Histology Final Exam Practice Test

Histology Final Exam Practice Test 1. Which of the the following following is an example example of Type Type I Collage Collagen? n? A. Bone, skin, tendons, tendons, and ligaments ligaments B. Base Baseme ment nt mem memb bane aness C. Cat Catiilage lage !. "eti "etic# c#la la fibe fibes s $. What What is the the f#ncti f#nction on of etic etic#la #la fibes fibes?? A. %o&e %o&eme ment nt of the the cell cell B. '#ppot st#ct# st#ct#es es fo adipocytes, adipocytes, m#scle m#scle cells, small blood &essels, &essels, and lymphatic lymphatic tiss#e C. Thic Thick, k, soli solid d bai baie  e  !. Tanspota Tanspotation tion of cell#la cell#la waste (. What What st#ct st#ct#e #ess ae stai stained ned with with )eci )ecin? n? A. "etic#la "etic#la fibes fibes ae staine stained d eddish*b eddish*bown own B. "etic# "etic#la la fibe fibess ae stain stained ed bl#e bl#e C. +lastic +lastic ibes ibes ae staine stained d eddish*b eddish*bown own !. +lastic +lastic ibes ibes ae stained stained p#ple p#ple -. What stain stain is #sed #sed to mak mak cabohydates cabohydates?? It also stains stains etic# etic#la la fibes fibes ed. ed. A. )ecin B. "eso "esoc cin in*f *f#c #chi hin n C. ei eiodi odicc Acid Acid*' *'ch chif iff  f  !. 'il& 'il&e e sta stain in /. A patient patient ai&es ai&es to yo# 0at yo# highly highly s#ccessf#l s#ccessf#l pactic pactice e and yo# immediatel immediately y notice his odd odd stat#e. stat#e. 2e is tall and has #n#s#ally long ams. 3pon f#the examination, yo# notice his his achnodactyly and flat feet. 2a&ing aced yo# fist yea of medical school, yo# immediately immediately diagnose this patient as ha&ing44444444444 and ode tests to a&oid seio#s complications with his444444444444444444. A. +hles*!anl +hles*!anlos os syndom syndome5 e5 m#sc#la m#sc#la system system B. %afan %afan syndome syndome55 cadio& cadio&asc#la asc#la system system C. +hles*!anl +hles*!anlos os 'yndome 'yndome55 cadio&asc cadio&asc#la #la system system !. %afan %afan syndome syndome55 m#sc#l m#sc#la a syst system em 6. 7o# also also emembe emembe that the the ca#se of this this disode disode is444444 is4444444444444 444444444444444 4444444444444444 444444444444. 4444. A. A m#tation m#tation in&ol&ing in&ol&ing genes genes coding fo fo collagen collagen synthesi synthesiss B. A m#tation m#tation in&ol&in in&ol&ing g genes coding coding fo fo fibill fibillin in C. A m#tation m#tation in&ol&in in&ol&ing g genes coding coding fo fo cadiac cadiac m#scle m#scle !. A m#tation m#tation in&ol&in in&ol&ing g genes coding coding fo fo smooth smooth m#scle m#scle 8. The genes coding coding fo which which type of collagen collagen ae m#tated m#tated in a patient patient with )steogenes )steogenesis is Impefect Impefecta? a? A. Type I B. Type II C. Type II III !. Type I9 I9 :. Which is ;)T ;)T a type
C. !ense connecti&e tiss#e !. Whaton=s >elly . Connecti&e tiss#e can be composed of44444444444444444444444444444  A. iboblasts and myofiboblasts B. %acophages and Adipose cells C. %ass Cells !. All of the abo&e 1@. !#ing enchondal ossification, which of the following is the model fo the de&eloping skeleton of the fet#s? A. 2yalin Catilage B. +lastic Catilage C. ibo#s Catilage !. "etinac#la Catilage 11. Which type of catilage does ;)T calcify with aging? A. 2yalin Catilage B. +lastic Catilage C. ibo#s Catilage !. They all calcify with aging 1$. Identify the following connecti&e tiss#e

