High Rise Case Study1

PRATEEK SRIVASTAVA Vth Year B.ARCH MIT-Aurangabad

INTRODUCTION Mixed-use High Rise Habitat is—in a broad sense—any urban, suburban development, or even a single building, that blends a combination of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or industrial uses, where those functions are physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections.

NEED OF PROJECT

MIXED-USE HIGH RISE CASE STUDIES KOHINOOR SQUARE

Since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as the benefits are recognized. These benefits include • greater housing variety and density • reduced distances between housing, workplaces, retail businesses, and other destinations • more compact development • stronger neighborhood character • pedestrian and bicycle-friendly environments Mumbai currently faces Space shortage issue and various social issues one of which is travelling from one end to another. A resilient mixed-used complex is an attempt to Address these issues.

LINKED HYBRID

Dadar, Mumbai, 2009-15 Architect: SSA Architects, Mumbai Client: The Kohinoor Group Program: Mixed-Use Plot Area: 18,615 sq.m Floor Area: 50,000 sq.m for commercial Height: 203 meters Main building, 142 meters Residence Building Floor counts: 52 stories, 28 stories Cost US$: 0.33 billion Lifts: 28 Status: Under-Constructed OBJECTIVE: TO study Mixed-use Habitat in context to Mumbai

Beijing, China, 2007 Architect: Steven Holl Architects Client: Modern Investment Grp Program: Mixed-Use Plot Area: 61.800 m2 Building Footprint: 15,500 sq.m Gross Floor Area: 2,21,000 sq.m Height: 68 m Floor counts: 21 stories Lifts: 34 Status: Constructed OBJECTIVE: To understand programmatic planning of urban space at community level or mixed –use habitat at international level

KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENT Bombay, India, 1970-1983 Architect: Charles Correa Program: Residential Plot Area: 2900m2 Building Footprint: 432 m2 Gross Floor Area: 5,260 m2 Height: 84 m Floor counts: 28 stories Lifts: 3 + 1 Status: Constructed

Beijing Mumbai

L I V E

L I T E R A T U R E

Sr PROJECT NAME 1

LOCATIO N

KOHINOOR SQUARE MUMBAI

TYPE

SELECTION CRITERIA

MIXED USE

FIRST MIXED USED HIGH RISE IN MUMBAI

2

KANCHANJUNGA APT.

MUMABI

RESIDENTAIL ONE OF THE FISRT HIGH RISE STURUCRE

3

AQUARIA GRANDE

MUMBAI

RESIDENTAIL HIGH RISE STRUCTURE ABIDING DCR RULES

Sr PROJECT NAME

LOCATIO N

TYPE

SELECTION CRITERIA

1

LINKED HYBRID

BEIJING ,CHINA

MIXED USE

A 3D URBAN STURCUTRE OF MIXED HIGH RISE

2

TAIPEI 101

TAIPEI, TAIWAN

COMMERCIAL

ICONIC STRUCTURE

KOHINOOR SQUARE Dadar, Mumbai, 2009-15 Architect: SSA Architects, Mumbai Client: The Kohinoor Group Program: Mixed-Use Plot Area: 18,615 sq.m Floor Area: 50,000 sq.m for Office Height: 203 meters Main building, 142 meters Residence Building Floor counts: 52 stories, 32 stories Cost US$: 0.33 billion Lifts: 28(24+4) Status: Under-Constructed Parking -3500 132 residential units

OBJECTIVE: To study planning and design of Mixed-use High rise in context to Mumbai

Climate of Mumbai • •

•

•

The Climate of Mumbai is a tropical wet and dry climate. Mumbai's climate can be best described as moderately hot with high level of humidity. Its coastal nature and tropical location ensures temperatures won't fluctuate much throughout the year. The mean average is 27.2 °C

Site & Surrounding In India, Aquaria Grande is located Borivali, a suburb of Mumbai. The site is surrounded by a dense Low-Rise residential areas hence its Tallest structure in the vicinity. There are many parks and schools as well near to the site

