By Rai Farhatullah
Timeline 300s B.C.
The Greek Aristotle for the first time gave the idea a persistent image (that slowly faded away) after he gazed into the sun. 65 B.C. Aristotle Titus Lucretius Carus, a Roman poet and philosopher described the principle of Persistence of vision. He described it as an optical effect of continuous motion produced when a series of sequential images were displayed, with each image lasting only momentarily.
130 A.D.
Ptolemy of Alexandria proved Lucretius' principle of persistence of vision. 1650s
A very early version of a "magic lantern" was suggested in the mid-17th century by German Jesuit priest Athanasius Kircher in Rome. However, the official inventor of a usable device was prominent Dutch astronomer/scientist Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s. Like a modern slide projector (which has since gone out of date!), its main feature was a lens that projected images from transparencies onto a screen, with a simple light source like candle. late 1790s
Etienne Gaspard Robertson's a Belgian optician used a special lantern on wheels, which he called a Phantascope or Fantascope. By moving the projector backwards and forwards he could rapidly alter the size of the images on the screen, much like a modern zoom lens. The device was very cleverly designed to keep the picture in focus and at a constant brightness as the machine moved back and forth. 1820s 1824 Thaumatrope was invented by an English doctor named Dr. John Ayrton Paris. It was an earliest version of an optical illusion toy that exploited the concept of “ persistence of vision” 1926 View from the Window at Le Gras . Was taken by French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.It is the oldest recorded and surviving permanent photograph. Josephe used a camera obscura device
which captured and projected a scene illuminated by sunlight and his this invention was called heliography, or "light writing."
By Rai Farhatullah
1831
Law of electromagnetic induction was proved by English scientist Michael Faraday, a principle used in generating electricity and powering motors and other machines (including film equipment) 1832
The Belgian scientist Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau, developed a spindle viewer or spinning wheel called a Phenakistoscope also known as Magic Wheel, the first device that allowed pictures to appear to move. It is considered the precursor of animated films.
( Phenakistoscope )
1834
William George Horner invented the first zoetrope (which he called a daedalum or daedatelum), based upon Plateau's phenakistoscope. It was a very crude, mechanical form of a motion picture 'projector' that consisted of a drum that contained a set of still images. When it was turned in a circular fashion, it created the illusion of motion. 1839
This year marks with the birth of still photography with the development of the first commerciallyviable daguerreotype (a method of capturing still images on silvered, copper-metal plates) by French painter and inventor Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre. 1841 Talbotype, a process for printing negative photographs on high-quality paper was invented by William Henry Fox Talbot 1861 Kinematoscope , was invented by Coleman Sellers. It was a rotating paddle machine to a series of stereoscopic still pictures on glass plates that were sequentially mounted in a cabinet-box 1869
The development of celluloid by John Wesley Hyatt, patented in 1870 and trademarked in 1873 later used as the base for photographic film 1870
The first demonstration of the Phasmotrope (or Phasmatrope ) by Henry Renno Heyl in Philadelphia, that showed a rapid succession of still or posed photographs of dancers, giving the illusion of motion
By Rai Farhatullah
1872-1878 British photographer Eadweard Muybridge took the first successful photographs of motion, producing his multiple image sequences analyzing human and animal locomotion. California senator Leland Stanford commissioned Muybridge to determine whether the 4 legs of a galloping horse left the ground at the same time, so he set up 24 still cameras along a racetrack. As a horse ran by the cameras, the horse broke strings which were hooked up to each camera's shutter, thereby activating the shutter of each camera, capturing the image and exposing the film. Soon after, the photographs were projected in succession with a viewing device called a Zoogyroscope
1877 Praxinoscope was invented by French inventor Charles Emile Reynaud. It was a 'projector' device with a mirrored drum that created the illusion of movement with picture strips, a refined version of the Zoetrope with mirrors at the center of the drum instead of slots.
1882
Etienne Jules Marey in France developed a chronophotographic camera, shaped like a gun and referred to as a "shotgun" camera that could take twelve successive pictures or images per second.
1886
British inventor William Friese-Greene collaborated with John Rudge to make an enhanced magic lantern which was later termed a Biophantascope. It projected photographic plates in rapid succession. Daeida, the wife of real-estate developer Harvey Henderson Wilcox, named her ranch in Cahuenga Valley "Hollywood".
