ABSTRACT
It is IoT which allows objects to be sensed & controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of physical world into computer based systems, & resulting in improved efficiency, efficiency, accuracy & economic benefit. IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, & services that goes beyond machine-tomachine !"!# communications & covers a variety of protocols, domains, & applications. $ndto-end health monitoring IoT platforms are coming up for antenatal & chronic patients, helping one one manag managee heal health th vita vitals ls & recu recurr rrin ing g medic medicat atio ion n re%ui re%uire reme ment nts. s. Th Thee IoT IoT coul could d assi assist st in integration of communications, control, & information processing across various transportation systems. Ther Th eree are are seve severa rall plan planned ned or ong ongoi oing ng larg largee-sc scal alee deplo deploym yment entss of IoT IoT, to enab enable le bett better er management of cities & systems. or example, 'ongdo, 'outh (orea, first of its kind fully e%uipped & wired smart city, is near completion. )mbient intelligence & autonomous control are not part of original concept of Internet of Things. )mbient intelligence & autonomous control do not necessarily re%uire Internet structures, either. In future Internet of Things may be a non-deterministic & open network in which auto-organi*ed or intelligent entities +eb services, ') components, virtual objects also known as avatars will be interoperable & able to act independently pursuing their own objectives or shared ones depending on context, circumstances or environments. $nvironmental monitoring applications of IoT typically use sensors to assist in environmental protection by monitoring air or water %uality, atmospheric or soil conditions,and could even include areas like monitoring movements of wildlife & their habitats. sage of IoT devices for monitoring & operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management & emergency response coordination, & %uality of service, up-times & reduce costs of operation in all infrastructure related areas. The objective of research is ome automation using IT with integration of 'olar based energy system. system. Integration Integration of sensing sensing & actuation actuation systems, connected connected to Internet, is likely to optimi*e energy consumption as a whole. It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all forms of energy energy consum consuming ing device devicess swit switches ches,, power power outlet outlets, s, bulbs, bulbs, televi televisio sions, ns, etc.# etc.# & be able able to communicate with utility supply company in order to effectively balance power generation & energy usage. 'olar $nergy 'ystem that is properly installed installed & ade%uately ade%uately si*ed will not really re%uire much in way of management. To make this relationship clear, & for those who might think solar energy is complicated, I designed & wrote this simulation to demonstrate basic operation of a solar energy electric power system. nly / things need to be considered first is level of charge on battery bank. )mpour !eter#, 'econd is )mount of charging power coming in. 'olar )mps !eter#, Third is )mount of power powe r being used. )0 )mps !eter# IoT is especially relevant to 'mart 1rid since this provides systems to gather & act on energy & power-related information in an automated fashion with goal to improve efficiency, efficiency, reliability, reliability, economics, & sustainability of production p roduction & distribution of electricity. 1. INT INTRODU RODUCT CTIO ION N
The Internet of Things IoT# is network of physical objects2devices, vehicles, buildings & other items2embedded with electronics, software, sensors, & network connectivity that enables these objects to collect & exchange data.The IoT allows objects to be sensed & controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of physical world into computer-based systems, & resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy & economic benefit3when IoT is augmented with sensors & actuators, technology becomes an instance of more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation & smart cities. $ach thing is uni%uely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within existing Internet infrastructure. $xperts estimate that IoT will consist of almost 45 billion objects by "5"5. 6ritish entrepreneur (evin )shton first coined term in 7888 while working at )uto-I9 :abs originally originally called )uto-I9 )uto-I9 centers, referring referring to a global network of objects objects connected connected to radioradiofre%uency identification, or ;I9#. Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, & services that goes beyond machine-to-machine !"!# communications & covers a variety of protocols, domains, & applications.The interconnection of these embedded devices including smart objects#, is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced applications app lications like a smart grid, & expanding to areas such as smart cities.
