History of Archtecture

ArcStudio Review Center

c/o

Ar. Tito Valdivia

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Ses Session sion 1 Ses Session sion 2

Modu odule ½; 07 07 Mar March ch 2019 2019;; 9: 9:00-1 00-18: 8:00 00;; Satu Saturrday Modu odule 2/2; 2/2; 15 June une 201 2019; 9; 8:00 8:00 -17:0 17:00; 0; Satu Saturrday day

Four great construcve principles 1. Post and lintel Trabeated 2. Arch arctuated 3. Corbel/ canlever overhang 4. Truss triangulated addional - pneumac - te tensile st structur tures - cohesive

- fr freeform

ex. Stonehenge ex. Pont du Gard, Nimes, France ex. Falling Water, Pennsylvania ex. Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong air supported structures memb embrane + cable + masts ex. Mu Munich Olympic St Stadium similar to post & lintel but with monolithic joints (moment-resisng; (moment-resisng; e.g. reinforced reinforced concrete construcon) ex. Ex Expressionist bu buildings (E (Einstein To Tower, Po Potsdam, Ge Germany by Eric Mendelsohn)

PREHISTORIC/ PREHISTORIC/ indigenous/ vernacular/ native -three basic dwelling types a. CAVE - made of earth; ex. ex. Troglodyte dwellings in Cappadocia, Turkey; caves of Altamira in Spain; igloo of the Eskimo ( Inuit); Cli Palace of Mesa Verde, Verde, Colorado incl. pueblo dwellings of the Anasazi; trullo/ trulli (beehive conical dwellings) of prehistoric Italy; nuraghe of Sardinia, Italy) b. HUT - made of thatch thatch (plant material material basically grasses + palms); palms); ex. bahay bahay kubo; rumah adat (generic Indo-Malay hut)/ rumah gaddang (big Indo-Malay rumah adat, ex. Paggaruyung Palace in Sumatra, Indonesia); Hogan (US Southwest); Iraqi (of the Marsh Arabs of the Sha-al-Arab) Sha-al-Arab) mudhif (of c. TENT- made of animal skins; ex. Nave American teepee/ pi (Great Plains), wigwam (Great Lakes); Arab tent (from dromedary); Mongolian yurt -generic Central Asian tent made of the skin of the yak yak or the Bactrian camels (gers) -

Semanc/ Semanc/ symbo symbolic lic architectu architecture re (structur (structures es not not for human human habitaon habitaon)) Monolith menhir Megalith - stone circle ex. Stonehenge Trilithon Sarsen stones Blue stones - stone rows

ex.

@ Carnac, France moai of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) part of the Austronesian culture stream (which includes the

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.











Philippines); colossal head statues of the islanders’ ancestors on top of stone plaorms called ahu -

Tomb ar architectu cture horizontal slab Dolmen or cromlech - three upright stones supporng a horizontal Tumulus/ tu tumuli (e (earthen mo mounds wi with mu mulple bu burial ch chambers) ex. Great Serpent Mound, Illinois, USA Newgrange, Ireland

Earliest cies/ selements in the Near East/ West Asiac lands (Ferle Crescent; Cradle of Western Civilizaon) - Catal Huyuk, present-day Turkey - Gobekli Tepe, recent archaeological archaeolo gical discovery in present-day Turkey Turkey hinng at site of earliest temple erected in the Mediterranean Basin - Jericho ? in South Asia (Indian sub-connent and vicinity) - Mohenjo-daro , India - Indo-harrapa , present-day Pakistan In Sub-Saharan Africa - Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia) - the most extant example of pre-colonial, Negro megalithic architecture in Africa -

WESTERN -

ARCHITECTURE

Connuous Connuous evol evoluon uon of Eurocentri Eurocentricc (“western” (“western”)) architect architecture ure which which emerged emerged from from the western western “Cradle of Civilizaon” (Mediterranean Basin), established in Europe and spread all over the colonized world

NEAR EAST/ WEST ASIATIC -

Euphrates Rivers) Mesopotamia (Babylonia and Assyria; Ferle Crescent ; Tigris and Euphrates Great cies incl. Ur, Damascus, Babylon - ziggurat - stepped temple mountain Ex. Zi Z iggurat of Ur Hanging Gardens of Babylon