A. !ense eg#la connecti&e tiss#e B. oose connecti&e tiss#e C. !ense ieg#la connecti&e tiss#e !. %#co#s Connecti&e tiss#e

1(. The geatest isk fo patients with %afan syndome is 2

A. bone beakage B. aotic dissection C. &asc#la #pt#e !. ogan #pt#e

1-. Isogeneo#s go#ps ae 44444  A. apidly di&iding myoblasts B. ecently di&ided chondocytes C. nondi&iding myoblasts !. nondi&iding chondocytes

1/. The two layes of the peichondi#m ae 44444 and 44444? A. fibo#s and myogeneic B. myogeneic and chondogeneic C. fibo#s and basophilic !. fibo#s and chondogeneic 16. Which of the following is ;)T chaacteistic of an osteoclast? A. o#nd sitting in the lac#nae B. C#boidal*shaped cell C. %ost ab#ndant cell in bone !. !estoy bone 18. se#do#nipola ne#ons ae fo#nd in which pat of the body? A. Integati&e C;' B. %oto ;' C. C;' !. 'ensoy ;'

1:. The Blood*Bain Baie is made #p mostly of what type of cells A. 'chwann Cells B. Astocytes 3

C. )ligodendocytes !. +pendymal

1. Axosomatic incl#des the synapse between what two components of a ne#on? A. axon to cell body B. axon to dendite C. dendite to dendite !. axon to axon

$@. This pat of a mat#e bone is filled with old 2a&esian systems A. 2a&esian lamellae B. Intestitial lamellae C. )#te cic#mfeential lamellae !. Inne cic#mfeential lamellae

$1. Bone is composed of A. Bone and hemopoietic tiss#e B. at and dense connecti&e tiss#e C. 9essels and ne&es !. All of the abo&e

$$. Which le#kocyte is fo#nd to be the most ab#ndant in a healthy indi&id#al? A. +osinophil B. Basophil C. latelet !. ;e#tophil

$(. Which of the following platelet gan#le categoies aid in the &asoconstiction of an in>#ed aea? A.  gan#les 4

B. D gan#les C. E gan#les !. F gan#les

$-. The o#te laye of the eioste#m in bone is composed of A. !ense ieg#la connecti&e tiss#e B. !ense eg#la connecti&e tiss#e C. "etic#la connecti&e tiss#e !. Aeola connecti&e tiss#e

$/. )steopogenito cells ae fo#nd in the A. Inne laye of peioste#m B. +ndoste#m C. ining the 2a&esian and 9olkmann=s canals !. All of the abo&e

$6. T< An osteoblast that is s#o#nded by an osteoid is called an osteocyte.

$8. T< An osteoclast is a lage, single n#cleated, acidophilic cell esponsible fo bone esoption.

$:. T< aathyoid homone 0T2 inceases osteoclast acti&ity while calcitonin deceases osteoclast acti&ity.

$. T< !#ing intamembano#s ossification, mesenchymal cells aggegate and t#n into osteoblasts.

(@. Which of the following is ;)T a laye of the epiphysial catilage? A. Gone of ese&e catilage B. Gone of ossification C. Gone of hypetophy !. Gone of polifeation (1. ;e&e tiss#e de&elops fom the embyonic44444444444  5

A. +ndodem B. %esodem C. +ctodem ($. 'imple 'H#amo#s +pitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +C+T A. 9asc#la system 0endotheli#m and espiatoy spaces in l#ngs B. Body ca&ities 0mesotheli#m C. Bowman=s caps#le !. )al ca&ity ((. 'imple C#boidal epitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +C+T A. Tachea and bonchial tee B. Jidney t#b#les and thyoid follicles C. '#face of the o&ay !. 'mall d#cts of exocine glands (-. 'imple Col#mna +pitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +C+T A. 'mall intestine and colon B. 'tomach lining and gastic glands C. 'weat gland d#cts !. Kallbladde  (/. se#dostatified +pitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +C+T A. Tachea and bonchial tee B. Bladde  C. !#ct#s defeens !. +ffeent d#ct#les of epididymis (6. 'tatified 'H#amo#s epitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +C+T A. %esotheli#m B. +pidemis C. )al ca&ity and esophag#s !. 9agina (8. 'tatified C#boidal +pitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +C+T A. 'weat gland d#cts B. age d#cts of exocine glands C. Anoectal >#nction !. "enal calyces (:. 'tatified col#mna +pitheli#m is fo#nd in which of the following A. agest d#cts of exocine glands and the anoectal >#nction B. Jidney t#b#les and Bowman=s caps#le C. 'mall intestine and colon !. Tachea and bonchial tee (. Tansitional epitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +C+T A. "enal calyces B. Bladde  C. 3etha and #etes 6