Taipei

OBJECTIVE: TO study vernacular in high rise in context to Mumbai

OBJECTIVE: TO study The Structural concept implied for a high ride building

AQUARIA GRANDE Taipei City, Taiwan, 2004

01

OBJECTIVE: TO study A high Rise structure according to the DCR for Mumbai

Architect: james Law Client: Wadhwa Group Program: Residential Building Footprint: 13,680 sq.m Gross Floor Area: 30,500 sq.m Height: 164 m , Two tower Floor counts: 42 stories Lifts: 8 Status: Constructed

TAIPEI 101 Taipei City, Taiwan, 2004 Architect: C.Y. Lee & partners Client: Taipei Financial Center Corp Program: Commercial Building Footprint: 2500 m2 Gross Floor Area: 412.500 m2 Height: 508 m Floor counts: 101 stories Cost US$: 1.6 billion Lifts: 61 Status: Constructed

KOHINOOR SQUARE

Floor Plan Analysis

Structural Glazing

• The Central Core is surrounded by the office spaces and refuge areas (at 24 meter of height) • There are segregated office space from 2nd to 24th floor with toilets to each office and a common toilet s also provided on all these floors.

11th to 24th Floor

11th to 24th Floor

The design of the building makes it environmentally friendly, using technologies such as floor-to-ceiling insulated glazing to contain heat and maximize natural light, and an automatic daylight dimming system. The tower also features a greywater system, which captures rainwater for reuse. Kohinoor group pvt ltd. States that the building is made largely of recycled and recyclable materials. Air entering the building is filtered, as is common, but the air exhausted is cleaned as well. The Kohinoor square building is one of the first skyscraper building in india to achieve a leadership in energy and environmental design platinum rating for environmental sustainability a gold (leed) certification from green building council. Construction of the Kohinoor square started in early 2009, with an Residential Tower completion date of march 2013. 132 units from 14th to 26th floor Central core consist of 13 Stories of Parking below • 3 Lobbies of 6 Lifts serving levels PARKING-3500 (brought from BMC) 25th to 39th Central core serves 3 lifts and 1 • Spaces between the lifts where a lift services lifts lobby is not provided are used as There are 8 units on each floor toilets with dust at either side: 2 lifts 6 on 17th floor which is refuge floor from this pack of 6 are assessable to UNITS- 2.5 bhk 3bhk 3.5 bhk Sales lower floors as well • 1 lobby of 4 lifts serving levels 1st to Hotel Office 24th Residential Retail th • There is a lift bank at 24 floor . Parking Services • 2 services lifts travelling Throughout Recreational ground the building 3% 10% 13% • 2 Stair cases are also placed in the 26% core 21%

Refuge Floors At 11th floor the first refuge floor is provided DCR RULE In case of high-rise bldg. more than 30 m then first refuge floor shall be provided at 24 m or first habitable floor whichever is higher. Thereafter at every seventh habitable floor.

25th to 39th Floor

11%

16%

The combined pile raft foundation (cprf) is a geotechnical composite Construction that combines the bearing effect of both foundation elements raft and Piles by taking into account interactions between the foundation elements and the Subsoil the piled raft foundation system has recently been widely used for many structures, especially high rise buildings. In this foundation, the piles play an important role in settlement and differential settlement reduction, and thus can lead to economical design without compromising the safety of the structure. In several design cases, the piles are allowed to yield under the design load. Although the load capacity of the pile is exceeded, the piled raft foundation can hold additional loads with controllable settlement. Thus, accurately determining the settlement of the foundation is critical and for this the designers must consider the role of the raft and the role of piles in combination, as well as the interactions between the foundation’s components.

PLIE FOUNDATION USED

02


KOHINOOR SQUARE

KANCHANJUNGA APT. Bombay, India, 1970-1983 Architect: Charles Correa Client: Plot Area: 2900m2 Building Footprint: 432 m2 Gross Floor Area: 5,260 m2 Height: 84 m Cost $ Unknown Lifts: 3 + 1 Status: Constructed

Charles correa bombay,india 1970-1983

OBJECTIVE: TO study vernacular in high rise in context to Mumbai

The architect, Charles Correa,from india and was born in1930. Started his private practice in 1958 in Bombay. He was at the age of 40 when the Kanchanjunga Apartments project began

Site & Surroundings In India Kanchanjunga is located in Pedder Road of Greater Mumbai, The Island city. Near the site to the west is the Arabian sea and the neigh hood is surrounded by many high rise structures influenced by Kanchanjunga as it was the First High rise in the area