-

- cuneiform- system system of wring based on wedge-shaped characters - ar arch was was know known n (i.e (i.e.. “Assy Assyri rian an arch arch””, mor more e or or less less par parabol abolic ic)) but but not not the the true true arch arch with with centering voussoirs (see Palace of Ctesiphon ) Persia (of King Darius; Xerxes and subsequent dynases) - Da D arius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded the roads, collected axes and controlled the army Cap Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis - incl Hall of a Thousand Columns - throne room Apadana Emergence of megaron as dwelling type with porco as sheltering element - Darius Darius and Xerxe Xerxess tried tried to conq conquer uer Greece; Greece; with with the the satrap Ende Ended d wit with h the the defe defeat at of Dari Darius us III III to to Alexander the Great of Macedonia - Present Present-day -day descendan descendants ts are the Zoroa Zoroastri strians, ans, who who migrat migrated ed to India and built built the dhakma (towers of silence) - disncve tradion in le works incl. lapis lazuli (bluish hued leworks)

EGYPTIAN -

architecturally prolic pharaoh) Nile River of the Pharaohnic dynases esp. King Rameses II (most architecturally > Great Temple of Ammon in Karnak obelisk Pylon hypaethral hall - open to the sky hypostyle hall - many columned temple clerestory/ clearstory sarcophagus – elaborate con portcullis

-

> Rock cut temple @ Abu Simbel w/ 4-egies of himself at entrance - relocated to a higher elevaon because of the Aswan Dam Monument Monumental al architect architecture ure is primarily primarily dedicated dedicated for the aer-lif aer-life e representaons of religion, history and daily life Hieroglyphics were pictorial representaons Comm Common on capi capita tals ls used used were were the the lotu lotus, s, papyrus (open, half-bud) palm which echoed indigenous Egypan plants, and were were symbols symbols of ferlity as well as Hathor head serdab (temple area which contains statue of deceased) sphinx - mythical beast w/ body of lion and head of the Pharaoh

-











-

Pyra Pyrami mid d of Myk Mykerin erinos os (Men (Menka kaur ura) a) The The Great Great Sphin Sphinxx shows shows King King Chepr Chepren en as a man-li man-lion on prot protecn ecng g his country Step Stepp ped py pyramid of of Zoser @ Saqqara ; by architect Imhotep Ben Bent pyram yramiid in Sen Senefer eferu u

Mastabas

- Rectangular at-topped funerary mound, with baered side, covering a burial chamber below ground for the lesser nobility of Egypt w/ portcullis - grated doorway for control of oerings

-

Rock ock cut cut or rock ock hew hewn n temp temple less ex. Great Temple of Rameses II @ Abu-Simbel Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri Mammisi Temple became the prototype of the Greek Doric temples DWELLINGS Made of crude brick one or two storey high Flat roof deck

Classical Classical Architectur Architecture e

= “the “the glory glory of Greece Greece and the grand grandeur eur of of Rome” Rome”

The proporons of the Orders accdg to Sir William Chambers (Brish)- mnemonic Greek Doric1 Tuscan4 Roman Ionic2 Corinthian3 Doric5 No. of mes height of column is in relaon to its lower diameter “Order” = comprised of entablature entablature and column (and oponal pedestal) Sequence of development according to emergence in me Compare to 1. Greek Doric 6 2. Ionic 9 3. Corinthian 10 4. Tuscan 7 5. Roman Doric 8 6. Composite 10

6

7

8

9

10

Composite6

10











GREEK -on the Peloponnesus of the Balkan Peninsula of Europe - Greeks refer to themselves as “Hellenes” - carpentry wrought in stone Three periods of ancient Greek architecture 1) Helladic - Mycenean and Minoan (Cretan/ Aegean) architecture incl. Treasury of Atreus in Mycenae Palace of King Minos @ Knossus labyrinth minotaur 2) Hellenic - ag age of Cl Classical Greek Ar Architecture (Doric, Ionic and Corinthian ) - Under Pericles (444 BC to 429 BC), peak of Athenian prosperity the citadel of Athens Acropolis Incl. - Parthenon - Doric pseudo-dipteral pseudo-dipteral octastylar temple - Erechtheum - incl. the Porch of the Maidens w/ caryads canephorae canephorae – maidens with baskets - Propylaea - gateway structure to the whole complex - Temple of Nike Apteros - Stoa of Eumenes/ Aalus - odeion (Greek theater) - agora - pinacotheca - library/ archives stadium or hippodrome palaestra and gymnasium naval building tombs/ mausoleum Elements of an Order - triparte vercal divisions (top-middle-boom) ENTABLATURE Cornice (cyma recta; cyma reversa) Frieze (metope alternang with triglyph) Architrave COLUMN Capital (abacus; ec echinus; vo volute; acanthu thus + callicul culus) Sha (ung) Base (scoa) PEDESTAL (oponal) Cap Dado/ die Plinth











vercal supports column; engaged columns; anta; pilaster; baluster female caryads; canephorae male atlantemoras; atlantes; telamones

