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A l-Azhar l-Azhar Medical School ( AMS )
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HISTOLOGY EXAMs ( MCQs Part "2" ) 2 nd Year
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By : Mohammed M. M. M.. Manaa
m 4 mn@hotmail .com m 4 mn 123 @yahoo .com www .esnips .com / web / m 4 mn
WWW.ESNIPS.COM / WEB / M4 MN
Multiple Choice Questions : Course 274203 These are multiple choice questions (not single choice). The answer to each part may be correct or incorrect.
HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Fixatives: stop the dynamic processes in cells render cell components insoluble denature proteins prevent autolysis preserve cell structure
2 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
histological stains are used to: increase contrast in cell components localize specific enzymes distinguish between different tissues identify specific cellular components fix tissues
3 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Hematoxylin: is a basic dye stains collagen blue is an histochemical stain stains nuclei blue stains basic components of cytoplasmic proteins
4 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Typical basic dyes include: hematoxylin eosin methylene blue toluidine blue thionin
5 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Vital dyes are: used on fixed material used on living cells used to stain sections particulate and colored toxic to cells
6 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 8
Examples of vital dyes are: hematoxylin eosin neutral red Janus green trypan blue Increased contrast in histological preparations can be achieved using: phase contrast microscopy interference microscopy filters stains polarizing microscopy
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Which of the following microscopical techniques are regularly used to examine living cells? phase contrast microscopy interference microscopy fluorescence microscopy transmission electron microscopy scanning electron microscopy
9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Fluorescence microscopy: can be performed using normal light microscopes requires the use of special microscopes commonly uses ultraviolet light as the illuminating source requires a darkened room requires special precautions to protect the eyes
10 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(e)
Total preparations: are prepared with the aid of a microtome must be thin and transparent can only be made made in a very limited number of cases contain components that retain their spatial relationship one to the other require continuous refocussing to visualize the components
11 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Histological preparations not needing embedding include: total preparations frozen sections smears cell squashes cell scrapings (exfoliative cytology)
12 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The advantages of frozen sections include: rapid processing no need for embedding minimal destruction of enzymatic activities minimal extraction of lipids minimal diffusion of small molecules
13
Wax-embedded sections for normal light microscopy are usually cut on the microtome at the following thickness: 0.5-1.0 mm 0.1-0.5 mm 0.5-1.0 µm 5.0-10.0 µm 5.0-10.0 nm
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 14
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 15
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 16
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The effective resolution obtainable in standard light microscopes used for histology is approximately: 25 µm 2.5 µm 0.25 µm 25 nm 0.25 nm Which of the following cell structures can be resolved by standard light microscopy? mitochondria plasma membranes nucleoli individual ribosomes lipid droplets SI units of measurement in histology include the nanometer (nm), which is equivalent to: -3 10 m -6 10 m -9 10 m -12 10 m -15 10 m
17
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
SI units of measurement in histology include the micrometer (µm), which is equivalent to: -3 10 m -6 10 m -9 10 m -12 10 m -15 10 m
18 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Lysosomes are organelles that are: cytoplasmic membrane-bound packed with acid hydrolytic enzymes active in intracellular digestive processes contain alkaline phosphatase activity
19
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Which of the following are anisotropic (birefringent) when viewed by polarizing microscopy? bone A-band of striated muscle I-band of striated muscle crystals collagen
20 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Lipofuscin is: a basic stain visible by light microscopy in unstained sections a cytoplasmic inclusion a brown-colored pigment a form of secondary lysosome
21 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Lipofuscin is common in aged: smooth muscle cells cardiac muscle skeletal muscle neurons suprarenal glands
EPITHELIUM 22 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Characteristics of epithelium include: cells tightly joined to each other abundance of intercellular substance ability to regenerate rapidly support for other tissues or organs location on the border with the external environment
23 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Epithelium is a tissue that: is well-vascularized contains polarized cells can develop from all three germ layers can develop from embryonic mesenchyme is separated from connective tissue by a basal lamina
24
Which features characterize epithelium with a mainly protective role in the body? stratified mucus-secreting abundant microvilli active in antibody production ciliated
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 25
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 26 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Epithelial cells specialized for ion-transport are found in the: skin ducts of salivary glands ducts of the pancreas kidney tubules gall bladder Transitional epithelium is: pseudostratified ciliated stratified squamous stratified columnar stratified with surface cells that are larger and more more rounded than those of the underlying layers la yers
27
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 28
Which of the following structures may be found on the apical surface of simple epithelium: microvilli desmosomes stereocilia cilia keratin
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
On the border separating epithelial cells from the underlying connective tissue can be found: tight junctions microvilli basal lamina hemidesmosomes cilia
29 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Epithelium with a "brush border" lines the: respiratory tract proximal segment of the nephron intestinal absorptive cells ureter gall bladder
30 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Epithelium whose function is chiefly protective is: stratified easily regenerated coated with microvilli very active in ion-exchange often keratinized
31 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Simple squamous epithelium is found in the: pericardium pleura peritoneum visceral layer of Bowman's capsule of renal bodies gall bladder
32 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Mucus is secreted by: goblet cells gastric lining cells cells of the parotid gland endocrine glands vaginal epithelium
CONNECTIVE TISSUE 33 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Mesenchyme : is only found in embryos is the source of all connective tissue cells originates only from mesoderm can originate in some cases from ectoderm consists of cells with long processes
34 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Mesenchyme cells typically possess: clear boundaries oval nuclei well-developed nucleoli long cytoplasmic processes large numbers of ribosomes
35 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Fibroblasts: are the main cell type found in connective tissue synthesize collagen synthesize glycosaminoglycans act as phagocytes produce antibodies
36 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Fibroblasts synthesize: hyaluronic acid heparin histamine elastic fibers reticular fibers
37 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Fibroblasts secrete: collagen fibers only elastic fibers only reticular fibers only amorphous, extracellular material steroid hormones
38 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Loose connective tissue contains: cells fibers amorphous matter water blood capillaries
39 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Collagen fibers are present in: the intercellular substance of connective tissue the basal lamina supporting epithelial cells bone matrix cartilage matrix teeth
