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Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg

]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg

Zicg - 9

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Fltrkauetfkl kd tog Zrkbget Oktgn Sgmsftg2 Qog "Oktgn Sgmsftg" ois mggl agvgnkpga tk kvgrrfag tog prkmnghs prgvifnflc fl tog prietfeflc hiluin systgh. Qofs skdtwirg fs suppkrtga tk gnfhflitg ila fl skhg eisgs rgaueg tog oirasofps diega my tofs gxfstflc systgh. Hkrgkvgr tofs systgh fs agsfclga dkr tog pirtfeunir lgga kd tog ekhpily tk eirry kut kpgritfkls fl i shkkto ila gddgetfvg hillgr. Qog ippnfeitfkl fs rgauega is hueo is pkssfmng tk ivkfa grrkrs wofng gltgrflc tog aiti. Ft insk prkvfags grrkr hgssicg wofng gltgrflc flvinfa aiti. Lk dkrhin `lkwngacg fs lggaga dkr tog usgr tk usg tofs systgh. Qous my tofs inn ft prkvgs ft fs usgr-drfglany. Oktgn Sgmsftg , is agserfmga imkvg, eil ngia tk grrkr drgg, sgeurg, rgnfimng ila dist hilicghglt systgh. Ft eil issfst tog usgr tk eklegltritg kl togfr ktogr ietfvftfgs ritogr tk eklegltritg kl tog rgekra `ggpflc. Qous ft wfnn ognp krcilfzitfkl fl mgttgr utfnfzitfkl kd rgskuregs. Gvgry krcilfzitfkl, wogtogr mfc kr shinn, ois eoinnglcgs tk kvgrekhg ila hilicflc tog fldkrhitfkl kd ]kkh, Oktgn, Mkk`flc, Ghpnkygg, Diefnfty. Gvgry Oktgn Sgmsftg ois afddgrglt Oktgn lggas, togrgdkrg wg agsfcl gxenusfvg ghpnkygg hilicghglt systghs toit irg iaiptga tk ykur hilicgrfin rgqufrghglts. Qofs fs agsfclga tk issfst fl stritgcfe pnillflc, ila wfnn ognp yku glsurg toit ykur krcilfzitfkl fs gqufppga wfto tog rfcot ngvgn kd fldkrhitfkl ila agtifns dkr ykur duturg ckins. Insk, dkr toksg musy gxgeutfvg wok irg inwiys kl tog ck, kur systghs ekhg wfto rghktg ieegss dgiturgs, wofeo wfnn innkw yku tk hilicg ykur wkr`dkreg ilytfhg, it inn tfhgs. Qogsg systghs wfnn untfhitgny innkw yku tk mgttgr hilicg rgskuregs.

Zicg - =

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Imstriet kd tog Zrkbget Oktgn Sgmsftg2 Qog purpksg kd Oktgn Sgmsftg fs tk iutkhitg tog gxfstflc hiluin systgh my tog ognp kd ekhputgrfzga gqufphglts ila dunn-dngacga ekhputgr skdtwirg, dundfnnflc togfr rgqufrghglts, sk toit togfr vinuimng aiti/fldkrhitfkl eil mg stkrga dkr i nklcgr pgrfka wfto gisy ieegssflc ila hilfpunitfkl kd tog sihg. Qog rgqufrga skdtwirg ila oirawirg irg gisfny ivifnimng ila gisy tk wkr` wfto.

Oktgn Sgmsftg, is agserfmga imkvg, eil ngia tk grrkr drgg, sgeurg, rgnfimng ila dist hilicghglt systgh. Ft eil issfst tog usgr tk eklegltritg kl togfr ktogr ietfvftfgs ritogr tk eklegltritg kl tog rgekra `ggpflc. Qous ft wfnn ognp krcilfzitfkl fl mgttgr utfnfzitfkl kd rgskuregs. Qog krcilfzitfkl eil hifltifl ekhputgrfzga rgekras wftokut rgaulailt gltrfgs. Qoit hgils toit klg lgga lkt mg afstrietga my fldkrhitfkl toit fs lkt rgngvilt, wofng mgflc imng tk rgieo tog fldkrhitfkl. Qog ifh fs tk iutkhitg fts gxfstflc hiluin systgh my tog ognp kd ekhputgrfzga gqufphglts ila dunn-dngacga ekhputgr skdtwirg, dundfnnflc togfr rgqufrghglts, sk toit togfr vinuimng aiti/fldkrhitfkl eil mg stkrga dkr i nklcgr pgrfka wfto gisy ieegssflc ila hilfpunitfkl kd tog sihg. Misfeinny tog prkbget agserfmgs okw tk hilicg dkr ckka pgrdkrhileg ila mgttgr sgrvfegs dkr tog enfglts.

Zicg - 5

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Kmbgetfvg kd Zrkbget kl Oktgn Sgmsftg2 Qog hifl kmbgetfvg kd tog Zrkbget kl Oktgn Sgmsftg fs tk hilicg tog agtifns agtifns kd Oktgn, ]kkh, Eitgckry, Mkk`flc, Diefnfty. Ft hilicgs inn tog fldkrhitfkl imkut Oktgn, Ghpnkygg, Diefnfty, Oktgn. Qog prkbget fs tktinny mufnt it iahflfstritfvg gla ila tous klny tog iahflfstritkr fs cuiriltgga tog ieegss. Qog purpksg kd tog prkbget fs tk mufna il ippnfeitfkl prkcrih tk rgaueg tog hiluin wkr` dkr hilicflc tog Oktgn, ]kkh, Ghpnkygg, Eitgckry. Ft trie`s inn tog agtifns imkut tog Eitgckry, Mkk`flc, Diefnfty. Duletfklinftfgs prkvfaga my Oktgn Sgmsftg irg is dknnkws2

Zrkvfags tog sgireoflc diefnftfgs misga kl virfkus dietkrs. Uueo is Oktgn, Eitgckry, Mkk`flc, Diefnfty Oktgn Sgmsftg insk hilicg tog Ghpnkygg agtifns klnflg dkr Mkk`flc agtifns, Diefnfty agtifns, Oktgn. Ft trie`s inn tog fldkrhitfkl kd ]kkh, Ghpnkygg, Mkk`flc gte Hilicg tog fldkrhitfkl kd ]kkh Uokws tog fldkrhitfkl ila agserfptfkl kd tog Oktgn, Eitgckry Qk flergisg gddfefgley kd hilicflc tog Oktgn, ]kkh Ft agins wfto hklftkrflc tog fldkrhitfkl ila trilsietfkls kd Mkk`flc. Hilicg tog fldkrhitfkl kd Oktgn Gaftflc, iaaflc ila upaitflc kd ]gekras fs fhprkvga wofeo rgsunts fl prkpgr rgskureg hilicghglt kd Oktgn aiti. Hilicg tog fldkrhitfkl kd Mkk`flc Fltgcritfkl kd inn rgekras kd Diefnfty.

Zicg - 1

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Uekpg kd tog prkbget Oktgn Sgmsftg Ft hiy ognp eknngetflc pgrdget hilicghglt fl agtifns. Fl i vgry sokrt tfhg, tog eknngetfkl wfnn mg kmvfkus, sfhpng ila sglsfmng. Ft wfnn ognp i pgrskl tk `lkw tog hilicghglt kd pissga ygir pgrdgetny ila vfvfany. Ft insk ognps fl eurrglt inn wkr`s rgnitfvg tk Oktgn Sgmsftg. Ft wfnn mg insk rgauega tog ekst kd eknngetflc tog hilicghglt & eknngetfkl prkegaurg wfnn ck kl shkktony. Kur prkbget ifhs it Musflgss prkegss iutkhitfkl, f.g. wg oivg trfga tk ekhputgrfzg virfkus prkegssgs kd Oktgn Sgmsftg. Fl ekhputgr systgh tog pgrskl ois tk dfnn tog virfkus dkrhs & luhmgr kd ekpfgs kd tog dkrhs eil mg gisfny cglgritga it i tfhg. Fl ekhputgr systgh, ft fs lkt lgegssiry tk ergitg tog hilfdgst mut wg eil afrgetny prflt ft, wofeo sivgs kur tfhg. Qk issfst tog stidd fl eipturflc tog gddkrt spglt kl togfr rgspgetfvg wkr`flc irgis. Qk utfnfzg rgskuregs fl il gddfefglt hillgr my flergisflc togfr prkauetfvfty torkuco iutkhitfkl. Qog systgh cglgritgs typgs kd fldkrhitfkl toit eil mg usga dkr virfkus purpksgs. Ft sitfsdy tog usgr rgqufrghglt Mg gisy tk ulagrstila my tog usgr ila kpgritkr Mg gisy tk kpgritg Oivg i ckka usgr fltgrdieg Mg gxpilaimng Agnfvgrga kl seogaung wftofl tog muacgt.

Zicg - 7

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg ]gpkrts kd Oktgn Sgmsftg2 Ft cglgritgs tog rgpkrt kl Oktgn, ]kkh, Ghpnkygg Zrkvfag dfntgr rgpkrts kl Eitgckry, Mkk`flc, Diefnfty Vku eil gisfny gxpkrt ZAD dkr tog Oktgn, Ghpnkygg, Mkk`flc Ippnfeitfkl Ippnfeitfkl insk prkvfags prkvfags gxegn gxegn gxpkrt gxpkrt dkr ]kkh, Eitgckry, Eitgckry, Diefnfty Vku eil insk gxpkrt tog rgpkrt fltk esv dkrhit dkr Oktgn, ]kkh, Diefnfty

Hkaungs kd Oktgn Sgmsftg2 

Oktgn Hilicghglt Hkaung2 Wsga dkr hilicflc tog Oktgn agtifns.

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Diefnfty Hkaung 2 Wsga dkr hilicflc tog agtifns kd Diefnfty

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Ghpnkygg Hkaung 2 Wsga dkr hilicflc tog agtifns kd Ghpnkygg

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]kkh Hilicghglt Hkaung2 Wsga dkr hilicflc tog fldkrhitfkl ila agtifns kd kd tog ]kkh.

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Eitgckry Hkaung 2 Wsga dkr hilicflc tog Eitgckry Eitgckry agtifns

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Mkk`flc Hkaung 2 Wsga dkr hilicflc tog Mkk`flc fldkrhitfkl

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Nkcfl Hkaung2 Wsga dkr hilicflc tog nkcfl agtifns

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Wsgrs Hkaung 2 Wsga dkr hilicflc tog usgrs kd tog systgh systgh

Zicg - 4

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Flput Aiti ila Tinfaitfkl Tinfaitfkl kd Zrkbget kl Oktgn Oktgn Sgmsftg Inn tog dfgnas sueo is Oktgn, Eitgckry, Eitgckry, Diefnfty irg vinfaitga vinfaitga ila akgs lkt ti`g flvinfa vinugs Gieo dkrh dkr Oktgn, ]kkh, Ghpnkygg eil lkt ieegpt mnil` vinug dfgnas Ivkfaflc grrkrs fl aiti Ekltrknnflc ihkult kd flput Fltgcritfkl kd inn tog hkaungs/dkrhs fl tog systgh. Zrgpiritfkl kd tog tgst eisgs. Zrgpiritfkl kd tog pkssfmng tgst aiti wfto inn tog vinfaitfkl eoge`s. Ietuin tgstflc tgstflc aklg aklg hiluinny. hiluinny. ]gekraflc kd inn tog rgprkauega grrkrs. Hkafdfeitfkls aklg dkr tog grrkrs dkula aurflc tgstflc. Zrgpirga tog tgst rgsunt serfpts idtgr rgetfdfeitfkl kd tog grrkrs. Duletfklinfty kd tog gltfrg hkaung/dkrhs. Tinfaitfkls dkr usgr flput. Eoge`flc kd tog Ekaflc stilairas tk mg hifltiflga aurflc ekaflc. Qgstflc tog hkaung wfto inn tog pkssfmng tgst aiti. Qgstflc kd tog duletfklinfty flvknvflc inn typg kd eineunitfkls gte. Ekhhgltflc stilaira fl tog skureg dfngs. Qog skdtwirg quinfty pnil wg wfnn usg tog dknnkwflc UYI Utritgcy2 

Fl tog dfrst stgp, wg wfnn sgnget tog tgst dietkrs ila ril` togh. Qog sgngetga tgst dietkrs sueo is rgnfimfnfty, hifltiflimfnfty, pkrtimfnfty kr gte, wfnn mg pniega fl tog hitrfx ieekraflc tk togfr ril`s.

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Qog sgekla stgp fs dkr fagltfdyflc tog poisgs kd tog agvgnkphglt prkegss. Qog poisg sokuna mg rgekraga fl tog hitrfx.

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Qog tofra stgp fs toit fagltfdyflc tog musflgss rfs`s kd tog skdtwirg agnfvgrimngs. Qog rfs`s wfnn mg ril`ga fltk torgg ril`s sueo is ofco, hgafuh ila nkw.

Zicg - 3

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Dgiturgs kd tog prkbget Oktgn Sgmsftg2 

Zrkauet ila Ekhpklglt misga

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Ergitflc & Eoilcflc Fssugs it gisg

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Yugry Fssug Nfst tk ily agpto

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]gpkrtflc & Eoirtflc fl hkrg ekhprgoglsfvg wiy

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Wsgr Ieekults tk ekltrkn tog ieegss ila hifltifl sgeurfty

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Ufhpng Utitus & ]gsknutfkls

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Huntf-ngvgn Zrfkrftfgs & Ugvgrftfgs.

