors of states he Chief ustice, and other %udges of the Supreme Court and High Courts of India. Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


• • • • • •

• •

he "ttorney eneral he Chief 3lection Commissioner and 3lection Commissioners. he Central Bigilance Commissioner and the Bigilance Commissioners. he residentAs fficer he Comptroller and "uditor eneral he Cabinet Secretary8!hose position is e#uivalent to the =inisters in Central overnment. His !or is to facilitate smooth transaction of business in =inistries/ -epartments of the overnment.>'? he Secretariat held by Cabinet Secretary is termed as Cabinet Secretariat and assists in decision8maing in overnment by ensuring Inter8=inisterial coordination, ironing out differences amongst =inistries/ -epartments and evolving consensus through the instrumentality of the standing/ adhoc Committees of Secretaries. he Chairman and other =embers of the Dnion ublic Service Commission "mbassadors and High Commissioners to other countries.

he resident is the de jure Commander in Chief of the Indian "rmed +orces. he resident of India can grant a pardon to or reduce the sentence of a convicted person for one time, particularly in cases involving punishment of death. he decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the president are independent of the opinion of the rime =inister or the 2o Sabha ma%ority. In most other cases, ho!ever, the resident eercises his or her eecutive po!ers on the advice of the rime =inister.

#%e ,re*#"en he Bice8resident of India is the second8highest raning government official in the eecutive branch of the overnment of India, follo!ing the resident. he Bice8 resident also has the legislative function of acting as the Chairman of the 0a%ya Sabha. he Bice8resident acts as resident in the event of death, resignation, or removal of the resident until a ne! resident is chosen by the electoral college for maimum si months. -uring this period, the Bice resident shall not perform the duties of the office of the Chairman of 0a%ya Sabha.

C$#ne/ ee%(#ve "e$rmen* $n" $en%#e* he Cabinet of India includes the rime =inister and (7 Cabinet =inisters. 3ach =inister must be a member of one of the houses of IndiaAs arliament. he Cabinet is headed by the Cabinet Secretary, !ho is also acting as the head of the Indian "dministrative Service. ther =inisters are categori$ed as Dnion Cabinet =inisters, !ho are heads of the various =inistriesE =inisters of State, !ho are %unior members !ho report directly to one of the Cabinet =inisters, often overseeing a specific aspect of governmentE and unior =inisters of State 9Independent Charges;, !hich do not report to a Cabinet =inister.



Judicial branch

Supreme Court of India IndiaAs independent %udicial system began under the 5ritish, and its concepts and procedures resemble those of "nglo8Saon countries. he Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief ustice and (< associate %ustices, all appointed by the resident on the advice of the Chief ustice of India. he %ury trials !ere abolished in India in early 1FG
S(reme Co(r he Supreme Court of India has original %urisdiction, appellate %urisdiction and advisory %urisdiction. Its eclusive original %urisdiction etends to any dispute bet!een the overnment of India and one or more states, or bet!een the overnment of India and any state or states on one side and one or more states on the other, or bet!een t!o or more states, if and insofar as the dispute involves any #uestion 9!hether of la! or of fact; on !hich the eistence or etent of a legal right depends. In addition, "rticle (' of the Indian Constitution gives an etensive original %urisdiction to the Supreme Court in regard to enforcement of fundamental rights. It is empo!ered to issue directions, orders or !rits, including !rits in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus , prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them. he Supreme Court has been conferred !ith po!er to direct transfer of any civil or criminal case from one State High Court to another State High Court, or from a court subordinate to another State High Court.



Demo%r$%! -emocracy has been defined as the government of the people, for the people, by the people. In such a overnment people are themselves the rulers of the ruled. overnment is formed through elections. "ll the adult citi$ens cast votes and elect their representatives. hus it is a peopleAs government. It is run through their elected representatives. -ictatorship is that form of overnment in !hich there is centrali$ation of po!er. "ll po!er rests in the hands of one single individual. he people have no say in the matters of overnment. In India, 3ngland and "merican, etcE there is democracy. In China, 3gypt, etc, there is dictatorship. he main advantages of democracy are three. +irst in this form of overnment people en%oy a great deal of liberty. hey get every freedom for self8epression. hey can critici$e the overnment through the press and the platform. he overnment can be dismissed at the !ill of the people. In such a overnment, people are all po!erful. It is they !ho mae and dismiss it. In 3ngland, Sir inston Churchill !on the second orld ar and became the !ar8time hero. 5ut after the !ar he and his government !ere dismissed. Secondly, in democracy all the citi$ens are treated as e#uals. )o distinctions is made on the basic of caste, creed or se. "ll the citi$ens get e#ual opportunity. 3ven a s!eeper can become a resident. hirdly, democracy is best suited for a country in peace times. Sound foundations of a nation are laid through it. 3verything great is achieved through the co8operation of the people. Co8cooperation of the people is its basic principle. here are some disadvantages also of democracy. It is very slo! moving form of overnment. +or everything, first of all some legislation has to be passed. It taes a pretty long time before the overnment comes to any decision. =oreover, it also lacs in secrecy. Its machinery is very complicated. It runs through a long chain of officers and their staffs. hus, every order has to pass through so many hands before it can be eecuted. So it is said that it can never be successful in !ar times. +urther, its success or failure depends on the voter. If the voters are educated and enlightened, then only !ill they vote to elect capable men. If they are ignorant they !ill vote for undesirable persons. hus, democracy depends upon the voters.

D#%$or*'#! -ictatorship has its o!n advantages. In !ar8time, no other overnment is so efficient as dictatorship. he dictator is the master of his o!n !ill. His orders are the final orders. )o one can dare refuse to carry them out. !hen a nation is do!n trodden a dictator certainly helps it is rising high. hrough heavy penalties and punishments, he frees the country of all corruption. hus !e find that all around dictators are coming into po!er. In aistan, 3gypt, 5urma, etc there !ere dictators. 5ut dictatorship cannot last long. It is very difficult to get a good successor to a dictator. 3instein, the famous scientist, one said, :dictators of genius are succeeded by Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


scoundrels.: ermany became a terror to the !orld in the days of Hitler. urey !as revolutioni$ed and moderni$ed by =ustafa amal asha. 5ut after them, their countries again fell in darness. +urther, as the danger of going on a !rong path. here is no chec on his po!ers. eople cannot critics him or change the overnment through constitutional means. hey cannot epress their vie!s freely or pass their life in the !ay they thin best. hey have no rights. hey must obey the dictator blindly. =an is thus reduced to the level of a dumb animal. hese are some of the greatest defects of the dictatorship. eeping all the above advantages and disadvantages of democracy and dictatorship in mind, !e can say that democracy leads to the development of the individual as !ell as of society. It is in this form of overnment that the individual liberties are rights are highly respected. eople are not made to follo! the overnment lie sheep and goats. hat is !hy the present dictators tae pleasure in calling their dictatorship peopleAs democracies. In recent times there has been turmoil all over 3astern 3urope !ith thousands and thousands of people demanding democratic reforms, and fair and free elections on the basic of a multiparty system. -ictatorships in many of these countries have been replaced by democracies. "ll progressive countries !ant to follo! the path of democracy. It is the highest form of civili$ed overnment.





A**#nmen No. 2 ! In"#$n Con*#(#on he Constittion o# In&ia is the supreme la! of India. It lays do!n the frame!or defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, po!ers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citi$ens. It is the longest !ritten constitution of any sovereign country in the !orld, containing 44 articles in '' parts, 1' schedules and F6 amendments. 5esides the 3nglish version, there is an official Hindi translation. -r 5.0. "mbedar is !idely regarded as the father of the Indian Constitution. he Constitution !as enacted by the Constituent "ssembly on 'G )ovember 1F4F, and came into effect on 'G anuary 1F7<. he date 'G anuary !as chosen to commemorate the urna S!ara% declaration of independence of 1F(<. ith its adoption, the Dnion of India officially became the modern and contemporary 0epublic of India and it replaced the overnment of India "ct 1F(7 as the countryAs fundamental governing document. he Constitution declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citi$ens of %ustice, e#uality, and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity among them.he !ords :socialist: and :secular: !ere added to the definition in 1F6G by constitutional amendment. India celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 'G anuary each year as 0epublic -ay. Back,ron&:

he ma%or portion of the Indian subcontinent !as under 5ritish colonial rule from 1676 to 1F46. he impact of economic, political and social eploitation during this period helped the gradual rise of the Indian independence movement to gain independence from foreign rule. he movement culminated in the formation of the -ominion of India on 17 "ugust 1F46, along !ith the -ominion of aistan. he Constitution of India !as adopted on 'G )ovember 1F4F and came into effect on 'G anuary 1F7<, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the la! of the land !hich !ould govern India after its independence from 5ritish rule. n the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the 5ritish Cro!n. he Indian constitution is the !orldAs longest constitution. "t the time of commencement, the constitution had (F7 articles in '' parts and  schedules. It consists of almost <,<<< !ords.It too ' Jears 11 =onths and 1 days to build it, as !ell as the hard !or of all those !ho had a noble vision for the future India. In the Dnited ingdom the office of the Secretary of State for India !as the authority through !hom arliament eercised its rule 9along !ith the Council of India;, and established the office of Biceroy of India 9along !ith an 3ecutive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the 5ritish overnment;. he Indian Councils "ct 1G1 provided for a 2egislative Council consisting of the members of the 3ecutive council and non8official members. he Indian Councils "ct 1F' established provincial legislatures and increased the po!ers of the 2egislative Council. "lthough these "cts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their po!er still remained limited. he Indian Councils "ct 1F