Concept CONCEPT OF THEARCHITECT The Tower is one of the masterpieces of Indian architect, Charleas Correa. Kanchanjunga Apartments is a 28 story height high end residential building built in Bombay, 1983. It was clear that the architect has reference to Lecorbusier’s crossover units in Unit habitation in Marseilles in 1952. Correa planned the 3 and 4 bedroom units interlocking with 5 and 6 bedroom units. 3-4 bedroom units occupies on and half level, and 5-6 bedroom units occupies two and half levels. There are small level displacement within the units to differenciate outdoor terrace and indoor living space, dining room and bedrooms and so on. These change of levels hide the living and bed rooms from the heat of sun and rains, while the big opening of balcony could get as much day light as possible. The whole building structure is built by reinforced concrete. The open terrace part is a 6m deep cantilever structure. Central core with lifts and shafts and building services so it also provide central stability element for lateral loads. The appearance of the building has strong resemblance of modern western building design. Especially the white plain surface with concrete construction. But the apartment design is an interperation of traditional Indian bungalow with verandah which is a main part of living area of indian family. The tower is 21m square on plan, and 1:4 proportion on elevation, 84m height. It has a plain facade surface, with cut away to open up double height balcony. EXTRA TEXT EXPLANATION EVOLUTIONARY ABOUT THE CONCEPT The tower design reinterperated the traditional living style of indian with modern architecture. And it is succesfully merged with environmential consideration, and social needs in this tower. Correa’s strong design signiture of sectional displacement where appropriate by changes in ﬂoor surface is most elaborated in this project. The complexity of internal spacial organization to create level changes and interlocking four types of units was pushed to an extreme in this project..

KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENT

MAIN ENTRY

PARKING EXIT

PARKING ENRTY


03

The building is oriented in eastwest direction to catch the natural wind from the sea and also this direction has best view from city to the sea. But this face is also most heat up surface by the sun. The old bungalows solved this problem by warpping a thick layer of around living area verandas to protect from heay monsoon rain and sun heat. Kanchanjuna Apartment is applying this concept into the apartment design.

Great deal of transparency has been achieved by the use of large opening and terrace gardens on every floor. Because of American training, Correa has rarely been tempted to import Western ideas into India. Like most architects of his generation he has been influenced by Le Corbusier, but by his response to the Mediterranean sun with his “Great sculptural decisions (the over-hangs, the doubleheights), placed facing the elements”.

STRUCTURE Whole structure is made of reinforced concrete. The building is a 32 storied rein-forced concrete structure With 6.3 m cantilevered open terraces. The central core houses lifts and other services also provides the main structural element for resisting lateral loads. The central core was constructed ahead of the main structure by slip method of construction. This technique was used for the first time in India for a multistoried building.

KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENT

MATERIALS&COLOURS

With its concrete construction and large areas of white panels, bears a strong resemblance to modern apartment buildings in the west. However, the garden terraces of Kanchanjunga apartments are actually a modern interpretation of a feature of the traditional Indian bungalows the verandah. In a bungalow, the verandah wraps the main living area. According to the architect there are some elements to combine the whole city as form axis of color. The color expert says that “the quality of sunlight, climate and culture influence color choices : hence one would observe a preference for blue and its shades in the west while in India and other Asian countries one finds a predominance of reds and yellows

04


AQUARIA GRANDE  THE

MUMBAI,INDIA Architect: james Law Client: Wadhwa Group Program: Residential Building Footprint: 13,680 sq.m Gross Floor Area: 30,500 sq.m Height: 164 m , Two tower Floor counts: 42 stories Lifts: 8 Status: Constructed Parking- 409 202 residential units

RESIDENTIAL

PROPOSED

OBJECTIVE: TO study A high Rise structure according to the DCR of Mumbai

BY

DEVELOPMENT DEMOLISHING

IS THE

EXISTING STRUCTURES.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS PROPERTY HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS A RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

ALONG

WITH

PUBLIC

PARKING DCR 33(24).  AREA OF THE PLOT : 13678.70 sq.mts.  PROPOSAL TO

BUILD

A RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING WITH 2 BASEMENTS, 3 LEVEL PODIUMS, AND SUPER STRUCTURE WING

Site & surroundings In India, Aquaria Grande is located Borivali, a suburb of Mumbai. The site is surrounded by a dense Low-Rise residential areas hence its Tallest structure in the vicinity. There are many parks and schools as well near to the site

1st

– A, WING – B UPTO STILT + 32 UPPER FLOORS WITH 180 FLATS & WING – C AS THE CLUB HOUSE.  TOTAL HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING 137.15

Total bldg. :

meters.