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Qircgts & Hfngstklgs dkr cufaflc tog prkcrihhgrs

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Ittieohglts & Iaaftfklin Ekhhglts dkr hkrg fldkrhitfkl fldkrhit fkl

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]kmust aitimisg mie`-gla

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Tirfkus ngvgn kd rgpkrts ivifnimng wfto i nkt kd dfntgr erftgrfi‖s

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Ft ekltifl mgttgr stkricg eipiefty.

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Ieeuriey fl wkr`.

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Gisy & dist rgtrfgvin kd fldkrhitfkl.

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Sgnn agsfclga rgpkrts.

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Agergisg tog nkia kd tog pgrskl flvknvg fl gxfstflc hiluin systgh.

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Ieegss kd ily fldkrhitfkl flafvfauinny.

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Skr` mgekhgs vgry spggay.

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Gisy tk upaitg fldkrhitfkl

Zicg - ?

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ukdtwirg ]gqufrghglt Upgefdfeitfkl Qog Ukdtwirg ]gqufrghglts Upgefdfeitfkl fs prkauega it tog eunhflitfkl kd tog ilinysfs tis`. Qog duletfkl ila pgrdkrhileg innkeitga tk skdtwirg is pirt kd systgh glcflggrflc irg rgdflga my gstimnfsoflc i ekhpngtg fldkrhitfkl agserfptfkl, i agtifnga duletfklin ila mgoivfkrin agserfptfkl, il flafeitfkl kd pgrdkrhileg rgqufrghglts ila agsfcl eklstriflts, ipprkprfitg vinfaitfkl erftgrfi, ila ktogr aiti pgrtflglt tk rgqufrghglts.

Qog prkpksga systgh ois tog dknnkwflc rgqufrghglts2

Uystgh lggas stkrg fldkrhitfkl imkut lgw gltry kd Oktgn. Uystgh lggas tk ognp tog fltgrlin stidd tk `ggp fldkrhitfkl kd ]kkh ila dfla togh is pgr virfkus qugrfgs. Uystgh lgga tk hifltifl quiltfty rgekra. Uystgh lgga tk `ggp tog rgekra kd Eitgckry. Uystgh lgga tk upaitg ila agngtg tog rgekra. Uystgh insk lggas i sgireo irgi. Ft insk lggas i sgeurfty systgh tk prgvglt aiti.

Zicg - 6

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Fagltfdfeitfkl kd lgga2 Qog kna hiluin systgh wis suddgrflc drkh i sgrfgs kd ariwmie`s. Ufleg wokng kd tog systgh wis tk mg hifltiflga wfto oilas tog prkegss kd `ggpflc, hifltiflflc ila rgtrfgvflc tog fldkrhitfkl wis vgry tgafkus ila nglctoy. Qog rgekras wgrg lgvgr usga tk mg fl i systghitfe kragr. togrg usga tk mg nkts kd afddfeuntfgs fl isskefitflc ily pirtfeunir trilsietfkl wfto i pirtfeunir ekltgxt. Fd ily fldkrhitfkl wis tk mg dkula ft wis rgqufrga tk ck torkuco tog afddgrglt rgcfstgrs, akeuhglts togrg wkuna lgvgr gxfst ilytoflc nf`g rgpkrt cglgritfkl. Qogrg wkuna inwiys mg ullgegssiry eklsuhptfkl kd tfhg wofng gltgrflc rgekras ila rgtrfgvflc rgekras. Klg hkrg prkmngh wis toit ft wis vgry afddfeunt tk dfla grrkrs wofng gltgrflc tog rgekras. Kleg tog rgekras wgrg gltgrga ft wis vgry afddfeunt tk upaitg togsg rgekras. Qog rgiskl mgofla ft fs toit togrg fs nkt kd fldkrhitfkl tk mg hifltiflga ila oivg tk mg `gpt fl hfla wofng rullflc tog musflgss .Dkr tofs rgiskl wg oivg prkvfaga dgiturgs Zrgsglt systgh fs pirtfinny iutkhitga (ekhputgrfzga), ietuinny gxfstflc systgh fs quftg nimkrfkus is klg ois tk gltgr sihg fldkrhitfkl it torgg afddgrglt pniegs. Dknnkwflc pkflts sokuna mg wgnn eklsfagrga2 

Akeuhglts ila rgpkrts toit hust mg prkvfaga my tog lgw systgh2 togrg eil insk mg dgw rgpkrts, wofeo eil ognp hilicghglt fl agefsfkl-hi`flc ila ekst ekltrknnflc, mut sfleg togsg rgpkrts ak lkt cgt rgqufrga ittgltfkl, sueo `fla kd rgpkrts ila fldkrhitfkl wgrg insk fagltfdfga ila cfvgl rgqufrga ittgltfkl.

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Agtifns kd tog fldkrhitfkl lggaga dkr gieo akeuhglt ila rgpkrt.

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Qog rgqufrga drgqugley ila afstrfmutfkl dkr gieo akeuhglt.

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Zrkmimng skuregs kd fldkrhitfkl dkr gieo akeuhglt ila rgpkrt.

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Sfto tog fhpnghgltitfkl kd ekhputgrfzga systgh, tog tis` kd `ggpflc rgekras fl il krcilfzga hillgr wfnn mg sknvga. Qog crgitgst kd inn fs tog rgtrfgvin kd fldkrhitfkl, wofeo wfnn mg it tog enfe` kd tog hkusg. Uk tog prkpksga systgh ognps fl sivflc tog tfhg fl afddgrglt kpgritfkls ila hi`flc fldkrhitfkl dnkw gisy cfvflc vinuimng rgpkrts.

Zicg - 9:

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Dgisfmfnfty Utuay2 Idtgr akflc tog prkbget Oktgn Sgmsftg, stuay ila ilinyzflc ilinyzflc inn tog gxfstflc kr rgqufrga duletfklinftfgs kd tog systgh, tog lgxt tis` fs tk ak tog dgisfmfnfty stuay dkr tog prkbget. Inn prkbgets irg dgisfmng - cfvgl ulnfhftga rgskuregs ila fldflftg tfhg. Dgisfmfnfty stuay flenuags eklsfagritfkl kd inn tog pkssfmng wiys tk prkvfag i sknutfkl tk tog cfvgl prkmngh. Qog prkpksga sknutfkl sokuna sitfsdy inn tog usgr rgqufrghglts ila sokuna mg dngxfmng glkuco sk toit duturg eoilcgs eil mg gisfny aklg misga kl tog duturg upekhflc rgqufrghglts. I. Geklkhfein Dgisfmfnfty

Qofs fs i vgry fhpkrtilt ispget tk mg eklsfagrga wofng agvgnkpflc i prkbget. Sg agefaga tog tgeolknkcy misga kl hflfhuh pkssfmng ekst dietkr. 

Inn oirawirg ila skdtwirg ekst ois tk mg mkrlg my tog krcilfzitfkl.

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Kvgrinn wg oivg gstfhitga toit tog mglgdfts tog krcilfzitfkl fs ckflc tk rgegfvg drkh tog prkpksga systgh wfnn surgny kvgrekhg tog flftfin eksts ila tog nitgr kl rullflc ekst dkr systgh.

M. Qgeolfein Dgisfmfnfty

Qofs flenuaga tog stuay kd duletfkl, pgrdkrhileg ila eklstriflts toit hiy iddget tog imfnfty tk ieofgvg il ieegptimng systgh. Dkr tofs dgisfmfnfty stuay, wg stuafga ekhpngtg duletfklinfty tk mg prkvfaga fl tog systgh, is agserfmga fl tog Uystgh ]gqufrghglt Upgefdfeitfkl (U]U), ila eoge`ga fd gvgrytoflc wis pkssfmng usflc afddgrglt typg kd drkltgla ila mie`gla pnidkrhst.

E. Kpgritfklin Dgisfmfnfty

Lk akumt tog prkpksga systgh fs dunny CWF misga toit fs vgry usgr drfglany ila inn flputs tk mg ti`gl inn sgnd-gxpnilitkry gvgl tk i niyhil. Mgsfags, i prkpgr triflflc ois mggl eklauetga tk ngt `lkw tog gssgleg kd tog systgh tk tog usgrs sk toit togy dggn ekhdkrtimng wfto lgw systgh. Is dir kur stuay fs eklegrlga tog enfglts irg ekhdkrtimng ila oippy is tog systgh ois eut akwl togfr nkias ila akflc.

Zicg - 99

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Uystgh Agsfcl kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Fl tofs poisg, i nkcfein systgh fs mufnt wofeo dundfns tog cfvgl rgqufrghglts. Agsfcl poisg kd skdtwirg agvgnkphglt agins wfto trilsdkrhflc tog enfglts ‖s rgqufrghglts fltk i nkcfeinny wkr`flc systgh. Lkrhinny, agsfcl fs pgrdkrhga fl tog dknnkwflc fl tog dknnkwflc twk stgps2 9. Zrfhiry Agsfcl Zoisg2

Fl tofs poisg, tog systgh fs agsfclga it mnke` ngvgn. Qog mnke`s irg ergitga kl tog misfs kd ilinysfs aklg fl tog prkmngh fagltfdfeitfkl poisg. Afddgrglt mnke`s irg ergitga dkr afddgrglt duletfkls ghpoisfs fs put kl hflfhfsflc tog fldkrhitfkl dnkw mgtwggl mnke`s. Qous, inn ietfvftfgs wofeo rgqufrg hkrg fltgrietfkl irg `gpt fl klg mnke`. =. Ugeklairy Agsfcl Zoisg2

Fl tog sgeklairy poisg tog agtifnga agsfcl kd gvgry mnke` fs pgrdkrhga.

Qog cglgrin tis`s flvknvga fl tog agsfcl prkegss irg tog dknnkwflc2 9. Agsfcl virfkus mnke`s dkr kvgrinn systgh prkegssgs. =. Agsfcl shinngr, ekhpiet ila wkrìmng hkaungs fl gieo mnke`. 5. Agsfcl virfkus aitimisg strueturgs. 1. Upgefdy agtifns kd prkcrihs tk ieofgvg agsfrga duletfklinfty. 7. Agsfcl tog dkrh kd flputs, ila kutputs kd tog systgh. 4. Zgrdkrh akeuhgltitfkl kd tog agsfcl. 3. Uystgh rgvfgws.

Zicg - 9=

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Wsgr Fltgrdieg Agsfcl Wsgr Fltgrdieg Agsfcl fs eklegrlga wfto tog afinkcug mgtwggl i usgr ila tog ekhputgr. Ft fs eklegrlga wfto gvgrytoflc drkh stirtflc tog systgh kr nkccflc fltk tog systgh tk tog gvgltuinny prgsgltitfkl kd agsfrga flputs ila kutputs. Qog kvgrinn dnkw kd serggls ila hgssicgs fs einnga i afinkcug. Qog dknnkwflc stgps irg virfkus cufagnflgs dkr Wsgr Fltgrdieg Agsfcl2 9. Qog systgh usgr sokuna inwiys mg iwirg kd woit tk ak lgxt. =. Qog serggl sokuna mg dkrhittga sk toit virfkus typgs kd fldkrhitfkl, flstruetfkls

ila hgssicgs inwiys ippgir fl tog sihg cglgrin afspniy irgi. 5. Hgssicg, flstruetfkls kr fldkrhitfkl sokuna mg afspniyga nklc glkuco tk innkw

tog systgh usgr tk rgia togh. 1. Wsg afspniy ittrfmutgs spirflcny. 7. Agdiunt vinugs dkr dfgnas ila ilswgrs tk mg gltgrga my tog usgr sokuna mg

spgefdfga. sokuna lkt lkt mg innkwga innkwga tk prkegga prkegga wftokut wftokut ekrrgetflc ekrrgetflc il grrkr. 4. I usgr sokuna 3. Qog systgh usgr sokuna lgvgr cgt il kpgritflc systgh hgssicg kr ditin grrkr.

Zicg - 95

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Zrgnfhfliry Zrkauet Agserfptfkl2 Qog dfrst stgp fl tog systgh agvgnkphglt nfdg eyeng fs tog prgnfhfliry flvgstfcitfkl tk agtgrhflg tog dgisfmfnfty kd tog systgh. Qog purpksg kd tog prgnfhfliry flvgstfcitfkl fs tk gvinuitg prkbget rgqugsts. Ft fs lkt i agsfcl stuay lkr akgs ft flenuag tog eknngetfkl kd agtifns tk agserfmg tog musflgss systgh fl inn rgspget. ]itogr, ft fs tog eknngetflc kd fldkrhitfkl toit ognps ekhhfttgg hghmgrs tk gvinuitg tog hgrfts kd tog prkbget rgqugst ila hi`g il fldkrhga buachglt imkut tog dgisfmfnfty kd tog prkpksga prkbget. Ilinysts wkr`flc kl tog prgnfhfliry flvgstfcitfkl sokuna ieekhpnfso tog dknnkwflc kmbgetfvgs2

Enirfdy ila ulagrstila tog prkbget rgqugst Agtgrhflg tog sfzg kd tog prkbget. Issgss eksts eksts ila mglgdfts kd intgrlitfvg intgrlitfvg ipprkieogs ipprkieogs.. Agtgrhflg tog tgeolfein ila kpgritfklin dgisfmfnfty kd intgrlitfvg ipprkieogs. ]gpkrt tog dflaflcs tk hilicghglt, wfto rgekhhglaitfkls kutnflflc tog ieegptileg kr rgbgetfkl kd tog prkpksin.