food>pathogen monitoring or field operation devices that assist firefighters in search & rescue operations. :egal scholars suggest to look at dryers that use +i-i for remote monitoring. )s well as expansion of Internet-connected automation into a plethora of new application areas, IoT is also expected expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations, locations, with conse%uent conse%uent necessity for %uick aggregation of data, & an increase in need to index, store, & process such data data mo more re effe effect ctiv ively ely.. IoT IoT is one of plat platfo form rmss of today today?s ?s 'mar 'martt 0ity 0ity,, & 'mar 'martt $n $ner ergy gy !anagement 'ystems. Medical & healthcare systes IoT devices could be used to enable remote health monitoring & emergency notification systems. These health monitoring devices could range from blood pressure & heart rate monitors to advance advanced d device devicess capable capable of mon monito itorin ring g specia speciali* li*ed ed impla implants nts,, such such as pacemak pacemakers ers,, itbit itbit electronic wristbands or advanced hearing aids. 'peciali*ed sensors could also be e%uipped within within living living spaces spaces to mon monito itorr health health & general general well-bei well-being ng of senior senior citi*e citi*ens, ns, while while also also
ensuring that proper treatment is being administered & assisting people regain lost mobility via therapy as well. ther consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as, connected scales or wearable heart monitors, are also a possibility with IoT. !ore & more end-to-end health monitoring IoT platforms are coming up for antenatal & chronic patients, helping one manage health vitals & recurring medication re%uirements. B!ilding & hoe a!toation IoT devices could be used to monitor & control mechanical, electrical & electronic systems used in various types of buildings e.g., public & private, industrial, institutions, or residential# in home automation & building automation systems. Trans"ortation
9igital variable speed-limit sign The IoT could assist in integration of communications, control, & information processing across various transportation systems. )pplication of IoT extends to all aspects of transportation systems i.e. vehicle, infrastructure, & driver or user#. 9ynamic interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter & intra vehicular communication, smart traffic control, smart parking, electronic toll collection systems, logistic & fleet management, vehicle control, & safety & road assistance. #arge scale de"loyents There are several planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of IoT, to enable better management of cities & systems. or example, 'ongdo, 'outh (orea, first of its kind fully e%uipped & wired smart city, is near completion. =early everything in this city is planned to be wired, connected & turned into a constant stream of data that would be monitored & analy*ed by an array of computers with little, or no human intervention.
)nother application is a currently undergoing project in 'antander, 'pain. or this deployment, two approaches have been adopted. This city of 7@5,555 inhabitants, has already seen 7@,555 city application downloads for their smartphones. This application is connected to 75 ,555 sensors that enable services like parking search, environmental monitoring, digital city agenda among others.
0ity context information is used in this deployment so as to benefit merchants through a spark deals mechanism based on city behavior that aims at maximi*ing impact of each notification. ther examples of large-scale deployments underway include 'ino-'ingapore 1uang*hou (nowledge 0ity3 work on improving air & water %uality, reducing noise pollution, & increasing transportation efficiency in 'an Aose, 0alifornia3 & smart traffic management in western 'ingapore.rench company, 'igfox, commenced building an ultra-narrowband wireless data network in 'an rancisco 6ay )rea in "57B, first business to achieve such a deployment in .'. It subse%uently announced this would set up a total of B555 base stations to cover a total of /5 cities in .'. by end of "57C, making this largest IoT network coverage provider in country thus far. )nother example of a large deployment is one completed by =ew Dork +aterways in =ew Dork 0ity to connect all their vessels & being able to monitor them live "B>E. The network was designed & engineered by luidmesh =etworks, a 0hicago-based company developing wireless networks for critical applications. The =D++ network is currently providing coverage on udson ;iver, $ast ;iver, & pper =ew Dork 6ay. +ith wireless network in place, =D +aterway is able to take control of its fleet & passengers in a way that was not previously possible. =ew applications could include security, energy & fleet management, digital signage, public +i-i, paperless ticketing & others.
Unique addressability of things The original idea of )uto-I9 0enter is based on ;I9-tags & uni%ue identification through $lectronic Froduct 0ode however this has evolved into objects having an IF address or ;I. )n alternative view, from world of 'emantic +eb focuses instead on making all things not just those electronic, smart, or ;I9-enabled# addressable by existing naming protocols, such as ;I. The objects themselves do not converse, but they may now be referred to by other agents, such as powerful centrali*ed servers acting for their human owners. The next generation of Internet applications using Internet Frotocol Gersion C IFvC# would be able to communicate with devices attached to virtually all human-made objects because of extremely large address space of IFvC protocol. This system would therefore be able to scale to large numbers of objects envisaged. ) combination of these ideas could be found in current 1'7>$F0global $F0 Information 'ervices $F0I'# specifications. This system is being used to identify objects in industries ranging from aerospace to fast moving consumer products & transportation logistics.
Trends & characteristics
Technology ;oadmapH Internet of Things Intelligence )mbient intelligence & autonomous control are not part of original concept of Internet of Things. )mbient intelligence & autonomous control do not necessarily re%uire Internet structures, either. owever, there is a shift in research to integrate concepts of Internet of Things & autonomous control, with initial outcomes towards this direction considering objects as driving force for autonomous IoT.
In future Internet of Things may be a non-deterministic & open network in which auto-organi*ed or intelligent entities +eb services, ') components#, virtual objects avatars# will be interoperable & able to act independently pursuing their own objectives or shared ones# depending on context, circumstances or environments. )utonomous behavior through collection & reasoning of context information as well as objects ability to detect changes in environment, faults affecting sensors & introduce suitable mitigation measures constitute a major research trend, clearly needed to provide credibility to IoT technology. !odern IoT products & solutions in marketplace use a variety of different technologies to support such context-aware automation but more sophisticated forms of intelligence are re%uested to permit sensor units to be deployed in real environments. Network architecture
Internet of Things re%uires huge scalability in network space to handle surge of devices. I$T C:o+F)= would be used to connect devices to IF networks.+ith billions of devices being added to internet space, IFvC will play a major role in handling network layer scalability. I$T?s 0onstrained )pplication Frotocol, !TT & Jero! would provide lightweight data transport.