,$r)#$men$r Demo%r$% he resident of India is elected by the arliament and State 2egislative "ssemblies, and not directly by the people. he resident is the head of state, and all the business of the 3ecutive and 2a!s of the arliament are in his/her name. Ho!ever, these po!ers are only nominal, and the resident must act only according to the advice of the rime =inister and the Council of =inisters. he rime =inister and the Council of =inisters eercise their offices only as long as they en%oy a ma%ority support in the 2o Sabha, the lo!er house of the arliament, !hich consists of members directly elected by the people. he ministers are ans!erable to both the houses of the arliament. "lso, the =inisters must themselves be elected members of either the 2o Sabha or the 0a%ya Sabha, the upper house of the arliament. hus, the arliament eercises control over the 3ecutive. " similar structure is present in States, !here the directly elected 2egislative "ssembly en%oys control over the Chief =inister and the State Council of =inisters. T-E C(/TIT'TI( (" IIA KKKKKKKKKKKK

C)3)S KKKKKKKKKK

EAMBE

AT I

H3 D)I) ")- IS 300I0J "0IC23S )ame and territory of the Dnion. 1. "dmission or establishment of ne! States. 2. > Repealed.? 2A. 3.

+ormation of ne! States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of eisting States.

4.

2a!s made under articles ' and ( to provide for the amendment of the +irst and the +ourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and conse#uential matters. AT II

CIIL3)SHI . !.

Citi$enship at the commencement of the Constitution. 0ights of citi$enship of certain persons !ho have migrated to India from aistan. 0ights of citi$enship of certain migrants to aistan.

.

0ights of citi$enship of certain persons of Indian origin residing

5.

outside India.



. 10. 11.

ersons voluntarily ac#uiring citi$enship of a foreign State not to be citi$ens. Continuance of the rights of citi$enship. arliament to regulate the right of citi$enship by la!. AT III

+D)-"=3)"2 0IHS General 12. 13. 14. 15. 1. 1!. 1.

-efinition. 2a!s inconsistent !ith or in derogation of the fundamental rights. Right to Equalit 3#uality before la!. rohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, se or place of birth. 3#uality of opportunity in matters of public employment. "bolition of Dntouchability. "bolition of titles. Right to !reedom

1. 20. 21. 21A. 22.

rotection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. rotection in respect of conviction for offences. rotection of life and personal liberty. 0ight to education. rotection against arrest and detention i n certain cases. Right against E"ploitation

23. 24.

rohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. rohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. Right to !reedom of Religion

+reedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. +reedom to manage religious affairs. 2. +reedom as to payment of taes for promotion of any particular religion. 2!. +reedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious !orship in certain 2. educational institutions. 25.

#ultural and Educational Rights 2. 30. 31.

rotection of interests of minorities. 0ight of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. > Repealed .? Saving of #ertain $aws

31A. 31B. 31C. 31.

Saving of 2a!s providing for ac#uisition of estates, etc. Balidation of certain "cts and 0egulations. Saving of la!s giving effect to certain directive principles. > Repealed.? Right to #onstitutional Remedies

32. 32A.

0emedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this art. > Repealed.?



o!er of arliament to modify the rights conferred by this art in their application to 33. +orces, etc. 34.

0estriction on rights conferred by this art !hile martial la! is in force in any area.

35.

2egislation to give effect to the provisions of this art.

,AT I -I03CIB3 0I)CI23S + S"3 2ICJ 3.

-efinition.

3!.

"pplication of the principles contained in this art.

3.

State to secure a social order for the promotion of !elfare of the people.

3.

Certain principles of policy to be follo!ed by the State.

3A.

3#ual %ustice and free legal aid.

rganisation of village panchayats. 40. 0ight to !or, to education and to public assistance in certain cases. 41. rovision for %ust and humane conditions of !or and maternity relief. 42. 2iving !age, etc., for !orers. 43. articipation of !orers in management of industries. 43A. Dniform civil code for the citi$ens. 44. rovision for early childhood care and education to children belo! the age of si years. 45. romotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled ribes and 4. other !eaer sections. -uty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve 4!. public health. rganisation of agriculture and animal husbandry. 4. rotection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and !ild life. 4A. rotection of monuments and places and ob%ects of national importance. 4. Separation of %udiciary from eecutive. 50. romotion of international peace and security. 51.

,AT IA +D)-"=3)"2 -DI3S 51A.

+undamental duties.

PART V H3 D)I) CH"30 I. H3 3M3CDIB3 he resident and Bice8resident 

52. 53. 54. 55. 5. 5!.

he resident of India. 3ecutive po!er of the Dnion. 3lection of resident. =anner of election of resident. erm of office of resident. 3ligibility for re8election.



Nualifications for election as resident. Conditions of residentOs office. ath or affirmation by the resident. rocedure for impeachment of the resident. ime of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of resident and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy. he Bice8resident of India. 3. he Bice8resident to be e officio Chairman of the Council of States. 4. he Bice8resident to act as resident or to discharge his functions during casual 5. vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of resident. . Election of %ice&'resident. 67. Term of office of Vice-President. 68. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy. 6. Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President. 7!. Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies. 7". Matters relating to, or connected ith, the election of a President or VicePresident. 7#. Poer of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases. 7$. !"tent of e"ecutive poer of the #nion. #ouncil of Ministers Council of =inisters to aid and advise resident . !4. 7%. Other provisions as to Ministers. (he )ttorne&General for *ndia 76. $ttorney-%eneral for &ndia. 5. 5. 0. 1. 2.

77. 78. etc.

#onduct of Government +usiness 'onduct of business of the %overnment of &ndia. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President,

'($PT!) &&.  P$)*&$M!+T General

7. 8!. 8". 8#. 8$. 8&. 8%. 86. 87. 88.

'onstitution of Parliament. 'omposition of the 'ouncil of tates. 'omposition of the (ouse of the People. )eadustment after each census. Duration of (ouses of Parliament. ualification for membership of Parliament. essions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution. )ight of President to address and send messages to (ouses. pecial address by the President. )ights of Ministers and $ttorney-%eneral as respects (ouses. ,fficers of 'arliament



8. The 'hairman and Deputy 'hairman of the 'ouncil of tates. !. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy 'hairman. ". Poer of the Deputy 'hairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, 'hairman. #. The 'hairman or the Deputy 'hairman not to preside hile a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. $. The pea/er and Deputy pea/er of the (ouse of the People . &. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of pea/er and Deputy pea/er. %. Poer of the Deputy pea/er or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, pea/er. 6. The pea/er or the Deputy pea/er not to preside hile a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 7. alaries and alloances of the 'hairman and Deputy 'hairman and the pea/er and Deputy pea/er. 8. ecretariat of Parliament. #onduct of +usiness . Oath or affirmation by members. "!!. Voting in (ouses, poer of (ouses to act notithstanding vacancies and 0uorum. -isqualifications of Members "!". Vacation of seats. "!#. Dis0ualifications for membership. "!$. Decision on 0uestions as to dis0ualifications of members. "!&. Penalty for sitting and voting before ma/ing oath or affirmation under article 11 or hen not 0ualified or hen dis0ualified. 'owers 'rivileges and *mmunities of 'arliament and its Members "!%. Poers, privileges, etc., of the (ouses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof. "!6. alaries and alloances of members. $egislative 'rocedure "!7. Provisions as to introduction and passing of 2ills. "!8. 3oint sitting of both (ouses in certain cases. "!. pecial procedure in respect of Money 2ills. ""!. Definition of 4Money 2ills5. """. $ssent to 2ills. 'rocedure in !inancial Matters ""#. $nnual financial statement. ""$. Procedure in Parliament ith respect to estimates. ""&. $ppropriation 2ills. ""%. upplementary, additional or e"cess grants.

""6. ""7. 11. "". "#!. "#". "##.