40 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Collagen is present in: epidermis nails tendons aponeuroses ligaments
41 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Collagen fibers are: acidophilic basophilic metachromatic anisotropic (birefringent) the main source of hydroxyproline in the body
42 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Collagen fibers are: easily stretched able to contract resistant to tearing seen to have transverse striation in histological preparations yellow in unstained preparations
43 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Elastin is an important component of: skin blood vessels epiglottis tendon loose (areolar) connective tissue
44 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Elastic fibers are: yellow in fresh (unstained) preparations white in fresh (unstained) preparations colorless in fresh (unstained) preparations formed by smooth muscles formed by fibroblasts
45 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Reticular fibers are: readily visible in H&E preparations PAS-positive argyrophilic composed mainly of collagen associated with the basal laminae of epithelial cells
46 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Reticular fibers are abundant in the: spleen lymph nodes red bone marrow liver kidney
47 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Macrophages: may be fixed and non-mobile may use ameboid movement to wander through tissues are phagocytic possess large numbers of lysosomes develop from embryonic mesenchyme
48 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Foreign body giant cells: possess several nuclei are phagocytic develop from fusion of macrophages develop at sites of foreign bodies in tissues produce antibodies
49 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Adipose tissue: is a form of connective tissue may constitute up to to 20% or more of total total body weight weight in in adults adults provides thermal insulation is an important reservoir of energy may act as shock absorbers in the soles of the feet feet
50 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Fat cells (adipocytes) are usually abundant in the: epidermis dermis hypodermis aged parathyroid glands yellow bone marrow
51 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
White fat cells (adipocytes) of adults contain: a centrally-placed nucleus a flattened peripheral nucleus many small lipid droplets within cells (multilocular) a single large lipid droplet in each cell (unilocular) abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum
52 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Brown fat cells are: unilocular multilocular more numerous than white fat cells found mainly in fetuses common in adults
53 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Lipid of fat cells (adipocytes) is: lost mainly during fixation partly leached out during dehydration dissolved by clearing agents such as chloroform or xylene preserved in osmium tetroxide-fixed material stained in fresh material by dyes such as oil red O
54 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Mast cells have granules that: are acidophilic are lysosomes contain histamine contain heparin stain metachromatically with toluidine blue
55 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Mast cells are: epithelial cells connective tissue cells a source of antibody production phagocytic involved in immunological responses to allergies
56 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Plasma cells have: eccentrically-placed nuclei well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum phagocytic ability basophilic cytoplasm large coarse cytoplasmic granules
57 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Plasma cells are commonly found in: peripheral blood connective tissue intestinal mucosa areas subject to chronic inflammation bone marrow
58
Which of the following cell types belong to the Mononuclear Phagocyte System? alveolar macrophages (dust cells) of the lung blood monocytes Kupffer cells mast cells melanocytes
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 59 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Mucous connective tissue: is present in adults is present in fetuses is typical of the umbilical cord contains stellate fibroblasts contains jelly-like, intercellular substance with collagenous fibers
60 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Tendons are: classified as regular dense connective tissue white in the fresh (unfixed) state virtually inextensible rich in elastic fibers found at the origin and insertion of skeletal muscles
61 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Tendons seen in histological preparations show: parallel bundles of collagen fibers parallel bundles of elastic fibers fibrocytes situated between bundles of fibers a pink (acidophilic) staining after H&E an abundant blood supply
62 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Aponeuroses are: found in the central nervous system found in the peripheral nervous system flattened sheets of dense connective tissue connected to flat muscles composed of collagenous bundles and fibroblasts
63 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Ligaments: connect bones to bones only may connect muscle to bone are white in the fresh (unfixed) state have regularly-arranged fibroblasts have more elasticity than tendons
CARTILAGE 64 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Perichondrium is found: covering all cartilage in synovial joints in fibrocartilage in fetuses only in intervertebral disks
65 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Perichondrium: contains chondroprogenitor cells surrounds hyaline cartilage lines articular cartilage covers elastic cartilage contains blood vessels
66 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Perichondrium is essential for: interstitial growth of cartilage appositional growth of cartilage regeneration of cartilage development of chondroblasts development of elastic cartilage
67 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The interstitial matrix of hyaline cartilage contains: blood capillaries nerves collagen fibers keratan sulfate chondroitin-4-sulfate
68 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The matrix of hyaline cartilage: is mainly basophilic stains well with periodic acid-Schiff technique (PAS) stains metachromatically contains sulfated proteoglycans contains elastic fibers
69 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Functions of cartilage include: embryonic model prior to development of long bones provision of rigidity to soft tissues requiring support participation in increase in length of long bones provision of a smooth surface for epiphyses in articulating joints support for tubular structures of upper respiratory tract
70 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Interstitial growth in cartilage involves: mitoses additional of new cells from the perichondrium growth of daughter cells deep in the matrix formation of isogenous cells formation of territorial matrix
71 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Elastic cartilage is found in the: trachea epiglottis pubic symphysis external ear ribs
72 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The intercellular matrix of elastic cartilage contains: collagen fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers keratin keratohyalin
73 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Fibrocartilage is typically found in the: epiglottis pubic symphysis intervertebral disks larynx sternum
74 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The matrix of fibrocartilage has large amounts of: collagen fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers amorphous ground substance lipids
75 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The intervertebral cartilaginous disks possess: hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage an annulus fibrosus a nucleus pulposus
BONE 76 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Woven bone is: common in adults typical of all spongy bone synonymous with primary or immature bone synonymous with secondary bone found in secondary centers of ossification
77
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Which of the following techniques permit bone to be examined by light microscopy? ground sections decalcification in acids chelation with calcium-binding agents microtomy with hardenened tungsten carbide knives prolonged immersion in absolute alcohol