og computing is a viable alternative to prevent such large burst of data flow through Internet. The edge devices? computation power could be used to analyse & process data, thus providing easy real time scalability. Co"le$ syste In semi-open or closed loops i.e. value chains, whenever a global finality could be settled# this will therefore be considered & studied as a 0omplex system due to huge number of different links & interactions between autonomous actors, & its capacity to integrate new actors. )t overall stage full open loop# this will likely be seen as a chaotic environment since systems have always finality#. Si%e considerations The Internet of objects would encode 45 to 755 trillion objects, & be able to follow movement of those objects. uman beings in surveyed urban environments are each surrounded by 7555 to 4555 trackable objects. S"ace considerations In an Internet of Things, precise geographic location of a thing2and also precise geographic dimensions of a thing2will be critical.Therefore, facts about a thing, such as its location in time & space, have been less critical to track because person processing information could decide whether or not that information was important to action being taken, & if so, add missing information or decide to not take action#. =ote that some things in Internet of Things will be sensors, & sensor location is usually important#.The 1eo+eb & 9igital $arth are promising applications that become possible when things could become organi*ed & connected by location. owever, challenges that remain include constraints of variable spatial scales, need to handle massive amounts of data, & an indexing for fast search & neighbor operations. If in Internet of Things, things are able to take actions on their own initiative, this human-centric mediation role is eliminated, & time-space context that we as humans take for granted must be given a central role in this information ecosystem. Aust as standards play a key role in Internet & +eb, geospatial standards will play a key role in Internet of Things. Sectors There are three core sectors of IoTH enterprise, home, & government, with $nterprise Internet of Things $IoT# being largest of three. 6y "578, $IoT sector is estimated to account for nearly B5K or 8.7 billion devices. A 'as(et of reotes )ccording to 0$ of 0isco, commercial opportunity for
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)s of "57/, vision of Internet of Things has evolved due to a convergence of multiple technologies, ranging from wireless communication to Internet & from embedded systems to micro-electromechanical systems !$!'#.This means that traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation including home & building automation#, & others all contribute to enabling Internet of Things IoT#. The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 78@", with a modified 0oke machine at 0arnegie !ellon niversity becoming first internet-connected appliance, able to
report its inventory & whether newly loaded drinks were cold. !ark +eiser?s seminal 7887 paper on ubi%uitous computing,
-ohn A. Stan(oic/ Life Fellow, IEEE wrote research on “ Research Directions for the Internet of Things ”
!any technical communities are vigorously pursuing research topics that contribute to the Internet of Things IoT#. Today, as sensing, actuation, communication, and control become ever more sophisticated and ubi%uitous, there is significant overlap in these communities, sometimes from slightly different perspectives. !ore cooperation between communities is encouraged. To provide a basis for discussing open research problems in IoT, a vision for how IoT could change the world in the distant future is first presented. Then, eight key research topics are enumerated and research problems within those topics are discussed. one vision of the future is that IoT
becomes a utility with increased sophistication in sensing, actuation, communications, control, and in creating knowledge from vast amounts of data. This will result in %ualitatively different lifestyles from today. +hat the lifestyles would be is anyoneQs guess. It would be fair to say that we cannot predict how lives will change. +e did not predict the Internet, the +eb, social networking, acebook, Twitter, millions of apps for smartphones, etc., and these have all %ualitatively changed societiesQ lifestyle. =ew research problems arise due to the large scale of devices, the connection of the physical and cyber worlds, the openness of the systems of systems, and continuing problems of privacy and security. It is hoped that there is more cooperation between the research communities in order to solve the myriad of problems sooner as well as to avoid re-inventing the wheel when a particular community solves a problem. -ayaardhana 0!''i/Ra(!ar B!yya. Slaen Mar!sic/ Mari!th! 2alanis3ai Internet of Things 4IoT56 A +ision/ Architect!ral *leents/ and 7!t!re Directions bi%uitous sensing enabled by +ireless 'ensor =etwork +'=# technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living. This offers the ability to measure, infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments. The proliferation of these devices in a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things IoT#, wherein, sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us, and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common operating picture 0F#. uelled by the recent adaptation of a variety of enabling wireless technologies such as ;I9 tags and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is the the next revolutionary technology in transforming the Internet into a fully integrated uture Internet. )s we move from www static pages web# to web" social networking web# to web/ ubi%uitous computing web#, the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive %ueries increases significantly. This paper presents a 0loud centric vision for worldwide implementation of Internet of Things. The key enabling technologies and application domains that are likely to drive IoT research in the near future are discussed. ) 0loud implementation using Aneka, which is based on interaction of private and public 0louds is presented. They conclude our IoT vision by expanding on the need for convergence of +'=, the Internet and distributed computing directed at technological research community. The proliferation of devices with communicating-actuating capabilities is bringing closer the vision of an Internet of Things, where the sensing and actuation functions seamlessly blend into the background and new capabilities are made possible through access of rich new information sources. The evolution of the next generation mobile system will depend on the creativity of the users in designing new applications. IoT is an ideal emerging technology to influence this domain by providing new evolving data and the re%uired computational resources for creating revolutionary apps.