Denls Acroterion Antexae Guae On plan Naos pronaos cella opisthodomos

3) Hell Hellen enis isc c

- decl declin ine e of of Gre Greek ek civi civili liza zao on n dur durin ing g the the reig reign n of of Ale Alexa xand nder er the the Gre Great at

ROMAN - Trajan = most architecturally prolic Roman Emperor - Constanne = 1st Chrisan Roman Emperor 2 main periods 1. Etru Etrusc scan an(7 (750 50 BC BC to to 146 146 BC) BC) - bas basis is of the the Tus Tusca can, n, the the sim simpl ples estt Orde Orderr (!:7 (!:7 pro propo por ron ons; s; no no ungs on sha) 2. Roman Roman prope properr (146 (146 BC to 365 AD) - introduced Roman Doric (1:8 proporons) and the Composite (1:10 proporons, combines Ionic volutes and Corinthian capital) - combined trabeated methods of construcon with arch technology with the true (semicircular) arch -arch >> vault >> barrel vault >> groined vault >> dome/ cupola - introduced use of concrete, based on pozzolan pozzolan aggregates - methods of wall construcon > Opus Incertum - small stones, loose paern resembling polygonal walling > Opus Quadratum - rectangular blocks, with or without mortar joints > Opus Reculatum - net-like net-like eect, with ne joints running diagonally -bldg types













- one of largest domed structures in the world; incl. sunken ceiling panels (lacunaria) - built by Herod Agrippa - interiors lit by single opening in the dome oculus - named Sta. Maria Rotonda when it was converted to a Chrisan church) - forum - center of polical, social and economic aairs of the city (ex. Forum Romanum) Romanum) - basi basili lica ca - Roma Roman n hall hall of of jus jusce ce (ex (ex.. Basi Basili lica ca of of Tr Trajan ajan); ); a pro proto toty type pe for for la laer er-d -day ay Earl Early y Chrisan church plans - thermae (Roman public bath: calidarium; tepidarium; frigidarium; sudatorium; Ex. Thermae of Caracalla; Thermae of Dioclean - balneum (Roman private bath house) - Roma dwellings - domus - single-detached, single household residence in Roman cies - ins insul ulae ae - ten tenem emen ent, t, mul mul-ffamil amily y, mul mul-le lev vel apa apart rtme ment ntss in in Rom Roman an cie ciess - villa - palaal countryside residenal estate - circ circus us - for for hold holdin ing g of of cha chari riot ot races aces;; inc incll cac cacer eres es;; spi spina na (ex. (ex. Circ Circus us Ma Maxi ximu mus; s; site site of present-day Piazza Navona) - thea theate terr - semi semi-ci -circ rcul ular ar,, simi simila larr to to Greek Greek prot protot otyp ypes es;; but but with with op opon on of roo roofe fed d “sk “sken ene” e” building (ex. Theater of Marcellus) - amphitheater amphitheater - full circular or ellipcal; free-standing free-standing (ex. Colosseum a.k.a. Flavian amphitheateramphitheater- incl. velarium; vomitory) - triumphal arch - rostral column - aqueduct - duct for channeling water from source unto the the cies, es, carried on ers of mulple arches (ex. Pont du Gard, Nimes, France; in Segovia, Spain) - town gates - controlled entries to gated Roman selements (ex. Porta Nigra, Trier, Germany)

EARLY CHRISTIAN - transformed pagan society to the established religion founded by Jesus Christ and conrmed by St. Peter, Peter, the rst Pope - mostly recycling of building materials… and buildings themselves to accommodate the rites and acvies of the new