!. 9agina -@. T< A high concentation of ibosomes in a cell indicates a lage amo#nt of potein synthesis. -1. Taste b#ds, etina, olfactoy m#cosa, and cochlea L &estib#la ganglia ae examples of which type of ne#on? A. se#do#nipola  B. Bipola  C. %#ltipola  -$. %ost cells ae A. Bipola  B. %#ltipola  C. se#do#nipola  -(. 'pinal and most canial sensoy ganglia ae which type of ne#on? A. %#ltipola  B. Bipola  C. se#do#nipola  --. T< The dosal oot ganglion contains the cell bodies of pse#do#nipola sensoy inne&ations -/. Chaacteistics of the myelin sheath incl#de all of the following +C+T A. omed by the 'chwann cells 0;' and oligodendocytes 0C;' B. #nction to electically isolate the axon fom the s#o#ndings C. Composed of a single laye of cell membane wapped ao#nd the axon !. M#nctions between segments de&oid of myelin ae called ;odes of "an&ie  -6. These cells pod#ce the myelin sheath in the C;' A. 'chwann cells B. )ligodendocytes C. Astocytes !. %icoglia -8. T< 3nmyelinated axons in the ;' ae embedded into 'chwann cell cytoplasm. -:. The en&elope of the peipheal ne&e that s#o#nds each ne&e fibe is the A. eine#i#m B. +ndone#i#m C. +pine#i#m -. The en&elope consisting of specialiNed connecti&e tiss#e s#o#nding ne&e b#ndles is the A. eine#i#m B. +ndone#i#m C. +pine#i#m /@. The en&elope of the peipheal ne&e that s#o#nds the ne&e and the fascicles is the A. eine#i#m B. +ndone#i#m C. +pine#i#m 7

/1. )f the two types of astocytes, which ae fo#nd mainly in the gay matte? A. otoplasmic astocytes B. ibo#s astocytes /$. T< %onocytes in the blood become macophages in tiss#e. /(. T< %icoglial cells ae phagocytotic cells. /-. T< +pendymal cells ae made of Kap M#nctions in the ;'. //. The extacell#la matix 0+C% of connecti&e tiss#e consists of all of the following +C+T A. ibes B. Ko#nd s#bstance C. Klycopoteins !. +osinophils 56.

This type of le#kocyte is chaacteiNed by a m#ltilobed n#cle#s. A. ;e#tophil B. +osinophil C. Basophil !. ymphocyte +. %onocyte

/8. This type of le#kocyte contains a bilobed n#cle#s. A. ;e#tophil B. +osinophil C. Basophil !. ymphocyte +. %onocyte /:. This type of le#kocyte diffeentiates into macophages in the body tiss#es. A. ;e#tophil B. +osinophil C. Basophil !. ymphocyte +. %onocyte /. This type of le#kocyte is closely elated to mastocytes of the connecti&e tiss#e. A. ;e#tophil B. +osinophil C. Basophil !. ymphocyte +. %onocyte 6@. ;J cells compise /*1@O of this type of le#kocyte A. ;e#tophil B. +osinophil 8