Fresented here is a user-centric cloud based model for approaching this goal through the interaction of private and public clouds. In this manner, the needs of the end-user are brought to the fore. )llowing for the necessary flexibility to meet the diverse and sometimes competing
needs of different sectors, we propose a framework enabled by a scalable cloud to provide the capacity to utili*e the IoT. The framework allows networking, computation, storage and visuali*ation themes separate thereby allowing independent growth in every sector but complementing each other in a shared environment. The standardi*ation which is underway in each of these themes will not be adversely affected with 0loud at its center. In proposing the new framework associated challenges have been highlighted ranging from appropriate interpretation and visuali*ation of the vast amounts of data, through to the privacy, security and data management issues that must underpin such a platform in order for it to be genuinely viable. The consolidation of international initiatives is %uite clearly accelerating progress towards an IoT, providing an overarching view for the integration and functional elements that can deliver an operational IoT. 3. PROBLEM T!TEME"T !"# "EE# O$ REE!R% )ccording to 1artner, Inc. a technology research & advisory corporation#, there will be nearly "5.@ billion devices on Internet of Things by "5"5. )6I ;esearch estimates that more than /5 billion devices will be wirelessly connected to Internet of Things by "5"5. )s per a recent survey & study done by Few ;esearch Internet Froject, a large majority of technology experts & engaged Internet users who responded2@/ percent2agreed with notion that Internet>0loud of Things, embedded & wearable computing and corresponding dynamic systems# will have widespread & beneficial effects by "5"4.)s such, this is clear that IoT will consist of a very large number of devices being connected to Internet.In an active move to accommodate new & emerging technological innovation, ( 1overnment, in their "574 budget, allocated RB5,555,555 towards research into Internet of Things. The 6ritish 0hancellor of $xche%uer 1eorge sborne, posited that Internet of Things is next stage of information revolution & referenced inter-connectivity of everything from urban transport to medical devices to household appliances.Integration with Internet implies that devices will use an IF address as a uni%ue identifier. owever, due to limited address space of IFvB which allows for B./ billion uni%ue addresses#, objects in IoT will have to use IFvC to accommodate extremely large address space re%uired. bjects in IoT will not only be devices with sensory capabilities, but also provide actuation capabilities e.g., bulbs or locks controlled over Internet#. To a large extent, future of Internet of Things will not be possible without support of IFvC3 & conse%uently global adoption of IFvC in coming years will be critical for successful develop ment of IoT in future. The ability to network embedded devices with limited 0F, memory & power resources means that IoT finds applications in nearly every field. 'uch systems could be in charge of collecting information in settings ranging from natural ecosystems to buildings & factories, thereby finding applications in fields of environmental sensing & urban planning. n other hand, IoT systems could also be responsible for performing actions, not just sensing things. Intelligent shopping systems, for example, could monitor specific users? purchasing habits in a store by tracking their specific mobile phones. These users could then be provided with special offers on their favorite products, or even location of items that they need, which their
fridge has automatically conveyed to phone. )dditional examples of sensing & actuating are reflected in applications that deal with heat, electricity & energy management, as well as cruiseassisting transportation systems. ther applications that Internet of Things could provide is enabling extended home security features & home automation. The concept of an
Targeting of consumers for advertising by marketers#
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9ata-capture
Thus, internet of things creates an opportunity to measure, collect & analyse an ever-increasing variety of behavioural statistics. 0ross-correlation of this data could revolutionise targeted marketing of products & services.or example, as noted by 9anny !eadows-(lue, combination of analytics for conversion tracking with behavioural targeting has unlocked a new level of precision that enables display advertising to be focused on devices of people with relevant interests.6ig 9ata & IoT work in conjunction. rom a media perspective, 9ata is key derivative
of device inter connectivity, whilst being pivotal in allowing clearer accuracy in targeting. The Internet of Things therefore transforms media industry, companies & even governments, opening up a new era of economic growth & competitiveness. The wealth of data generated by this industry i.e. big data# will allow Fractitioners in )dvertising & !edia to gain an elaborate layer on present targeting mechanisms used by industry. *nironental onitoring $nvironmental monitoring applications of IoT typically use sensors to assist in environmental protection by monitoring air or water %uality, atmospheric or soil conditions,and could even include areas like monitoring movements of wildlife & their habitats.9evelopment of resource constrained devices connected to Internet also means that other applications like earth%uake or tsunami early-warning systems could also be used by emergency services to provide more effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically span a large geographic area & could also be mobile.It has been argued that standardi*ation IoT brings to wireless sensing will revolutioni*e this area. Infrastr!ct!re anageent !onitoring & controlling operations of urban & rural infrastructures like bridges, railway tracks, on- & offshore- wind-farms is a key application of IoT. The IoT infrastructure could be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that could compromise safety & increase risk. It could also be used for scheduling repair & maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by coordinating tasks between different service providers & users of these facilities. IoT devices could also be used to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. sage of IoT devices for monitoring & operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management & emergency response coordination, & %uality of service, up-times & reduce costs of operation in all infrastructure related areas. $ven areas such as waste management could benefit from automation & optimi*ation that could be brought in by IoT. Man!fact!ring =etwork control & management of manufacturing e%uipment, asset & situation management, or manufacturing process control bring IoT within realm on industrial applications & smart manufacturing as well.The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing of new products, dynamic response to product demands, & real-time optimi*ation of manufacturing production & supply chain networks, by networking machinery, sensors & control systems together.