Wing – A : 2 basements + 3 podiums + stilt + 32 upper floors. Wing – B : 2 basements + 3 podiums + stilt + 32 upper floors.

Podium

Total height : 137.15 mts. Total no. of flats : 202 Residential flats. Stilt

2nd Podium

3rd Podium Refuge Floor

SECTION

AQUARIA GRANDE


05

No. of staircases / wing : 2 nos. ( 2.00mts. each )

CLUB HOUSE & OTHER AMMENITIES •

CLUB

HOUSE

INCLUDES

GYM, SWIMMING

POOL, RESTAURANT & BAR. •

CLUB

HOUSE

IS

No. of lifts / wing : 3 passenger lifts @ 1 service lift. Refuge floors : 5th, 11th, 17th, 23rd & 29th

FOR BOTH

BUILDING

MEMBERS & OTHER MEMBERS. •

IT HAS SEPARATE ENTRANCE ALSO.

•

IT IS ALSO HAVING BANQUET HALL.

•

IT

ALSO

INCLUDES

SPORTS

CLUB

PANAROMIC VIEW FROM CURVED BALCONIES Adequate open spaces all around the building for easy movement of fire tender.

WITH

BADMINTON CLUB, SNOOKER TABLE, SQUASH COURT.

 Building is accessible by Fire tender driveway on podium level. Lower Basement

 Each unit accessible from two stair cases.  Provision of Refuge floors as per CFO requirement. Floor

SECTION SHOWING REFUGE FLOORS WHICH IS 4% AREA OF THE HABITABLE ZONE ABOVE Refuge floors : 5th, 11th, 17th, 23rd & 29th

AQUARIA GRANDE

Total car park

1st podium (+1.00 m. Lvl.)

92 nos.

2nd podium (+5.10m. Lvl.)

140 nos.

3rd podium (+9.30m. Lvl.)

149 nos.

Stilt (+14.50m. Lvl.)

Upper Basement

28 nos.

Total

409 nos.

Parking Statement Carpet Areas

Rule (DCR)

No. of Flats

Parking Required

Below 35.00 sq.mt.

1 for 4 flats

--

--

35.00 to 45.00 sq.mt.

1 for 2 flats

--

--

45.00 to 70.00 sq.mt.

1 for 1 flat

--

--

Above 70.00 sq.mt.

2 for 1 flat

180

360

Total

360

Visitors parking

36

Total parking required

396

Total parking provided

409

06


LINKED HYBRID Beijing, China, 2007 Architect: Steven Holl Architects Client: Modern Investment Group, Beijing Plot Area: 61.800 m2 Building Footprint: 15.500 m2 Gross Floor Area: 221.000 m2 Height: 68 m OBJECTIVE: To understand programmatic planning of urban Cost US$: space at community level or mixed –use habitat at Unknown Lifts: 34 international level Status: Constructed 664 Residential units

Concept CONCEPT OF THEARCHITECT Linked Hybrid projects a renewed thinking about the public space within large scale high rise projects. Holl shows us in this project how his ideal vertical city should work. It is his ideal city within a city. The horizontal traditional urban structure, continuous plinth with services, is combined with the vertical cit y, disrupted plinth.