C. Basophil !. ymphocyte +. %onocyte

Histology Final Exam Practice Test Answer Key 1. A Type )ne bone, skin, tendons, ligaments5 Type Two Catilage5 Type Thee "etic#la fibes, collagen of gan#lated tiss#es5 Type o# Basement %embane $. B "etic#la fibes ae chaacteistically thin fibes composed of Type III collagen. They fom a mesh like netwok 0a etic#l#m which enable them to be s#ppoting st#ct#es fo adipocytes, m#scles cells, small blood &essels, and lymphatic tiss#e. They act as s#ppoting mesh in soft tiss#es s#ch a li&e and  bone maow and tiss#es and ogans of the lymphatic system. (. C )ecin stains elastic fibes in connecti&e tiss#e a eddish*bown colo5 eiodic Acid*'chiff 0A' is #sed to mak cabohydates and stains etic#la fibes ed5 "esocin*f#chin stains elastic fibes bl#ish gay5 'il&e salts 0black staining is #sed to stain agyophylic fibes -. C /. B atients with %afan syndome ae tall and ha&e long ams and achnodactyly 0long, spide like finges. They also ha&e bl#e sclea in the eyes. 'coliosis is common, along with pect#s cainat#m 0pot#sion of the sten#m and flat feet. Cadio&asc#la complications might incl#de aotic dissection whee a tea in the wall of the aota ca#ses blood to flow between the layes of the wall of the aota. This can be lethal if #nteated. − +hles*!anlos syndome is ca#sed by a defect in the genes that code fo collagen synthesis and se&eity anges fom mild to life theatening depending whee the m#tation occ#s. 'ymptoms also &ay b#t may incl#de hypeflexibility of the >oints and hypeextensibility of the skin. In seio#s cases of +!', pemat#e death can es#lt fom &asc#la o ogan #pt#e. $. B %afan syndome is an a#tosomal dominant disode of the connecti&e tiss#e ca#sed by a m#tation in chomosome 1/ on gene B;1 which codes fo fibillin*1. ibillin*1 is essential fo the biogenesis and maintenance of elastic fibes. (. A )steogenesis Impefecta 0Bittle Bone !isease es#lts fom genetic m#tations of the genes that assemble Type I collagen. The most se&ee fom of this disease in&ol&es an abnomally small ibcage and #ndede&eloped l#ngs -. C +mbyonic connecti&e tiss#e is classified into two s#btypes mesenchyme 0which is pl#ipotent and m#co#s connecti&e tiss#e 0Whaton=s >elly. !ense Connecti&e Tiss#e is pesent in tendons, apone#oses, and ligaments /. ! 6. A 2yalin catilage binds bones togethe 0synchondosis, po&ides low fiction s#faces fo the >oints, and s#pplies the model fo the de&eloping skeleton. %#ch of the catilage is eplaced by bone and the emaining catilage is the epiphysial gowth plate that emains f#nctional and gows bone 8. B :. ! . B 1@. B − Isogeno#s go#ps ecently di&ided chondocytes that ae sitting in cl#stes in the lac#nae − Chondocytes inacti&e cells that ha&e a lightly stained cytoplasm − Teitoial matix basophilic Pcaps#leQ ao#nd the isogeno#s go#ps, contain a high concentation of KAKs − Inteteitoial matix lighte matix with a low co ncentation of KAKs 9

11. !