9igital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools & service information systems to optimi*e plant safety & security are within purview of IoT. 6ut this also extends itself to asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, & measurements to maximi*e reliability. 'mart industrial management systems could also be integrated with 'mart 1rid, thereby enabling real-time energy optimi*ation. !easurements, automated controls, plant optimi*ation, health & safety management, & other functions are provided by a large number of
networked sensors.=ational 'cience oundation established an Industry>niversity 0ooperative ;esearch 0enter on Intelligent !aintenance 'ystems I!'# in "557 with a research focus to use IoT-based predictive analytics technologies to monitor connected machines & to predict machine degradation, & further to prevent potential failures. The vision to achieve near-*ero breakdown using IoT-based predictive analytics led future development of e-manufacturing & emaintenance activities.The term IIT Industrial Internet of Things# is often encountered in manufacturing industries, referring to industrial subset of IoT. IIoT in manufacturing would probably generate so much business value that this will eventually lead to fourth industrial revolution, so so-called Industry B.5. It is estimated that in future, successful companies will be able to increase their revenue through Internet of Things by creating new business models & improve productivity, exploit analytics for innovation, & transform workforce.The potential of growth by implementing IIoT will generate L7" trillion of global 19F by "5/5.
9esign architecture of cyber-physical systems-enabled manufacturing system 8. 2ro"osed ,or( +hile connectivity & data ac%uisition are imperative for IIoT, they should be foundation & path to something bigger but not purpose. )mong all technologies, predictive maintenance is probably a relatively
0onversion, 0yber, 0ognition, 0onfiguration# architecture, & this will transform collected data into actionable information, & eventually interfere with physical assets to optimi*e processes. )n IoT-enabled intelligent system of such cases has been demonstrated by =' Industry>niversity 0ollaborative ;esearch 0enter for Intelligent !aintenance 'ystems I!'# at niversity of 0incinnati on a band saw machine in I!T' "57B in 0hicago.6and saw machines are not necessarily expensive, but band saw belt expenses are enormous since they degrade much faster. owever, without sensing & intelligent analytics, this could be only determined by experience when band saw belt will actually break. The developed prognostics system will be able to recogni*e & monitor degradation of band saw belts even if condition is changing, so that users will know in near real time when is best time to replace band saw. This will significantly improve user experience & operator safety, & save costs on replacing band saw belts before they actually break. The developed analytical algorithms were reali*ed on a cloud server, & was made accessible via Internet & on mobile devices. *nergy anageent Integration of sensing & actuation systems, connected to Internet, is likely to optimi*e energy consumption as a whole. It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all forms of en ergy consuming devices switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.# & be able to communicate with utility supply company in order to effectively balance power generation & energy usage.'uch devices would also offer opportunity for users to remotely control their devices, or centrally manage them via a cloud based interface, & enable advanced functions like scheduling e.g., remotely powering on or off heating systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting conditions etc.#. In fact, a few systems that allow remote control of electric outlets are already available in market, e.g., 6elkin?s +e!o,)mbery ;emote Fower 'witch,6udderfly,Telkonet?s $co1uard,+hi*=ets Inc., etc.
6esides home based energy management, IoT is especially relevant to 'mart 1rid since this provides systems to gather & act on energy & power-related information in an automated fashion with goal to improve efficiency, reliability, economics, & sustainability of production & distribution of electricity.sing )dvanced !etering Infrastructure )!I# devices connected to Internet backbone, electric utilities could not only collect data from end-user connections, but also manage other distribution automation devices like transformers & reclosers.
Solar *nergy *lectric 2o3er Syste Si!lation for IOT
'olar $nergy 'ystem that is properly installed & ade%uately si*ed will not really re%uire much in way of management. or those times of marginal sun or very large power re%uirements, it is important to understand relationship between your battery charge level, amount of charge if any# that they are receiving, & power being withdrawn appliances, etc.# from system.