Votes on account, votes of credit and e"ceptional grants. pecial provisions as to financial 2ills. 'rocedure Generall 0ules of procedure. )egulation by la of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business. *anguage to be used in Parliament. )estriction on discussion in Parliament. 'ourts not to in0uire into proceedings of Parliament. CH"30 III.

23IS2"IB3 30S + H3 03SI-3)



"#$.

Poer of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament. CH"30 IB.

H3 D)I) D-ICI"0J





"#&. !stablishment and constitution of upreme 'ourt. "#%. alaries, etc., of 3udges. "#6. $ppointment of acting 'hief 3ustice. "#7. $ppointment of ad hoc udges. "#8. $ttendance of retired 3udges at sittings of the upreme 'ourt. "#. upreme 'ourt to be a court of record. "$!. eat of upreme 'ourt. "$". Original urisdiction of the upreme 'ourt. "$"A. 6)epealed.7 "$#. $ppellate urisdiction of upreme 'ourt in appeals from (igh 'ourts in certain cases. "$$. $ppellate urisdiction of upreme 'ourt in appeals from (igh 'ourts in regard to 'ivil matters. "$&. $ppellate urisdiction of upreme 'ourt in regard to criminal matters. "$&A. 'ertificate for appeal to the upreme 'ourt. "$%. 3urisdiction and poers of the 8ederal 'ourt under e"isting la to be e"ercisable by the upreme 'ourt. "$6. pecial leave to appeal by the upreme 'ourt. "$7. )evie of udgments or orders by the upreme 'ourt. "$8. !nlargement of the urisdiction of the upreme 'ourt. "$. 'onferment on the upreme 'ourt of poers to issue certain rits. "$A. Transfer of certain cases. "&!. $ncillary poers of upreme 'ourt. "&". *a declared by upreme 'ourt to be binding on all courts. "&#. !nforcement of decrees and orders of upreme 'ourt and orders as to discovery, etc. "&$. Poer of President to consult upreme 'ourt. "&&. 'ivil and udicial authorities to act in aid of the upreme 'ourt. "&&A. 6)epealed.7 "&%. )ules of 'ourt, etc. "&6. Officers and servants and the e"penses of the upreme 'ourt. "&7. &nterpretation. '($PT!) V.  'OMPT)O**!) $+D $#D&TO)-%!+!)$* O8 &+D&$ "&8. 'omptroller and $uditor-%eneral of &ndia. "&. Duties and poers of the 'omptroller and $uditor-%eneral. "%!. 8orm of accounts of the #nion and of the tates. "%". $udit reports. PART V' H3 S"3S CH"30 I. 3)30"2 "%#. Definition. 

153.

'($PT!) &&.  T(! !9!'#T&V! he overnor overnors of States.



"%&. !"ecutive poer of tate. "%%. $ppointment of %overnor. "%6. Term of office of %overnor. "%7. ualifications for appointment as %overnor. "%8. 'onditions of %overnor’s office "%. Oath or affirmation by the %overnor. "6!. Discharge of the functions of the %overnor in certain contingencies. "6". Poer of %overnor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases. "6#. !"tent of e"ecutive poer of tate. #ouncil of Ministers Council of =inisters to aid and advise overnor. 13. "6&. Other provisions as to Ministers. (he )dvocate&General for the State "6%. $dvocate-%eneral for the tate. #onduct of Government +usiness "66. 'onduct of business of the %overnment of a tate. "67. Duties of 'hief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to %overnor, etc.

"68. "6. "7!. "7". "7#. "7$. "7&. "7%. "76. "77.

'($PT!) &&&.  T(! T$T! *!%&*$T#)! eneral 'onstitution of *egislatures in tates. $bolition or creation of *egislative 'ouncils in tates. 'omposition of the *egislative $ssemblies. 'omposition of the *egislative 'ouncils. Duration of tate *egislatures. ualification for membership of the tate *egislature. essions of the tate *egislature, prorogation and dissolution. )ight of %overnor to address and send messages to the (ouse or (ouses. pecial address by the %overnor. )ights of Ministers and $dvocate-%eneral as respects the (ouses.

,fficers of the State $egislature "78. The pea/er and Deputy pea/er of the *egislative $ssembly. "7. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of pea/er and Deputy pea/er. "8!. Poer of the Deputy pea/er or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, pea/er. "8". The pea/er or the Deputy pea/er not to preside hile a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. "8#. The 'hairman and Deputy 'hairman of the *egislative 'ouncil. "8$. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of 'hairman and Deputy 'hairman. "8&. Poer of the Deputy 'hairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, 'hairman. "8%. The 'hairman or the Deputy 'hairman not to preside hile a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. "86. alaries and alloances of the pea/er and Deputy pea/er and the 'hairman and Deputy 'hairman. "87. ecretariat of tate *egislature. #onduct of +usiness



"88. "8. "!. "".

Oath or affirmation by members. Voting in (ouses, poer of (ouses to act notithstanding vacancies and 0uorum. -isqualifications of Members Vacation of seats. Dis0ualifications for membership.

"#.

Decision on 0uestions as to dis0ualifications of members.

"$. Penalty for sitting and voting before ma/ing oath or affirmation under article :;; or hen not 0ualified or hen dis0ualified. 'owers privileges and immunities of State $egislatures and their Members

"&. Poers, privileges, etc., of the (ouses of *egislatures and of the members and committees thereof. "%.

alaries and alloances of members. $egislative 'rocedure

"6.

Provisions as to introduction and passing of 2ills.

"7.

)estriction on poers of *egislative 'ouncil as to 2ills other than Money 2ills.

"8.

pecial procedure in respect of Money 2ills.

".

Definition of 4Money 2ills5.

#!!.

$ssent to 2ills.

201.

#))* re*erve" for %on*#"er$#on. 'rocedure in !inancial Matters

#!#.

$nnual financial statement.

#!$.

Procedure in *egislature ith respect to estimates.

#!&.

$ppropriation 2ills.

#!%.

upplementary, additional or e"cess grants.

#!6.

Votes on account, votes of credit and e"ceptional grants.

#!7.

pecial provisions as to financial 2ills. 'rocedure Generall

#!8.

)ules of procedure.

#!. )egulation by la of procedure in the *egislature of the tate in relation to financial business. #"!. *anguage to be used in the *egislature. #"". )estriction on discussion in the *egislature. #"#. 'ourts not to in0uire into proceedings of the *egislature. CH"30 IB. 8 23IS2"IB3 30 + H3 B30)0 #"$. Poer of %overnor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of *egislature. CH"30 B. 8H3 HIH CD0S I) H3 S"3S 





#"&. #"%. #"6. #"7. #"8. #". ##!. ##". ###. ##$. ##&. ##&A. ##%. ##6. ##6A. ##7. ##8. ##8A. ##. #$!. #$".

(igh 'ourts for tates. (igh 'ourts to be courts of record. 'onstitution of (igh 'ourts. $ppointment and conditions of the office of a 3udge of a (igh 'ourt. $pplication of certain provisions relating to upreme 'ourt to (igh 'ourts. Oath or affirmation by 3udges of (igh 'ourts. )estriction on practice after being a permanent 3udge. alaries, etc., of 3udges. Transfer of a 3udge from one (igh 'ourt to another. $ppointment of acting 'hief 3ustice. $ ppointment of additional and acting 3udges. $ppointment of retired 3udges at sittings of (igh 'ourts. 3urisdiction of e"isting (igh 'ourts. Poer of (igh 'ourts to issue certain rits. 6)epealed..7 Poer of superintendence over all courts by the (igh 'ourt. Transfer of certain cases to (igh 'ourt. 6)epealed.7 Officers and servants and the e"penses of (igh 'ourts. !"tension of urisdiction of (igh 'ourts to #nion territories. !stablishment of a common (igh 'ourt for to or more tates. CH"30 BI SD50-I)"3 CD0S #$$. $ppointment of district udges. #$$A. Validation of appointments of, and udgments, etc., delivered by, certain district udges. #$&. )ecruitment of persons other than district udges to the udicial service. #$%. 'ontrol over subordinate courts. #$6. &nterpretation. #$7. $pplication of the provisions of this 'hapter to certain class or classes of magistrates. 

AT 6II H3 S"3S I) "0 5 + H3 +I0S SCH3-D23

#$8.