1887
Nitrate celluloid film (a chemical combination of gun cotton and gum camphor) was invented by American clergyman Hannibal W. Goodwin 1888
French inventor Louis Augustin Le Prince, "The Father of Cinematography," developed a single-lens camera which he used to make the very first moving picture sequences. He shot several short sequences, including the Roundhay Garden Scene and a Leeds Bridge street scene. Roundhay Garden Scene is regarded as the oldest or earliest surviving film.
By Rai Farhatullah
George Eastman introduced the lightweight, inexpensive "Kodak " camera, using paper photographic film wound on rollers, and registered the trademarked name Kodak.
1889
Henry Reichenbach developed durable and flexible celluloid film strips. 1890
William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, commissioned by Thomas Alva Edison, built the first modern motion-picture camera and named it the Kinetograph. 1891
Thomas Edison and his assistant W.K.L. Dickson also developed or invented the Kinetoscope,. The very short film’s subject in the test footage, titled Dickson Greeting, was William K.L. Dickson himself, bowing, smiling and ceremoniously taking off his hat.
1893
Edison constructed the world's first motion picture studio Black Maria (slang for a police van). It was only a tiny wood-framed building covered in tar paper. In early May, 1893, Edison also held the world's first public exhibition or demonstration of films (34second film, Blacksmith Scene) at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.
1894
Fred Ott's Sneeze also know as Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze became the first
film officially registered for copyright on January 7, 1894. Spanish dancer Carmencita was the first woman to appear in front of an Edison motion picture camera. In some cases, the projection of the scandalous film on a Kinetoscope was forbidden, because it revealed Carmencita's legs and undergarments.This was one of the earliest cases of censorship in the moving picture industry. Edison's 1-minute Kinetoscope short comedy The Boxing Cats (1894) was possibly the first instance of filmed comedy, in its depiction of two cats (donning boxing gloves) in a small boxing ring.
By Rai Farhatullah
1895
The earliest color hand-tinted film ever publically-released was Annabelle Butterfly Dance (1894) featuring the dance of Annabelle Whitford. The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (1895) contained the first special effect (i.e., stop-action). In France, two brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the Cinematography which was a combination hand-held movie camera and projector. They held their first public screening or commercial exhibition in the last few days of 1895. This is often considered "the birth of film" or "the First Cinema". The image of an upcoming train is said to have caused a stampede.
Lumière brothers
1896
The Kiss (1896) (aka The May Irwin Kiss) was the
first film ever made of a couple kissing in cinematic history. The first public film exhibition in Asia was held on July 7, 1896, at Watson's Hotel in Bombay, India. The screening consisted of some of the same Lumiere shots shown in Paris ( Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat and Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory). Parisian French film-maker Georges Méliès first film based on a trick of substitution (one of the earliest instances of trick photography with stopaction - an early special effect) was Escamotage d'une dame au th éâtre Robert Houdin (aka The Conjuring of a Woman at the House of Robert Houdin) (1896). The black and white Coronation of the Czar of Russia (1896, Fr.), a news short created by the Lumiere Production Company, recorded the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II, which took place in 1894. It was one of the first significant news events ever recorded. French-born Alice Guy makes her first La Fée aux Choux (The Cabbage Fairy). Some historians consider it the first ever narrative fiction film. Guy is generally acknowledged as the world's first female director in the motion picture Alice Guy
1897
Georges Méliès constructed the first movie studio that used artificial illumination, a greenhouse-like structure that featured both a glazed roof and walls and a series of retractable blinds. It was an influential model on the developmen t of future studios. The advertising film Admiral Cigarette was created with the slogan "We All Smoke." The 28 second-long silent film was the first advertising film.
By Rai Farhatullah
1898
The William Morris Agency the oldest major talent agency was founded. The short theatrical 'cartoon' from Vitagraph, The Humpty Dumpty Circus (1898) was "the first animated film using the stop-motion technique to give the illusion of movement to inanimate objects
1899
The French magician Georges Melies became the film industry's first filmmaker to use artificially-arranged scenes to construct and tell a narrative story, with his film Cendrillon. Melies developed techniques such as stopmotion photography, double and multiple-exposures, time-lapse photography, "special effects" such as disappearing objects (using stop-trick or substitution photography), and dissolves/fades. Georges Melies
1900
The Eastman Kodak company first introduced the Brownie camera, a very simple cardboard box camera that used roll film. Its original list price was $1.00. Pioneering animator and film-maker James Stuart Blackton produced The Enchanting Drawing. It was the earliest surviving prototype of stop-motion (or stop-action) animation. Sherlock Holmes, the immortal, prototypical detective, first appeared on the film screen in a 30-second titled as Sherlock Holmes. It is the first detective movie.