To make this relationship clear, & for those who might think solar energy is complicated, I designed & wrote this simulation to demonstrate basic operation of a solar energy electric power system. nly / things need to be consideredH 7. :evel of charge on battery bank. )mpour !eter# ". )mount of charging power coming in. 'olar )mps !eter# /. )mount of power being used. )0 )mps !eter# Detailed instr!ctions for Solar *nergy *lectric 2o3er Syste Si!lation. This 'olar $nergy $lectric Fower 'ystem 'imulation is representative of a small B (ilo+att solar energy system. solar panel array is eight 755 watt panels or @55 watts total. +ith a average solar day of 4 hours, @55 watts times 4 hours e%uals B555 watts or B (ilo+atts B(+#. battery bank capacity is 7555 )mpours at 7" volts. The 'imulation may run at 4 different speeds including real time 7 second S 7 second sim time#. )t fastest speed, it may be a real challenge to keep things under control. default speed of 7 second S 7 minute of 'imulator time is a good starting speed. 0lick drop down arrow to change speeds. If you like things to move along a little faster try 7 second S 75 minutes speed. Starting & sto""ing Si!lator Dou may start or stop 'imulation any time by clicking 'tart>'top button. This way you may take your time turning appliances on or off & changing 'un Intensity. 'imulator clock may also be reset so you may make timed runs to see how long it would take to charge or discharge batteries under a variety of configurations. )lso, drop down arrow allows you to change 'imulator speed from real time to 7 sec e%uals /5 minutes of 'imulator time. Setting S!n Intensity
0hanging 'un Intensity gives you a way to represent real world weather conditions. ) setting of 5 will produce no output at all & highest setting of E represents full sunshine & very clear conditions. )t times you will find you cannot increase 'un Intensity beyond a certain point. reason for this is that when batteries are completely charged, 'un Intensity setting will reduce automatically to simulate action of 0harge 0ontroller whose main job in real world is to prevent overcharging of batteries. Turning )ppliances n & ff )ny combination of appliances may be n or ff. over mouse cursor over indicator lights for each appliance to see how many amps 90 it will use. )lthough a typical refrigerator will use 74 to "4 amps when it is running, refrigerator in this simulation uses @ amps because refrigerators typically only run about 7>/ of time. )lso, if 6attery 6ank falls below 45K -455 for 7555 )mpour capacity#, Fower Inverter will power down, shutting off all appliances to protect
batteries. In real world, a %uality Fower Inverter will let you set this ?cut out? point anywhere you like. It is good practice not to discharge below 45K. ,hat 9 Meters !sed in Si!lator sho3 6
In a real 'olar $nergy $lectric Fower 'ystem, a single %uality multi-function meter is capable of displaying all readings of first B meters in 'imulator. To better see what is happening, 'imulator displays all these readings at same time. I added )0 meter so you may easily see that power appliances use does not go into batteries. 6attery )mps !eter#. 15 Solar 2anel A"s Meter This meter shows output )mps from solar panel array. 'imulator uses @ solar panels rated at 755 watts each for a total output of B (ilo+atts based on an average solar day of 4 hours. @55 watts times 4 hours e%uals B555 watts or B (ilo+atts B(+#. meter will display 5 amps to 4C amps in @ amp increments. or exampleH a 'un Intensity setting of 7 will produce 7 amp from each of @ solar panels for a total output of @ amps displayed on meter. 5 is of course completely ?? & a 'un Intensity of E will produce maximum output of 4C amps. This power may charge batteries or run appliances. f course, any power appliances use will not go into batteries. )5 Battery Ban( A"s Meter This meter shows )mps going into or out of batteries. If you are using more power than solar panels are delivering, this number will be negative & you will be using power stored in your battery bank. )t same time you will notice )mpour meter become more negative as your batteries lose charge. +hen batteries are 755K charged, @ amps represents float charge level & will not go any higher. batteries have all they want :5 Battery Ban( +oltage Meter This meter monitors battery bank voltage level. If it is below 7".E batteries are less than full or under load. If greater than 7".E batteries are full or are charging. To see actual battery voltage, turn off all appliances & set sun intensity to 5. voltage level will now be determined solely by )mpour reading. 85 Battery Ban( A";o!rs Meter The )mpour meter shows )mps into & out of battery bank relative to battery bank si*e. 'imulator uses a battery bank si*e of 7555 )mpours of battery capacity. 'o if meter shows negative 755 )mpours, batteries are 75K discharged or 85K charged. In practice this number will normally be negative unless battery bank is fully charged. )s power is withdrawn from batteries negative reading will increase. +hen batteries are being charged readings will become less & less negative. +hen meter reading reaches 5, battery bank is fully charged. +hen )mpour meter reading is at 5, 'imulator like a charge controller# will reduce charging automatically by reducing 'un intensity# to prevent over charging of batteries. )lso, if batteries become more than 45K discharged, the 'imulator will disconnect )0 power from inverter, shutting off all appliances. In real world, this )0 cut out point may be set at any battery voltage level on better %uality power inverters.#