78 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Flat bones ("membrane bones"): develop by endochondral ossification develop by intramembranous ossification develop as a result of epiphysial plate activity are composed of both compact and spongy bone contain bone marrow
79 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Diploe is: found in long bones found in flat bones found in irregular bones an area of spongy bone an area of compact bone
80 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The osteon (Haversian system) is: the morphofunctional unit of compact bone found in spongy bone constant in form (not subject to structural change) delimited from adjacent osteons by a cement line involved in the formation of the outer circumferential lamellae
81 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The osteon: is composed of woven bone is found in flat bones develops as a result of periosteal cell activity contains Sharpey's fibers is composed of concentric lamellae surrounding a vascular canal
82 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The collagen fibers in a mature osteon are: orderly-arranged lacking orderly arrangement within a single lamella organized so that the direction differs in adjacent lamella birefringent (anisotropic) when seen in polarizing microscopy non-birefringent (isotropic) when seen in polarizing microscopy
83 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The process of bone remodelling: is found only in fetuses continues throughout life even into old age results in the formation of new osteons allows the growing bone to respond to mechanical stresses allows the release of calcium from bone to to the blood
84 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The primary center of ossification in long bones develops in: epiphyses metaphyses diaphyses synovial joints hyaline cartilage models
85 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Secondary centers of ossification in long bones develop in: diaphyses metaphyses epiphyses bone marrow synovial joints
86 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Closure of the epiphyses of long bones: occurs before birth occurs after puberty prevents further elongation of long bones may be influenced by hormones involves the loss of the growth plates
87 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Osteoblasts: have many nuclei stain strongly acidophilic develop from osteoprogenitor cells in the periosteum show pronounced alkaline phosphatase activity are situated on the surface of developing bone tissue
88 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Osteoclasts: have a single nucleus stain strongly acidophilic are often situated in Howship's lacunae are situated at sites of bone resorption develop from monocytes
89 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Which cells are typically found in Howship's lacunae? osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts mast cells
90 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Hydroxyapatite: is amorphous is crystalline contains phosphate can develop in cartilage matrix develops within osteocytes
91 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Volkmann's canals are: in direct communication with Haversian canals vascular (containing blood vessels) present in trabecular (spongy) bone surrounded by concentric lamella mainly transverse
92 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Synovial fluid: contains fats contains hyaluronic acid is secreted by the synovial membrane is secreted by articular cartilage provides nutrients for articular cartilage
MUSCLE 93 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Smooth muscle fibers are found in the: pupil of the eye walls of blood vessels skin walls of the respiratory tract walls of the gall bladder
94 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Cells of smooth muscle: are spindle-shaped have peripherally situated nuclei have a single nucleus have distinct sarcomeres are in cell-to-cell contact by means of nexuses (gap-junctions)
95 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Smooth muscle fibers: show transverse striations are voluntary are innervated by the autonomic nervous system possess actin and myosin have cytoplasm that is stained acidophilic
96 (a) (b)
(c) (d) (e)
The sheath surrounding each smooth muscle cell: contains reticular fibers contains amorphous substance that stains positively with PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) technique may contain elastic fibers is well-vascularized is secreted by the muscle cell itself
97 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Cardiac muscle fibers are: involuntary syncytial striated branching constant in diameter
98 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Cardiac muscle fibers have: centrally-located nuclei large well-developed mitochondria abundant myoglobulin glycogen deposits frequent deposits of lipofuscin
99 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Intercalated disks are: found only in cardiac muscle found between vertebrae composed of cartilage visible by light microscopy sites of local concentrations of calcium
100 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The cells of the conductive system system of the heart are: Purkinje fibers striated muscle cells nerve cells smooth muscle cells richer in cytoplasm and glycogen than other myocardial cells
101 The impulse generation for myocardial contraction comes from: (a) atrioventricular node (AV node) (b) sinoatrial node (SA node) (c) cranial nerves (d) Purkinje fibers (e) bundle of His 102 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The cells of the sinoatrial node (SA node) are: specialized nerve cells modified cardiac muscle cells regular muscle cells the site of the so-called "pacemaker" embedded in a network of dense connective tissue
103 Each sarcomere of human human skeletal (striated) muscle muscle is is a myofibrillar unit between two: (a) intercalated disks (b) H-bands (c) Z-lines (d) M-bands (e) transverse tubules 104 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
When voluntary muscle contracts in each sarcomere the: thick myofilaments contract thin myofilaments contract myofilaments retain their length Z-lines are brought closer together I-bands become more elongated
105 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Myosin of human skeletal muscle is: a structural protein isotropic (non-birefringent) in polarizing microscopy attached to the Z-lines the main component of the I-band composed of light and heavy meromyosin
105 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Actin of human skeletal muscle is: a structural protein predominantly found in the A-band anisotropic (birefringent) in polarizing microscopy present in a globular form (G-actin) present in a fibrous form (F-actin)
106 Which of the following following act as calcium-binding proteins in in skeletal muscle? (a) actin (b) myosin (c) troponin (d) tropomyosin (e) myoglobin 107 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Myoglobin: is a structural protein found in voluntary muscle is present in cardiac muscle has an oxygen-binding affinity gives the red color to muscle is present in erythrocytes
108 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The T tubule system of human skeletal muscle is: composed of tubular transverse invaginations of the sarcolemma found at the site of the Z-lines found at the area of overlap of A- and I-bands involved in the initiation of sarcomere contraction associated with terminal swellings of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
109 (a) (b) (c) (d)
Contraction of human skeletal muscle involves: innervation via motor end plates (neuromuscular junctions) depolarization of the sarcolemma depolarization of the T-tubule membrane release of stored stored calcium ions from from the terminal terminal sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium binding to troponin
(e)
110 Red striated muscle muscle fibers (type I) compared to to white striated muscle fibers (type II) have more abundant: (a) mitochondria (b) myoglobin (c) ATP-ase activity (d) succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity (e) cytochrome enzyme activity 111 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Which of the following structures are syncytia? cardiac muscle cells smooth muscle cells skeletal striated muscle fibers osteoclasts foreign body giant cells
NERVE TISSUE 112 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Neurons are characterized by: irritability contractility conductivity mesenchymal origin possession of cellular processes