1901
Thomas Edison's "Black Maria" film studio, often called America's first movie studio, was closed, and it was demolished two years later. In its place, Edison built a new movie studio in NYC - it was the nation's first indoor, glass-enclosed studio that could be used yearround. James Williamson released the film Fire. It the first films to meaningfully combine indoor studio scenes (a smoking building on fire) with outdoor shots (the summoning of firefighters from the fire brigade for a rescue of three occupants.)
1902
Georges Méliès, a magician-turnedfilmmaker, introduced innovative special effects in the first real science fiction film, Le Voyage Dans La Lune (1902), commonly known as A Trip to the Moon.
By Rai Farhatullah
1903
The Danish film Capital Execution (1903) (aka Henrettelsen) was the first feature film made by Denmark's film industry, which went on to thrive until the Great War. This year marks with the release of the first realistic (or documentary) story film Life of an American Fireman (1903) and the popular western tale The Great Train Robbery (1903).
The Great Train Robbery (1903), was a 12-minute dramatic film. It was the first to use modern
film techniques, such as multiple camera positions, filming out of sequence and later editing the scenes into their proper order. There were 14 scenes with parallel inter-cutting or crosscutting between simultaneous events.
1904
Biograph's short comedy The Escaped Lunatic (1904) told about an imprisoned was one of the first American films to be structured around the chase and his another release of same year “Personal combined two plot lines: personal ads and a comedic chase. The first film distribution company, the Duquesne Amusement Supply Company, was founded in Pittsburgh by Harry, Albert, Sam and Jack Warner for the distribution of films. It was the precursor to Warner Bros. Pictures. The first ever remake of another film was Siegmund Lubin's western short The Great Train Robbery (1904) - a ripped-off remake of The Great Train Robbery (1903). ”
By Rai Farhatullah
1905
The first ever parody of a film was Edwin S. Porter's 12-minute short The Little Train Robbery (1905) - a parody of his ownT he Great Train Robbery (1903). The Warner Brothers (three brothers, Harry, Sam, and Albert) opened their first nickelodeon (theatre), a building that they called the Cascade Movie Palace, in New Castle, Pennsylvania. Cooper Hewitt mercury lamps made it practical to shoot films indoors without sunlight. Rescued by Rover produced by Cecil Hepworth became the earliest cinematic canine feature. Its star was Rover, a shepherd dog (Rough Collie breed) - the first canine film star..
1906
J. Stuart Blackton made the earliest surviving example of an animated film - a 3-minute short or 2D cartoon called Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906). It was the first cartoon to use the single frame method, and was projected at 20 frames per second. The world's first true feature-length or narrative film at 70 minutes in length, director Charles Tait's Australian film The Story of the Kelly Gang, premiered in Melbourne, Australia on December 26, 1906.
1907
In Chicago, an ordinance was passed by the city council to prohibit the exhibition of "immoral or obscene pictures" in mutoscopes, kinetoscopes, cinematographs, and penny arcades. It was required for a person exhibiting moving pictures to first obtain a permit from the chief of police for each film after it was reviewed and approved. The entertainment industry magazine, Variety (founded in 1905), published its first film reviews on January 19, 1907, for two films: An Exciting Honeymoon (1906) The Life of a Cowboy (1906). The first documentary re-creation, Siegmund Lubin's The Unwritten Law (1907) (subtitled "A Thrilling Drama Based on the Thaw-White Tragedy") dramatized the true-life murder -- on June 25.
1907-1914
The Broncho with 400 episodes, Billy series, popularized westerns. Gilbert Anderson became the first cowboy hero and perhaps the first recognizable character in American films. 1908
The 8-minute UK short film A Visit to the Seaside was the first commercially-produced film in natural color. The first real horror film, William Selig's 16-minute Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde (1908), was premiered in Chicago.