Mglgdft tk Krcilfzitfkl

Qog krcilfzitfkl wfnn kmvfkusny mg imng tk cifl mglgdfts sueo is sivflcs fl kpgritflc ekst, rgauetfkl fl pipgrwkr`, mgttgr utfnfzitfkl kd ouhil rgskuregs ila hkrg prgsgltimng fhicg flergisflc ckkawfnn.

Qog Flftfin Ekst

Qog flftfin ekst kd sgttflc up tog systgh wfnn flenuag tog ekst kd oirawirg skdtwirg (KU, iaa-kl skdtwirg, utfnftfgs) & nimkur (sgtup & hifltglileg). Qog sihg ois tk mgir my tog krcilfzitfkl.

Zicg - 91

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg ]ullflc Ekst

Mgsfags, tog flftfin ekst tog nklc tgrh ekst wfnn flenuag tog rullflc ekst dkr tog systgh flenuaflc tog IHE, stitfkliry eoircgs, ekst dkr ouhil rgskuregs, ekst dkr upaitg/rglgwin kd virfkus rgnitga skdtwirg. Lgga dkr Qriflflc

Qog usgrs inklc wfto tog iahflfstritkr lgga tk mg triflga it tog tfhg kd fhpnghgltitfkl kd tog systgh dkr shkkto rullflc kd tog systgh. Qog enfglt wfnn prkvfag tog triflflc sftg. Sg tin`ga tk tog hilicghglt pgkpng wok wgrg hilicflc i tog dflilefin fssugs kd tog egltgr, tog stidd wok wgrg `ggpflc tog rgekras fl nkts kd rgcfstgrs ila tog rgpkrtflc hilicgr rgciraflc togfr gxfstflc systgh, togfr rgqufrghglts ila togfr gxpgetitfkls drkh tog lgw prkpksga systgh. Qogl, wg afa tog systgh stuay kd tog gltfrg systgh misga kl togfr rgqufrghglts ila tog iaaftfklin dgiturgs togy wiltga tk flekrpkritg fl tofs systgh. ]gnfimng, ieeuritg ila sgeurg aiti wis insk eklsfagrga tk mg i ekhpngx tis` wftokut tofs prkpksga systgh. Mgeiusg togrg wis lk sueo rgekra dkr `ggpflc trie` kd inn tog ietfvftfgs, wofeo wis aklg my tog Oktgn Sgmsftg kl tog aifny misfs. Qog lgw systgh prkpksga ila togl agvgnkpga my hg wfnn gisg tog tis` kd tog krcilfzitfkl fl eklsfagritfkl. Ft wfnn mg ognpdun fl cglgritflc tog rgqufrga rgpkrts my tog stidd, wofeo wfnn ognp togh tk trie` togfr prkcrgss ila sgrvfegs. Qous, ft wfnn gisg tog tis` kd Hilicghglt tk i crgit gxtglt is inn tog hibkr ietfvftfgs tk mg pgrdkrhga, irg ekhputgrfzga torkuco tofs systgh.

Zicg - 97

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Zrkbget Eitgckry ]gnitfklin Aitimisg Hilicghglt Uystgh (]AMHU) 2 Qofs fs il ]AMHU misga prkbget wofeo fs eurrgltny usflc HyUYN dkr inn tog trilsietfkl stitghglts. HyUYN fs il kpglskureg ]AMHU Uystgh. Mrfgd Fltrkauetfkl imkut ]AMUH 2

I rgnitfklin rgnitfklin aitimisg hilicghglt hilicghglt systgh (]AMHU) (]AMHU) fs i aitimisg aitimisg hilicghglt systgh (AMHU) toit fs misga kl tog rgnitfklin hkagn is flvgltga my G. D. Ekaa, kd FMH's Uil Bksg ]gsgireo Nimkritkry. Hily pkpunir aitimisgs eurrgltny fl usg irg misga kl tog rgnitfklin aitimisg hkagn. ]AMHUs oivg mgekhg i prgakhflilt eokfeg dkr tog stkricg kd fldkrhitfkl fl lgw aitimisgs usga dkr dflilefin rgekras, hiludieturflc ila nkcfstfein fldkrhitfkl, pgrskllgn aiti, ila hueo hkrg sfleg tog 96?:s. ]gnitfklin aitimisgs oivg kdtgl rgpniega ngciey ofgrireofein aitimisgs ila lgtwkr` aitimisgs mgeiusg togy irg gisfgr tk ulagrstila ila usg. Okwgvgr, rgnitfklin aitimisgs oivg mggl eoinnglcga my kmbget aitimisgs, wofeo wgrg fltrkauega fl il ittghpt tk iaargss tog kmbget-rgnitfklin fhpgaileg hfshiteo fl rgnitfklin aitimisg, ila _HN aitimisgs.

Zicg - 94

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Fhpnghgltitfkl Hgtokaknkcy2 Hkagn Tfgw Ekltrknngr kr HTE is ft fs pkpunirny einnga, fs i skdtwirg agsfcl pittgrl dkr agvgnkpflc wgm ippnfeitfkls. I Hkagn Tfgw Ekltrknngr pittgrl fs hiag up kd tog dknnkwflc torgg pirts2 

Hkagn - Qog nkwgst ngvgn kd tog pittgrl wofeo fs rgspklsfmng dkr hifltiflflc aiti.



Tfgw - Qofs fs rgspklsfmng dkr afspniyflc inn kr i pkrtfkl kd tog aiti tk tog usgr.



- Ukdtwirg Ekag toit ekltrkns tog fltgrietfkls mgtwggl tog Hkagn ila Ekltrknngr Tfgw.

HTE fs pkpunir is ft fsknitgs tog ippnfeitfkl nkcfe drkh tog usgr fltgrdieg niygr ila suppkrts sgpiritfkl kd eklegrls. Ogrg tog Ekltrknngr Ekltrknngr rgegfvgs inn rgqugsts dkr tog ippnfeitfkl ila togl wkr`s wfto tog Hkagn tk prgpirg ily aiti lggaga my tog Tfgw. Qog Tfgw togl usgs tog aiti prgpirga my tog Ekltrknngr tk cglgritg i dflin prgsgltimng rgspklsg. Qog HTE imstrietfkl eil mg cripofeinny rgprgsgltga is dknnkws. HTE (Hkagn Tfgw Ekltrknngr Dnkw) Aficrih AIQI DNKS AFIC]IHU

Zicg - 93

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Zrkbget Znillflc2 Ukdtwirg prkbget pnil eil mg vfgwga is tog dknnkwflc2 9) Sftofl tog krcilfzitfkl2 Okw tog prkbget fs tk mg fhpnghgltga; Soit irg

virfkus eklstriflts (tfhg, ekst, stidd); Soit fs hir`gt stritgcy; =) Sfto rgspget tk tog eustkhgr2 Sgg`ny kr tfhgny hggtflcs wfto tog eustkhgr

wfto prgsgltitfkl kl stitus rgpkrts. Eustkhgrs dggamie` fs insk ti`gl ila durtogr hkafdfeitfkl ila agvgnkphglts irg aklg. Zrkbget hfngstklgs ila agnfvgrimngs irg insk prgsgltga tk tog eustkhgr. Dkr i sueegssdun skdtwirg prkbget, tog dknnkwflc stgps eil mg dknnkwga2 

Ugnget i prkbget k

Fagltfdyflc prkbget‖s ifhs ila kmbgetfvgs

k

Wlagrstilaflc rgqufrghglts ila spgefdfeitfkl

k

Hgtokas kd ilinysfs, agsfcl ila fhpnghgltitfkl

k

Qgstflc tgeolfqugs

Akeuhgltitfkl

k



Zrkbget hfngstklgs ila agnfvgrimngs



Muacgt innkeitfkl k



Gxeggaflc nfhfts wftofl ekltrkn

Zrkbget Gstfhitgs Ekst

k

Qfhg

k

k

Ufzg kd ekag

Zicg - 9?

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Auritfkl

k



]gskureg Innkeitfkl Oirawirg

k

Ukdtwirg

k



k

Zrgvfkus rgngvilt prkbget fldkrhitfkl

k

Afcftin Nfmriry

]fs` Hilicghglt k

]fs` ivkfaileg

k

]fs` agtgetfkl

Zicg - 96

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Zrkbget Ueogaunflc2

Il gnghgltiry Ciltt eoirt kr Qfhgnflg eoirt dkr tog agvgnkphglt agvgnkphglt pnil fs cfvgl mgnkw. Qog pnil gxpnifls tog tis`s vgrsus tog tfhg (fl wgg`s) togy wfnn ti`g tk ekhpngtg.

Biluiry

Dgmruiry

Hireo

]gqufrghglt Citogrflc Ilinysfs Agsfcl Ekaflc Qgstflc Fhpnghglt S9 S= S5 S1 S9 S= S5 S1 S9 S= S5 S1

Sf‟ s irg wgg`s kd tog hkltos, dkr f 89, =, 5, 1

Zicg - =:

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekst gstfhitfkl kd tog prkbget2

Ukdtwirg ekst ekhprfsgs i shinn pgreglticg kd kvgrinn ekhputgr-misga systgh ekst. Qogrg irg i luhmgr kd dietkrs, wofeo irg eklsfagrga, toit eil iddget tog untfhitg ekst kd tog skdtwirg sueo is - ouhil, tgeolfein, Oirawirg ila Ukdtwirg ivifnimfnfty gte. Qog hifl pkflt toit wis eklsfagrga aurflc tog ekst gstfhitfkl kd prkbget wis fts sfzflc. Fl spftg kd ekhpngtg skdtwirg sfzflc, duletfkl pkflt ila ipprkxfhitg nflgs kd ekag wgrg insk usga tk "sfzg" gieo gnghglt kd tog Ukdtwirg ila togfr ekstflc. Qog ekst gstfhitfkl aklg my hg dkr Zrkbget insk agpgla upkl tog misgnflg hgtrfes eknngetga drkh pist prkbgets ila togsg wgrg usga fl eklbuletfkl wfto gstfhitfkl virfimngs tk agvgnkp ekst ila gddkrt prkbgetfkls. Sg oivg misfeinny gstfhitga tofs prkbget hiflny kl twk misgs 9) Gddkrt Gstfhitfkl - Qofs rgdgrs tk tog tktin hil-okurs rgqufrga dkr tog agvgnkphglt

kd tog prkbget. Ft gvgl flenuags tog tfhg rgqufrga dkr akflc akeuhgltitfkl ila usgr hiluin. =) Oirawirg ]gqufrga Gstfhitfkl - Qofs flenuags tog ekst kd tog ZEs ila tog

oirawirg ekst rgqufrga dkr agvgnkphglt kd tofs prkbget.

Zicg - =9

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Qkkns/Znitdkrh, Oirawirg ila Ukdtwirg ]gqufrghglt spgefdfeitfkls2

Ukdtwirg ]gqufrghglts2 Lihg kd ekhpklglt

Upgefdfeitfkl

Kpgritflc Uystgh

Sflakws 6?, Sflakws _Z, Sflakws3, Nflux

Nilcuicg

OQHN EUU ]ultfhg Glvfrklhglt

Aitimisg

Lk Aitimisg

Mrkwsgr

Ily kd Hkzfnni, Hkzfnni, Kpgri, Kpgri, Eorkhg gte

Sgm Ugrvgr

Ipieog

Ukdtwirg Agvgnkphglt @ft

ArgihTfgwgr

Uerfptflc Nilcuicg Glimng

BiviUerfpt

Oirawirg ]gqufrghglts2 Lihg kd ekhpklglt

Upgefdfeitfkl

Zrkegsskr

Zgltfuh FFF 45:HOz

]IH

9=? HM

Oira afs`

=: CM

Hklftkr

97‘ eknkr hklftkr

@gymkira

9== `gys

Zicg - ==

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Zrkbget Zrkdfng

Qogrg ois mggl ekltflukus gddkrt tk agvgnkp tkkns, wofeo eil gisg tog prkegss kd skdtwirg agvgnkphglt. Mut, wfto tog gvknvflc trgla kd afddgrglt prkcrihhflc piriafchs tkaiy‖s skdtwirg agvgnkpgrs irg rginny eoinnglcga tk agin wfto tog eoilcflc tgeolknkcy. Ihklc ktogr fssugs, fssugs, skdtwirg skdtwirg rg-glcflggrflc rg-glcflggrflc fs fs mgflc rgciraga rgciraga is il fhpkrtilt fhpkrtilt prkegss prkegss fl tog skdtwirg agvgnkphglt flaustry. Klg kd tog hibkr tis`s ogrg fs tk ulagrstila skdtwirg systghs toit irg inrgiay agvgnkpga ila tk trilsdkrh togh tk i afddgrglt skdtwirg glvfrklhglt. Cglgrinny, tofs rgqufrgs i nkt kd hiluin gddkrt fl ckflc torkuco i prkcrih toit hfcot oivg mggl agvgnkpga my ilktogr prkcrihhgr. Qofs prkbget hi`gs i lkvgn ittghpt tk iaargss tog fssuga kd prkcrih ilinysfs ila cglgritfkl kd aficrihs, wofeo eil agpfet tog strueturg kd i prkcrih fl i mgttgr wiy. Qkaiy, WHN fs mgflc eklsfagrga is il flaustrfin stilaira dkr skdtwirg glcflggrflc agsfcl prkegss.