95 AC A"s load Meter This is combined )mps of all appliances you have turned on. =ormally, at 7"5 volts )0 it would display 7>75 amps that you would be using at 7" volts 90 7 amp at 7"5 volts is 75 amps at 7" volts#. To make simulator easier to understand, this meter will display )mps at 7" volts instead of at 7"5 volts. This way you may easily see that if solar panels are putting out "B amps & TG is using 74 amps, this leaves only 8 amps charging batteries. CAS* 1
;efrigerator is on & sun intensity is /
Case )
;efrigerator & tv is on & sun intensity is /
Case :6 ;efrigerator,tv,9esk computer is on & sun intensity is /
9. Tools & Technology
Enabling technologies for the 'OT There are many technologies that enable IT. 7. ;I9 and near-field communication U In the "555s, ;I9 was the dominant technology. :ater, =0 became dominant =0#. =0 have become common in smartphones during the early "575s, with uses such as reading =0 tags or for access to public transportation. Ncitation needed O
". ptical tags and %uick response codes U This is used for low cost tagging. Fhone cameras decode ; code using image-processing techni%ues. In reality ; advertisement campaigns gives less turnout as users need to have another application to read ; codes. /. 6luetooth low energy U This is one of the latest tech. )ll newly releasing smartphones have 6:$ hardware in them. Tags based on 6:$ can signal their presence at a power budget that enables them to operate for up to one year on a lithium coin cell battery. B. :ow energy wireless IF networks U embedded radio in system-on-a-chip designs, lower power +ii, sub-1* radio in an I'! band, often using a compressed version of IFvC called C:owF)=. 4. Jig6ee U This communication technology is based on the I$$$ @5".74.B protocol to implement physical and !)0 layer for low-rate wireless Frivate )rea =etworks. 'ome of its main characteristics like low power consumption, low data rate, low cost, and high message throughput make it an interesting IoT enabler technolog y. C. J-+ave U is a communication protocol that is mostly used in smart home applications. E. :T$-)dvanced U :T$-) is a high-speed communication specification for mobile networks. 0ompared to its original :T$, :T$-) has been improved to have extended coverage, higher throughput and lower latency. ne important application of this technology is Gehicle-to-Gehicle G"G# communications. @. +ii-9irect U It is essentially +ii for peer-to-peer communication without needing to have an access point. This feature attracts IoT applications to be built on top of +ii9irect to get benefit from the speed of +ii while they experience lower latency.
i(ulation IT modeling and simulation and emulation# is typically carried out at the design stage before deployment of the network. =etwork simulators like F=$T, =et'im and ='" can be used to simulate IT networks.
Politics and ci)ic engage(ent
'ome scholars and activists argue that the IoT can be used to create new models of civic engagement if device networks can be open to user control and inter-operable platforms. Fhilip =. oward, a professor and author, writes that political life in both democracies and authoritarian regimes will be shaped by the way the IoT will be used for civic engagement. or that to happen, he argues that any connected device should be able to divulge a list of the
%riticis( and contro)ersies +hile many technologists tout the Internet of Things as a step towards a better world, scholars and social observers have doubts about the promises of the ubi%uitous computing revolution. 2riacy/ a!tonoy and control
Fhilip =. oward, a professor and author, writes that the Internet of Things offers immense potential for empowering citi*ens, making government transparent, and broadening information access. oward cautions, however, that privacy threats are enormous, as is the potential for social control and political manipulation. ) research team of the =ational 'cience oundation and niversity of )rkansas at :ittle ;ock discovered that the privacy of households using smart home devices could be compromised by analy*ing network traffic. Feter-Faul Gerbeek, a professor of philosophy of technology at the niversity of Twente, =etherlands, writes that technology already influences our moral decision making, which in turn affects human agency, privacy and autonomy. e cautions against viewing technology merely as a human tool and advocates instead to consider it as an active agent. Austin 6rookman, of the 0enter for 9emocracy and Technology, expressed concern regarding the impact of IoT on consumer privacy, saying that
$ditorials at +I;$9 have also expressed concern, one stating <+hat you?re about to lose is your privacy. )ctually, it?s worse than that. Dou aren?t just going to lose your privacy, you?re going to have to watch the very concept of privacy be rewritten under your nose.< The )merican 0ivil :iberties nion )0:# expressed concern regarding the ability of IoT to erode people?s control over their own lives. The )0: wrote that
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ser consent U somehow, the report says, users need to be able to give informed consent to data collection. sers, however, have limited time and technical knowledge. reedom of choice U both privacy protections and underlying standards should promote freedom of choice. )nonymity U IoT platforms pay scant attention to user anonymity when transmitting data, the researchers note. uture platforms could, for example, use T; or similar technologies so that users can?t be too deeply profiled based on the behaviors of their
<. SCO2* O7 R*S*ARC; The system will likely be an example of event-driven architecture bottom-up made based on context of processes & operations, in real-time# & will consider any subsidiary level. Therefore, model driven & functional approaches will coexist with new ones able to treat exceptions & unusual evolution of processes !ulti-agent systems, 6-)9'c, etc.#.