By Rai Farhatullah
French director and caricaturist Emile Cohl's animated short film Fantasmagorie (1908, Fr.) was considered the first fully animated cartoon film. The first film for which a totally-original film score was specifically composed was for the silent film The Assassination of the Duke de Guise, by classical composer Camille de SaintSaëns.
1909
The New York Times coined the term 'stars' for leading movie players. An American court ruled that unauthorized films infringed on copyrights, in a case over an early film version of Ben-Hur (1907). As a result, film companies began buying screen rights to books and plays. Comedian Ben Turpin was mentioned in a trade journal, and became the first American film actor to have his name published. Cameraman Billy Bitzer became the first to film entirely indoors using artificial light.
Billy Bitzer
1910
Dialogue titles began to appear with regularity. Studios began distributing publicity stills of actors and actresses. Los Angeles annexed Hollywood . The first film made in the new municipality of Hollywood, by Biograph and director D.W. Griffith, In Old California (1910), was released For the first time, Hollywood purchased the rights to adapt a novel from a publisher and that was Ramona written by Helen Hunt Jackson's Brooklyn Eagle newspaper cartoonist John Randolph Bray patented the 'cel' process ultimately used by animators. He pioneered true animated (motion-picture) cartoons with structured story lines. The first movie stunt -- a man jumped into the Hudson River from a burning balloon.
1911
The first feature-length film to be released in its entirety in the US was the 69-minute fantasy/horror epic Dante's Inferno (1911, It.) Pennsylvania became the first state to pass a film censorship law. Florence Lawrence was interviewed in 1911 in Motion Picture Story Magazine - often considered the first movie star interview.
By Rai Farhatullah
The first dramatic film in natural color was the Kinemacolor production of Checkmated (1911, UK).
1912
Carl Laemmle merged his IMP (the Independent Moving Pictures Company) with other independent production studios to found the Universal Motion Picture. The first American serial film was the Edison Company's melodrama What Happened to Mary? (1912) (12 episodes, each consisting of one-reel). A feature-length Kinemacolor silent British documentary With Our King and Queen through India also known as The Delhi Durbar was the world's first color blockbuster. Thomas Ince pioneered the role of film producer by devising standard production budgeting formulas and introducing a detailed shooting script. The first Indian feature film opened in Bombay, India -- the 12-minute silent Pundalik (1912), a B/W short about the Hindu saint Pundalik.
1913
While New York Sleeps was the first major American feature-length exploitation sex film.This was one of the first films to understand that 'sex sells.' In 1913, the Edison Film Company advertised his "latest and greatest invention" - the Kinetophone (or projector), a new version of an earlier device to show his "Talking Pictures" and provide "Perfect Synchronism." The short Indian film, Raja Harishchandra was the first feature-length film made in India.
By Rai Farhatullah
World War I The start of the Great War (WWI) interrupted European motion-picture produ ction and eventually brought it to a halt when there were signficant shortages of power and supplies. It never recovered its dominance in the marketplace. The American motion-picture industry thrived on business and viewership in the European market, using their profits to produce even bigger and better motion pictures. 1914
Charlie made his film debut with the release of the Keystone Cops comedy short Making a Living (1914) Winsor McCay created his third animated film - Gertie the Dinosaur (1914). It was the first "interactive" animated cartoon and Gertie became the first animated cartoon star. The world's first feature-length color film (Kinemacolor), the Flesh, and the Devil (1914, UK), premiered in London. Paramount Pictures was founded in Los Angeles as a startup company in order to release the films of Jesse Lasky and Adolph Zukor's Famous Players Film Company.
1915
D. W. Griffith's three-hour Civil War epic, The Birth of a Nation (1915), premiered during a sneak preview held in Riverside, CA. Because of its stereotypical racist themes and celebration of the KKK, screenings of Griffith's controversial The Birth of a Nation (1915) were met with protest. It was the first film that was treated as a major cultural event, with theaters charging an unprecedented two dollars per ticket. The Bell & Howell 2709 movie camera allowed directors to film close-ups without physically moving the camera. Inspiration (1915) has generally been regarded as the first non-pornographic American film to feature nudity. It has been claimed that this was the first known film in which a leading actress stripped down to be naked. The first demonstration of a 3D film was in 1915 at the Astor Theatre in New York City. Red and green glasses were required to view test reels of 3D footage. The film consisted of stereoscopic footage of random scenes (i.e., dancing girls, Niagara Falls).