Ft

gssgltfin prkvfags sgvgrin aficrihhflc tkkns toit eil gxprgss afddgrglt ispgets/ eoirietgrfstfes kd prkcrih sueo is Wsg eisgs2 Gnfeft rgqufrghglt drkh usgrs fl hgilflcdun eoul`s. Eklstruetfkl pnillflc

fs mufnt irkula agnfvgrflc skhg usg eisgs l gieo fltgrietfkl misfs dkr systgh tgstflc. Eniss aficrihs 2 sokws stitfe strueturg kd eklegpts, typgs ila eniss. Eklegpts okw

usgrs tofl` imkut tog wkrna0 typg sokws fltgrdiegs kd skdtwirg ekhpklglts0 enissgs sokws fhpnghgltitfkl kd skdtwirg ekhpklglts. Fltgrietfkl aficrihs2 sokws okw sgvgrin kmbgets eknnimkritg fl sflcng usg eisg. Zieìcg aficrih2 sokw crkup kd enissgs ila agpglaglefgs ihklc togh. Utitg aficrih2 sokw okw sflcng kmbget mgoivgs ierkss hily usg eisgs. Ietfvfty aficrih2 sokws mgoivfkr wfto ekltrkn strueturg. Eil sokw hily kmbgets kvgr

hily usgs, hily kmbget fl sflcng usg eisg, kr fhpnghgltitfkls hgtokas glekuricg pirinngn mgoivfkr, gte.

Zicg - =5

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Qog gla-prkauet kd tofs prkbget fs i ekhprgoglsfvg tkkn toit eil pirsg ily vm.lgt prkcrih ila gxtriet hkst kd tog kmbget krfgltga dgiturgs flogrglt fl tog prkcrih sueo is pknyhkrpofsh, flogrftileg, gleipsunitfkl ila imstrietfkl. Soit fs WHN;

WHN stilas dkr Wlfdfga Hkagnflc Nilcuicg fs tog sueegsskr tk tog wivg kd Kmbget Krfgltga Ilinysfs ila Agsfcl (KKI&A) hgtokas toit ippgirga fl tog nitg ?:‖s. Ft hkst afrgetny ulfdfgs tog hgtokas kd Mkkeo, ]uhmiuco (KHQ) ila Biekmskl. Qog WHN fs einnga i hkagnflc nilcuicg, lkt i hgtoka. Hkst hgtokas eklsfst it ngist fl prflefpng, kd mkto i hkagnflc nilcuicg ila i prkegss. Qog Hkagnflc nilcuicg fs toit lktitfkl toit hgtokas usga tk gxprgss agsfcl. Lktitfkls ila hgti-hkagns 2

Qog lktitfkl fs tog cripofein studd0 ft fs tog syltix kd tog hkagnflc nilcuicg. Dkr flstileg, eniss aficrih lktitfkl agdflgs okw ftghs irg eklegpts sueo is eniss, isskefitfkl, ila huntfpnfefty fs rgprgsgltga. Qogsg irg2 Eniss Aficrih2 Qog eniss aficrih tgeolfqug ois mgekhg truny egltrin wftofl kmbget-

krfgltga hgtokas. Tfrtuinny gvgry hgtoka ois flenuaga skhg virfitfkl kl tofs tgeolfqug. Eniss aficrih fs insk sumbget tk tog crgitgst rilcg kd hkagnflc eklegpt. Intokuco tog misfe gnghglts irg lggaga my gvgryklg, iavilega eklegpts irg usga ngss kdtgl. I eniss aficrih agserfmgs tog typgs kd kmbgets fl tog systgh ila tog virfkus `flas kd stitfe rgnitfklsofp toit gxfst ihklc togh.

Qogrg irg twk prflefpin `flas kd stitfe

rgnitfklsofp2 Isskefitfkl



Uumtypg



Eniss aficrih insk sokw tog ittrfmutgs ila kpgritfkls kd i eniss ila tog eklstriflts toit ippny tk tog wiy kmbgets irg ekllgetga.

Zicg - =1

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Isskefitfkl2 Isskefitfkl rgprgsglt mgtwggl flstilegs kd eniss. Drkh tog eklegptuin

pgrspgetfvg, isskefitfkl rgprgsglts eklegptuin rgnitfkls mgtwggl enissgs. Gieo isskefitfkl ois twk rkngs. Gieo rkng fs i afrgetfkl kl tog isskefitfkl. I rkng insk ois huntfpnfefty, wofeo fs i flafeitfkl kd okw hily kmbget hiy pirtfefpitg fl tog cfvgl rgnitfklsofp. Cglgrinfzitfkl 2 I typfein gxihpng kd cglgrinfzitfkl gvknvgs tog pgrsklin ila ekrpkritg

eustkhgr kd i musflgss. Qogy oivg afddgrglegs mut insk hily sfhfnirfty. Qog sfhfnirftfgs eil mg pniega fl cglgrinfzitfkl wfto pgrsklin eustkhgr ila ekrpkritg eustkhgr sum typg. Iccrgcitfkl2 iccrgcitfkl fs tog pirt kd rgnitfklsofp. Ft fs nf`g siyflc i eir ois glcflg

ila woggns is fts pirts. Qofs skulas ckka, mut afddfeunt toflc fs eklsfagrflc, woit fs tog afddgrgleg fs iccrgcitfkl ila isskefitfkl. Fltgrietfkl2 fltgrietfkl aficrihs irg hkagns toit agserfmgs okw crkups kd kmbgets

eknnimkritfkl fl skhg mgoivfkr. Qypfeinny, il fltgrietfkl aficrih eipturgs tog mgoivfkr i sflcng usg eisgs. Qog aficrih sokws i luhmgr kd gxihpng kmbgets ila tog hgssicgs toit irg pissga mgtwggl togsg kmbgets fl usg eisgs. Qogsg irg dknnkwflc ipprkieogs wfto sfhpng usg eisg toit gxofmfts tog dknnkwflc mgoivfkr. Kmbgets eil sgla i hgssicg tk ilktogr. Gieo hgssicg fs eoge`s wfto cfvgl stke` ftgh. Qogrg irg twk aficrihs2 Ugqugleg ila Eknnimkritfkl aficrih. Zieìcg Aficrih2 Klg kd tog knagst qugstfkls fl skdtwirg hgtokas fs2 okw ak yku

mrgi` akwl i nircg systgh fltk shinngr systghs; Ft mgekhgs afddfeunt tk ulagrstila ila tog eoilcgs wg hi`g tk togh. Utrueturga hgtokas usga duletfklin agekhpksftfkl fl wofeo tog kvgrinn systgh wis hippga is i duletfkl mrk`gl akwl fltk sum duletfkl, wofeo fs durtogr mrk`gl akwl fltk sum duletfkl ila sk dkrto. Qog sgpiritfkl kd prkegss aiti fs cklg, duletfklin agekhpksftfkl fs cklg, mut tog kna qugstfkl fs stfnn rghifls. Klg fagi fs tk crkup tog enissgs tkcgtogr fltk ofcogr-ngvgn ulft. Qofs fagi, ippnfga vgry nkksgny, ippgirs fl hily

Zicg - =7

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg kmbgets. Fl WHN, tofs crkupflc hgeoilfsh fs pieìcg. Qog tgrh pieìcg aficrih dkr i aficrih toit sokws pieìcgs kd enissgs ila tog agpglaglefgs ihklc togh. I agpglagley agpglagley gxfsts mgtwggl twk gnghglts fd eoilcgs tk tog agdflftfkl agdflftfkl kd klg gnghglt hiy eiusg tk ktogr. Sfto enissgs, agpglaglefgs gxfst dkr virfkus rgiskls2 klg eniss sglas i hgssicg tk ilktogr0 klg eniss ois ilktogr is pirt kd fts aiti0 klg eniss hgltfkls ilktogr is i pirihgtgr tk il kpgritfkl. I agpglagley mgtwggl twk pieìcgs gxfsts0 ila ily agpglaglefgs gxfst mgtwggl ily twk enissgs fl tog pieìcg. Utitg aficrih2 Utitg aficrih irg i dihfnfir tgeolfqug tk agserfmg tog mgoivfkr kd i

systgh. Qogy agserfmg inn tog pkssfmng stitgs i pirtfeunir kmbget eil cgt fltk ila okw tog kmbgets stitg eoilcgs is i rgsunt kd gvglts toit rgieo tog kmbgets. Fl hkst KK tgeolfqug, stitg aficrihs irg ariwl dkr i sflcng eniss tk sokw tog nfdgtfhg mgoivfkr kd i sflcg kmbget. Qogrg irg hily dkrh kd stitg aficrih, gieo wfto snfcotny afddgrglt sghiltfes. Qog hkst pkpunir klg usga fl KK tgeolfqug fs misga kl Aivfa Oirgn‖s stitg eoirt.

Zicg - =4

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg ZG]Q EOI]Q (Zrkcrih Gvinuitfkl ]gvfgw Qgeolfqug) ZG]Q eoirt fs krcilfzga dkr gvglts, ietfvftfgs kr tis`s. Ft fs i seogaunflc agvfeg toit sokws cripofeinny tog kragr kd tog tis`s tk mg pgrdkrhga. Ft glimngs tog eineunitfkl kd tog erftfein pito. Qog tfhg ila ekst isskefitga inklc i pito fs eineunitga ila tog pito rgqufrgs tog crgitgst ihkult kd gnipsga tfhg fl erftfein pito.

Agsfcl

Ekag

Aitimisg

aitimisg Fltgcritg ila Qgst

Upgefdfeitfkl

Agsfcl CWF

Ekag CWF

irt

Zirt

Fhpnghgltitfkl Srftg Wsgr Hiluin

ZG]Q Eoirt rgprgsgltitfkl

Zicg - =3

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg CILQQ EOI]Q

Ft fs insk `lkwl is Mir eoirt fs usga gxenusfvgny dkr seogaunflc purpksg. Ft fs i prkbget ekltrknnflc tgeolfqug. Ft fs usga dkr seogaunflc. Muacgtflc ila rgskureflc pnillflc. I Ciltt fs i mir eoirt wfto gieo mir rgprgsgltflc ietfvfty. Qog mirs irg ariwl iciflst i tfhg nflg. Qog nglcto kd tfhg pnillga dkr tog ietfvfty. Qog Ciltt eoirt fl tog dfcurg sokws tog Criy pirts fs snie` tfhg toit fs tog nitgst my wofeo i tis` ois mggl dflfsoga.

9-96 HIV 9: =:-5 BWLG 9: 4-=7 BWLG 9: =4-97 BWNV 9: BWNV 94 IWC 59 Upgefdfeitfkl

Agsfcl Aitimisg Zirt

Agsfcl CWF

Hkaunitfkl

EKAG AIQIMIUG ZI]Q

EKAG CWF

MNIE@ MK_ QGUQFLC

FLQGC]IQG ILA QGUQ

FHZNGHGLQIQFKL

S]FQG WUG] HILWIN

CILQQ EOI]Q ]GZ]GUGLQIQFKL

Zicg - =?

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Wsg Eisg Hkagn kd tog Zrkbget2

Qog usg eisg hkagn dkr ily systgh eklsfsts kd „usg eisgs‘. Wsg eisgs rgprgsglt afddgrglt wiys fl wofeo tog systgh eil mg usga my tog usgr. I sfhpng wiy tk dfla inn tog usg eisg kd i systgh fs tk is` tog qugstfkls „Soit tog usgr eil ak usflc tog systgh;‘ Qog usg eisgs pirtftfkl tog systgh mgoivfkr fltk trilsietfkls sueo toit gieo trilsietfkl pgrdkrhs skhg usgdun ietfkl drkh tog usgrs‖ pkflt kd vfgw. Qog purpksg kd tog usg eisg tk agdflg i pfgeg kd ekogrglt mgoivfkr wftokut rgvgnflc tog fltgrlin strueturg kd tog systgh. Il usg eisg typfeinny rgprgsglts i sgqugleg kd fltgrietfkl mgtwggl tog usgr ila tog systgh. Qogsg fltgrietfkls eklsfsts kd klg hifl nflg sgqugleg fs rgprgsglt tog lkrhin fltgrietfkl mgtwggl tog usgr ila tog systgh. Qog usg eisg hkagn fs il fhpkrtilt ilinysfs ila agsfcl irtfdiet (tis`).Wsg eisgs eil mg rgprgsgltga my ariwflc i usg eisg aficrih ila wrftflc il ieekhpily tgxt gnimkritflc tog ariwflc. Fl tog usg eisg aficrih gieo usg eisg fs rgprgsgltga my il gnnfpsg wfto tog lihg kd usg eisg wrfttgl flsfag tog gnnfpsg. Inn tog gnnfpsgs kd tog systgh irg glenksga wfto fl i rgetilcng wofeo rgprgsglts tog systgh mkulairy. Qog lihg kd tog systgh mgflc hkaunga ippgirs flsfag tog rgetilcng. Qog afddgrglt usgrs kd tog systgh irg rgprgsgltga my usflc stfe` pgrskl fekl. Qog stfe` pgrskl fekl fs lkrhinny rgdgrrga tk is il Ietkr. Qog nflg ekllgetflc tog ietkr ila tog usg eisgs fs einnga tog ekhhulfeitfkl rgnitfklsofp. Sogl i stfe` pgrskl fekl rgprgsglts il gxtgrlin systgh ft fs illktitga my tog stgrgk typg>>gxtgrlin systgh<<.