113 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Neurofibrils are: present exclusively in nerve cells abundant in perikarya present in neuronal processes present in the axon hillock visible by light microscopy after impregnation with silver salts
114 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The axon hillock is: close to the perikaryon close to the axon terminal rich in Nissl bodies restricted to one per neuron the start (origin) of the axon
115 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Nerve cell bodies (perikarya) have: a single regular nucleus pronounced nucleoli well-developed Golgi bodies abundant mitochondria neurofibrils
116 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The receptive segment of multipolar neurons includes the: dendrites perikaryon axons axon collaterals terminal synapses
117 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Nissl bodies are found in: synapses axon hillocks neuroglia sites of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in perikarya sites of rough endoplasmic reticulum in perikarya
118 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Axons are: processes of nerve cells processes of astroglia restricted to one per neuron usually longer than dendrites usually more numerous than dendrites
119 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Dendrites: increase the receptive area of neurons may have more than one synapse are of constant diameter more or less may have a myelinated sheath contain neurotubules
120 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Multipolar neurons: are the most common type of neuron have more than one axon have more than one dendrite include the motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system can easily be identified in sections stained with H&E
121 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Bipolar neurons are found in the: retina vestibular ganglia cochlear ganglia dorsal root (spinal) ganglia olfactory nasal epithelium
122 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Unipolar ("pseudounipolar") neurons: lack processes develop from bipolar neurons are found in spinal ganglia are found in cranial ganglia transmit sensory impulses
123 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The myelin sheath of axons may be formed by: fibrous astrocytes plasmatic astrocytes Schwann cells oligodendrocytes microglia
124 (a) (b) (c)
(e)
The myelin sheath of peripheral nerve fibers: is stained well with hematoxylin is stained well with osmium tetroxide composed mainly of many concentrically arranged cell membranes is formed from the membranes of axons (axolemmal membranes) surrounds dendrites
125 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Nodes of Ranvier are: found only in peripheral nerves found in axons of the central nervous system visible at the light microscopic level sites of saltatory conduction artefacts of preparation
126 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Neuroglia are: more numerous than neurons essential for normal functioning of neurons in synaptic contact with other cells able to transmit nerve impulses able to divide after birth
(d)
127 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Microglia: are found only in the central nervous system are found in both gray and white matter originate from the embryonic neural tube originate from mesenchyme are phagocytic
128 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Fibrous astrocytes: line the ventricles of the brain are found mainly in the gray matter form part of the neuropil participate in the blood-brain barrier form pedicels, which terminate on small blood vessels
129 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Oligodendrocytes: are found in gray matter are found in white matter are usually smaller than astrocytes have more processes than astrocytes have longer processes than astrocytes
130 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Ependymal cells: are epithelia are neuroglia develop from the embryonic neural tube line the ventricles of the central nervous system may be columnar
131 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Every reflex arc includes a: receptor sensory neuron synapses motor neuron effector
132 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
In chemical synapses are found: fusion of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic membranes synaptic cleft mitochondria neurofibrils synaptic vesicles
133 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Synapses may be found connecting: axon to axon axon to dendrite dendrite to dendrite axon to perikaryon (soma) perikaryon to perikaryon
134 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Synaptic vesicles: are transported to the synapse by axonic flow are transported both anterograde and retrograde in axons contain neurotransmitters are present in myoneural junctions are found in the synaptic cleft
135 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The post-synaptic membrane of myoneural junctions has: synaptic vesicles acetylcholinesterase activity direct contact with the presynaptic membrane many invaginations that penetrate the muscle fiber receptor sites for neurotransmitters
136 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The white matter of the spinal cord contains: axons dendrites perikarya protoplasmatic astrocytes Schwann cells
137 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Neuropil is rich in: perikarya axons synapses neuroglia connective tissue
138 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Corpuscles of Pacini (Vater-Pacini) are: encapsulated receptors non-encapsulated receptors often large enough to be visible to the naked eye found in connective tissue of fingers found in the pancreas
139 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Meissner bodies are: encapsulated receptors present in the dermis temperature receptors touch receptors (mechanoreceptors) present in joints, muscles and tendons
140 Axons of injured peripheral nerves result in an "axonal reaction" with the following changes seen in the perikaryon: (a) shrinkage (b) swelling (c) dissolution of Nissl bodies (d) disruption of Golgi bodies (e) decrease in ribonucleoproteins 141 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Neuromuscular spindles are: encapsulated receptors sensory receptors visceral receptors synonymous with motor endplates able to respond to skeletal muscle stretching
142 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Pyramidal neurons: are found in the cerebellum are found in the cerebrum are multipolar stained well after silver impregnation have large numbers of synapses on their dendrites
143 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Purkinje neurons: are found in the cerebellum are found in the cerebrum form part of the conducting system of the heart stained well after silver impregnation have a single axon that enters the white matter
BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS 144 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Hemoglobin is: synthesized by erythrocytes a conjugated protein a pigment incorporating iron able to form stable combinations with carbon monoxide chemically different in the fetus from that of the adult
145 The maturation process of developing erythrocytes involves a decrease in: (a) cell volume (b) nucleolar volume (c) nuclear volume (d) the number of polyribosomes (e) the amount of hemoglobin 146 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Erythrocytes in adults develop in the: peripheral blood reticular tissue of red bone marrow spleen lymph nodes liver
147 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Erythrocytes in adults: have a life-span of about three weeks are flexible are biconcave disks are nucleated cells contain myoglobin
148 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Reticulocytes are: only found in bone marrow found in peripheral blood precursors of leukocytes precursors of erythrocytes stained by cresyl blue because of ribosomal RNA
149 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Bone marrow contains: developing erythrocytes adipose cells megakaryocytes reticular fibers lymphatic vessels
150 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Blood plasma proteins include: hemoglobin fibrinogen albumin prothrombin myoglobin
151 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Basophils have: smaller dimensions than erythrocytes segmented nuclei irregular twisted S-shaped nuclei irregular coarse granules fine regular granules
152 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Basophils: contain histamine contain heparin have metachromatic granules are identical to mast cells have kidney-shaped nuclei