By Rai Farhatullah
1916
D.W. Griffith's expensive monumental historical and dramatic epic Intolerance became the first multi-million dollar box-office 'bomb' in film history. Thomas Dixon Jr.'s silent film The Fall of a Nation (1916) Sequel to D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915). was notable as the first sequel film ever made. The first autobiography of a movie star was silent screen star Pearl White's Just Me, published in same year. The earliest vampire feature film was director Arthur Robison's German silent film Night of Terror, with strange, vampire-like people. Thomas Ince's Civilization contained the first original full orchestral and choral film score for an American feature. It composed by American-born Victor Schertzinger (his first film credit).
1917
Max Fleischer invented the rotoscope to streamline the frame by-frame copying process. It was a device used to overlay drawings on live-action film. The first full-length Technicolor film produced in the US was The Gulf Between (1918). It used Technicolor Process Number One, but only a few frames of this lost film exist today.
1918 The first Tarzan film, director Scott Sidney's black and white Tarzan of the Apes (1918), premiered at the Broadway Theater in New York
1919 “Different From the Others ” directored by Richard Oswald was the German release of 1919 and was the first representation of male homosexuality in a feature-length film, and the first screen depiction of a gay bar.
By Rai Farhatullah
1920
In this year the Producer John Randolph Bray's The Debut of Thomas Cat was the first color (2-color process) cartoon, using the expensive Brewster Natural Color Process. The discovery of the Kuleshov Effect, by Soviet director and film theorist Lev Kuleshov, served as the basis for Soviet montage-based film-making.
1921
Silent comic star/director Charlie Chaplin's first film as producer, The Kid (1921), was released, with a star-making role for young Jackie Coogan. D.W. Griffith's film Dream Street (1921), with experimental sound (in its introductory prologue) using inventor Orland E. Kellum's Photokinema, has been regarded as the first feature film to use sound.
1922
Robert Flaherty's Nanook of the North, a record of Inuit Eskimo life, was the first feature film documentary or non-fictional narrative feature film. The Power of Love (1922) - now a lost film - was the first 3-D feature film shown to a paying film audience. The stereoscopic film was projected 'dual-strip' in the red/green anaglyph format, making it both the earliest known film that utilized dual strip projection and the earliest known film in which anaglyph glasses were used German director F. W. Murnau's vampire film Nosferatu (1922) initiated a trend for Gothic tales of horror. It was considered the first genuine vampire picture. Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle (1887-1933) became the first film star to be banned or "blacklisted" from the film industry. Walt Disney’s first cartoon was Little Red Riding Hood (1922), one of his Laugh O Grams studio productions that he made at his own animation studio in Kansas City. The 14-minute, black and white documentary “Short Movies of the Future” (1922), directed by William Van Doren Kelley, was the first (or earliest) attempt at projecting a stereoscopic (3-D) print to a paying audience.
By Rai Farhatullah
1923
Director Cecil B. DeMille's first version of the Biblical epic The Ten Commandments (1923) was the most expensive film ever made and featured the largest set ever constructed in movie history to that time. The Fleischer Brothers (Dave and Max) produced the first feature-length animation documentary, titled The Einstein Theory of Relativity.
1924
“He Who Gets Slapped ” featured the first appearance of the MGM lion (a lion named Slats). The famous MGM lion roar (from a lion named Jackie) in the studio's opening logo, however, was first recorded and viewed in White Shadows of the South Seas (1928). The silent, propagandistic, Soviet sci-fi epic Aelita (1924) also known as Aelita: Queen of Mars was both the first big-budget film made in Russia, and the first feature-length science-fiction film (about space travel). F.W. Murnau's The Last Laugh, with revolutionary camera work by Karl Freund, virtually invented a host of new techniques for a mobile camera. American stage and silver-screen actress Ethel Barrymore was the first film actress to appear on the cover of Time Magazine - for the November 10th, 1924 issue. Ethel Barrymore
1924-1927
The Fleischer Brothers made the first animated films (cartoons) that featured a soundtrack, in a series of 36 films released in the mid-1920s called Ko-Ko Song Car-Tunes (1924-1927). The first sound cartoon was one of the Song Car-Tunes .