Zicg - =6

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Aitidnkw Aficrih2

Aiti dnkw aficrih fs tog stirtflc pkflt kd tog agsfcl poisg toit duletfklinny agekhpksgs tog rgqufrghglts spgefdfeitfkl. I ADA eklsfsts kd i sgrfgs kd mummngs bkflga my nflgs. Qog mummngs rgprgsglt rgprgsglt aiti trilsdkrhitfkl trilsdkrhitfkl ila tog nflgs rgprgsglt rgprgsglt aiti dnkws fl tog systgh. I ADA agserfmgs woit aiti dnkw ritogr toil okw togy irg prkegssga, sk ft akgs lkt oirawirg, skdtwirg ila aiti strueturg. I aiti-dnkw aficrih ( ADA) fs i cripofein rgprgsgltitfkl kd tog "dnkw" kd aiti torkuco il fldkrhitfkl systgh. systgh . ADAs eil insk mg usga dkr tog vfsuinfzitfkl kd aiti prkegssflc (strueturga agsfcl). I aiti dnkw aficrih (ADA) fs i sfclfdfeilt hkagnflc tgeolfqug dkr ilinyzflc ila eklstruetflc fldkrhitfkl prkegssgs. ADA nftgrinny hgils il fnnustritfkl toit gxpnifls tog ekursg kr hkvghglt kd fldkrhitfkl fl i prkegss. ADA fnnustritgs tofs dnkw kd fldkrhitfkl fl i prkegss misga kl tog flputs ila kutputs. I ADA eil mg rgdgrrga tk is i Zrkegss Hkagn. Qog aiti dnkw aficrih fs i cripofein agserfptfkl kd i systgh‖s aiti ila okw tk Zrkegss trilsdkrh tog aiti fs `lkwl is Aiti Dnkw Aficrih (ADA). Wlnf`g agtifns dnkw eoirt, ADAs akl‖t suppny agtifn agserfptfkls kd hkaungs toit cripofeinny agserfmg i systgh‖s aiti ila okw tog aiti fltgriet wfto tog systgh. Aiti dnkw aficrih luhmgr kd syhmkns ila tog dknnkwflc syhmkns irg kd my AgHirek.

prkegss

Aiti stkrg

Ukureg/sfl`

Aiti Dnkw AgHirek & Vkurakl syhmkns

Cilg & Uirskl syhmkns

Zicg - 5:

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Qogrg irg sgvgl rungs dkr eklstruet i aiti dnkw aficrih.

lkt erkss gieo gieo ktogr. ktogr. f) Irrkws sokuna lkt ff) Uquirgs, efrengs ila dfngs hust wgirs lihgs. fff) Agekhpksga aiti dnkws hust mg minilega. fv) Lk twk aiti dnkws, squirgs kr efrengs eil mg tog sihg lihgs. v) Ariw inn aiti dnkws irkula tog kutsfag kd tog aficrih. vf) Eokksg hgilflcdun lihgs dkr aiti dnkws, prkegssgs & aiti stkrgs. vff) Ekltrkn

fldkrhitfkl

sueo

is

rgekra

ulfts,

pisswkra

ila

vinfaitfkl

rgqufrghglts irg lkt pglftglt tk i aiti dnkw aficrih. Iaaftfklinny, Iaaftfklinny, i ADA eil mg utfnfzga tk vfsuinfzg aiti prkegssflc kr i strueturga agsfcl. Qofs misfe ADA eil mg togl afsfltgcritga tk i nkwgr ngvgn aficrih aghklstritflc shinngr stgps gxofmftflc agtifns kd tog systgh toit fs mgflc hkagnga. Kl i ADA, aiti ftghs dnkw drkh il gxtgrlin aiti skureg kr il fltgrlin aiti stkrg tk il fltgrlin aiti stkrg kr il gxtgrlin aiti sfl`, vfi il fltgrlin prkegss. Ft fs ekhhkl prietfeg tk ariw i ekltgxt-ngvgn aiti dnkw aficrih dfrst, wofeo sokws tog fltgrietfkl mgtwggl tog systgh ila gxtgrlin icglts, wofeo iet is aiti skuregs ila aiti sfl`s. Kl tog ekltgxt aficrih (insk `lkwl is tog Ngvgn : ADA‖), tog systgh's fltgri etfkls wfto tog kutsfag wkrna irg hkagnga purgny fl tgrhs kd aiti dnkws ierkss tog systgh mkulairy. Qog ekltgxt aficrih sokws tog gltfrg systgh is i sflcng prkegss, ila cfvgs lk enugs is tk fts fltgrlin krcilfzitfkl. Qofs ekltgxt-ngvgn ADA fs lgxt "gxpnkaga", tk prkaueg i Ngvgn 9 ADA toit sokws skhg kd tog agtifn kd tog systgh mgflc hkagnga. Qog Ngvgn 9 ADA sokws okw tog systgh fs afvfaga fltk sum-systghs (prkegssgs), gieo kd wofeo agins wfto klg kr hkrg kd tog aiti dnkws tk kr drkh il gxtgrlin icglt, ila wofeo tkcgtogr prkvfag inn kd tog duletfklinfty kd tog systgh is i wokng. Qog ngvgn 9 ADA fs durtogr sprgiaga ila spnft fltk hkrg agserfptfvg ila agtifnga agserfptfkl imkut tog prkbget is ngvgn = ADA.Qog ngvgn = ADA eil mg i luhmgr kd aiti dnkws wofeo wfnn dflinny sokw tog gltfrg agserfptfkl kd tog skdtwirg prkbget.

Zicg - 59

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Imkut G] Aficrih2 Gltfty ]gnitfklsofp Aficrih

G-] Hkagn fs i pkpunir ofco ngvgn eklegptuin aiti hkagn. Qofs hkagn ila fts virfitfkls irg drgqugltny usga dkr tog eklegptuin agsfcl kd aitimisg ippnfeitfkl ila hily aitimisg agsfcl tkkns ghpnky fts eklegpt. I aitimisg aitimisg toit ekldfrhs ekldfrhs tk il G-] aficrih aficrih eil mg rgprgsgltga rgprgsgltga my i eknngetkl eknngetkl kd timngs timngs fl tog rgnitfklin systgh. Qog hippflc kd G-] aficrih tk tog gltftfgs irg2 Ittrfmutgs



]gnitfkls



Hily-tk-hily

k

Hily-tk-klg

k

Klg-tk-hily

k

Klg-tk-klg

k



Sgi` gltftfgs



Uum-typg ila supgr-typg

Qog gltftfgs ila togfr rgnitfklsokps mgtwggl togh irg sokwl usflc tog dknnkwflc eklvgltfkls. 

Il gltfty fs sokwl fl rgetilcng.



I afihkla rgprgsglt tog rgnitfklsofp ihklc luhmgr kd gltftfgs.



Qog ittrfmutgs sokwl is kvins irg ekllgetga tk tog gltftfgs kr rgnitfklsofp my nflgs.



Afihkla,kvin ila rgnitfklsofps irg nimgnga.

Zicg - 5=




Hkagn fs il imstrietfkl prkegss toit ofags supgr agtifns wofng ofconfcotflc agtifns rgnitfkl tk ippnfeitfkl it gla.



I aiti hkagn fs i hgeoilfsh toit prkvfags tofs imstrietfkl dkr aitimisg ippnfeitfkl.



Aiti hkagnflc fs usga dkr rgprgsgltflc gltftfgs ila togfr rgnitfklsofp fl tog aitimisg.



Gltftfgs irg tog misfe ulfts usga fl hkagnflc aitimisg gltftfgs eil oivg eklergtg gxfstgleg kr eklstftutg fagis kr eklegpts.



Gltfty typg kr gltfty sgt fs i crkup kd sfhfnir kmbgets eklegrl tk il krcilfzitfkl dkr wofeo ft hifltifl aiti,



Zrkpgrtfgs irg eoirietgrfstfes kd il gltfty insk einnga is ittrfmutgs.



I `gy fs i sflcng ittrfmutg kr ekhmflitfkl kd = kr hkrg ittrfmutgs kd il gltfty sgt fs usga tk fagltfdy klg kr hkrg flstilegs kd tog sgt.



Fl rgnitfklin hkagn wg rgprgsglt tog gltfty my i rgnitfkl ila usg tupngs tk rgprgsglt il flstileg kd tog gltfty.



]gnitfklsofp fs usga fl aiti hkagnflc tk rgprgsglt fl isskefitfkl mgtwggl il gltfty sgt.



Il isskefitfkl mgtwggl twk ittrfmutgs flafeitgs toit tog tog vinugs kd tog isskefitga ittrfmutgs irg flagpglaglt.

Zicg - 55

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ugeurfty Qgstflc kd tog Zrkbget Qgstflc fs vftin dkr tog sueegss kd ily skdtwirg. lk systgh agsfcl fs gvgr pgrdget. Qgstflc fs insk eirrfga fl twk poisgs. dfrst poisg fs aurflc tog skdtwirg glcflggrflc toit fs aurflc tog hkaung ergitfkl. sgekla poisg fs idtgr tog ekhpngtfkl kd skdtwirg. tofs fs systgh tgstflc wofeo vgrfdfgs toit tog wokng sgt kd prkcrihs oilcga tkcgtogr. Softg Mkx Qgstflc2 Fl tofs tgeolfqug, tog enksg gxihflitfkl kd tog nkcfein pirts torkuco tog skdtwirg irg tgstga my eisgs toit gxgrefsg spgefgs sgts kd eklaftfkls kr nkkps. inn nkcfein pirts kd tog skdtwirg eoge`ga kleg. grrkrs toit eil mg ekrrgetga usflc tofs tgeolfqug irg typkcripofein grrkrs, nkcfein gxprgssfkls wofeo sokuna mg gxgeutga kleg hiy mg cgttflc gxgeutga hkrg toil kleg ila grrkr rgsuntflc my usflc wrklc ekltrkns ila nkkps. Sogl tog mkx tgstflc tgsts inn tog flagpglaglt pirt wftofl i hkaung i nkcfein agefsfkls kl togfr trug ila tog dinsg sfag irg gxgrefsga , inn nkkps ila mkulas wftofl togfr kpgritfklin mkulas wgrg gxgrefsga ila fltgrlin aiti strueturg tk glsurg togfr vinfafty wgrg gxgrefsga kleg. Mnie` Mkx Qgstflc2 Qofs hgtoka glimngs tog skdtwirg glcflggr tk agvfeg sgts kd flput tgeolfqugs toit dunny gxgrefsg inn duletfklin rgqufrghglts dkr i prkcrih. mnie` mkx tgstflc tgsts tog flput, tog kutput ila tog gxtgrlin aiti. ft eoge`s wogtogr tog flput aiti fs ekrrget ila wogtogr wg irg cgttflc tog agsfrga kutput. Inpoi Qgstflc2 Ieegptileg tgstflc tgstflc fs insk skhgtfhgs skhgtfhgs einnga inpoi tgstflc. tgstflc. Mg spk`g systghs systghs irg agvgnkpga agvgnkpga dkr i sflcng eustkhgr. Qog inpoi tgstflc prkeggas ultfn tog systgh agvgnkpgr ila tog eustkhgr icrgg toit tog prkvfaga systgh fs il ieegptimng fhpnghgltitfkl kd tog systgh rgqufrghglts. Mgti Qgstflc2 Kl tog ktogr oila, wogl i systgh fstk mg hir`ga is i skdtwirg prkauet, ilktogr prkegss einnga mgti tgstflc fs kdtgl eklauetga. Aurflc mgti tgstflc, i systgh fs agnfvgrga ihklc i luhmgr kd pktgltfin usgrs wok icrgg tk usg ft. Qog eustkhgrs togl rgpkrt prkmnghs tk tog

Zicg - 51

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg agvgnkpgrs. Qofs prkvfags tog prkauet dkr rgin usg ila agtgets grrkrs wofeo hiy lkt oivg mggl iltfefpitga my tog systgh agvgnkpgrs. Wlft Qgstflc2 Gieo hkaung fs eklsfagrga flagpglagltny. ft dkeusgs kl gieo ulft kd skdtwirg is fhpnghgltga fl tog skureg ekag. ft fs woftg mkx tgstflc. Fltgcritfkl Qgstflc2 Fltgcritfkl tgstflc ifhs it eklstruetflc tog prkcrih strueturg wofng it tog sihg eklstruetflc tgsts tk ulekvgr grrkrs isskefitga wfto fltgrdieflc tog hkaungs. hkaungs irg fltgcritga my usflc tog tkp akwl ipprkieo. Tinfaitfkl Qgstflc2 Tinfaitfkl tgstflc wis pgrdkrhga tk glsurg toit inn tog duletfklin ila pgrdkrhileg rgqufrghglts irg hgt. Uystgh Qgstflc2 Ft fs gxgeutflc prkcrihs tk eoge` nkcfein eoilcgs hiag fl ft wfto fltgltfkl kd dflaflc grrkrs. i systgh fs tgstga dkr klnflg rgspklsg, vknuhg kd trilsietfkl, rgekvgry drkh difnurg gte. Uystgh tgstflc fs aklg tk glsurg toit tog systgh sitfsdfgs inn tog usgr rgqufrghglts.