6)epealed.7 AT 6III H3 D)I) 300I0I3S

#$. $dministration of #nion territories. #$A. 'reation of local *egislatures or 'ouncil of Ministers or both for certain #nion territories. #$A. pecial provisions ith respect to Delhi. #$AA. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery. #$A(. Poer of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of *egislature. #&!. Poer of President to ma/e regulations for certain #nion territories. #&". (igh 'ourts for #nion territories. #&# . 6)epealed.7



AT I7 H3 ")CH"J"S

#&$. #&$A. #&$(. #&$C. #&$). #&$E. #&$*. #&$+. #&$,. #&$-'. #&$J. #&$. #&$/. #&$0. #&$1. #&$-2

Definitions. %ram abha. 'onstitution of Panchayats. 'omposition of Panchayats. )eservation of seats. Duration of Panchayats, etc. Dis0ualifications for membership. Poers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. Poers to impose ta"es by, and 8unds of, the Panchayats. 'onstitution of 8inance 'ommission to revie financial position. $udit of accounts of Pachayats. !lections to the Panchayats. $pplication to #nion territories. Part not to apply to certain areas. 'ontinuance of e"isting las and Panchayats. .2ar to interference by courts in electoral matters. AT I7A

H3 =D)IC"2II3S

#&$P. #&$3. #&$R. #&$4. #&$T. #&$5. #&$V. #&$. #&$. #&$. #&$9. #&$9A. #&$9(. #&$9C. #&$9). #&$9E. #&$9*. #&$9+.

Definitions. 'onstitution of Municipalities. 'omposition of Municipalities. 'onstitution and composition of
H3 SCH3-D23- ")- 0I5"2 "03"S



#&&. $dministration of cheduled $reas and Tribal $reas. #&&A. 8ormation of an autonomous tate comprising certain tribal areas in $ssam and creation of local *egislature or 'ouncil of Ministers or both therefor. PART ' 032"I)S 5333) H3 D)I) ")- H3 S"3S CH"30 I.

23IS2"IB3 032"I)S



-istribution of 2egislative o!ers

#&%. !"tent of las made by Parliament and by the *egislatures of tates. #&6. ubect-matter of las made by Parliament and by the *egislatures of tates. #&7. Poer of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts. #&8. )esiduary poers of legislation. #&. Poer of Parliament to legislate ith respect to a matter in the tate *ist in the national interest. #%!. Poer of Parliament to legislate ith respect to any matter in the tate *ist if a Proclamation of !mergency is in operation. #%". &nconsistency beteen las made by Parliament under articles =>1 and =?@ and las made by the *egislatures of tates. #%#. Poer of Parliament to legislate for to or more tates by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other tate. #%$. *egislation for giving effect to international agreements.

#%&. &nconsistency beteen las made by Parliament and las made by the *egislatures of tates. #%%. )e0uirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only. '($PT!) &&.  $DM&+&T)$T&V! )!*$T&O+ eneral #%6. Obligation of tates and the #nion. #%7. 'ontrol of the #nion over tates in certain cases. #%7A. 6)epealed.7 #%8. Poer of the #nion to confer poers, etc., on tates in certain cases. o!er of the States to entrust functions to the Dnion. 25A. #%. 6)epealed.7 #6!. 3urisdiction of the #nion in relation to territories outside &ndia. #6". Public acts, records and udicial proceedings. -isputes relating to /aters #6#. $dudication of disputes relating to aters of inter-tate rivers or river valleys. #o&ordination between States #6$. Provisions ith respect to an inter-tate 'ouncil.

PART '' +I)")C3, 030J, C)0"CS ")- SDIS CH"30 I.

+I)")C3



eneral



#6&. #6%. #66. #67.

&nterpretation. Ta"es not to be imposed save by authority of la. 'onsolidated 8unds and public accounts of &ndia and of the tates. 'ontingency 8und. Distribution of )evenues beteen the #nion and the tates #68. Duties levied by the #nion but collected and appropriated by the tate. #68A. ervice ta" levied by #nion and collected by the #nion and the tates. #6. Ta"es levied and collected by the #nion but assigned to the tates. #7!. Ta"es levied and distributed beteen the #nion and the tates. #7". urcharge on certain duties and ta"es for purposes of the #nion. #7#. 6)epealed.7 #7$. %rants in lieu of e"port duty on ute and ute products. #7&. Prior recommendation of President re0uired to 2ills affecting ta"ation in hich tates are interested. #7%. %rants from the #nion to certain tates. #76. Ta"es on professions, trades, callings and employments. #77. avings. #78. 6)epealed.7 #7. 'alculation of 4net proceeds5, etc. #8!. 8inance 'ommission. #8". )ecommendations of the 8inance 'ommission. Miscellaneous financial provisions #8#. !"penditure defrayable by the #nion or a tate out of its revenues. #8$. 'ustody, etc., of 'onsolidated 8unds, 'ontingency 8unds and moneys credited to the public accounts. #8&. 'ustody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts. #8%. !"emption of property of the #nion from tate ta"ation. #86. )estrictions as to imposition of ta" on the sale or purchase of goods. #87. !"emption from ta"es on electricity. #88. !"emption from ta"ation by tates in respect of ater or electricity in certain cases. #8. !"emption of property and income of a tate from #nion ta"ation. #!. $dustment in respect of certain e"penses and pensions. #!A. $nnual payment to certain Devasom 8unds. #". 6)epealed.7 CH"30 II. 500I) ##. 2orroing by the %overnment of &ndia. #$. 2orroing by tates. 

C-ATE III.

(ET89 C(TACT/9 I$-T/9 IABIITIE/9

O2*&%$T&O+ $+D #&T #&. uccession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases. #%. uccession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases. #6. Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia. #7. Things of value ithin territorial aters or continental shelf and resources of the e"clusive economic Aone to vest in the #nion. #8. Poer to carry on trade, etc. 2. Contracts. $!!. uits and proceedings. '($PT!) &V.  )&%(T TO P)OP!)TB $!!A. Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of la. AT 7III 0"-3, C==30C3 ")- I)30CD0S3 IHI)



H3 300I0J + I)-I" 8reedom of trade, commerce and intercourse. 302. o!er of arliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse. $!$. )estrictions on the legislative poers of the #nion and of the tates ith regard to trade and commerce. $!&. )estrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among tates. $!%. aving of e"isting las and las providing for tate monopolies. $!6. 6)epealed.7 $!7. $ppointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles C@: to C@>.

$!".

PART 'V S30BIC3S D)-30 H3 D)I) ")- H3 S"3S CH"30 I. S30BIC3S $!8. &nterpretation. $!. )ecruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the #nion or a tate. $"!. Tenure of office of persons serving the #nion or a tate. $"". Dismissal, removal or reduction in ran/ of persons employed in civil capacities under the #nion or a tate. $"#. $ll-&ndia services. $"#A. Poer of Parliament to vary or revo/e conditions of service of officers of certain services. $"$. Transitional provisions. $"&. 6)epeated.7 CH"30 II.PD52IC S30BIC3 C==ISSI)S $"%. Public ervice 'ommissions for the #nion and for the tates. $"6. $ppointment and term of office of members. $"7. )emoval and suspension of a member of a Public ervice 'ommission. $"8. Poer to ma/e regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the 'ommission. $". Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of 'ommission on ceasing to be such members. 

$#!. $#". $##. 323.

8unctions of Public ervice 'ommissions. Poer to e"tend functions of Public ervice 'ommissions. !"penses of Public ervice 'ommissions. 0eports of ublic Service Commissions. AT 7I6A 0I5D)"2S

$#$A. $dministrative tribunals. ribunals for other matters. 323B.



AT 76

323CI)S $#&. uperintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an !lection 'ommission. $#%. +o person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or se". $#6. !lections to the (ouse of the People and to the *egislative $ssemblies of tates to be on the basis of adult suffrage. $#7. Poer of Parliament to ma/e provision ith respect to elections to *egislatures. $#8. Poer of *egislature of a tate to ma/e provision ith respect to elections to such *egislature. $#. 2ar to interference by courts in electoral matters. $#A. 6)epealed.7

AT 76I S3CI"2 0BISI)S 032"I)  C30"I) C2"SS3S

$$!. )eservation of seats for cheduled 'astes and cheduled Tribes in the (ouse of the People. $$". )epresentation of the $nglo-&ndian community in the (ouse of the People. $$#. )eservation of seats for cheduled 'astes and cheduled Tribes in the *egislative $ssemblies of the tates. $$$. )epresentation of the $nglo-&ndian community in the *egislative $ssemblies of the tates. $$&. )eservation of seats and special representation to cease after seventy years. $$%. 'laims of cheduled 'astes and cheduled Tribes to services and posts. $$6. pecial provision for $nglo-&ndian community in certain services. $$7. pecial provision ith respect to educational grants for the benefit of $nglo-&ndian 'ommunity. $$8. +ational 'ommission for cheduled 'astes. $$8A. +ational 'ommission for cheduled Tribes. $$. 'ontrol of the #nion over the $dministration of cheduled $reas and the elfare of cheduled Tribes. $&!. $ppointment of a 'ommission to investigate the conditions of bac/ard classes. $&". cheduled 'astes. $&#. cheduled Tribes. AT 76II ++ICI"2 2")D"3 CH"30 I.P2")D"3 + H3 D)I)

$&$. $&&.