− )#te fibo#s laye consists of dense connecti&e tiss#e − Inne chondogenic laye contains mesenchymal cells and is a so#ce of chondoblasts 1$. B )steoclasts ae sta*shaped cells that ae the most ab#ndant cell fo#nd in bone. )steocytes ae netwoked to each othe by long cytoplasmic extensions that occ#py tiny canals called canalic#li 0#sed fo exchange of n#tients and waste. The space an octeocyte occ#pies is a lac#na 0pit. )steocytes ae acti&ely in&ol&ed in the t#no&e of bony matix and they destoy bone tho#gh osteocytic osteolysis. 1(. ! 1-. B Astocytes ae sta shaped cells that ae the most n#meo#s of the glial cells. 'ome ha&e Pend feetQ and they contain KA which is a potein that is easily stained. The end feet of the astocytes in &essels fom the blood*bain baie. 1/. A Axosomatic axon to cell body5 Axodenditic classical synapse5 axoaxonic axon to axon 0commonly inhibitoy5 dendodenditic dendite to dendite 16. B Intestitial lamellae between the osteon space5 filled with old 2a&esian systems − 2a&esian lamellae concentical lamellae s#o#nding the 2a&esian canal foming cylindical #nits called osteon o 2a&esian systems5 contain &essels and ne&es 09olkmann=s canal connects them5 lac#nae between lamellae with osteocytes5 canalic#li penetate lamellae with osteocytic pocesses − )#te cic#mfeential lamellae lining the o#te s#face of the bone #nde the peioste#m − Inne cic#mfeential lamellae lining the inne s#face of the bone #nde the endoste#m 18. ! The histological components of bone incl#de Bone tiss#e, hemopoietic tiss#e 0ed bone maow in the epiphysis, fat tiss#e 0yellow bone maow at the shaft, dense connecti&e tiss#e 0o#te fibo#s laye of  peioste#m*'hapey=s fibes extend into the bone, &essels and ne&es, and endoste#m which co&es the inne s#face of the maow ca&ity 0osteopogenito o endosteal cells that diffeentiate into osteocytes 1:. !5 In ode of deceasing ab#ndance ;e#tophil, ymphocyte, %onocyte, +osinophil, Basophil 1. B  gan#les f#nction in clot esoption d#ing &essel epai5 D gan#les f#nction in platelet adhesion and &asoconstiction of the in>#ed aea5 E gan#les f#nction in &essel epai, coag#lation, and platelet aggegation $@. A The peioste#m is a collageno#s membane on the o#te s#face of the bone. It caies &essels and ne&es and contains nociceptos 0sensoy eceptos that send signals that ca#se the peception of pain in esponse to potentially damaging stim#l#s. It is composed of two layes − )#te fibo#s laye dense ieg#la connecti&e tiss#e5 Inne osteogenic laye osteopogenito cells − The endoste#m co&es the maow ca&ity and is composed of mostly osteopogenito cells $1. ! )steopogenito cells ae flattened cells that esemble fiboblasts. They contain a basophilic cytoplasm, ae capable to di&ide and diffeentiate into osteoblasts, and can fom chondoblasts, adipocytes, and fiboblasts. They paticipate in the appositional bone fomation and ae located in the inne laye of peioste#m, the endoste#m 0endosteal cells, and the inne laye of the 2a&esian and 9olkmann=s canals. $$. T#e )steoid is the oganic potion of the matix of bone tiss#e. )steoblasts begin the pocess of foming bone tiss#e by seceting the osteoid as se&eal specific poteins. When the osteoid becomes minealiNed, it and the ad>acent bone cells ha&e de&eloped into new bone tiss#e. The osteoid is light staining. )steoblasts fom a single C#boidal cell laye on the s#face of the gowing bone, sitting on a light band of osteoid. $(. alse )steoclasts ae lage m#ltin#cleated acidophilic cells esponsible fo bone esoption. )steoclasts oiginate fom %onocytes 0macophages of blood. The n#clei ae sitting on the side of the cells f#the away fom the bony tabec#la. The s#face contacting the bone foms membane infoldings 0#ffled  bode. )steoclasts est in a esoption bay called 2owship=s lac#na. )steoclasts elease lysosomal hydolases that digest oganic components. $-. T#e Too many osteoclasts is sign of hypepaathyoidism $/. T#e In intamembano#s ossification 10