153 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Eosinophils possess: spherical nuclei bilobed nuclei coarse specific granules granules with crystalloids granules with lysosomal enzymes
154 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The granules of neutrophils represent: mitochondria concentrations of ribosomes typical lysosomes glycogen structures identical to granules of mast cells
155 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Neutrophils possess: a segmented nucleus a regular rounded nucleus large acidophilic granules small and large basophilic granules small delicate granules that stain purple with Giemsa's blood stain
156 Pus accumulating in boils or abscesses is mainly composed of: (a) mucus (b) lymph (c) monocytes (d) dead bacteria (e) neutrophils 157 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Monocytes: may develop into plasma cells develop in the bone marrow have segmented nuclei have kidney-shaped nuclei have prominent cytoplasmic granules
158 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Lymphocytes in human blood: constitute 25-30% of all the leukocytes belong to the "granulocytes" produce fibrinogen multiply in the bone marrow develop from stem cells that originate in the bone marrow
159 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
T lymphocytes are: present in both peripheral blood and lymph derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow short-lived cells most numerous in the thymus located in the paracortical zone of lymph nodes
160 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Blood platelets in humans: possess nuclei develop in bone marrow from megakaryocytes possess a granulomere and hyalomere are stored in the spleen release vasoconstrictors during blood clotting
161 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Red bone marrow marrow in adults is present in the: sternum vertebrae ribs diploe of flat bones diaphyses of long bones
162 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Typical muscular arteries possess: a muscular adventitia an inner elastic limiting membrane many concentric elastic membranes in the tunica media concentric smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media vasa vasorum that penetrate to the tunica intima
163 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Vasa vasorum are: small blood vessels small lymph vessels found in the tunica intima of blood vessels primarily found in the adventitia of blood vessels the main main source of oxygen for the tunica media of arteries
164 Elastic arteries: (a) are found mainly near the heart (b) have many concentric, fenestrated elastic laminae in the tunica media (c) tunica media with smooth muscle fibers (d) allow a more constant flow of blood under high blood pressure and flow (e) have a series of valves throughout their length
165 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Arterioles have: diameters smaller than 0.5mm a clear subendothelial layer about 4-5 layers of smooth muscle in their walls no muscle in their walls vasa vasorum
166 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Blood capillaries have: smooth muscle in their walls a single layer of endothelial cells endothelial cells with a basal lamina associated perivascular cells or pericytes a constant diameter
167 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Pericytes (perivascular cells): are found on all capillaries are found on arterioles originate from mesenchyme are relatively undeveloped cells can develop into smooth muscle cells
168 Veins have: (a) walls that are thinner than those of equivalent-sized arteries (b) an adventitial adventitial layer that is better developed than that of equivalent-sized arteries (c) a lining of fenestrated endothelium (d) smooth muscles in their tunica media (e) muscular valves 169 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Lymphatic vessels as seen in histological preparations: are always lined with endothelium have erythrocytes within their lumina have very thin walls have muscles in their walls have valves
SKIN 170 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The skin plays important roles in body: osmoregulation thermoregulation sensory reception excretion mechanical defence
171 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Thick skin is found on the: scalp palms of the hands soles of the feet lips nipples
172 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The epidermis of thick skin has: fat cells melanocytes many capillaries a clear layer (stratum lucidum) a thick horny layer (stratum corneum)
173 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(e)
Melanocytes: are the only location of melanin pigment in thin skin have long processes that penetrate between keratinocytes synthesize tyrosinase increase their biosynthetic activities in response to ultraviolet light are mainly found in the granular layer (stratum granulosum)
174 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The dermis: originates from embryonic ectoderm is composed of a single homogeneous layer contains sweat glands contains abundant arteriovenous anastomoses contains abundant reticular fibers
175 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The reticular layer of the dermis is rich in: loose connective tissue irregular, dense connective tissue regular, dense connective tissue mast cells elastic fibers
176 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The hypodermis: is an integral layer of the skin is subcutaneous tissue is rich in adipose tissue binds the skin to adjacent organs permits skin mobility
177 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Sebaceous glands are: present in thick skin only found where hairs are present merocrine (eccrine) glands holocrine glands endocrine glands
178 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Sebaceous glands secrete: via short secretory ducts on the surface of hairs as a result of contraction of myoepithelial cells as a result of contract of arrector pili muscles mainly lipid
179 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Arrector pili muscles are: smooth muscles striated muscles myoepithelial cells found in the dermis responsive to cold
180 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands are: functional only after puberty found in thick skin simple tubular glands compound glands larger than apocrine sweat glands
181 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Apocrine sweat glands are found: on the palms of the hands in the armpits (axilla) near the external genitalia on the face in the scalp
182 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Apocrine sweat glands: become functional at puberty secrete in response to contraction of arrector pili muscles produce the main odor associated with sweat have myoepithelial cells are found all over the skin
183 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Hairs: are present in thick skin are uniform in structure over all the body surface function as insulators of heat function as secondary sexual characters act as insulators of heat
184 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Hair growth on the body is: continuous discontinuous synchronous in all areas mosaic influenced by androgenic hormones
185 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Lanugo hairs: are mainly found in newborns develop at puberty are thick and coarse are restricted to the scalp possess a medulla
186 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The cuticle of hair hair is composed of cells cells that are: heavily pigmented colorless strongly keratinized non-keratinized flattened and overlapping
187 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The melanocytes in hairs are found mainly in the: dermal papilla hair bulb outer epithelial sheath dermal sheath medulla
188 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Fingernails develop from: epithelial cells that become keratinized the ventral nail matrix the dorsal nail matrix the nail bed the nail wall
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 189 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Parotid glands: are the largest of the salivary glands are branched acinar exocrine glands have secretory units that contain both serous and mucous cells secretory units composed only of serous cells secretory granules with high amylase content
190 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
In the human esophagus can be found: simple columnar epithelium striated skeletal muscles glands in the submucosa lamina propria composed of dense connective tissue glands in the lamina propria