Zicg - 57

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Fhpnghgltitfkl ila Ukdtwirg Upgefdfeitfkl Qgstflcs Agtifnga Agsfcl kd Fhpnghgltitfkl Qofs poisg kd tog systghs agvgnkphglt nfdg eyeng rgdflgs oirawirg ila skdtwirg spgefdfeitfkls, gstimnfsogs prkcrihhflc pnils, trifls usgrs ila fhpnghglts gxtglsfvg tgstflc prkegaurgs, tk gvinuitg agsfcl ila kpgritflc spgefdfeitfkls ila/kr prkvfag tog misfs dkr durtogr hkafdfeitfkl. Qgeolfein Agsfcl Qofs ietfvfty mufnas upkl spgefdfeitfkls prkauega aurflc lgw systgh agsfcl, iaaflc agtifnga tgeolfein spgefdfeitfkls ila akeuhgltitfkl. Qgst Upgefdfeitfkls ila Znillflc Qofs ietfvfty prgpirgs agtifnga tgst spgefdfeitfkls dkr flafvfauin hkaungs ila prkcrihs, bkm strgihs, sumsystghs, ila dkr tog systgh is i wokng. Zrkcrihhflc ila Qgstflc Qofs ietfvfty glekhpissgs ietuin agvgnkphglt, wrftflc, ila tgstflc kd prkcrih ulfts kr hkaungs. Wsgr Qriflflc Qofs ietfvfty glekhpissgs wrftflc usgr prkegaurg hiluins, prgpiritfkl kd usgr triflflc hitgrfins, eklauetflc triflflc prkcrihs, ila tgstflc prkegaurgs. Ieegptileg Qgst I dflin prkegaurin rgvfgw tk aghklstritg i systgh ila sgeurg usgr ipprkvin ipprkvin mgdkrg i systgh mgekhgs kpgritfklin.

Flstinnitfkl Zoisg Fl tofs poisg tog lgw Ekhputgrfzga systgh fs flstinnga, tog eklvgrsfkl tk lgw prkegaurgs fs dunny fhpnghgltga, ila tog pktgltfin kd tog lgw systgh fs gxpnkrga.

Zicg - 54

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Uystgh Flstinnitfkl Qog prkegss kd stirtflc tog ietuin usg kd i systgh ila triflflc usgr pgrskllgn fl fts kpgritfkl. ]gvfgw Zoisg Qofs poisg gvinuitgs tog sueegssgs ila difnurgs aurflc i systghs agvgnkphglt prkbget, ila tk hgisurg tog rgsunts kd i lgw Ekhputgrfzga Qrilsystgh fl tgrhs kd mglgdfts ila sivflcs prkbgetga it tog stirt kd tog prkbget. Agvgnkphglt ]geip I rgvfgw r gvfgw kd i prkbget fhhgafitgny idtgr ekhpngtfkl tk dfla sueegssgs ila pktgltfin pktgltfin prkmnghs fl duturg wkr`. Zkst-Fhpnghgltitfkl ]gvfgw I rgvfgw, eklauetga eklauetga idtgr idtgr i lgw systgh ois mggl mggl fl kpgritfkl kpgritfkl dkr skhg tfhg, tfhg, tk gvinuitg gvinuitg ietuin systgh

pgrdkrhileg

iciflst

krfcflin

gxpgetitfkls

ila

prkbgetfkls

dkr

ekst-mglgdft

fhprkvghglts. Insk fagltfdfgs hifltglileg prkbgets tk gloileg kr fhprkvg tog systgh. QOG UQGZU FL QOG UKDQSI]G QGUQFLC Qog stgps flvknvga aurflc Wlft tgstflc irg is dknnkws2 i. Zrgpiritfkl kd tog tgst eisgs. m. Zrgpiritfkl kd tog pkssfmng tgst aiti wfto inn tog vinfaitfkl eoge`s. e. Ekhpngtg ekag rgvfgw kd tog hkaung. a. Ietuin tgstflc aklg hiluinny. g. Hkafdfeitfkls Hkafdfeitf kls aklg dkr tog grrkrs dkula aurflc tgstflc. d.

Zrgpirga tog tgst rgsunt serfpts.

Qog ulft tgstflc aklg flenuaga tog tgstflc kd tog dknnkwflc d knnkwflc ftghs2 9. Duletfklinfty kd tog gltfrg hkaung/dkrhs. =. Tinfaitfkls dkr usgr flput. 5. Eoge`flc kd tog Ekaflc stilairas tk mg hifltiflga aurflc ekaflc.

Zicg - 53

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg 1.

Qgstflc tog hkaung wfto inn tog pkssfmng tgst aiti.

7.

Qgstflc kd tog duletfklinfty duletfklinft y flvknvflc inn typg kd eineunitfkls gte.

4. Ekhhgltflc stilaira fl tog skureg dfngs. Idtgr ekhpngtflc ekhpngtflc tog Wlft tgstflc kd inn tog hkaungs, h kaungs, tog wokng systgh fs fltgcritga wfto inn fts agpglaglefgs fl toit hkaung. Sofng Uystgh Fltgcritfkl, Sg fltgcritga tog hkaungs klg my klg ila tgstga tog systgh it gieo stgp. Qofs ognpga fl rgauetfkl kd grrkrs it tog tfhg kd tog systgh tgstflc. Qog stgps flvknvga aurflc Uystgh tgstflc irg is dknnkws2 

Fltgcritfkl kd inn tog hkaungs/dkrhs fl tog systgh.



Zrgpiritfkl kd tog tgst eisgs.



Zrgpiritfkl kd tog pkssfmng tgst aiti wfto inn tog vinfaitfkl eoge`s.



Ietuin tgstflc tgstflc aklg hiluinny.



]gekraflc kd inn tog rgprkauega grrkrs.



Hkafdfeitfkls aklg dkr tog grrkrs dkula aurflc tgstflc.



Zrgpirga tog tgst rgsunt serfpts idtgr rgetfdfeitfkl kd tog grrkrs.

Qog Uystgh Qgstflc aklg flenuaga tog tgstflc kd tog dknnkwflc ftghs2 9. Duletfklinfty kd tog gltfrg gltfrg systgh is i wokng. =. Wsgr Fltgrdieg kd tog systgh. 5. Qgstflc tog agpglaglt hkaungs tkcgtogr wfto inn tog pkssfmng tgst aiti serfpts. 1. Tgrfdfeitfkl Tgrfdfeitf kl ila Tinfaitfkl tgstflc. 7. Qgstflc tog rgpkrts wfto wfto inn fts duletfklinfty. duletfklinft y. Idtgr tog ekhpngtfkl kd systgh tgstflc, tog lgxt dknnkwflc poisg wis tog Ieegptileg Ieegptileg Qgstflc. Enfglts it togfr gla afa tofs ila ieegptga tog systgh wfto ipprgefitfkl. Qous, wg rgieoga tog dflin poisg kd tog prkbget agnfvgry. Qogrg irg ktogr sfx tgsts, wofeo dinn ulagr spgefin eitgckry. Qogy irg agserfmga mgnkw2 

Zgi` Nkia Qgst2 Ft agtgrhflgs wogtogr tog systgh wfnn oilang tog vknuhg kd ietfvftfgs toit keeur wogl tog systgh fs it tog pgi` kd fts prkegssflc aghila. Dkr gxihpng, tgst tog systgh my ietfvitflc inn tgrhflins it tog sihg tfhg.

Zicg - 5?

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg 

Utkricg Qgstflc2 Ft agtgrhflgs tog eipiefty kd tog systgh tk stkrg trilsietfkl aiti kl i afs` kr fl ktogr dfngs.



Zgrdkrhileg Qfhg Qgstflc2 ft agtgrhflgs tog nglcto kd tfhg systgh usga my tog systgh tk prkegss trilsietfkl aiti. Qofs tgst fs eklauetga prfkr tk fhpnghgltitfkl tk agtgrhflg okw nklc ft ti`gs tk cgt i rgspklsg tk il flqufry, hi`g i mieùp ekpy kd i dfng, kr sgla i trilshfssfkl ila cgt i rgspklsg.



]gekvgry Qgstflc2 Qgstf lc2 Qofs tgstflc agtgrhflgs agtgrh flgs tog imfnfty kd usgr us gr tk rgekvgr aiti kr rg-stirt rg -stirt systgh idtgr difnurg. Dkr gxihpng, nkia mieùp ekpy kd aiti ila rgsuhg prkegssflc wftokut aiti kr fltgcrfty nkss.



Zrkegaurg Qgstflc2 Qgstf lc2 Ft agtgrhflgs tog t og enirfty kd akeuhgltitfkl akeuh gltitfkl kl kpgritfkl ila usgs kd systgh my oivflc usgrs ak gxietny woit hiluins rgqugst. Dkr gxihpng, pkwgrflc akwl systgh it tog gla kd wgg` kr rgspklaflc tk pipgr-kut nfcot kl prfltgr.



Ouhil Dietkrs Qgstflc2 Ft agtgrhflgs okw usgrs wfnn usg tog systgh wogl prkegssflc aiti kr prgpirflc rgpkrts.

Zicg - 56

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Uystgh Ilinysfs2

Uystgh ilinysfs fs i prkegss kd citogrflc ila fltgrprgtflc diets, aficlksflc prkmnghs ila tog fldkrhitfkl imkut tog Oktgn Sgmsftg tk rgekhhgla fhprkvghglts kl tog systgh. Ft fs i prkmngh sknvflc ietfvfty toit rgqufrgs fltglsfvg ekhhulfeitfkl mgtwggl tog systgh usgrs ila systgh agvgnkpgrs. Uystgh ilinysfs kr stuay fs il fhpkrtilt poisg kd ily systgh agvgnkphglt prkegss. Qog systgh fs stuafga tk tog hflutgst agtifn ila ilinyzga. Qog systgh ilinyst pniys tog rkng kd tog fltgrrkcitkr ila awgnns aggp fltk tog wkr`flc kd tog prgsglt systgh. Qog systgh fs vfgwga is i wokng ila tog flput tk tog systgh irg fagltfdfga. Qog kutputs drkh tog krcilfzitfkls irg triega tk tog virfkus prkegssgs. Uystgh ilinysfs fs eklegrlga wfto mgekhflc iwirg kd tog prkmngh, fagltfdyflc tog rgngvilt ila agefsfklin virfimngs, ilinyzflc ila syltogsfzflc tog virfkus dietkrs ila agtgrhflflc il kptfhin kr it ngist i sitfsdietkry sknutfkl kr prkcrih kd ietfkl. I agtifnga stuay kd tog prkegss hust mg hiag my virfkus tgeolfqugs nf`g fltgrvfgws, qugstfkllifrgs gte. Qog aiti eknngetga my togsg skuregs hust mg serutflfzga tk irrfvg tk i eklenusfkl. Qog eklenusfkl fs il ulagrstilaflc kd okw tog systgh duletfkls. Qofs systgh fs einnga tog gxfstflc systgh. Lkw tog gxfstflc systgh fs sumbgetga tk enksg stuay ila prkmngh irgis irg fagltfdfga. Qog agsfclgr lkw duletfkls is i prkmngh sknvgr ila trfgs tk skrt kut tog afddfeuntfgs toit tog gltgrprfsg diegs. Qog sknutfkls irg cfvgl is prkpksins. Qog prkpksin fs togl wgfcoga wfto tog gxfstflc systgh ilinytfeinny ila tog mgst klg fs sgngetga. Qog prkpksin fs prgsgltga tk tog usgr dkr il glakrsghglt my tog usgr. Qog prkpksin fs rgvfgwga kl usgr rgqugst ila suftimng eoilcgs irg hiag. Qofs fs nkkp toit glas is skkl is tog usgr fs sitfsdfga wfto prkpksin. Zrgnfhfliry stuay fs tog prkegss kd citogrflc ila fltgrprgtflc diets, usflc tog fldkrhitfkl dkr durtogr stuafgs kl tog systgh. Zrgnfhfliry stuay fs prkmngh sknvflc ietfvfty toit rgqufrgs fltglsfvg ekhhulfeitfkl mgtwggl tog systgh usgrs ila systgh agvgnkpgrs. Ft akgs virfkus dgisfmfnfty stuafgs. Fl togsg stuafgs i rkuco dfcurg kd tog systgh ietfvftfgs eil mg kmtiflga, drkh wofeo tog agefsfkl imkut tog stritgcfgs tk mg dknnkwga dkr gddgetfvg systgh stuay ila ilinysfs eil mg ti`gl.

Zicg - 1:


Gxfstflc Uystgh kd Oktgn Sgmsftg2

Fl tog gxfstflc systgh tog gxihs irg aklg klny hiluinny mut fl prkpksga systgh wg oivg tk ekhputgrfzg tog gxihs usflc tofs ippnfeitfkl. Nie` kd sgeurfty kd aiti. Hkrg hil pkwgr. Qfhg eklsuhflc. Eklsuhgs nircg vknuhg kd pirg wkr`. Lggas hiluin eineunitfkls. Lk afrget rkng dkr tog ofcogr kddfefins

Zrkpksga Uystgh kd Oktgn Sgmsftg2

Qog ifh kd prkpksga systgh fs tk agvgnkp i systgh kd fhprkvga diefnftfgs. Qog prkpksga systgh eil kvgrekhg inn tog nfhftitfkls kd tog gxfstflc systgh. Qog systgh prkvfags prkpgr sgeurfty ila rgauegs tog hiluin wkr`. Ugeurfty kd aiti. Glsurg aiti ieeuriey‖s. Zrkpgr ekltrkn kd tog ofcogr kddfefins. Hflfhfzg hiluin aiti gltry. Hflfhuh tfhg lggaga dkr tog virfkus prkegssflc. Crgitgr gddfefgley. Mgttgr sgrvfeg. Wsgr drfglanflgss ila fltgrietfvg. Hflfhuh tfhg rgqufrga.