Site & Surroundings In China, Linked Hybrid is located Beijing. The site is surrounded by many high rise colonies of same developer. It is also adjacent to the old city.It has Good connectivity the cities express way. Hence can attract a many visitors in their city within a city

Living is combined with commercial program in various towers. The commercial program is located in the plinth and living above. An ‘urban’ ring of commercial and cultural public activities link the towers on the t wentieth floor. This skyhigh public space provides a cinematc experience of the whole complex and the cit y surrounding it. A big variation of urban functions are located in this ring, for example: a swimmingpool, a fitness centre, a nail and hair studio, an architecture office, galeries, bars, theesaloons and stores (more info on page 3). To prevent the cit y within a cit y to become an isolated island, Holl introduces the term urban porosit y. He connects his ideal cit y with it ’s context by attracting people to the centre of linked hybrid. Urban space is enclosed in the heart of the project. On street level pedestrians are able to move in and out the project. These t wo themes, ‘cit y within a cit y’ and ‘urban porosit y’ are also the basis for Holl’s second big housing project in China, the sliced urban porosit y block. EVOLUTIONARY ABOUT THE CONCEPT The ensemble of high rise towers instead of the vertical tower pinned in the city projects a new way of thinking about high rise architecture. The public space in heart of the large plot area connected with the highly accesible program in the skyring makes a unique contribution to the public life in the city.

EXTRA TEXT EXPLANATION Three different public entrances connect the skyring with the public space on ground floor. These entrances (coloured red in the floor plan above) each offer a different variety of program. One area for health and sportcentre, one area for recreational program opened through the day and one area for restaurants openede during night. The entrance to the restaurant is located next to the acces to the cinema within the heart of the project.

FUNCTIONS IN THE RING 1. reading room 2. design/book store 3. architecture gallery 4. sculpture gallery 5. art gallery 6. viewing platform 7.dinning deck 8. ultra lounge 9.bar/cocktail 10.listening lounge 11.fitness 12.juicebar 13.group axcersice space 14. spinning room

07


15.office, locker rooms 16.lane lap pool 17. suspended catwalk 18. spa/massage 19.meetin place 20. viewing platform 21.hair/nail salon 22.health food store 23.tea seating 24.tea store/gaming place 25. coffee shop 26. café seating 27.book event space 28.book store

LINKED HYBRID

SECTION THROUG SKY BRIDGE

Program given in sky bridge

Horizontal and Vertical circulation

08


LINKED HYBRID

TAIPEI 101 Taipei City, Taiwan, 2004

OBJECTIVE: To study The Structural concept implied for a high ride building

Architect: C.Y. Lee & partners Client: Taipei Financial Center Corp Building Footprint: 2500 m2 Gross Floor Area: 412.500 m2 Height: 508 m Cost US$: 1.6 billion Lifts: 61 Status: Constructed

Concept CONCEPT OF THEARCHITECT The unusual tower shape is an idea of the architect C.Y. Lee from Taipei. He was inspired by local culture, the building reflects the culture in which it functions. Lee was looking for balance between local culture and internationalism. The tall building symbolizes a broader understanding and anticipation of things to come: we “climb” in order to “see further”. The building rises from the ground like a bamboo, a symbol of everlasting strength in Chinese culture. In the section, the shape of a pagoda is recognizable. Taipe 101 Tower rises in 8 modules, a design based on the Chinese lucky number “8”. In cultures that observe a seven-day week the number eight symbolizes a renewal of time (7+1). In cultures where seven is the lucky number, 8 represent 1 better than ‘lucky seven’. Each modue has 8 floors and flares wider t the top. There are 101 floors above the ground and 5 floors underground. It ’s more challenging to design and build a super-tal building in Taipei than any other location in the world because t yphoon winds, large potential earthquakes and weak soil conditions all need to be overcome. A damping system was implemented to reduce the excessive lateral accelerations from wind. In the time it was build, the height of the Taipei 101 was recordbreaking, previously held by the Petronas Towers with 452 meters. It was the highest building in the world, build in an area with t yphoons and earthquakes! The height of 101 floors commemorates the renewal of time: the new century that arrived as the tower was built (100+1) and all the new years that follow (January 1 = 1-01). It symbolizes high ideals by going one better on 100, a traditional number of perfection. EVOLUTIONARY ABOUT THE CONCEPT

EXTRA TEXT EXPLANATION The Taipei 101, formerly known as the Taipei World Financial Center, is a landmark skyscraper located in the Hsinyi Distric of the city, the rapidgrowing “Manhattan” of Taipei. This is the future center of financial power in Taiwan. Taipei 101 is owned by the Taipei Financial Center Corporation (TFCC). Taipei 101 has one of the fastest ascending elevator speed with 1010 meters per minute, which is 16.83 m/s (60.6 km/h). These Toshiba elevators are able to take visitors from the main floor to the observatory on the 89th floor in under 39 seconds. Taipei 101’s own roof and facade recycled water system meets 20-30 percent of the building’s water needs. Upgrades are currently under way to make Taipei 101 “the world’s tallest green building” by LEED

IMAGES 1. 2. 3.