191 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The epithelium lining the stomach surface is: homogeneous heterogeneous simple columnar stratified squamous entirely composed of mucous cells
192 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The gastric glands of the fundus contain: goblet cells zymogen cells parietal cells mucous cells enteroendocrine cells
193 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The parietal cells of the stomach have: peripherally-located flattened nuclei strongly acidophilic cytoplasm intracellular canaliculi granules visible by light microscopy well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum
194 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Human parietal cells secrete: vitamin B12 intrinsic factor digestive enzymes hydrochloric acid mucus hormones
195 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Zymogen cells of the stomach: have many apical granules have acidophilic cytoplasm secrete digestive enzymes including pepsin have well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum are found in the pyloric region
196 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Brunner glands: are found in the duodenal submucosa secrete mucus secrete acid contain Paneth cells secrete digestive enzymes
197 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The mucosa of the small intestine has: villi simple columnar epithelium absorptive cells goblet cells crypts of Lieberkuhn
198 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Paneth cells: are found only in the small intestine are found at the base of intestinal glands have secretory granules visible by light microscopy secrete lyzozyme have high concentrations of zinc
199 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Peyer's patches are: glands of the esophagus absorptive areas of the jejunum lymphatic areas of the large intestine concentrations of lymphatic tissue in the ileum lymphatic nodules in the stomach lining
200 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The colon has: small villi crypts of Lieberkuhn many goblet cells taenia coli haustra
201 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The appendix has: a similar general histological structure to that of the colon abundant lymphatic tissue appendices epiploicae villi folds along most of its length
202 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The functions of the colon include: water absorption formation of feces production of mucus secretion of digestive enzymes production of lymphocytes in lymphatic nodules
203 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The liver is: the largest internal organ in the body an exocrine gland an endocrine gland rich in connective tissue easily able to regenerate
204 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Endothelial cells of sinusoids of liver lobules: have a basal lamina are in direct contact with the hepatocytes are fenestrated form a continuous layer allow the easy passage of molecules from the blood to the space of Disse
205 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Hepatocytes typically contain: rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum glycogen lipid droplets peroxisomes
206 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Hepatocytes are: endodermal in origin mesodermal in origin epithelial cells able to synthesize serum lipoproteins phagocytic cells
207 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The space of Disse contains: bile blood reticular fibers microvilli fat-storing cells
208 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Bile is: formed in the gall bladder formed in the liver concentrated and stored in the gall bladder discharged into the duodenum discharged in response to the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)
209 Bile canaliculi: (a) are formed from modifications of the apical surfaces of hepatocytes (b) modified desmosomes (c) have a wall of their own (d) are formed from modified plasma membranes of adjacent hepatocytes (e) lined by endothelial cells 210 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Kupffer cells are: wandering macrophages fixed macrophages found in bile ducts phagocytic cells involved in the breakdown of aged erythrocytes
211 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The epithelium lining the lumen of the gall bladder is: simple columnar homogeneous pseudostratified ciliated secretory
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 212 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The olfactory epithelium has: columnar pseudostratified epithelium columnar stratified epithelium bipolar neurons neuroglia pigment
213 (a) (b) (c) (c) (d) (e) (e)
The lamina propria of the olfactory mucosa contains: tubuloalveolar glands mucus ucus--secre creting glan glands ds bundle bundless of nerve nerve fibe fibers rs of of the the centr central al ner nervo vous us sys syste tem m rich vas vascular ulariizati ation peri periph pher eral al ner nerves ves wit with h end endon oneu euri rium um
214 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Functions of respiratory epithelium include: gaseous exchange tra trappi pping of dus dust par parti ticl clees secretion of of mu mucus secr secret etio ion n of surfa urfacctan tant neur neuroe oen ndocr docrin inee secr secreetion tion
215 The respiratory epithelium of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract has: (a) stratified squamous epithelium (b) pseudostratified columnar epithelium (c) ciliated cells (d) goblet cells (e) a "brush border" 216 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The true vocal cords are structures: composed of bundles of elastic fibers containing fibrocartilage lined with stratified squamous epithelium associated with skeletal muscle containing mixed exocrine glands
217 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The epiglottis has: hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage stratified squamous epithelium exocrine glands in the lamina propria
218 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The trachea possesses: hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage smooth muscle skeletal muscle
219 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The trachea has: stratified columnar epithelium pseudostratified columnar epithelium abundant goblet cells mucous glands that open into the lumen longitudinal smooth muscle bundles
220 Which of the following structures belong belong to the conducting portion of the respiratory system? (a) nasopharynx (b) larynx (c) trachea (d) bronchi (e) terminal bronchioles
221 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Gaseous exchange occurs in the: primary bronchi secondary bronchi terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar sacs
222 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Terminal bronchioles: have smaller diameters than respiratory bronchioles contain secretory cells possess cartilage in their walls have alveoli have ciliated cells
223 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Alveolar ducts are: continuous with the terminal bronchioles continuous with the respiratory bronchioles lined with ciliated epithelium possess goblet cells primarily involved in gaseous exchange with the blood
224 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The type I alveolar cells: are squamous epithelial cells are rounded or cuboid in shape have abundant microvilli on their surface secrete surfactant are involved in gaseous exchange with the blood
225 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Respiratory surfactant: is secreted by type II (great alveolar) cells increases surface tension of alveoli decreases surface tension of alveoli essential for correct respiratory function mainly a phospholipid
226 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The alveolar dust cells: are phagocytic secrete surfactant produce antibodies are motile cells develop from monocytes
URINARY SYSTEM 227 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Nephrons are: the basic morphofunctional units of the kidney found only in the renal cortex found only in the renal medulla found in both the renal cortex and medulla composed mainly of ion-transporting epithelia
228 The cells cells of the parietal parietal layer of Bowman's capsule of the renal corpuscle: (a) are very flattened (b) form the podocytes (c) are very active in ion-exchange (d) form part of the filter of the kidney (e) lie on a basal lamina 229 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
In renal corpuscles are found: fenestrated capillaries continuous capillaries podocytes slit-membranes mesangial cells