By Rai Farhatullah
Mid-to late 1920s Most of the major Hollywood motion-picture studios had been established by this time, including the Big Five (Warner Brothers, Fox (later 20th Century Fox), RKO, Loew's Inc. (Metro-GoldwynMayer (MGM)), Paramount (from Famous Players-Lasky)), and the Little Three (United Artists, Universal, and Columbia). All of these studios used Thomas H. Ince's efficient and profitable filmmaking "factory system." 1925
One of silent film genius Charlie Chaplin's classic masterpieces featuring the Tramp character was released - The Gold Rush (1925). Chaplin directed, produced, starred in, and scripted the film. It became the highest grossing silent comedy film of all time. Charlie Chaplin was the first film actor to ever appear on the cover of Time, the Weekly News Magazine - the July 6th, 1925 issue. Universal foreshadowed their success in the horror genre with Rupert Julian's expressionistic The Phantom of the Opera. The first feature-length dinosaur-oriented science-fiction film to be released was The Lost World.
1926
In New York, Warner Brothers debuted Don Juan, the first Vitaphone sound film (developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1926) and the first publically-shown 'talkie' with synchronized sound effects and orchestral music (but no dialogue). It was the first mainstream film that replaced the traditional use of a live orchestra and successfully coordinated audio sound on a recorded disc synchronized to play in conjunction with a projected motion picture. A newer and better recording system for putting synchronized sound-on-film called Movietone was developed by Theodore W. Case and Earl I.
1927 The effective end of the silent era of films came when Warner Brothers produced and debuted The Jazz Singer (1927), the first widely-screened feature-length talkie or movie with dialogue. Fox's Movietone newsreel, the first sound news film, was produced. The first recording of a news event was the takeoff of Charles Lindbergh's plane from New York on May 20, 1927.
By Rai Farhatullah
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) was founded. The Hays Office issued a Production Code memorandum, "Don'ts and Be Carefuls," a code of decency telling the studios eleven taboos or things to avoid.
1928
Director Roy William Neill's The Viking (1928) was the first feature-length Technicolor film that featured a soundtrack. The first 'Mickey Mouse' short animated film, Plane Crazy (1928), was debuted on May 15, 1928. The character of an animated mouse (future Mickey Mouse) was modified from Disney's earlier character Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, which was introduced in 1927. The first all-talking cartoon short, Paul Terry's Dinner Time (1928) with synchronized sound was premiered, preceding Disney's Steamboat Willie (1928) by about a month.
1929 Hollywood released its first original (backstage) musical. It was MGM's first all-talking picture and musical -- The Broadway Melody (1929) With the school's launch in 1929, USC became the first university in the country to offer a Bachelor of Arts degree in film. Mickey Mouse's first words were spoken in his ninth cartoon short The Karnival Kid (1929) when he said the words: "Hot dogs!" (Walt's voice was used for Mickey.) The Man with a Movie Camera directed by Soviet director Dziga Vertov's was regarded as "pure" visual cinema. Its views of Moscow, Kiev, Odessa and of Soviet workers and machines contained radical hyper-editing techniques, special visual effects, wild juxtapositions of images, and double exposures.
By Rai Farhatullah
By the end of the decade The film careers of many silent film stars ended due to their voices being unsuitable for the new medium, or due to the fact that their voices didn't match their public image. Others, however, such as Greta Garbo, and the comedy team of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy successfully adapted to sound. The most popular film genres of the time were musicals, gangster films, newspaper movies, westerns, comedies, melodramas and horror movies. 1930
Warner Bros. Little Caesar (1930) became the first talkie gangster film. It has often been called the grandfather of the modern crime film. On Public pressure mainly from the Catholic Church Head of the Motion Pictures Producers and Distibutors of America William Hays established a new code of decency that outlines what is acceptable in films. The animated Disney character of Pluto was introduced in the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Chain Gang (1930).
The movie industry began to dub in the dialogue of films exported to foreign markets. British director Alfred Hitchcock's second all-talkie thriller Murder! (1930, UK) was the first film in which a character's (Sir John Menier, played by Herbert Marshall) thoughts were heard in voice-over.
By Rai Farhatullah