Construction drawings Elevators overview Taipei 101 as a landmark in the evening

SOURCES Wells, M. (2003) Wolkenkrabbers. Alphen a/d Rijn, Atrium Uitgeverij

A mega mass demper reduces the effect of wind. The pendulum has a weight of 660.000 kilogram and is situated on the 88th floor. It sways to offset movements in the building caused by strong gusts. Its sphere, the largest damper sphere in the world, consists of 41 circular steel plates. The structure has to be flexible enough to resist an earthquake, and stiff enough to resist a typhoon. Eight mega columns giving the stiffness to the building.

http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/671/taipei-101-a-case-stud http://www.architectureweek.com/2005/0330/building_2-2.html http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/ http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1147437&lang=eng_news http://www.skyscraperpicture.com/taipei101.htm http://www.taipei-101.com.tw/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Taipei_101#cite_note-etaiwannews.com-15east/10/17/taiwan.tower/

09


TAIPEI 101

SITE & SURROUNDINGS In India Kanchanjunga is located in Pedder Road of Greater Mumbai, The Island city. Near the site to the west is the Arabian sea and the neigh hood is surrounded by many high rise structures influenced by Kanchanjunga as it was the First High rise in the area

In India Kohinoor Square is located in the heart of the city Dadar, Greater Mumbai. site is in commercial hub. Surrounded by various high end national and international office and luxurious apartments. The famous Shivaji park is a 5 mins walk from the site.

In India, Aquaria Grande is located Borivali, a suburb of Mumbai. The site is surrounded by a dense Low-Rise residential areas hence its Tallest structure in the vicinity. There are many parks and schools as well near to the site

In China, Linked Hybrid is located Beijing. The site is surrounded by many high rise colonies of same developer. It is also adjacent to the old cityIt has Good connectivity the cities express way. Hence can attract a many visitors in their city within a city

In Taiwan, Taipei 101 is located in Taipei. It is in a dense urban environment in CBD are of Taipei. Surrounded by world class urban infrastructure and high rise buildings with a view to a near by mountain.

•

• •

•

A High-Rise Structure comes out of necessity. Specially in a booming economical center with growing population. Most populous cities have most numbers of High rise structures It is seen that tallest high rise structures are found in the heart of the city. Or a new economic center of any city

SOIL TYPE Dadar is situated in the heart of mumbai, soil is loamy and sandy, due to proximity to sea. Similar to soil types in northwestern also similar because of occurrence of basalt rock.

Malabar hills is situated in the heart of mumbai, soil is loamy and sandy, due to proximity to sea. Similar to soil types in northwestern also similar because of occurrence of basalt rock.

Borivali is situated in the Suburb of mumbai, soil is loamy and sandy, due to proximity to sea. Similar to soil types in northwestern also similar because of occurrence of basalt rock.

-

•

To Understand the type of soil of any site is important to develop a conceptual level structure proposal for any high-rise structure.

•

If a high rise structure is oriented studying is climatic conditions its can greatly increase the natural ventilation and light thus reducing the load on HVAC system and lighting system . Thus making it energy efficient.

•

Success of Vernacular approach or passive sustainable technology could be easily enhanced by proper orientation

•

The user and types of user and there circulation through a 3d urban structure is a very important aspect for orientation of a MIXED-USE HIGH RISE HABITAT.

•

It important to design a building which is relevant to the urban fabric of the city it proudly soars the sky of.

•

A resilient mixed use cluster development can be an attempt to solve any high density urban space issues

-

ORIENTATION The homes and Offices offer unrivalled and unrestricted views of the Northern Suburbs, South Mumbai, Eastern Port and the Arabian Sea.

In Mumbai, a building has to be oriented east-west to catch prevailing sea breezes and to open up the best views of the city. Unfortunately, these are also the directions of the hot sun and the heavy monsoon rains. The old bungalows solved these problems by wrapping a protective layer of verandas around the main living areas, thus providing the occupants with two lines of defence against the elements.