230 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Medullary rays of the kidney are: mainly in the cortex mainly in the medulla present at the apex of pyramids mainly composed of connective tissue the site of loops of Henle
231 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The macula densa is: part of the proximal convoluted tubules part of the distal convoluted tubules associated with the vascular pole of the glomeruli composed of dense connective tissue part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
232 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The cells that produce renin are in the: macula densa proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule glomerulus afferent arteriole
233 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Podocytes are: modified endothelial cells found in glomeruli part of the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule epithelial cells the source of renin
234 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Cells of the proximal convoluted tubules possess numerous: microvilli (forming an apical brush border) infoldings of the basal plasmalemma peroxisomes mitochondria lysosomes
235 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The ureter has: smooth muscle striated muscle transitional epithelium a distinct submucosa a fibroelastic adventitia
236 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The urinary bladder has: transitional epithelium stratified squamous epithelium striated muscle fibroelastic adventitia exocrine glands
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 237 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Lymphatic nodules are found in the: thymus spleen tonsils lymph nodes bone marrow
238 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Lymph is filtered in the: lymph nodes tonsils thymus spleen Peyer's patches
239 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Stratified epithelium is associated with: lymph nodes tonsils spleen thymus appendix
240 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The thymus: is a peripheral lymphatic organ is a central lymphatic organ originates in part from mesenchyme originates in part from endoderm produces both T and B lymphocytes
241 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The thymus possesses: cortex medulla lymphatic vessels lymphatic nodules epithelial reticular cells
242 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Which of the following are found in the thymus: Billroth cords Hassal bodies plasma cells endothelial cells megakaryocytes
243 Which of the following following structures have both a cortex and medulla? (a) kidneys (b) tonsils (c) lymph nodes (d) spleen (e) thymus 244 (a) (a) (b) (b) (c) (c) (d) (d) (e) (e)
The human spleen is: the lar large gest st accu accum mulati ulation on of of lymp lymphat hatic ic tis tissu suee in the the body body the the lar large gest st lym lymphat phatic ic orga organ n in in the the body body a maj major or rese reserrvoir voir for for blo blood od plat platel elet etss the maj major or sit sitee for for dest destru ruct ctio ion n of age aged d eryt erythr hrocy ocytes tes enla enlarg rged ed in in resp respon onse se to to seve severe re infe infect ctio ion n
245 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The spleen possesses: a dense connective tissue capsule Billroth cords venous sinusoids penicillar arteries epithelial reticular cells
246 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The white pulp of the spleen contains: lymphatic nodules central arteries diffuse lymphatic tissue reticular fibers macrophages
247 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
T-lymphocytes in the spleen are located mainly in: trabeculae periarterial lymphatic sheath ellipsoids venous sinuses red pulp
248 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Venous sinuses of the spleen: are found in the red pulp contain lymph and plasma cells are the main splenic filter of foreign particles are the main splenic filter of bacteria are found in trabeculae
249 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Peyer's patches are found in the: colon appendix duodenum spleen tonsils
250 Which of the following lymphatic structures largely involute in old age and are replaced by adipose tissue? (a) tonsils (b) thymus (c) spleen (d) lymph nodes (e) appendix
Use the following letters to indicate your answer: A: Only I is true B: Only II is true C: Both are true D: Both are false
1.
I. Heterochromatin, as seem in electron micrographs, is lighter staining DNA. II. The nucleolus is the region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized.
2.
I. The function of the sER includes lipid synthesis, HCL formation and steroid hormone synthesis. II. rER and sER can be continuous.
3.
I. Microtubules are about 10 nm in diameter d iameter and made of a protein dimers called alpha and beta tubulin. tubu lin. II. Calcium concentration, ATP and pH influence polymerization of tubulin.
4. I. Intermediate filaments are a protein polymer and are relatively stable compared to microtubules and microfilaments. II. Microtubles are involved in ciliary movement and intracellular transport of secretory products.
5.
I. Most of the proteins synthesized by ribosomes bound to ER will become intracellular protein.
go lgi is where secretory granules are II. The forming face of the golgi formed.
6.
I. Alpha actinin anchors actin to the tip of o f microvilli.
II. Dynein, found in stereocilia, is a protein that is attached to microtubules and aids in the movement of stereocilia.
7. I. Macula adherens have a cytoplasmic c ytoplasmic plaque disk that attaches to tonofilaments. II. Hemidesmosomes connect epithelia to connective tissue and have intermediate filaments arising out of the cytoplasmic plaque.
8. I. The microfilaments of the centriole and in the basal body of the cilia have a 9x3 arrangement. II. A cluster of alpha glycogen is called beta glycogen.
allow cell to cell cell communication. The plasma 9. I. Gap junctions allow membranes at the gap junction do not touch and are connected by a protein called connexon. o f three types of junctions: a II. A junctional complex is made of macula adherens, zonula adherens and macula occludens.
10.
I. Perinuclear space can be continuos with the Golgi.
II. Ribosomes, made of rRNA and protein, are the sight of transcription.
11.
I. Epithelia tissue are derived from all 3 embryonic germ layers.
II. The apical surfaces of epithelial cells face air or fluid and have surface specializations such as cilia, microvilli, desmosomes, clathrin coated vesicles and glycocalyx.
12. I. Typical epithelial cells tend to have a higher concentration of rER at its base giving it a more acidophilic stain. II. Elastic fibers contain type IV collagen.
13. I. All epithelia rest on a basal lamina, which is consisted c onsisted of a lamina lucida and a lamina densida. II. The basal lamina of epithelial lining is produced by connective tissue.
14. I. Two types of stratified squamous epithelium ep ithelium are keratinized (containing keratin) and non-keratinized (no keratin present). II. Transitional epithelium, which has a thin basement membrane and contains some bi-nucleated cells, is found in structures like the bladder and ureter.
15. I. Epithelia that serve as a lubricating membrane may or may not have glands. II. Mucous secretion is rich in proteins such as O-glycosylated with anionic oligosacharides. This protein increases the viscosity of the secretions.
16. I. Dendrites of neurons are often myelinated thereby increasing the conduction rate of the action potential. II. Microtubules are prevalent in the dendrites of neurons.
17.
I. Axons tend to be smaller in diameter than dendrites.
II. Axons do not contain ribosomes, although neurofilaments are prevalent.
18. I. Dendritic spines can contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. II. An example of pseudounipolar neurons would be sensory neurons found in the dorsal root ganglion.
19. I. There are only three types of glia in the CNS: astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. II. Protoplasmic astrocytes can be found in the gray matter of CNS.
20. I. Some functions of astrocytes include: glycogen storage, serving as a K+ sink, and synthesis of neurotransmitter enzymes. II. Schwann cells, the myelin producing cells of the CNS, have small dark round nuclei and can myelinate multiple axons.
21. I. Catecholamines such as epinephrine and dopamine undergo reuptake after being released from the presynaptic terminal. II. All glia arise from the embryonic ectodermal layer.