Official language of the #nion. 'ommission and 'ommittee of Parliament on official language. CH"30 II. 03I)"2 2")D"3S $&%. Official language or languages of a tate. $&6. Official language for communication beteen one tate and another or beteen a tate and the #nion. $&7. pecial provision relating to language spo/en by a section of the population of a tate. '($PT!) &&&.  *$+%#$%! O8 T(! #P)!M! 'O#)T, HIH CD0S, 3C. 



$&8. *anguage to be used in the upreme 'ourt and in the (igh 'ourts and for $cts, 2ills, etc. $&. pecial procedure for enactment of certain las relating to language. CH"30 IB. 8S3CI"2 -I03CIB3S $%!. *anguage to be used in representations for redress of grievances. $%!A. 8acilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage. 

$%!(. 351.

pecial Officer for linguistic minorities. -irective for development of the Hindi language.

AT 76III 3=303)CJ 0BISI)S $%#. Proclamation of !mergency. $%$. !ffect of Proclamation of !mergency. $%&. $pplication of provisions relating to distribution of revenues hile a Proclamation of !mergency is in operation. -uty of the Dnion to protect States against eternal aggression and internal disturbance. 355. $%6. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in tates. $%7. !"ercise of legislative poers under Proclamation issued under article C?. $%8. uspension of provisions of article :1 during emergencies. $%. uspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part &&& during emergencies. $%A. 6)epealed.7 $6!. Provisions as to financial emergency.

PART ' =ISC322")3DS $6". Protection of President and %overnors and )apramu/hs. $6"A. Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and tate *egislatures. $6"(. Dis0ualification for appointment on remunerative political post. $6#. 6)epealed.7 $6$. 2ar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc. $6$A. )ecognition granted to )ulers of &ndian tates to cease and privy purses to be abolished. $6&. pecial provisions as to maor ports and aerodromes. $6%. !ffect of failure to comply ith, or to give effect to, directions given by the #nion. $66. Definitions. $67. &nterpretation.

$68.

AT 77 "=3)-=3) + H3 C)SIDI) Poer of Parliament to amend the 'onstitution and procedure therefor. AT 77I

3=0"0J, 0")SII)"2 ")S3CI"2 0BISI)S $6. Temporary poer to Parliament to ma/e las ith respect to certain matters in the tate *ist as if they ere matters in the 'oncurrent *ist. $7!. Temporary provisions ith respect to the tate of 3ammu and Eashmir. $7". pecial provision ith respect to the tates of Maharashtra and %uarat. 3!1A. Special provision !ith respect to the State of )agaland. 3!1B . Special provision !ith respect to the State of "ssam. 3!1C. Special provision !ith respect to the State of =anipur. 3!1. Special provisions !ith respect to the State of "ndhra radesh. 3!1E. 3stablishment of Central Dniversity in "ndhra radesh. 3!1". Special provisions !ith respect to the State of Siim. 3!1$. Special provision !ith respect to the State of =i$oram. 3!1-. Special provision !ith respect to the State of "runachal radesh. 3!1I. Special provision !ith respect to the State of oa. Continuance in force of eisting la!s and their adaptation. 3!2. 3!2A. o!er of the resident to adapt la!s. o!er of resident to mae order in respect of persons under preventive detention in 3!3. certain cases.



rovisions as to udges of the +ederal Court and proceedings pending in the +ederal Court or before His =a%esty in Council. $7%. 'ourts, authorities and officers to continue to function subect to the provisions of the 'onstitution. $76. Provisions as to 3udges of (igh 'ourts. $77. Provisions as to 'omptroller and $uditor-%eneral of &ndia. $78. Provisions as to Public ervice 'ommissions. $78A. pecial provision as to duration of $ndhra Pradesh *egislative $ssembly. $7-$". 6)epealed.7 $#. Poer of the President to remove difficulties. 3!4.

AT 77II

SH0 I23, C==3)C3=3), "DH0I"IB3 3M I) HI)-I ")- 033"2S $$. hort title. $&. 'ommencement. $&A. $uthoritative te"t in the (indi language. $%. )epeals.



ASSIGNMENT NO.-3

SOCIET5

So%#$) Gro(*! In the *o%#$) *%#en%e* a social #roup has (een de)ned as t$o or more '(m$n* $ho interact $ith one another, share similar characteristics and collectiely hae a sense of (n#. ther theorists, ho$eer, are a $ary of de)nitions $hich stress the importance of #ner"een"en%e or o(5ectie similarity. Instead, for researchers in the *o%#$) #"en# r$"##on 6a #roup is de)ned in terms of those $ho identify themseles as mem(ers of the #roup6.7e#ardless, social #roups come in a myriad of si&es and arieties. or e/ample, a *o%#e can (e ie$ed as a lar#e social #roup.

Types o: ;roups rimary groups "ccording to Charles Horton Cooley 91G4@1F'F;, a primary group is a small social group !hose members share personal and lasting relationships. eople %oined in primary relationships spend a great deal of time together, engage in a !ide range of activities, and feel that they no! one another !ell. In short, they sho! real concern for one another. In every society, the family is the most important primary group. roups based on lasting friendships are also primary groups. Secondary groups, in contrast to primary groups, are large groups involving formal and institutional relationships. Secondary relationships involve !ea emotional ties and little personal no!ledge of one another. =ost secondary groups are short term, beginning and ending !ithout particular significance.hey may last for years or may disband after a short time. he formation of primary groups happens !ithin secondary groups. rimary groups can be present in secondary settings. +or eample, attending a university eemplifies membership of a secondary group, !hile the friendships that are made there !ould be considered a primary group that you belong to. 2ie!ise, some businesses care deeply about the !ell being of one another, !hile some immediate families have hostile relations !ithin it. Individuals almost universally have a bond to!ard !hat sociologists callreference groups. " reference group is a social group that serves as a point of reference in maing evaluations and decisions. Some eamples of types of groups include the follo!ing* eer group " peer group is a group !ith members of approimately the same age, social status, and interests. enerally, people are relatively e#ual in terms of po!er !hen they interact !ith peers. Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


Cli#ue " group of people that have many of the same interests & commonly found in a High School/College settingE most of the time they have a name & rules for themselves. Club " club is a group, !hich usually re#uires one to apply to become a member. Such clubs may be dedicated to particular activities* sporting clubs, for eample. Household "ll individuals !ho live in the same home. anglophone culture may include various models of household, including the family, blended families, share housing, and group homes. Community " community is a group of people !ith a commonality or sometimes a comple net of overlapping commonalities, often@but not al!ays@in proimity !ith one another !ith some degree of continuity over time. +ranchise "n organi$ation !hich runs several instances of a business in many locations. ang " gang is usually an urban group that gathers in a particular area. It is a group of people that often hang around each other. hey can be lie some clubs, but much less formal.>1G? hey are usually no!n in many countries to cause social unrest and also have negative influence on the members and may be a target for the la! enforcers in case of any social vices =ob " mob is usually a group of people that has taen the la! into their o!n hands. =obs are usually groups !hich gather temporarily for a particular reason. osse " posse !as originally found in 3nglish common la!. It is generally obsolete, and survives only in "merica, !here it is the la! enforcement e#uivalent of summoning the militia for military purposes. Ho!ever, it can also refer to a street group. S#uad his is usually a small group, of around ( to 17 people, !ho !or as a team to accomplish their goals. -yad his is a social group !ith t!o members. Social interaction in a dyad is typically more intense than in larger groups because neither member shares the otherAs attention !ith anyone else. riad his is a social group !ith three members, !hich contains three relationships, each uniting t!o of the three people. " triad is more stable than a dyad because one member can act as a mediator should the relationship bet!een the other t!o become strained. eam similar to a s#uad, though a team may contain many more members. " team !ors in a similar !ay to a s#uad. In8group Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


It is a social group to!ard !hich a member feels respect and loyalty. It is a group that an individual identifies in positive direction. If a person is part of the in8group then they are collectively part of an inner circle of friends. "n inner circle may contain sub8groups !ithin the inner circle including the ape 9best friends;, core 9very close friends;, outer rim, etc.

ASSIGNMENT NO.-4 FUNDAMENTAL OF ECONOMICS Economics is the social science that analy$es the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. he term economics comes from the "ncient ree QἰRQQTUV 9oi0onomia, :management of a household, administration:; from :house: W 9nomos, :custom: or :la!:;, hence :rules of the house9hold;:. olitical economy !as the earlier name for the sub%ect, but economists in the late 1Fth century suggested :economics: as a shorter term for :economic science: that also avoided a narro! political&interest connotation and as similar in form to :mathematics:, :ethics:, and so forth.