- ourished as the Eastern Roman Empire while the Western Western Roman Empire would fall under the “Dark Ages” - architectural style of even the current Eastern Churches (“Orthodox”); borne out of the “Great Schism” - centered in Constannople (Byzanum; (Byzanum; New Rome) … now Istanbul; in the crossroads of Asia and Europe – Bosporus- strategic geography; site of Hagia Sophia – without the minarets (Divine Wisdom) by Emperor Jusnian - also Moscow (St. Basil’s by Ivan the Terrible; example of tent-roof church surmounted by individual bulbous domes); Kiev (Cathedral of St. Michael the Arcangel); Venice (St. Mark’s) - terminologies Pende Penden nve ve - spher spherica icall triang triangles les to to trans transfor form m a squar square e bay bay into into a cir circul cular ar openi opening ng to to accommodate a drum or a dome Greek Greek cros crosss - chu churc rch h pla plan n wit with h equ equal al leng length thss of of arm armss Quin Quincu cunx nx - arr arran ange geme ment nt of ve ve de dene ned d bays bays on a nine nine-c -com ompa part rtmen mentt plan plan Conch - apsidal bay reserved for liturgical singer Koko Kokoshn shniki iki - arra array y of ogee ogee par parape apets ts on on the the roofs roofs of Orthod Orthodox ox church church buildi buildings ngs Skeuophylakion Skeuophylakion – the Byzanne Byzanne treasury house -dome types Saucer shaped dome (on pendenves) – ex. Hagia Sophia’s Sophia’s thin shell Dome on drum Dome Dome on on squi squinc nch h - squi squinc nch h = dev devic ice e to to conv convert ert a squ squar are e bay bay into into an an oct octag agon on// poly polygo gon n to to accommodate a dome/ drum Mold Moldav avia ian n dom dome e seri series es of of inc incre reas asin ingl gly y sma small ller er dom domes es on top top of of each each othe otherr wit with h ver verc ces es at centers of the sides of the dome below it

ROMANESQUE - Early Medieval of Western Europe in the unied Holy Roman Empire aer the “Dark Ages” 1. Italy 2. France 3. Spain 4. Germany 5. England - unied by the rst Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne











- best examples Italy :

Pisa Group (Lombard architecture) Cathedral Leaning Tower of Pisa (campanile) Bapstery Cemetery : whole towns Bolo Bologn gna a - famou amouss for “tow “tower ers” s” symbo ymboli lizi zing ng riv rival famil amilie ies’ s’ statu tatuss San Gimi Gimigna gnano no - diodioPalma almano nov va - exa examp mple le of of a pre pre-p -pla lann nned ed Med Medie iev val cit city y

France :

centered in in wi wine-growing Bu Burgundy re region Notre Dame le Grande, Poiers, France Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen

Spain

Sanago de Compostela Coca Castle

:

Germany:

England:

- mamposteria

Carolingian arc architecture Palane Chapel cathed edrrals als - Wor Worms ms Cath Cathed edrral westwerk cath - Church of the Apostles, Cologne - Speyer Cathedral Norman Tower of London Caernarvon Castle, Wales Durham Cathedral

- other terminologies Daub and wale Half-mber construcon Stave churches Nave











- characterized by

pointed arches Flying buresses Rib and panel vaulng Stained glass windows with tracery

- best examples France/ mainstream Gothic Notre Dame, Paris Chartres Cathedral Reims Cathedral Beauvais Cathedral Bourges Cathedral

Cologne Cathedral Ulm Cathedral

- w/ collapsed nave

- world’s tallest twin-spired Gothic cathedral (528’ high) - world’s tallest single-spired Gothic cathedral (530’ high)

England

- start of the Reformaon movement; ex. King Henry VIII (formed the Church of England/ Anglican Church) - unique in England because plan is similar to France/ Westminster Abbey mainstream Gothic Salisbury Cathedral - with relieving arches @ crossing c rossing Wells Cathedral - most magnicent fan vaulng Kings College Chapel