22. I. Ependymal cells tend to be simple cuboidal/columnar and line the ventricles of the brain. II. Ependymal cells are ciliated and monitor CSF.
23. I. The spinal cord differs from the brain in that in the spinal cord, the gray matter is in the center, while in the brain, white matter is deep to the gray matter.
motor. II. There are two basic types of ganglia: sensory and motor. Sensory ganglia can be divide into additional categories: categories: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
24. I. Glial limitans are formed by the end feet of microglia cells at the surface of the brain. II. The most exterior CNS meninges is the dura mater. The meninges closest to the brain is the arachnoid layer.
25. I. The perineurium covers individual axons/myelin sheaths in the PNS. II. One oligodendrocyte can myelinate several axons.
26.
I. Tropocollagen units undergo polymerization in the Golgi.
II. Proteoglycan is a glycosaminoglycan attached to a hyaluronic acid core.
27. I. Fibroblasts have an oval shaped nucleus with a distinct nucleolus, basophilic cytoplasm and synthesize components that make up collagen. II. Fibrocytes have few mitochondria.
28. I. Multilocular adipose is found in the adult kidney, adrenal and GI tract. II. Unilocular adipocytes have mitochondria that lack respiratory assemblies on the inner membrane.
29.
I. Plasma cells, which are basophilic, secrete antibodies.
II. Mast cells, which are widely distributed in the connective tissue, can release histamine and/or heparin. heparin. The latter serves serves as an anticoagulant. anticoagulant.
30. I. Langerhans cells, which can be found in the stratum spinosum, resemble melanocytes and play an important role in the immune response by presentation of antigens to T-Cells.
II. Merkel cells, located in the stratum basale, function as mechanoreceptors. 31. I. The reticular layer of skin is deep to the papillary layer and contains dense connective tissue. II. Free nerve endings are the most numerous of the nerve endings in the skin. They are in the dermis as well as the epidermis, extending as far as the stratum granulosum. They serve as as pain and temperature receptors receptors and are unmyelinated.
32. I. Meissner’s corpuscles are found in the dermis of the skin and are unmyelinated tactile receptors. II. The nerve fiber within the Pacinian corpuscle is unmyelinated. These corpuscles serve as pressure receptors.
33. I. There are three layers of a hair: h air: the cuticle, cortex and medulla, all of which are made of hard keratin. II. All hair follicles are joined to sebaceous glands.
34. I. Apocrine sweat glands in humans are found only o nly in the axilla, the areola and nipple of the mammary gland, the circumanal c ircumanal region and are associated with the external genitalia. II. Sebum, which is produce by apocrine ap ocrine secretion, is an oily substance that coats hair and skin.
35.
I. Second-degree burns involve the dermis and epidermis.
II. Basal cell carcinoma is a skin malignancy usually caused by excessive sun exposure
and often metastasizes.
36.
I. Chondrocytes are spindle shape cells that synthesize cartilage. II. The matrix in hyaline cartilage tends to be basophilic.
37. I. There are two types of cartilage growth, appositional, which means growth occurs at the surface of cartilage and interstitial growth, which means growth, occurs within the cartilage. II. Isogenous groups of cells are a result of interstitial cartilage growth.
38. I. Type IV collagen is the main collagenous fiber type found in cartilage. II. Chondroitan 6-sulfate and 4 sulfate are found in the ground substance in cartilage. 39. I. Osteoblasts are responsible for the synthesis of osteoid, a nonmineralized extracellular material. II. The periosteum is attached to bone by b y Howship’s fibers.
40. I. Osteocytes, which do not make osteoid, communicate with each other by gap junctions in their cytoplasmic processes. II. The region between osteocytes and bone matrix is called the lacuna.
41. I. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that secrete lysosomes and an d are responsible for bone re-absorption and are stimulated by parathyroid p arathyroid hormone. II. Sharpey’s lacunae are areas of bone bon e resorption by osteoclast.
42. I. Immature bone has more cells per unit area, grows more rapidly and is more acidophilic than mature bone. II. Endochondral ossification involves the enlargement of chondrocytes with increased accumulation of glycogen.
43.
I. Cartilage that becomes calcified is by definition immature bone. II. Epiphysis region of the bone is the main shaft of the long bone.
44. I. The following is a complete list of the zones and the correct order in which they appear starting from the end of a growing long bone: proliferative, maturation, provisional calcification, degeneration, ossification, osseous and resorption. II. The major difference between immature bone and mature bone is the development of the Haversian system. 45. I. In the skeletal muscle, the heavy meromyosin contains the S-1 portion which which binds to actin, and the light meromyosin binds binds to other myosin molecules. II. During skeletal muscle contraction calcium binds troponin, which causes the movement of tropomyosin to unmask a myosin/actin binding site.
46.
I. In cardiac muscle spot desmosomes are called fascia adherens.
II. In the skeletal muscle, the triad is make of a terminal cisterna flanked by two T-tubules.
47. I. In the skeletal muscle, during electrical excitation, calcium is released from the sarcoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum causing cau sing muscle contraction. II. In cardiac muscle, the T-tubules are located at the A-I junction.
a ctin and troponin in smooth 48. I. There is about twice as much actin muscle as compared to skeletal muscle. II. Within smooth muscle, dense plaques called myosinin are attachment sites for actin.
49. I. Sarcoplasm of smooth muscle has a higher ratio of actin/myosin than does striated muscle. II. T-tubules conduct excitation to the interior smooth muscle
fibers.
50. I. Alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord innervate the intrafusal fibers of the skeletal muscle. II. Flower spray endings, located on the bag and chain of the intrafusal fiber, send sensory information to the CNS about the rate of contraction.
Key:
1
B 26 D
2
C 27 C
3
B 28 D
4
C 29 C
5
D 30 C
6
A 31 C
7
C 32 B
8
B 33 B
9
A 34 A
10 D 35 A 11 A 36 D 12 D 37 C 13 A 38 B 14 B 39 A 15 C 40 C 16 B 41 A 17 C 42 B 18 B 43 D 19 B 44 B 20 A 45 C 21 A 46 D 22 C 47 D 23 A 48 D 24 D 49 A 25 B 50 D