Zicg - 19

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Aiti Afetfkliry2

Qofs fs lkrhinny rgprgsgltga is tog aiti imkut aiti. Ft fs insk tgrhga is hgtiaiti skhg tfhgs wofeo cfvgs tog aiti imkut tog aiti stkrga fl tog aitimisg. Ft agdflgs gieo aiti tgrh glekultgrga aurflc tog ilinysfs ila agsfcl kd i lgw systgh. Aiti gnghglts eil agserfmg dfngs kr tog prkegssgs. Dknnkwflc irg skhg hibkr syhmkns usga fl tog aiti afetfkliry 

8 gqufvinglt tk



+ ila



PX gftogr/ kr



() Kptfklin gltry

Dknnkwflc irg skhg rungs, wofeo agdflgs tog eklstruetfkl kd aiti afetfkliry gltrfgs2

9. Skras sokuna mg agdflga tk ulagrstila dkr woit togy lgga ila lkt tog virfimng lgga my wofeo togy hiy mg agserfmga fl tog prkcrih . =. Gieo wkra hust mg u ulfqug. lfqug. Sg eillkt oivg twk agdflftfkl kd tog sihg enfglt. 5. Infisgs kr sylklyhs irg innkwga wogl twk kr hkrg gltgrs sokws tog sihg hgilflc. Dkr gxihpng i vglakr luhmgr hiy insk mg einnga is eustkhgr luhmgr. 1. I sgnd-agdflflc wkra sokuna lkt mg agekhpksga. Ft hgils toit tog rgauetfkl kd ily fldkrhitfkl fl tk sumpirt sokuna mg aklg klny fd ft fs rginny rgqufrga toit fs ft fs lkt gisy tk ulagrstila afrgetny. Aiti afetfkliry flenuags fldkrhitfkl sueo is tog luhmgr kd rgekras fl dfng, tog drgqugley i prkegss wfnn rul, sgeurfty dietkr nf`g piss wkra wofeo usgr hust gltgr tk cgt gxegss tk tog fldkrhitfkl.

Zicg - 1=


Uergglsokt kd tog Zrkbget Oktgn Sgmsftg

Zicg - 15


Zicg - 11


Zicg - 17


Zicg - 14


Zicg - 13


Zicg - 1?


Zicg - 16


Zicg - 7:


Zicg - 79


Ekaflc kd tog Zrkbget Oktgn Sgmsftg

Zicg - 7=

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekaflc dkr Imkut.othn

>afv fa8"picg"<

>afv fa8"ekltglt"<

>afv fa8"emkx9"<

>o=/o=<

>p<>fhc sre8"fhicgs/ekltglt-fhicg.bpc" wfato8"37:" ogfcot8"=::" int8"" /<>/p<

>p/p<

>p/p<

>/afv<

>/afv<

Zicg - 75

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >afv fa8"sfagmir"<

>afv fa8"mkx="<

>o=<]gsgrvitfkl Hilicghglt>/o=<

>un eniss8"styng5"< eniss8"styng5"<

>nf eniss8"dfrst"<>fhc sre8"fhicgs/fhc:=.bpc" wfato8"3?" ogfcot8"3?" int8""<

>p/p<

>p eniss8"pkstga"/p<

>/nf<

>nf<>fhc sre8"fhicgs/fhc:5.bpc" wfato8"3?" ogfcot8"3?" int8""<

>p/p<


>/nf<


>p/p<

Zicg - 71

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >p eniss8"pkstga"/p<

>/nf<

>/un<

>/afv<

>/afv<

>/afv<

Zicg - 77

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekaflc dkr Ekltiet.othn

>afv fa8"picg"<

>afv fa8"ekltglt"<

>afv fa8"emkx9"<

>o=/o=<

>dkrh fa8"ekltiet[dkrh" ietfkl8"ekltiet-ekldfrhitfkl.othn" hgtoka8"ZKUQ" gletypg8"huntfpirt/dkrh-aiti"<

>afv eniss8"rkw"<

>nimgn dkr8"lihg"/nimgn<>mr /<

>flput fa8"lihg" eniss8"flput" lihg8"lihg" typg8"tgxt" vinug8"" sfzg8"5:" /<>mr /<

>/afv<

>afv eniss8"rkw"<

>nimgn dkr8"ghifn"/nimgn<>mr /<

>flput fa8"ghifn" eniss8"flput" lihg8"ghifn" typg8"tgxt" vinug8"" sfzg8"5:" /<>mr /<

>/afv<

Zicg - 74

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >afv eniss8"rkw"<

>nimgn dkr8"hgssicg"/nimgn<>mr /<

>tgxtirgi fa8"hgssicg" eniss8"flput" lihg8"hgssicg" rkws8"3" ekns8"5:"<>/tgxtirgi<>mr /<

>/afv<

>flput typg8"muttkl" eniss8"nfl`-styng" fa8"sokw[ekltiet[ekldfhitfkl" vinug8"Ugla Ghifn" klEnfe`8"sokwZicg('ekltie klEnfe`8"sokwZicg('ekltiet-ekldfrhitf t-ekldfrhitfkl.othn')" kl.othn')" /<

>/dkrh<

>/afv<

>/afv<

>afv fa8"sfagmir"<

>afv fa8"mkx="<

>o=/o=<



>p/p<

Zicg - 73

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >p eniss8"pkstga"/p<

>/nf<


>p/p<


>/nf<


>p/p<


>/nf<

>/un<

>/afv<

>/afv< >/afv<

Zicg - 7?

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekaflc dkr Ekltiet Ekldfrhitfkl.othn

>afv fa8"tghpnitghk[ekltglt[wrippgr"<

>afv fa8"tghpnitghk[ekltglt"<

>afv fa8"eknuhl[w75:" styng8"tgxt-infcl2bustfdy0 wfato27?7px0 dklt-wgfcot2mkna"<

>afv eniss8"ogiagr[:=" eniss8"ogiagr[:=" styng8"mkragr-mkttkh29px styng8"mkragr-mkttkh29px sknfa"/afv<

>afv styng8"eknkr2#DD::::0 styng8"eknkr2#DD::::0 dklt-sfzg294px0 dklt-sfzg294px0 "/afv<

>afv eniss8"engilgr"<>/afv< eniss8"engilgr"<>/afv<

>/afv<

>afv eniss8"engilgr"<>/afv eniss8"engilgr"<>/afv< <

>/afv< >!-- gla kd ekltglt wrippgr --<


Zicg - 76

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekaflc dkr Cinngry.othn

>afv fa8"picg"<

>afv fa8"ekltglt" styng8"wfato29::%"<

>afv fa8"emkx9"<

>o=/o=<

>afv eniss8"cinngry"< eniss8"cinngry"<

>i tircgt8"[mnil`" orgd8"dbkras.bpc"<

>fhc sre8"fhicgs/c9.bpc" int8"Dbkras" styng8"wfato2=?7px0 ogfcot296:px0 "<

>/i<

>afv eniss8"agse"/afv<

>/afv<


>i tircgt8"[mnil`" orgd8"dkrgst.bpc"<

>fhc sre8"fhicgs/c=.bpc" int8"Dkrgst" styng8"wfato2=?7px0 ogfcot296:px0 "<

Zicg - 4:

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >/i<


>/afv<


>i tircgt8"[mnil`" orgd8"nfcots.bpc"<

>fhc sre8"fhicgs/c5.bpc" int8"Lkrtogrl Nfcots" styng8"wfato2=?7px0 ogfcot296:px0 "<

>/i<


>/afv<




>/i<

Zicg - 49

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >afv eniss8"agse"/afv<

>/afv<




>/i<


>/afv<




>/i<


Zicg - 4=

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >/afv<


>i tircgt8"[mnil`" orgd8"hkultifls.bpc"<

>fhc sre8"fhicgs/c3.bpc" int8"Hkultifls" styng8"wfato2=?7px0 ogfcot296:px0 "<

>/i<


>/afv<



>fhc sre8"fhicgs/c?.bpc" int8"Hkultifls" styng8"wfato2=?7px0 ogfcot296:px0 "<

>/i<


>/afv<

Zicg - 45




>fhc sre8"fhicgs/c6.bpc" int8"Hkultifls" styng8"wfato2=?7px0 ogfcot296:px0 "<

>/i<


>/afv<

>/afv<

>/afv<

>/afv<

Zicg - 41

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekaflc dkr Okhg.othn

>afv fa8"millgr"<>fhc sre8"fhicgs/ogiagr-fhicg.bpc" wfato8"99::" ogfcot8"7::" int8"" /<>/afv< >afv fa8"picg"< >afv fa8"ekltglt"< >afv fa8"emkx9"< >o=/o=< >p/p< >p/p< >/afv< >/afv< >afv fa8"sfagmir"< >afv fa8"mkx="< >o=/o=< >un eniss8"styng5"< >nf eniss8"dfrst"<>fhc sre8"fhicgs/fhc:=.bpc" wfato8"3?" ogfcot8"3?" int8""<

Zicg - 47

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >p/p< >p eniss8"pkstga"/p< >/nf< >nf<>fhc sre8"fhicgs/fhc:5.bpc" wfato8"3?" ogfcot8"3?" int8""< >p/p< >p eniss8"pkstga"/p< >/nf< >nf<>fhc sre8"fhicgs/fhc:1.bpc" wfato8"3?" ogfcot8"3?" int8""< >p/p< >p eniss8"pkstga"/p< >/nf< >/un< >/afv< >/afv< >/afv<

Zicg - 44

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekaflc dkr Flagx.othn

>othn xhnls8"ottp2//www.w5.krc/9666/xothn"<

>ogia<

>hgti ottp-gqufv8"Ekltglt-Qypg" ekltglt8"tgxt/othn0 eoirsgt8utd-?" /<

>tftng<>/tftng<

>hgti lihg8"`gywkras" ekltglt8"" /<

>hgti lihg8"agserfptfkl" ekltglt8"" /<

>nfl` orgd8"ottp2//dklts.ckkcngipfs.ekh/ess;dihfny8Hkltsgrrit21::,3::" rgn8"styngsoggt" typg8"tgxt/ess" /<

>nfl` orgd8"agdiunt.ess" orgd8"agdiunt.ess" rgn8"styngsoggt" typg8"tgxt/ess" typg8"tgxt/ess" hgafi8"inn" /<

>!--Pfd FG 4X<

>nfl` orgd8"agdiunt[fg4.ess" rgn8"styngsoggt" typg8"tgxt/ess" /<

>!PglafdX--<

>serfpt sre8"bs/bqugry-5.=.9.hfl.bs"<>/serfpt<

>serfpt nilcuicg8"biviserfpt" typg8"tgxt/biviserfpt"<

$( akeuhglt ).rgiay(duletfkl() {

Zicg - 43

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg //// Nkiaflc Okhg Zicg Ekltglt ////

$("#okhg[picg").enfe`(duletfkl() {

$('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('o $('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('okhg.othn') khg.othn')00

})0

//// Nkiaflc Imkut Ws Zicg Ekltglt ////

$("#imkut[picg").enfe`(dul $("#imkut[picg").enfe`(duletfkl() etfkl() {

$('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('im $('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('imkut.othn') kut.othn')00

})0

//// Nkiaflc Ekltiet Ws Zicg Ekltglt ////

$("#ekltiet[picg").enfe`(duletfkl() {

$('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('ekltiet.othn')0

})0

//// Nkiaflc Nkcfl Zicg Ekltglt ////

$("#nkcfl[picg").enfe`(d $("#nkcfl[picg").enfe`(duletfkl() uletfkl() {

$('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('n $('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('nkcfl.othn') kcfl.othn')00

})0

Zicg - 4?

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg //// Nkiaflc Nkcfl Zicg Ekltglt ////

$("#cinngry[picg").enfe $("#cinngry[picg").enfe`(duletfkl() `(duletfkl() {

$('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('c $('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('cinngry.oth inngry.othn')0 n')0

})0

//// Nkiaflc ]gcfstgr Zicg Ekltglt ////

$("#rgcfstgr[picg").enfe`(duletfkl() {

$('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('rgcfstgr.othn')0

})0

$('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('o $('#afv[ekltglt').nkia('okhg.othn') khg.othn')00

})0

duletfkl sokwZicg(picg[lihg) {

$('#afv[ekltglt').nkia(pic $('#afv[ekltglt').nkia(picg[lihg)0 g[lihg)0

}

>/serfpt<

>/ogia<

>mkay<

Zicg - 46

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >afv fa8"wrippgr" eniss8"ekltiflgr"< eniss8"ekltiflgr"<

>afv fa8"ogiagr"<

>afv fa8"nkck"<

>o9<>i orgd8"#"/i<>/o9<

>/afv<

>afv fa8"hglu"< fa8"hglu"<

>un<

>nf eniss8"eurrglt[picg[ftgh"<>i orgd8"#" fa8"okhg[picg"/i<>/nf<

>nf<>i orgd8"#" fa8"imkut[picg"/i<>/nf<

>nf<>i orgd8"#" fa8"cinngry[picg"/i<>/nf<

>nf<>i orgd8"#" fa8"rgcfstgr[picg"<]gcfstgr>/i<>/nf<

>nf<>i orgd8"#" fa8"nkcfl[picg"/i<>/nf<

>nf<>i orgd8"#" fa8"ekltiet[picg"/i<>/nf<

>/un<

>/afv<

Zicg - 3:

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >/afv<

>afv fa8"afv[ekltglt"<

F ih ogrg

>/afv<

>/afv<

>/mkay<

>/othn<

Zicg - 39

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekaflc dkr Nkcfl.othn

>afv fa8"picg"<

>afv fa8"ekltglt"<

>afv fa8"emkx9"<

>o=/o=<

>dkrh fa8"ekltiet[dkrh" ietfkl8"#" hgtoka8"ZKUQ" gletypg8"huntfpirt/dkrhaiti"<

>afv eniss8"rkw"<



>/afv<

>afv eniss8"rkw"<

>nimgn dkr8"ghifn" dkr8"ghifn"/nimgn<2>/nim /nimgn<2>/nimgn<>mr gn<>mr /<

>flput fa8"ghifn" eniss8"flput" lihg8"ghifn" typg8"tgxt" vinug8"" sfzg8"5:" /<>mr /<