As said in Correas design n Mumbai, a building has to be oriented east-west to catch prevailing sea breezes and to open up the best views of the city. Hence the Site is designed in such a way that the enclouser of the two tower trap maximum winds from the west to east

The Linked Hybrid is mainly based on User oriented planning as well as climatic.

The Retail outlet of Taipei 101 are located toward the south where as the Main entrance to the skyscraper is in the shades toward the North-east side.

Arabian Sea. View

City View.

CONCEPT Design Concept: An iconic structure drawing inspiration from the diamond.

It was clear that the architect has reference to Lecorbusier’s crossover units in Unit habitation in Marseilles in 1952. Correa planned the 3 and 4 bedroom units interlocking with 5 and 6 bedroom units. 3-4 bedroom units occupies on and half level, and 5-6 bedroom units occupies two and half levels. There are small level displacement within the units to differenciate outdoor terrace and indoor living space, dining room and bedrooms and so on. These change of levels hide the living and bed rooms from the heat of sun and rains, while the big opening of balcony could get as much day light as possible.

Plan form basically evolved from the cross ventilation process through the west to east travelling winds of Mumbai Where balconies also gave an artistic impression to the towers

The tower has served as an icon of modern. Taiwan ever since its openingThe building was architecturally created as a symbol of the evolution of technology and Asian tradition. Its postmodernist approach to style incorporates traditional design elements and gives them modern treatments.

"open city within a city". The project promotes interactive relations and encourages encounters in the public spaces that vary from commercial, residential, and educational to recreational. The entire complex is a threedimensional urban space in which buildings on the ground, under the ground and over the ground are fused together.


ZONNING-PARKING-FSI CONSUMED RESIDENTIAL TOWERS

12M MAIN WIDE ENTRY

RETAIL SPACE

RESIDENTAIL

PARKING

Program: Mixed-Use Plot Area: 18,615 sq.m Floor Area: 50,000 sq.m Height: 203 meters Main building, 142 meters Residence Building Floor counts: 52 stories, 32 stories Cost US$: 0.33 billion Lifts: 28 Status: Under-Constructed 50000 SQ.M FOR OFFICES 132 RESIDENTIAL UNITS PARKING-3500 IN 13 STORIES PLOT AREA 4.8 ACRE

PUBLIC ENTRY

CLUB

OFFICES

RESIDENTAL SPACES REST OF THE TOWERS

COMMERCIAL AND ENTERTAIMENT SPACES

9M SERVICE WIDE ENTRY

3 LEVEL OF PODIUM PARKING BBELOW GARDN

•

An approach where different zones are infused in an interlinked context of its urban fabric.

•

FSI consideration is an Important consideration for any high rise proposal

•

Limiting the user to private spaces and allowing free roam in its public spaces both spaces segregated by different levels can be effective to create a mixed use environment

•

High rise structure can be zoned vertically and the connectivity is an important factor between any two zones

•

Service floors, lifts, shafts and staircases are the most important factor governing the daily functionality of any high rise

•

Natural method of light and ventilation solves these problems at a residential level

•

But at commercial level there is a need for mechanical ventilation as there is a continues requirement of larger floor space to work collaboratively together.

•

A green approach like in linked hybrid is a very innovative approach to tackle this increasing load on the mechanical system.

PRIVATE ENTRY

Program: Residential Plot Area: 2900 sq.m Building Footprint: 432 sq.m Floor Area: 5260 sq.m Height: 84 m Floor counts: 28 stories Lifts: 4 Status: Constructed

Program: Residential Plot Area: 13,680 sq.m Gross Floor Area: 30,500 sq.m Height: 164 m , Two tower Floor counts: 42 stories Lifts: 6 Status: Constructed

Program: Mixed-Use Plot Area: 61.800 m2 Building Footprint: 15,500 sq.m Gross Floor Area: 2,21,000 sq.m Height: 68 m Floor counts: 21 stories Lifts: 34 Status: Constructed