− %esenchymal cells aggegate and t#n into osteoblasts5 )steoblasts secete osteoid, minealiNe it, enclose themsel&es into lac#nae, and t#n into osteocytes − )cc#s in the embyo sk#ll bone and in fact#es when the boken ends ae &ey closely aligned to each othe  $6. B The layes of the epiphysial catilage ae None of ese&e catilage5 None of polifeation 0catilage cells ae aanged in ows5 None of hypetophy5 None of calcified catilage5 and None of esoption 0esoption of the dead chondocytes. Rsee pict#e in owe oint slidesS $8. C $:. ! 'imple sH#amo#s f#nctions as an exchange baie in the C;', exchange and l#bication in the mesotheli#m, as a baie in Bowman=s caps#le in the k idneys, and as an exchange site in espiatoy spaces in the l#ngs. $. A 'imple C#boidal +pitheli#m f#nctions as absoption and cond#it in the small d#cts of exocine glands, a baie in the s#face of the o&aies, and absoption and secetion in the kidney t#b#les and thyoid follicles (@. C 'imple col#mna epitheli#m f#nctions in absoption and secetion in the small intestine and colon, secetion in the stomach lining and gastic glands, and absoption in the gallbladde  (1. B se#dostatified +pitheli#m f#nctions in secetion and cond#it in the tachea, bonchial tee, and d#ct#s defeens, as well as absoption and cond#it in the effeent d#ct#les of the epididymis. ($. A 'tatified 'H#amo#s +pitheli#m f#nctions as a potecti&e baie in the epidemis, oal ca&ity, esophag#s, and &agina ((. ! 'tatified C#boidal +pitheli#m se&es as a baie and cond#it in the sweat gland d#cts, lage d#cts of exocine glands, and anoectal >#nction (-. A 'tatified Col#mna +pitheli#m f#nctions as a baie and cond#it fo the lagest d#cts of exocine glands and the anoectal >#nction (/. ! Tansitional 0#otheli#m epitheli#m f#nctions as a baie and distensible popety of enal calyces, #etes, #etha, and the bladde  (6. T#e "ibosomes ae the site of potein synthesis. (8. B*Bipola  (:. B*%#ltipola  (. C* se#do#nipola  -@. T#e -1. C The myelin sheath is composed of m#ltiple layes of cell membane wapped ao#nd the axon. It is segmented the non*myelinated aeas ae called nodes of "an&ie and the myelin between two "an&ie nodes is the intemodal segment. The "an&ie node allows fast cond#ction 0saltatoy cond#ction of the ne&e imp#lse 0an action potential de&elops at the node only, >#mping o&e the intemodal segment, sa&ing time. The inne and o#te lamellae contain cytoplasm. 'mall islands of the membane may also contain cytoplasm 'chmidt*anteman clefts. -$. B )ligodendocytes ae small o#nd cells that f#nction to pod#ce the myelin sheath in the C;'. A single oligodendocytes can myelinate se&eal axons sim#ltaneo#sly. 3nlike 'chwann cells, oligodendocytes don=t ha&e extenal lamina and the myelin sheath contains fewe 'chmidt*anteman clefts. The ;odes of "an&ie ae lage in the C;'. 3nmyelinated axons in the C;' ae t#ly bae They ae not embedded into the cytoplasm like in the ;'. -(. T#e --. B The endone#i#m is made of cic#la and longit#dinal collagen fibils that s#o#nd each ne&e fibe 0myelin sheath. It is pobably seceted by 'chwann cells. -/. A The peine#i#m consists of specialiNed connecti&e tiss#e 01*6 layes of flattened contactile cells that  possess basal lamina on both s#faces ao#nd ne&e b#ndles − Tight >#nctions between the cells in the pe ine#i#m make #p the blood ne&e baie 