>/afv<

Zicg - 3=

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >flput fa8"sumhft[muttkl" fa8"sumhft[muttkl" eniss8"nfl`-styng" eniss8"nfl`-styng" typg8"muttkl" vinug8"Nkcfl" vinug8"Nkcfl" styng8"hircfl-tkp29:px styng8"hircfl-tkp29:px0" 0" klEnfe`8"sokwZicg('nkcf klEnfe`8"sokwZicg('nkcfl-ekldfrhit l-ekldfrhitfkl.othn')" fkl.othn')" /<

>flput fa8"sumhft[muttkl" fa8"sumhft[muttkl" eniss8"nfl`-styng" eniss8"nfl`-styng" typg8"muttkl" vinug8"]gcfstgr Lgw Wsgr" styng8"hircfl-tkp29:px0" klEnfe`8"sokwZicg('rgcfstgr.othn')" /<

>afv styng8"hircfl-tkp29:px0 dklt-sfzg291px0 dklt-wgfcot2mkna0 eurskr2pkfltgr0 eurskr2pkfltgr0 "i klEnfe`8"sokwZicg('dkrckt-p klEnfe`8"sokwZicg('dkrckt-pisswkra.oth isswkra.othn')"/i<>/afv<

>/dkrh<

>/afv<

>/afv<

>afv fa8"sfagmir"<

>afv fa8"mkx="<

>o=/o=<



>p/p<


Zicg - 35

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >/nf<


>p/p<


>/nf<


>p/p<


>/nf<

>/un<

>/afv<

>/afv<

>/afv<

Zicg - 31

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekaflc dkr Nkcfl Ekldfrhitfkl.othn




>afv eniss8"ogiagr[:=" eniss8"ogiagr[:=" styng8"mkragr-mkttkh29px styng8"mkragr-mkttkh29px sknfa"/afv<

>afv styng8"eknkr2#DD::: styng8"eknkr2#DD::::0 :0 dklt-sfzg294px0 "/afv<


>/afv<

>afv eniss8"engilgr"<>/afv eniss8"engilgr"<>/afv< <



Zicg - 37

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekaflc dkr ]gcfstgr.othn

>afv fa8"picg"<

>afv fa8"ekltglt"<

>afv fa8"emkx9"<

>o=/o=<


>afv eniss8"rkw"<



>/afv<

>afv eniss8"rkw"<



>/afv<

Zicg - 34

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >afv eniss8"rkw"<

>nimgn dkr8"lihg"/nim dkr8"lihg"/nimgn<>mr gn<>mr /<


>/afv<

>afv eniss8"rkw"<



>/afv<

>afv eniss8"rkw"<

>nimgn dkr8"ghifn" dkr8"ghifn"/nimgn<2>/nim /nimgn<2>/nimgn<>mr gn<>mr /<

>flput fa8"ghifn" eniss8"flput" lihg8"ghifn" typg8"pisswkra" vinug8"" sfzg8"5:" /<>mr /<

>/afv<

>afv eniss8"rkw"<

>nimgn dkr8"ghifn"/nimgn<2>/nimgn<>mr /<

Zicg - 33

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >flput fa8"ghifn" eniss8"flput" lihg8"ghifn" typg8"pisswkra" vinug8"" sfzg8"5:" /<>mr /<

>/afv<

>flput fa8"sumhft[muttkl" fa8"sumhft[muttkl" typg8"muttkl" eniss8"nfl`-styng" eniss8"nfl`-styng" klEnfe`8"sokwZicg('rgcfstgr-ekldfrhitfkl.othn')" vinug8"Uumhft" styng8"hircfl-tkp29:px0"/<

>/dkrh<

>/afv<

>/afv<

>afv fa8"sfagmir"<

>afv fa8"mkx="<

>o=/o=<



>p/p<


>/nf<

Zicg - 3?

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >nf<>fhc sre8"fhicgs/fhc:5.bpc" wfato8"3?" ogfcot8"3?" int8""<

>p/p<


>/nf<


>p/p<


>/nf<

>/un<

>/afv<

>/afv<

>/afv<

Zicg - 36

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekaflc dkr ]gcfstgr Ekldfrhitfkl.othn




>afv eniss8"ogiagr[:=" styng8"mkragr-mkttkh29px sknfa"<]gcfstritfkl Ekldfrhitfkl Hgssicg >/afv<

>afv styng8"eknkr2#DD::::0 dklt-sfzg294px0 "/afv<


>/afv<




Zicg - ?:

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Ekaflc dkr Dkrckt Zisswkra.othn Zisswkra.othn

>afv fa8"picg"<

>afv fa8"ekltglt"<

>afv fa8"emkx9"<

>o=/o=<


>afv eniss8"rkw"<



>/afv<

>afv eniss8"rkw"<



>/afv<

Zicg - ?9

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >flput fa8"sumhft[muttkl" fa8"sumhft[muttkl" eniss8"nfl`-styng" typg8"muttkl" typg8"muttkl" vinug8"]gsgt Zisswkra" styng8"hircfl-tkp29:px0" klEnfe`8"sokwZicg('dkrckt-ekldfrhitfkl.othn')" /<

>afv styng8"hircfl-tkp29:px0 dklt-sfzg291px0 dklt-wgfcot2mkna0 eurskr2pkfltgr0 eknkr2#3m9i9i"i klEnfe`8"sokwZicg('nkcfl.othn')"/i<>/afv<

>/dkrh<

>/afv<

>/afv<

>afv fa8"sfagmir"<

>afv fa8"mkx="<

>o=/o=<



>p/p<


>/nf<


Zicg - ?=

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg >p/p<


>/nf<


>p/p<


>/nf<

>/un<

>/afv<

>/afv<

>/afv<

Zicg - ?5

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Eklenusfkl kd tog Zrkbget Oktgn Sgmsftg2

Kur prkbget fs klny i ouhmng vglturg tk sitfsdy tog lggas tk hilicg togfr prkbget wkr`. Ugvgrin usgr drfglany ekaflc oivg insk iakptga. Qofs pieìcg soinn prkvg tk mg i pkwgrdun pieìcg fl sitfsdyflc inn tog rgqufrghglts kd tog seokkn. Qog kmbgetfvg kd skdtwirg pnillflc fs tk prkvfag i drihg wkr` toit glimngs tog hilcgr tk hi`g rgisklimng gstfhitgs hiag wftofl i nfhftga tfhg drihg it tog mgcfllflc kd tog skdtwirg prkbget ila sokuna mg upaitga rgcunirny is tog prkbget prkcrgssgs. It tog gla ft fs eklenuaga toit wg oivg hiag gddkrt kl dknnkwflc pkflts… 

I agserfptfkl kd tog mie`crkula ila ekltgxt kd tog prkbget ila fts rgnitfkl tk wkr` wkr` inrgiay aklg fl tog irgi.



Hiag stitghglt kd kd tog ifhs ila kmbgetfvgs kd tog prkbget.



Qog agserfptfkl kd Zurpksg, Uekpg, ila ippnfeimfnfty. ippnfeimf nfty.



Sg agdflg agdflg tog prkmngh kl wofeo wg irg wkr`flc wkr`flc fl tog prkbget.



Sg agserfmg tog rgqufrghglt Upgefdfeitfkls kd tog systgh ila tog ietfkls toit eil mg aklg kl togsg toflcs.



Sg ulagrstila tog prkmngh akhifl ila prkaueg i hkagn kd tog systgh, wofeo agserfmgs kpgritfkls toit eil mg pgrdkrhga kl tog systgh.



Sg flenuaga dgiturgs ila ila kpgritfkls fl agtifn, flenuaflc serggl niykuts.



Sg agsfclga usgr fltgrdieg ila sgeurfty fssugs rgnitga tk systgh.



Dflinny tog systgh fs fhpnghgltga ila tgstga ieekraflc tk tgst eisgs.

Zicg - ?1

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Duturg Uekpg kd tog Zrkbget2 Fl i lutsognn, ft eil mg suhhirfzga toit tog duturg sekpg kd tog prkbget efrengs irkula hifltiflflc fldkrhitfkl rgciraflc2

Sg eil iaa prfltgr fl duturg. Sg eil cfvg hkrg iavileg skdtwirg dkr Oktgn Sgmsftg flenuaflc hkrg diefnftfgs Sg wfnn okst tog pnitdkrh kl klnflg sgrvgrs tk hi`g ft ieegssfmng wkrnawfag Fltgcritg huntfpng nkia minilegrs tk afstrfmutg tog nkias kd tog systgh Ergitg tog histgr ila snivg aitimisg strueturg tk rgaueg tog kvgrnkia kd tog aitimisg qugrfgs Fhpnghglt tog mieùp hgeoilfsh dkr ti`flc mieùp kd ekagmisg ila aitimisg kl rgcunir misfs kl afddgrglt sgrvgrs

Qog imkvg hgltfklga pkflts irg tog gloileghglts wofeo eil mg aklg tk flergisg tog ippnfeimfnfty ila usicg kd tofs prkbget. Ogrg wg eil

hifltifl tog rgekras kd Oktgn

ila ]kkh. Insk, is ft eil mg sggl toit lkw-i-aiys tog pniygrs irg vgrsitfng, f.g. sk togrg fs i sekpg dkr fltrkaueflc i hgtoka tk hifltifl tog Oktgn Sgmsftg. Gloileghglts eil mg aklg tk hifltifl inn tog Oktgn, ]kkh, Eitgckry, Mkk`flc, Diefnfty.

Sg oivg ngdt inn tog kptfkls kpgl sk toit fd togrg fs ily ktogr duturg rgqufrghglt fl tog systgh my tog usgr dkr tog gloileghglt kd tog systgh togl ft fs pkssfmng tk fhpnghglt togh.Fl tog nist wg wkuna nf`g tk toil`s inn tog pgrskls flvknvga fl tog agvgnkphglt kd tog systgh afrgetny kr flafrgetny. Sg okpg toit tog prkbget wfnn sgrvg fts purpksg dkr wofeo ft fs agvgnkp togrg my ulagrnflflc sueegss kd prkegss.

Zicg - ?7

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg Nfhftitfkl kd Zrkbget kl Oktgn Sgmsftg Intokuco F oivg put hy mgst gddkrts tk hi`g tog skdtwirg dngxfmng, gisy gisy tk kpgritg mut nfhftitfkls eillkt mg runga kut gvgl my hg. Qokuco tog skdtwirg prgsglts i mrkia rilcg kd kptfkls tk fts usgrs skhg fltrfeitg kptfkls ekuna lkt mg ekvgrga fltk ft0 pirtny mgeiusg kd nkcfstfe ila pirtny aug tk nie` kd skpofstfeitfkl. Ziuefty kd tfhg wis insk hibkr eklstriflt, tous ft wis lkt pkssfmng tk hi`g tog skdtwirg dkknprkkd ila aylihfe. Nie` kd tfhg insk ekhpgnnga hg tk fclkrg skhg pirt sueo is stkrflc kna rgsunt kd tog eilafaitg gte. Eklsfagrimng gddkrts oivg hiag tog skdtwirg gisy tk kpgritg gvgl dkr tog pgkpng lkt rgnitga tk tog dfgna kd ekhputgrs mut ft fs ie`lkwngacga toit i niyhil hiy dfla ft i mft prkmnghitfe it tog dfrst flstileg. Qog usgr fs prkvfaga ognp it gieo stgp dkr ofs eklvglfgleg fl wkr`flc wfto tog skdtwirg. Nfst kd nfhftitfkls wofeo fs ivifnimng fl tog Oktgn Sg msftg2

Gxegn gxpkrt ois lkt mggl agvgnkpga dkr Oktgn, ]kkh aug tk skhg erftfeinfty. Qog trilsietfkls irg gxgeutga fl kdd-nflg hkag, ogleg kl-nflg aiti dkr Eitgckry, Mkk`flc eipturg ila hkafdfeitfkl fs lkt pkssfmng. Kdd-nflg rgpkrts kd Oktgn, Diefnfty, Eitgckry eillkt mg cglgritga aug tk miteo hkag gxgeutfkl.

Zicg - ?4

Zrkbget ]gpkrt kd Oktgn Sgmsftg ]gdgrglegs ila Mfmnfkcripoy2 



Ckkcng dkr prkmngh sknvflc ottp2//www.biviwkrna.ekh/biviwkrna/bw-:9-966?/bw-:9-Ergagltfinrgvfgw.othn



Aitimisg Zrkcrihhflc wfto BAME ila Bivi my K']gfnny



Ogia Dfrst Bivi =la Gaftfkl

ottp2//www.bame-tutkrfin.ekh/





Bivi ila Ukdtwirg Agsfcl Eklegpts my Iprgss

ottps2//www.tutkrfinspkflt.ekh/bivi/



ottp2//www.bivitpkflt.ekh/bivi-tutkrfin



ottps2//akes.krieng.ekh/bivisg/tutkrfin/



ottp2//www.wihpsgrvgr.ekh/gl/



ottp2//www.BUZ.lgt/



ottp2//www.tutkrfinspkflt.ekh/hysqn/



ottpa.ipieog.krc/akes/=.:/hfse/tutkrfins.othn



Zicg - ?3

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