" focus of the sub%ect is ho! economic agents behave or interact and ho! economies !or. Consistent !ith this, a primary tetboo distinction is bet!een microeconomics and macroeconomics. =icroeconomics eamines the behavior of basic elements in the economy, including individual agents 9such as households and firms or as buyers and sellers; and marets, and their interactions. =acroeconomics analy$es the entire economy and issues affecting it, including unemployment, inflation, economic gro!th, and monetary and fiscal policy. ther broad distinctions include those bet!een positive economics 9describing :!hat is:; and normative economics 9advocating :!hat ought to be:;E bet!een economic theory and applied economicsE bet!een rational and behavioral economicsE and bet!een mainstream economics 9more :orthodo: and dealing !ith the :rationality8 individualism8e#uilibrium neus:; and heterodo economics 9more :radical: and dealing !ith the :institutions8history8social structure neus:;. 3conomic analysis may be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, and government, but also to such diverse sub%ects as crime, education, the family, la!, politics, religion, social institutions, !ar, and science. "t the turn of the '1st century, the epanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. "n increasing number of economists have called for increased emphasis on environmental sustainabilityE this area of research is no!n as 3cological economics.

)e:initions here are a variety of modern definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect evolving vie!s of the sub%ect or different vie!s among economists. he Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


philosopher "dam Smith 9166G; defined !hat !as then called political economy as :an in#uiry into the nature and causes of the !ealth of nations:, in particular as* " branch of the science of a statesman or legislator >!ith the t!ofold ob%ectives of providing? a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people ... >and? to supply the state or common!ealth !ith a revenue for the public services. .85. Say 91<(;, distinguishing the sub%ect from its public8policy uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution, and consumption of !ealth. n the satirical side, homas Carlyle 914F; coined :the dismal science: as an epithet for classical economics, in this contet, commonly lined to the pessimistic analysis of =althus 916F;. ohn Stuart =ill 9144; defines the sub%ect in a social contet as* he science !hich traces the la!s of such of the phenomena of society as arise from the combined operations of manind for the production of !ealth, in so far as those phenomena are not modified by the pursuit of any other ob%ect. "lfred =arshall provides a still !idely8cited definition in his tetboo 'rinciples of Economics 91F<; that etends analysis beyond !ealth and from the societal to the microeconomic level* 3conomics is a study of man in the ordinary business of life. It en#uires ho! he gets his income and ho! he uses it. hus, it is on the one side, the study of !ealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man. 2ionel 0obbins 91F('; developed implications of !hat has been termed :perhaps the most commonly accepted current definition of the sub%ect:* 3conomics is a science !hich studies human behaviour as a relationship bet!een ends and scarce means !hich have alternative uses. 0obbins describes the definition as not classificator in :pic>ing? out certain 0inds of behaviour: but rather analtical in :focus>ing? attention on a particular aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity.: Some subse#uent comments critici$ed the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its sub%ect matter to analysis of marets. +rom the 1FGsuch? analysis involves.: he same source revie!s a range of definitions included in principles of economics tetboos and concludes that the lac Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


of agreement need not affect the sub%ect8matter that the tets treat. "mong economists more generally, it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction to!ard !hich the author believes economics is evolving, or should evolve.

ASSIGNMENT NO.-6 MICO ECONOMICS

)e:inition o: <0icroecono=ics<

he (ranch of economics that analy&es the mar8et (ehaior of indiidual consumers and )rms in an attempt to understand the decision"ma8in# process of )rms and households. It is concerned $ith the interaction (et$een indiidual (uyers and sellers and the factors that inuence the choices made (y (uyers and sellers. In particular, microeconomics focuses on patterns of supply and demand and the determination of price and output in indiidual mar8ets 9e.#. co:ee industry;.

'nvestopedia explains <0icroecono=ics< he field of economics is broen do!n into t!o distinct areas of study* microeconomics and macroeconomics. =icroeconomics loos at the smaller picture and focuses more on basic theories of supply and demand and ho! individual businesses decide ho! much of something to produce and ho! much to charge for it. eople !ho have any desire to start their o!n business or !ho !ant to learn the rationale behind the pricing of particular products and services !ould be more interested in this area. =acroeconomics, on the other hand, loos at the big picture 9hence :macro:;. It focuses on the national economy as a !hole and provides a basic no!ledge of ho! things !or in the business !orld. +or eample, people !ho study this branch of economics !ould be able to interpret the latest ross -omestic roduct figures or eplain !hy a GY rate of unemployment is not necessarily a bad thing. hus, for an overall perspective of ho! the entire economy !ors, you need to have an understanding of economics at both the micro and macro levels.



Microeconomics 9from ree prefi mi0ro& meaning :small: and economics; is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in maing decisions on the allocation of limited resources. ypically, it applies to marets !here goods or services are bought and sold. =icroeconomics eamines ho! these decisions and behaviors affect the supply and demand for goods and services, !hich determines prices, and ho! prices, in turn, determine the #uantity supplied and #uantity demanded of goods and services.

his is in contrast to macroeconomics, !hich involves the :sum total of economic activity, dealing !ith the issues of gro!th, inflation, and unemployment.: =icroeconomics also deals !ith the effects of national economic policies 9such as changing taation levels; on the aforementioned aspects of the economy. articularly in the !ae of the 2ucas criti#ue, much of modern macroeconomic theory has been built upon AmicrofoundationsA Pi.e. based upon basic assumptions about micro8level behavior. ne of the goals of microeconomics is to analy$e maret mechanisms that establish relative prices amongst goods and services and allocation of limited resources amongst many alternative uses. =icroeconomics analy$es maret failure, !here marets fail to produce efficient results, and describes the theoretical conditions needed for perfect competition. Significant fields of study in microeconomics include general e#uilibrium, marets under asymmetric information, choice under uncertainty and economic applications of game theory. "lso considered is the elasticity of products !ithin the maret system.

0odes o: operation It is assumed that all firms are follo!ing rational decision8maing, and !ill produce at the profit8maimi$ing output. iven this assumption, there are four categories in !hich a firmAs profit may be considered to be. •

" firm is said to be maing an economic profit !hen its average total cost is less than the price of each additional product at the profit8maimi$ing output. Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


•

•

•

he economic profit is e#ual to the #uantity output multiplied by the difference bet!een the average total cost and the price. " firm is said to be maing a normal profit !hen its economic profit e#uals $ero. his occurs !here average total cost e#uals price at the profit8 maimi$ing output. If the price is bet!een average total cost and average variable cost at the profit8maimi$ing output, then the firm is said to be in a loss8minimi$ing condition. he firm should still continue to produce, ho!ever, since its loss !ould be larger if it !ere to stop producing. 5y continuing production, the firm can offset its variable cost and at least part of its fied cost, but by stopping completely it !ould lose the entirety of its fied cost. If the price is belo! average variable cost at the profit8maimi$ing output, the firm should go into shutdo!n. 2osses are minimi$ed by not producing at all, since any production !ould not generate returns significant enough to offset any fied cost and part of the variable cost. 5y not producing, the firm loses only its fied cost. 5y losing this fied cost the company faces a challenge. It must either eit the maret or remain in the maret and ris a complete loss.

Applied =icroecono=ics "pplied microeconomics includes a range of speciali$ed areas of study, many of !hich dra! on methods from other fields. Industrial organi$ation eamines topics such as the entry and eit of firms, innovation, and the role of trademars. 2abor economics eamines !ages, employment, and labor maret dynamics. +inancial economics eamines topics such as the structure of optimal portfolios, the rate of return to capital, econometric analysis of security returns, and corporate financial behavior. ublic economics eamines the design of government ta and ependiture policies and economic effects of these policies 9e.g., social insurance programs;. olitical economy eamines the role of political institutions in determining policy outcomes. Health economics eamines the organi$ation of health care systems, including the role of the health care !orforce and health insurance programs. Drban economics, !hich eamines the challenges faced by cities, such as spra!l, air and !ater pollution, traffic congestion, and poverty, dra!s on the fields of urban geography and sociology. 2a! and economics applies microeconomic principles to the selection and enforcement of competing legal regimes and their relative efficiencies. 3conomic history eamines the evolution of the economy and economic institutions, using methods and techni#ues from the fields of economics, history, geography, sociology, psychology, and political science.