Italy

a.k.a. “Late Medieval”; debased Gothic “duomo” – main church building in any Italian city Milan Cathedral - famous for “zebra” cladding Siena Cathedral Florence Ca Cathedral - Sta. Maria del Fiore ? Italian Gothic ?; Late Medieval?; Early Renaissance? Renaissance? - Arnulfo di Cambio original design - Gioo campanile - Filippo Brunelleschi dome











thru Filippo Brunelleschi thru the 1st ocial Renaissance building Ospedale degli di Inocens (Foundling Hospital), Florence EARLY EARLY RENAISSANCE RE NAISSANCE - in Italy incl. “ Trecento”; “Quarocento”; “Quarocento”; “Cinquecento” - transion from Gothic to Renaissance proper - examples Palazzo Pi, nr. Florence Palazzo Riccardi , Florence Palazzo Vecchio , Florence basic vercal levels of a palazzo Basement - w/ principal apartments Piano nobile ac Chateau de Chambord, France Chateau de Chenonceaux, France Azay- le- Rideau , France

Hardwick Hall, England

- “Hardwick Hall… … all al l window; no wall.”

Wollaton Hall, England - Italian Renaissance has a tendency for horizontality (corbel table; sng course; pediments; other Classical mofs; and a tendency to hide t he roof itself - French Renaissance has a tendency for vercality (high pitched roofs; chimneys; dormer < lucarne>; < oeil-de-bouef = = ox eye windows; oculus> turrets … and other elements which give a variegated silhouee)

HIGH RENAISSANCE/ MANNERIST/ PROTO-BAROQUE - reappearance of the Classical Orders ( SEE MNEMONICS AS COMPILED BY W. CHAMBERS ) - prominent personalies emerged incl: (early career) MICHELANGELO Buonaro - Laurenan Library, Florence - considered 1st professional architect of the western world Andrea PALLADIO designed the VILLA CAPRA (Villa Rotonda), Vicenza













Michelangelo himself - piazza and the enclosing colonnade of the Tuscan Order Order Bernini etc. - in Italy, Baroque was used to portray the power of the Roman Catholic Church thru the Counter Reformaon Reformaon therefore therefore Jesuits built built Il Gesu, Rome - used scroll buresses - elsewhere, Baroque in its restrained form was also use to portray the increasing inuence of the Reformed Churches (ex. Church of England) - San Carlo alle Quaro Fontane (San Carlino), Rome - featuring oval (favorite (favorite mof of the Renaissance) cartouche on pediment; even oor plan is oval - landscaping and the related discipline of interior design emerged/ exemplied in the residence of the French monarchy (King Louis XIV; “The Sun King”) Versailles - chateau designed by Louis le Vau - interiors (Galerie des Glaces; Hall of Mirrors) designed by ----------- la landscape designed by by Andre le Notre in French “Grand Style” of formal landscaping topiary parterre bosco/ bosque follies gazebo











ROCOCO - laer phase of the Baroque; predominantly predominantly a Roman Catholic architectural phenomena - from “rocaile”, “rocaile”, French for awed pearl; but reached its peak in Central Europe (southern Germany; Austria) Ex. Germa man ny - Chu Churrch of the the Fou Fourt rtee een n Hel Helpe perr Sai Sain nts Vierzehnhieligen , Ger Oobeuren , Germany Asamkirche , Munich Karlskirche, Vienna, Austria Residenz , Potsdam, Germany Borsen , Copenhagen, Denmark - featuring dragon tail spire above roof

REVIVALISM - incl. “Bale of Styles ” in architecture including Anquarianism prolongaon prolongaon of the past historical styles rivalry between Classicism (the Orders) versus An-Classicism (basically pro-Medieval) Neo-classicism Example the Federal buildings of Washington, DC U.S. Capitol Lincoln Memorial Washington Memorial 555’ high obelisk Jeerson Memorial











Naonal Romancism - started as a Scandinavian movement Stockholm Town Hall (Stadhuis), Sweden by Ragnar Ostberg Copenhagen - in inspiraon fo for Ba Bacla claran Ch Church, ch, Pa Paranaque Grundtvig Church, Co by J.V. Klimt

MODERNISM - all architectural styles which do not look at the past; forward-looking, forward-looking, geared towards an improved, ancipated futurisc way of life - from late 19th century to the present incl. “Fin-de-sieclism” – all styles covering the end of the 19 th to the start of the 20th century - related: Central Park = New York’s York’s “lungs of the city”; Frederick Law Olmsted + Calvert Vaux Early Modernism Art Nouveau from 1890’s to 1910’s Started in Belgium Examples Hotel Ta Tassel, Br Brussels works of Hector Guimard (Paris Metro subway entrances) works of Antonio Gaudi (of Barcelona) Casa Mila











Construcvism

early 20th century avant-garde Modernism of Russia exemplars incl. Vladimir Tatlin Designed (unbuilt) Tatlin Tower Wassily Kandinsky

Internaonal Internaonal Style - peak of Modernism; from 1932 to 1960’s; onwards onwards - “Form ever follows funcon.” - “Form follows funcon.” - “Less is more.” - “God is in the details.”