36 RESIDENTIAL UNITS PARKING – PROVIDED IN LEVELS FSI CONSUMED – 3.5

202 RESIDENTIAL UNITS PARKING – 409 IN LEVELS FSI CONSUMED – 2

LINKED HYBRID CONSISTS OF 644 APRT. PARKING – 1500 IN 3 LEVELS FSI CONSUMED- 3.5

Program: Commercial Building Footprint: 2500 m2 Gross Floor Area: 412500 m2 Height: 508 m Floor counts: 101 stories Cost US$: 1.6 billion Lifts: 61 Status: Constructed

VERTICAL ZONING

LIGHT AND VENTILATION (Natural & Mechanical) Mechanical •

•

200 meter tall Kohinoor square has a well designed HVAC system for its ventilation purposes. As it’s a glass enveloped structure the load of mechanical ventilation is also high. The cooling towers are situated near water tanks at some levels in the buildings

Natural Method

In Mumbai, a building has to be oriented eastwest to catch prevailing sea breezes and to open up the best views of the city. Unfortunately, these are also the directions of the hot sun and the heavy monsoon rains. The old bungalows solved these problems by wrapping a protective layer of verandas around the main living areas, thus providing the occupants with two lines of defence against the elements.

Natural Method Plan form basically evolved from the cross ventilation process through the west to east travelling winds of Mumbai Where balconies also gave an artistic impression to the towers

Green method Linked Hybrid’s ground source heat pump system shoulders 70% of the complex’s yearly heating and cooling load. The system consists of 655 geothermal wells, 100 meters below the basement foundation. The underground wells have taken the place of above-ground space normally needed for cooling towers, increasing available green areas, minimizing noise pollution and significantly reducing the CO2 emissions created by traditional heating/cooling methods.


SERVICE CORE • The Central Core is surrounded by the office spaces and refuge areas (at 24 meter of height) • There are segregated office space from 2nd to 24th floor with toilets to each office and a common toilet s also provided on all these floors. Central core consist of 24Lifts • 3 Lobbies of 6 Lifts serving levels 25th to 39th • Spaces between the lifts where a lift lobby is not provided are used as toilets with dust at either side: 2 lifts from this pack of 6 are assessable to lower floors as well • 1 lobby of 4 lifts serving levels 1st to 24th • There is a lift bank at 24th floor . • 2 services lifts travelling Throughout the building • 2 Stair cases are also placed in the core

Residential Tower • Central core serves 3 lifts and 1 services lifts • It connects 8 units on each floor • It connects 6 on 17th floor which is refuge floor • UNITS- 2.5 bhk 3bhk 3.5 bhk


Central core consist of 4 Lifts each • Lobby has 3 Passenger lifts connecting all floors and 1 Fire escape Lift • Core connects 2 units on envry floor • It has one staircases and one shaft

Central core • Central core is the heart of any skyscraper • It must be efficiently designed in terms of planning as well as cost • A core holds all the services of a skyscraper hence it contains structural values as well

Central core consist of 3 Lifts each • Each Lobby has 2 Passenger lifts connecting all floors and 1 Fire escape Lift • Core connects 3 units on envry floor • It has two staircases and one shaft • The planning is such that there is natural ventilation in the core

AREA DISTRIBUTION Kohinoor Square Hotel

Office

Residential

Retail

Parking

Services

Recreational ground 3% 13%

10%

21%

26%

Central core • Central core is the heart of Taipei • It connects all 101 floors though a number of lifts • The Fastest lift is travelling at a speed of 1010 m/ min. • That is 16.7 m/s • Travelling though 364 m of height • The downward speed is 10m/s

16% 11% Residential

Services

Parking

25% 15%

60%

Kanchanjunga Apt.

REFUGE AREAS Refuge Floors At 11th floor the first refuge floor is provided DCR RULE In case of high-rise bldg. more than 30 m then first refuge floor shall be provided at 24 m or first habitable floor whichever is higher. Thereafter at every seventh habitable floor.

Refuge floors : 5th, 11th, 17th, 23rd & 29th

SECTION SHOWING REFUGE FLOORS WHICH IS 4% AREA OF THE HABITABLE ZONE ABOVE

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A refuge floor is very important for the safety of people living in a high rise structure In case of high-rise bldg. More than 30 m then first refuge floor shall be provided at 24 m or first habitable floor whichever is higher. Thereafter at every seventh habitable floor. Refuge floors Which is 4% area of the habitable zone above

High Rise Case Study1

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