)evelop=ent he modern field of microeconomics arose as an effort of neoclassical economics school of thought to put economic ideas into mathematical mode. "n early attempt !as made by "ntoine "ugustine Cournot 0esearches on the =athematical rinciples of the heory of ealth 91(; in describing a spring !ater duopoly that no! bears his name. 2atter illiam Stanley evonsAs heory of olitical 3conomy 9161;, Carl =engerAs rinciples of 3conomics 9161;, and 2Zon alrasAs 3lements of ure Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


3conomics 9164@166; gave !ay to !hat !as called the =arginal 0evolution. Some common ideas behind those !ors !ere models or arguments characteri$ed by rational economic agents maimi$ing utility under a budget constrain. his arose as a necessity of arguing against the labour theory of value associated !ith classical economists such as "dam Smith, -avid 0icardo and arl =ar. alras also !ent as far as developing the concept of general e#uilibrium of an economy. "lfred =arshallAs tetboo, rinciples of 3conomics !as published in 1F< and became the dominant tetboo in 3ngland for a generation. His main point !as that marginalists !ent too far in emphasi$ing utility as an attempt to eplain prices over costs of production. o correct that he presented the idea that prices !ere determined by supply and demand curves. he demand curve could be derived by aggregating individual consumer demand curves, !hich !ere themselves based on the consumer problem of maimi$ing utility. he supply curve could be derived by aggregating individual producer supply curves, !hich depended first on constructing cost curves and then analy$ing ho! much each producer !as !illing to sell his goods at a given price level. he cost curves depended on solving a producer problem of minimi$ing costs under a given production function. He also introduced the notion of different maret periods* mainly short run and long run. his set of ideas gave !ay to !hat !as latter called perfect competition. " ne! impetus !as given to field !hen around 1F((. oan 0obinson and 3d!ard H. Chamberlin, published respectively, he 3conomics of Imperfect Competition 91F((; and he heory of =onopolistic Competition 91F((;, introducing models of imperfect competition. "lthough =arshall himself had already considered both the monopoly case and Cournot had built his duopoly model, a !hole ne! set of models gre! out of this ne! literature. In particular the monopolistic competition model results in a non efficient e#uilibrium. 2atter on some maret models !ere built using game theory, particularly regarding oligopolies. In 1F(6 he )ature of the +irm !as published by 0onald Coase introducing the notion of transaction costs 9the term itself !as coined in the fifties;, !hich eplained !hy firms have an advantage over a group of independent contractors !oring !ith each other. he idea !as that there !ere transaction costs in the use of the maret* search and information costs, bargaining costs, etc. !hich give an advantage to a firm !hich can internali$e the production process re#uired to deliver a certain good to the maret. " related result !as published by Coase in his [he roblem of Social Cost\ 91FG<; !hich deals !ith problem of eternalities* the presence of transaction costs prevents agents from bargaining among themselves to arrive at mutually beneficial agreement. his then becomes relevant in contet of regulations. "round the seventies the study of maret failures came again into focus !ith the study of information asymmetry. In particular three authors emerged from this period* eorge "erlof , =ichael Spence and oseph Stiglit$. "erlof considered the problem of bad #uality cars driving good #uality cars out of the maret in his classic [he =aret for 2emons\ 91F6<; because of the presence of asymmetrical information bet!een buyers and sellers. Spence eplained that signaling !as fundamental in the Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


labour maret, because since employers cant no! beforehand !hich of the candidates are the most productive, a college degree becomes a signaling device !hich allo!s a firm to hire ne! personnel.

ASSIGNMENT NO.-7 MACO ECONOMICS De8n##on of 9M$%roe%onom#%*9 he )eld of economics that studies the (ehaior of the a##re#ate economy. Macroeconomics e/amines economy"$ide phenomena such as chan#es in unemployment, national income, rate of #ro$th, #ross domestic product, ination and price leels.

'nvestopedia explains <0acroecono=ics< Macroeconomics is focused on the moement and trends in the economy as a $hole, $hile in microeconomics the focus is placed on factors that a:ect the decisions made (y )rms and indiiduals. he factors that are studied (y macro and micro $ill often inuence each other, such as the current leel of unemployment in the economy as a $hole $ill a:ect the supply of $or8ers $hich an oil company can hire from, for e/ample. =acroeconomics can be best understood in contrast to microeconomics !hich considers the decisions made at an individual or firm level. =acroeconomics considers the larger picture, or ho! all of these decisions sum together. "n understanding of microeconomics is crucial to understand macroeconomics. o understand !hy a change in interest rates leads to changes in real -, !e need to understand ho! lo!er interest rates influence decisions, such as the decision of ho! much to save, at the firm or household level. nce !e understand ho! an individual, on average, !ill change their behavior !e !ill then understand the large scale relationships in an economy.

A//I$MET (.! IIA EC((M8

he economy of India is the tenth8largest in the !orld by nominal - and the third largest by purchasing po!er parity 9;. he country is one of the 8'< ma%or economies and a member of 50ICS. n a per capita income basis, India raned 14

In 1FF1, India adopted liberal and free8maret oriented principles and liberali$ed its economy to international trade under the guidance of =anmohan Singh, !ho then !as the +inance =inister of India under the leadership of .B. )arasimha 0ao the then rime =inister !ho eliminated 2icense 0a% a pre8 and post85ritish 3ra mechanism of strict government control on setting up ne! industry. +ollo!ing these strong economic reforms, and a strong focus on developing national infrastructure such as the olden Nuadrilateral pro%ect by "tal 5ihari Ba%payee, the then rime =inister, the countryAs economic gro!th progressed at a rapid pace !ith very high rates of gro!th and large increases in the incomes of people. India recorded the highest gro!th rates in the mid8'<<
4ectors In"(*r $n" *erv#%e*

India has one of the !orldAs fastest gro!ing automobile industries. Sho!n here is the ata )ano, the !orldAs cheapest car. Industry accounts for 'Y of the - and employ 14Y of the total !orforce. In absolute terms, India is 1'th in the !orld in terms of nominal factory output. he Indian industrial sector under!ent significant changes as a result of theeconomic reforms of 1FF1, !hich removed import restrictions, brought in foreign competition, led to privatisation of certain public sector industries, liberalised the +-I regime, improved infrastructure and led to an epansion in the production of fast moving consumer goods. ost8liberalisation, the Indian private sector !as faced !ith increasing domestic as !ell as foreign competition, including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports. It has since handled the change by s#uee$ing costs, revamping management, and relying on cheap labour and ne! technology. Ho!ever, this has also reduced employment generation even by smaller manufacturers !ho earlier relied on relatively labour8intensive processes. Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


Te#)e etile manufacturing is the second largest source of employment after agriculture and accounts for 'citation needed ? 2udhiana produces F
Serv#%e* +urther information* Information technology in India and 5usiness process outsourcing in India India is 1(th in services output. he services sector provides employment to '(Y of the !or force and is gro!ing #uicly, !ith a gro!th rate of 6.7Y in 1FF1@'<<<, up from 4.7Y in 1F71@<. It has the largest share in the -, accounting for 77Y in '<<6, up from 17Y in 1F7<. Information technology and business process outsourcing are among the fastest gro!ing sectors, having a cumulative gro!th rate of revenue ((.GY bet!een 1FF6@F and '<<'@<( and contributing to '7Y of the countryAs total eports in '<<6@<.>'? he gro!th in the I sector is attributed to increased specialisation, and an availability of a large pool of lo! cost, highly silled, educated and fluent 3nglish8speaing !orers, on the supply side, matched on the demand side by increased demand from foreign consumers interested in IndiaAs service eports, or those looing to outsource their operations. he share of the Indian I industry in the countryAs - increased from 4.Y in '<<7@(? In '<

Indian firms !ere listed among the top 17 technology outsourcing companies in the !orld.>4?

e$#) =ain article* 0etailing in India 0etail industry is one of the pillars of Indian economy and accounts for 14@17Y of its -. he Indian retail maret is estimated to be DS] 47< billion and one of the top five retail marets in the !orld by economic value. India is one of the fastest gro!ing retail maret in the !orld, !ith 1.' billion people. IndiaAs retailing industry essentially consists of the local mom and pop store, o!ner manned general stores, convenience stores, hand cart and pavement vendors, etc. rganised retail supermarets account for 4Y of the maret as of '<<. 0egulations prevent most foreign investment in retailing.In '<1' government permitted 71 Y+-I in multi brand retail and 1<< Y +-I in single brand retail. =oreover, over thirty regulations such as :signboard licences: and :anti8hoarding measures: may have to be complied before a store can open doors. here are taes for moving goods from state to state, and even !ithin states.

To(r#*m =ain article* ourism in India

ourism in India is relatively undeveloped, but a high gro!th sector. It contributes G.'(Y to the national - and .6Y of the total employment. he ma%ority of foreign tourists come from DS" and D . IndiaAs rich history and its cultural and geographical diversity mae its international tourism appeal large and diverse. It presents heritage and cultural tourism along !ith medical, business and sports tourism. India has one of the largest and fastest gro!ing medical tourism sectors.