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-6. C The epine#i#m is made of dense ieg#la connecti&e tiss#e that s#o#nd the ne&e and the fascicles and contains blood &essels -8. A otoplasmic astocytes ae fo#nd mainly in the gay matte and ha&e shot banching pocesses − ibo#s astocytes ae fo#nd mainly in the white matte and ha&e longe, staight pocesses − Astocytes contain KA 0glial fibillay acidic potein which is mostly in the fibo#s astocyte − The ends of the pocesses expand foming Pend feetQ that co&e &essels 0BBB, the %yelin sheath, and the inne s#face of the pia mate 0glia limitans -:. T#e -. T#e %icoglial cells ae pat of the monon#clea phagocytotic system and f#nction in debis emo&al. Thee ae a small n#mbe of micoglial cells in ad #lt C;' and they ae acti&ated at in>#y sites. They migate to the C;' fom the &asc#la system and ae of mesenchymal oigin. They ha&e an elongated cell body and shot and banched pocesses. /@. alse +pendymal cells fom the simple epithelial lining of the C' filled ca&ities of the C;'. They ae C#boidal o col#mna cells and fom TIK2T >#nction complexes. The apical s#face consists of cilia and mico&illi 0fo absobing C' while the basal s#face contains intedigitations with astocyte pocesses. Within the bainUs &enticles, a pop#lation of modified ependymal cells and capillaies togethe fom a system called the chooid plex#s, which pod#ces the C'. /1. ! +C% is made of collagen, etic#la and elastic fibes as well as go#nd s#bstance glycopoteins 0s#ch as fibonectin and laminin, glycosaminoglycans 0s#ch as chondoitin s#lfate, keatane s#lfate, dematan s#lfate, hepain s#lfate, and hyal#onic acid, and poteoglycans. These fom the Chistmas tee*like st#ct#e. /$. A ;e#tophils contain a m#ltilobed n#cle#s with heteochomatin in the peiphey of the n#cle#s and e#chomatin in the middle of the n#cle#s. They ae capable of migation and contain &ey small, baely &isible gan#les. They ha&e a small golgi appaat#s and few mitochondia. ;e#tophils contain AN#ophylic gan#les 0pimay gan#les which ae lage, less n#meo#s5 lysosomes containing myelopeoxydase that geneates bacteicidal hypochloite5 cationic poteins called defesins that ha&e  bacteicid f#nction, 'pecific gan#les 0seconday gan#les5 smallest gan#les, most n#meo#s5 contain enNymes Rtype I9 collagenase, phospholipidaseS, complement acti&atos, and bacteicidal agent* lysosome, and tetiay gan#les 0phosphatase containing and metalllopotease containing /(. B The n#cle#s of an +osinophil is typically bilobed, contains heteochomatin in the peiphey of the n#cle#s, and e#chomatin in the middle of the n#cle#s. Kan#les incl#de 'pecific gan#les 0cystalloid  body and gan#le matix and aN#ophylic gan#les 0lysosomes containing acid hydolases. +#sinophils also contain a small Kolgi appaat#s and few mitochondia. /-. + %onocytes ae the lagest of the le#kocytes and ta&el fom the bone maow to the body tiss#es whee they diffeentiate into &aio#s tiss#e macophages. %onocytes phagocytose and degade antigens,  pesenting thei fagments on %2CII molec#les sitting on the cell s#face to helpe C!- lymphocytes fo ecognition. They emain in the blood fo only thee days and the n#cle#s is bean 0embyo shaped. The cytoplasm contains small mitochondia, s+", +", and small aN#ophilic gan#les 0lysosomes. //. C Basophils ae closely elated to mastocytes of the connecti&e tiss#e. Thei n#cle#s is typically bilobed and obsc#ed by the gan#les. 2eteochomatin is in the peiphey of the n#cle#s and e#chomation is in the middle. The gan#les ae specific gan#les 0hepain s#lphate esponsible fo the basophilia, histamine fo &asodilation, and '"'*A slow eacting s#bstance A fo &asodilation and AN#ophylic gan#les 0lysosomes containing acid hydolases. The plasma membane of basophils possesses c eceptos fo Ig+ which tigge elease of s#bstances fom the gan#les. It also expesses C!-@ potein that inteacts with the complementay ecepto C!-@ on the B lymphocytes inceasing Ig+ synthesis. Basophils contain small golgi appaat#s= and few mitochondia. /6. ! ymphocytes consist of B*lymphocytes 0$@*(@O in the bone maow 0%at#e B cells expessIg%, Ig!, and %2C*II molec#les, T*lymphocytes 06@*:@O, and ;J cells 0/*1@O. T*lymphocytes ae s#bclassified on the basis of the pesence of s#face make poteins. These ae cytotoxic lymphocytes 12

0 ecogniNe antigen*bo#nd %2C*I molec#les on the &i#s*infected and t#mo cells to ind#ce lysis, helpe lymphocytes 0facilitate the diffeentiation of lymphocytes, and s#ppesso lymphocytes 0s#ppess acti&ity of B and T cells. ;J cells ae pogammed to kill cetain &i#s*infected cells and t#mo cells, ae lage in siNe than T and B cells, and contain a dented n#cle#s with se&eal lage cytoplasmic gan#les.

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