Examples

Villa Savoie

Le Corbusier











designed his mothers house NYC by Ph Philip Jo Johnson + John Bu Burgee A.T.&T. (Sony) Tower , NY Portland Building by Michael Graves Humana Buildng by Michael Graves

Prui-Igoe housing scheme , St. Louis, Missouri by Minoru Yamasaki demolion started the beginning of the end of Modernism Deconstrucvism Frank Gehry Guggenheim Museum , Bilbao, Spain made of tanium Beekman Tower or New York by Gehry (8 Spruce Street), NYC NYC Frank Gehry Century Spire, Maka Daniel Libeskind

current crop of “evoluonary “evoluonary architecture”/ Late Styles include genres like

Parametricism iniated by Zaha Hadid with partner Patrick Schumacher Meta-raonalism













NON-WESTERN 1.

ARCHITECTURE

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE

- founded 632 AD by the Prophet Mohammad in Mecca and Medina and spread all thruout the Middle East - Sunni (majority) versus Shiite (Iran, Yemen, elsewhere) - basic elements incl. kibla Mosque Masjid Jami masjid Camii Madrassah











in Islamic Islamic planning planning

MOGUL

Taj Mahal, Agra, India Gol Gumbaz, India Tomb of Imad-al-Daula, Delhi, India Great Mosque of Lahore, Pakistan Pakistan

OTTOMAN

Ayasofya Ayasofya Camii (Hagia Sophia converted to mosque) Suleymaniye Camii, Istanbul Sultanahmet Camii (Blue Mosque), Istanbul Mostar, Bosnia-Hercegovina











Parsism (in India); Zoroastrianism (in Iran) – dhakma (for sky burial)

3. BUDDHIST BUDDHIST ARCHITEC ARCHITECTURE TURE - founded in Lumpini, India by Siddharta Gautama (The Buddha); spread throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Himalayas and East Asia - shares some common elements with Hinduism Nirvana reincarnaon Mandala Mt. Meru - architectural terminologies & best examples ½) stupa stambha Dagaba- Sri Lanka chaitya











South America Inca Cuzco (“navel of the world”; layout depicting the form of a puma; Sacsahuaman; Sacsahuaman; Tiahuanaco; Lake Titicaca Macchu Picchu – most extant mountain fortress in the Andes Puma Puku - Andean settlement established by unknown civilization abandoned long before Incas emerged

5. Architecture Architecture of other non-W non-Western estern cultures cultures and religions religions











-

Apayao

binuron

Tinggian abung Gaddang kulub Ilongot qabung accommodate multiple famil

- boat-shape roof similar to Austronesian prototypes - closest in form to Ilocano kalapaw - corral integrated unto house cage - simple gable-roofed dwelling but can

download “Cordillera Architecture” Architecture” by William Henry Scott “To Dwell in the Granary” by Koji Sato both available online













Cocina Entresuelo Cuarto Balconaje Azotea

- secret room

- service yard











Benguet Center @ Ortigas Center (demolished to make way for the BDO headquarters designed by Arquitectonica) Hyatt Regency Manila (bastardized into “Midas Hotel”) old Davao City airport terminal buildings











- @ former site of International School, Makati along Kalayaan Avenue, parceled into Century City and Picar Place right beside each other, collectively comprise perhaps the highest concentration of highest density, high rise real estate development anywhere in the Philippinesincidentally becoming a showcase of prominent architects showcasing their











SMX Convention Center SM Mall of Asia Arena SM Aura, Taguig SM Megamall Tower SM City Cebu











12

HOTEL INTERCONTINENTAL MANILA

1978

Makati

Leandro V. Locsin

13

MANILA GARDEN

1977

Makati

Gabriel Fomoso

One of first bldgs. in then Makati Commercial Center , in International Style Y-shaped floor plate

Baroque folly Demolished; to be replaced by generic cookie-cutter cookie-cutter glass box high rises Went under various

History of Archtecture

Recommend Documents