M#n#n =ain article* =ining in India =ining forms an important segment of the Indian economy, !ith the country producing 6F different minerals 9ecluding fuel and atomic resources; in '<
Ar#%()(re "griculture in India, +orestry in India, "nimal husbandry in India, and +ishing in India India rans second !orld!ide in farm output. "griculture and allied sectors lie forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 17.6Y of the - in '<

the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five8year plans and steady improvements in irrigation, technology, application of modern agricultal practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the reen 0evolution in India. Ho!ever, international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally (F7? Indian states Dttar radesh, un%ab, Haryana, =adhya radesh, "ndhra radesh, 5ihar , est 5engal, u%arat and =aharashtra are ey agricultural contributing states of India. India receives an average annual rainfall of 1,'< millimetres 946.G in; and a total annual precipitation of 4<<< billion cubic metres, !ith the total utilisable !ater resources, including surface and ground!ater, amounting to 11'( billion cubic metres.>FG? 74G,'< s#uare ilometres 9'11,1(< s# mi; of the land area, or about (FY of the total cultivated area, is irrigated. IndiaAs inland !ater resources including rivers, canals, ponds and laes and marine resources comprising the east and !est coasts of the Indian ocean and other gulfs and bays provide employment to nearly si million people in the fisheries sector. In '<<, India had the !orldAs third largest fishing industry. India is the largest producer in the !orld of mil, %ute and pulses, and also has the !orldAs second largest cattle population !ith 167 million animals in '<<.>FF? It is the second largest producer of rice, !heat, sugarcane, cotton and groundnuts, as !ell as the second largest fruit and vegetable producer, accounting for 1<.FY and .GY of the !orld fruit and vegetable production respectively.>FF? India is also the second largest producer and the largest consumer of sil in the !orld, producing 66,<<< million tons in '<<7. Bankin, an& #inance

+inance in India

he Indian money maret is classified into the organised sector, comprising private, public and foreign o!ned commercial bans and cooperative bans, together no!n as scheduled ban0s, and the unorganised sector, !hich includes individual or family o!ned indigenous baners or money lenders and non8baning financial companies. he unorganised sector and microcredit are still preferred over traditional bans in rural and sub8urban areas, especially for non8productive purposes, lie ceremonies and short duration loans.>1<'? rime =inister Indira andhi nationalised 14 bans in 1FGF, follo!ed by si others in 1F<, and made it mandatory for bans to provide 4

IndiaAs gross domestic saving in '<
Ener $n" o:er 3nergy policy of India

"s of '<1<, India imported about 6

ambitious nuclear energy program in the long8run. IndiaAs d!indling uranium reserves stagnated the gro!th of nuclear energy in the country for many years. Ho!ever, the Indo8DS nuclear deal has paved the !ay for India to import uranium from other countries.

Infr$*r(%(re India has the !orldAs third largest road net!or, covering more than 4.( million ilometers and carrying G
" map sho!ing the global distribution of Indian eports in '<1'7? IndiaAs eports !ere stagnant for the first 17 years after independence, due to general neglect of trade policy by the government of that period. Imports in the same period, due to industrialisation being nascent, consisted predominantly of machinery, ra! materials and consumer goods. Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


raphical depiction of IndiaAs product eports in ' color coded categories. Since liberalisation, the value of IndiaAs international trade has increased sharply, !ith the contribution of total trade in goods and services to the - rising from 1GY in 1FF<@F1 to 46Y in '<<@1<.>''?>1'? India accounts for 1.44Y of eports and '.1'Y of imports for merchandise trade and (.(4Y of eports and (.(1Y of imports for commercial services trade !orld!ide.>1'? IndiaAs ma%or trading partners are the 3uropean Dnion, China, the Dnited States of "merica and the Dnited "rab 3mirates. In '<1(
$)$n%e of $men*

Cumulative Current "ccount 5alance 1F<@'<< based on I=+ data Since independence, IndiaAs balance of payments on its current account has been negative. Since economic liberalisation in the 1FF1((? Ho!ever, the global economic slump follo!ed by a general deceleration in !orld trade sa! the eports as a percentage of imports drop to G1.4Y in '<<@1(4? IndiaAs gro!ing oil import bill is seen as the main driver behind the large current account deficit,>1

or F.6Y of -, in '<<@1(7? 5et!een anuary and ctober '<1<, India imported ]'.1 billion !orth of crude oil. -ue to the global late8'<<1(G? "s of une '<11, eports and imports have both registered impressive gro!th !ith monthly eports reaching ]'7.F billion for the month of =ay '<11 and monthly imports reaching ]4<.F billion for the same month. his represents a year on year gro!th of 7G.FY for eports and 74.1Y for imports. IndiaAs reliance on eternal assistance and concessional debt has decreased since liberalisation of the economy, and the debt service ratio decreased from (7.(Y in 1FF<@F1 to 4.4Y in '<<@1(F? IndiaAs foreign echange reserves have steadily risen from ]7. billion in =arch 1FF1 to ]'(.7 billion in -ecember '<
Fore#n "#re% #nve*men Share of top five investing countries in FDI inflows. (2000–2010) [141

ank

Contr;

In#lo

In#lo

1

=auritius

7<,1G4

4'.<<

'

Singapore

11,'67

F.<<

(

DS"

,F14

6.<<

4

D

G,17

7.<<

7

)etherlands

4,FG

4.<<

"s the third8largest economy in the !orld in  terms, India is a preferred destination for +-IE -uring the year '<11, +-I inflo! into India stood at ] (G.7 billion, 71.1Y higher than '<1< figure of ] '4.17 billion. India has strengths in Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


telecommunication, information technology and other significant areas such as auto components, chemicals, apparels, pharmaceuticals, and %e!ellery. -espite a surge in foreign investments, rigid +-I policies !ere a significant hindrance. Ho!ever, due to positive economic reforms aimed at deregulating the economy and stimulating foreign investment, India has positioned itself as one of the front8runners of the rapidly gro!ing "sia8acific region. India has a large pool of silled managerial and technical epertise. he si$e of the middle8class population stands at (<< million and represents a gro!ing consumer maret. -uring '<<<@1<, the country attracted ]16 billion as +-I. he inordinately high investment from =auritius is due to routing of international funds through the country given significant ta advantagesE double taation is avoided due to a ta treaty bet!een India and =auritius, and =auritius is a capital gains ta haven, effectively creating a $ero8taation +-I channel. IndiaAs recently liberalised +-I policy 9'<<7; allo!s up to a 1<
Currency

he 05IAs ne! head#uarters in =umbai =ain articles* Indian rupee and 0eserve 5an of India Depar t mentofComput erSci ence&Engi neer i ng


he Indian rupee 9 ; is the only legal tender in India, and is also accepted as legal tender in the neighbouring )epal and 5hutan, both of !hich peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee. he rupee is divided into 1<< paise. he highest8denomination bannote is the 1,<<< noteE the lo!est8denomination coin in circulation is the 7< paise coinE !ith effect from (< une '<11 all denominations belo! 7< paise have ceased to be legal currency. IndiaAs monetary system is managed by the 0eserve 5an of India 905I;, the countryAs central ban . 3stablished on 1 "pril 1F(7 and nationalised in 1F4F, the 05I serves as the nationAs monetary authority, regulator and supervisor of the monetary system, baner to the government, custodian of foreign echange reserves, and as an issuer of currency. It is governed by a central board of directors, headed by a governor !ho is appointed by the overnment of India.>17(? he rupee !as lined to the 5ritish pound from 1F'6@1F4G and then the D.S. dollar till 1F67 through a fied echange rate. It !as devalued in September 1F67 and the system of fied par rate !as replaced !ith a baset of four ma%or international currencies @ the 5ritish pound, the D.S. dollar, the apanese yen and the -eutsche mar . +rom '<<( to '<<, the rupee appreciated against the D.S. dollarE thereafter, it has sharply depreciated. 5et!een '<1< and '<1', the rupee value had depreciated by about (177?

'nco=e and consu=ption =ain article* Income in India

orld map sho!ing the ini coefficient, a measure of income ine#uality. India has a ini coefficient of <.(G. IndiaAs gross national income per capita had eperienced high gro!th rates since '<<'. IndiaAs er Capita Income has tripled from 0s.1F,<4< in '<<'@<( to 0s.7(,((1 in '<1<@11, averaging 1(.6Y gro!th over these eight years peaing 17.GY in '<1<8 11.>17G? Ho!ever gro!th in the inflation ad%usted er capita income of the nation slo!ed to 7.GY in '<1<811, do!n from G.4Y in the previous year. "s of '<1<, according to orld 5an statistics, about 4<< million people in India, as compared to 1.'F billion people !orld!ide, live on less than ]1.'7 9; per day. hese consumption levels are on an individual basis, not household.>176? er '<11 census, India has about ((< million houses and '46 million households. he household si$e in India has dropped in recent years, !ith '<11 census reporting 7

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