In an Internet of Things, meaning of an event will not necessarily be based on a deterministic or syntactic model but would instead be based on context of event itselfH this will also be a semantic web. 0onse%uently, this will not necessarily need common standards that would not be able to address every context or useH some actors services, components, avatars# will accordingly be self-referenced and, if ever needed, adaptive to existing common standards predicting everything would be no more than defining a
6uilding on top of Internet of Things, +eb of Things is an architecture for application layer of Internet of Things looking at convergence of data from IoT devices into +eb applications to create innovative use-cases. In order to program & control flow of information in Internet of Things, a predicted architectural direction is being called 6F! $verywhere which is a blending of traditional process management with process mining & special capabilities to automate control of large numbers of coordinated devices.
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N7BO !. uang, A. :i, P. 'ong, and . 1uo, !odeling Impulsive Injections of InsulinH Towards )rtificial Fancreas. SIAM /ourna& o+ App&ied Mathematic% 01, 4, "57", pp. 74"BU74B@. N74O !. (ay, $. 0hoe, A. 'hepherd, 6. 1reenstein, =. +atson, '. 0onsolvo, and A. (ient*, :ullabyH a 0apture & )ccess 'ystem for nderstanding the 'leep $nvironment. $biComp, "57". N7CO ) :iu, and 9. 'alvucci, !odeling and Frediction of uman 9river 6ehavior, Int&* Con+erence on #CI , "557. N7EO A. :u, T. 'ookoor, G. 'rinivasan, 1. 1ao, 6. olben A. 'tankovic, $. ield, and (. +hitehouse, The 'mart ThermostatH sing ccupancy 'ensors to 'ave $nergy in omes, ACM SenSy%, "575. N7@O !. !aroti, 6. (usy, 1. 'imon, and ). :edec*i, The looding Time 'ynchroni*ation Frotocol, ACM SenSy%, =ovember "55B. N78O '. !ohammed, F. raisse, 9. 1uiraud, F. Foignet, and . !akssoud, Towards a 0ocontraction !uscle 0ontrol strategy for Faraplegics. C.C-ECC, "554. N"5O '. !unir, A. 'tankovic, 0. :iang, and '. :in, =ew 0yber Fhysical 'ystem 0hallenges for uman-in-the-:oop 0ontrol, 2th Internationa& ork%hop on 3eedback Computing , Aune "57/. N"7O '. !unir and A. 'tankovic, 9ep'ysH 9ependency )ware Integration of 'ystems for 'mart omes, submitted for publication. N""O '. ;avi, ). ;aghunathan, '. 0hakradhar. Tamper ;esistance !echanisms for 'ecure, $mbedded 'ystems, )roc* o+ '0th Internationa& Con+erence on "4SI .e%ign, "55B. p. C54. N"/O 6. ;ong 0hen, 1. Feterson, 1. !ainland, and !. +elsh, :ive=etH sing Fassive !onitoring to ;econstruct 'ensor =etwork 9ynamics, .CSS 1552, Aune "55@. N"BO '. ;ost and . 6alakrishnan, !ementoH ) ealth !onitoring 'ystem for +ireless 'ensor =etworks. SECN 1556 , 'eptember "55C. N"4O :. ;ui*, A. =ogueira, and ). :oureiro, !)==)H ) !anagement )rchitecture for +ireless 'ensor =etworks. IEEE Communication% Maga7ine, ebruary "55/. N"CO 1. 'chirner, 9. $rdogmus, (. 0howdhury, and T. Fadir, The uture of uman-in-the-:oop 0yber-Fhysical 'ystems. Computer 86 , 7, "57/, pp. /CUB4. N"EO A. 'tankovic, +hen 'ensor and )ctuator =etworks 0over the +orld, invited (eynote )rticle, 'pecial Issue on bi%uitous 'ensor =etworks, ETRI /ourna& , (orea, Gol. /5. =o. 4, ctober "55@, pp. C"E-C//. N"@O A. 'tankovic, I. :ee, ). !ok, ;. ;ajkumar, pportunities and bligations for Fhysical 0omputing 'ystems, IEEE Computer , Gol. /@, =o. 77, =ov. "554, pp. "/-/7. N"8O A. 'tankovic, ) Gision of a 'mart 0ity in the uture, Smart Citie%, Gol. 7, Issue 75, ct. "57/. N/5O (. Tsui, 9. (im, ). 6ehal, 9. (ontak, and . Danco, I +ant That H uman-in-the-:oop 0ontrol of a +heelchair-!ounted ;obotic )rm. /ourna& o+ App&ied 9ionic% and 9iomechanic% 2, "577. N/7O F. ). Gicaire, $. o%ue, J. Pie, and A. ). 'tankovic, 6undlesH a 1roup 6ased Frogramming )bstraction for 0yber Fhysical 'ystems, ICC)S , "575.
