Duvan Duque Vargas
Contemporary Continental Philosophy Topic 6
Heidegger’s path to the question of Being Do we today have an answer to the question of what we properly mean by the word “being”? By no means. And so it is fitting that we raise anew the question of the meaning of Being . Being . But are we today perplexed because we cannot understand the expression “Being”? By no means. And so we must first of all awaken an understanding of the meaning of this question. 1
Heidegger’s first words in Being and Time explain Time explain what his intention is not only in that particular work but in his whole career. His body of work is a continuous attempt to answer the question about the meaning of Being. The way he proposes to recover that forgotten question and think about Being is clearly outlined by him from the beginning. First of all, to get a better understanding of Being, we must do an existential analysis, following the phenomenological method, of that kind of being for which Being is an issue: Dasein. We must follow this analysis with a destruction of that history of thought that has forgotten about Being in order to recover the meaning of Being that that history has forgotten. Finally, after this destruction, a new way of thinking, one that can think Being in a more primordial way, must follow. Analytic of Dasein, destruction of the history of western metaphysics, and thinking after the end of philosophy: such are the three major stages of Heidegger’s thought. To begin with his inquiry on the question of the meaning of Being Heidegger points to the necessity of asking that particular question. The meaning of Being may seem like something evident. After all, western thought, from ancient ontology to the modern positive sciences, has investigated different kinds of beings for centuries. However, do we really know what we mean when we say that something is? is? The investigation of particular beings has not asked for that 1
Martin Heidegger, ‘Being and Time: Introduction’, Basic Introduction’, Basic Writings, Writings, ed. by David Farrel Krell, p. 40.
which makes those beings be. Being in general is as universal as obscure and fundamental. The fact that this obscurity may seem self-evident to us does not only makes the recovery of the question a necessary task but also gives us an idea of where to start the inquiry. Heidegger decides first to identify that particular being that has a priority access to Being. He finds it precisely in that being that is inquiring, ourselves, or how he calls it, Dasein. The priority of Dasein comes from the fact that its way of being is existence, which cannot be specified by a material content because “its essence lies rather in the fact that it has always to be its Being as its own”2. Dasein decides constantly its own being, projects a certain way of being into the future and realizes it through its actions. Dasein chooses to be a writer, an athlete, a lover, a mother. It also chooses to study, use, or play with certain kinds of beings. Even more, under anxiety Dasein asks the fundamental question: “¿why is there something rather than nothing?” nothing?”3 How can Dasein do this? How can Being be an ontic issue for Dasein if, as we have seen, Dasein doesn’t think Being as an available concept? concept? The only possibility is that Dasein has a kind of understanding of Being that is neither ontic nor ontological but pre-ontological. This pre-ontological understanding of Being that distinguishes Dasein from all other beings in an ontic level makes its analysis and revelation of its fundamental structures necessary to the question of Being. The analysis of Dasein performed in Being and Time Time reveals that Dasein understands Being in terms of temporality. Dasein understands its Being and its future possibilities of Being through an interpretation of its past. Such importance of temporality for Being has two main consequences. Being has to be thought in different terms from those that the tradition had thought about beings. ‘Time’ cannot be the ‘naïve’ criterion to distinguish temporal from 2
Martin Heidegger, Basic Heidegger, Basic Writings, Writings , ed. by David Farrel Krell, p. 54. M. Heidegger, An Heidegger, An Introduction to Metaphysics, Metaphysics , Yale University Press, pp. 7-8.
3
atemporal or supratemporal beings. This unquestioned ontological function of time to distinguish and rank regions of Being is responsible, according to Being and Time, Time, for the problems of ontology. An elaboration of the temporality of Being is key to the development of fundamental ontology. The second consequence is that, given the historicity of Dasein’s being, consequence of its temporality, and given that the historical understanding of Being regulates Dasein’s understanding of Being, a destructuring of the history of ontology is necessary in order to think being in a different way. Even E ven though Heidegger seems to abandon temporality as the fundament of his ontology in later writings, this destructuring of western metaphysics, which from Greek ontology to medieval and modern metaphysics have been concerned for distinctive domains of Being without questioning their own Being, and as such have been charged of unexplained concepts and presuppositions, takes a considerable amount of his work (Heidegger has it in mind from the beginning of his writings, and it is precisely to prevent himself from falling in the same concepts and prejudices of the tradition that he follows the phenomenological method in his analysis and tries to distance his language from the one of the tradition). His intention is to recover the forgotten question of Being, guided by the original experiences of Being of the presocratics. Both Heidegger’s phenomenological analysis and destructuring of western metaphysics share precisely a concept that he recovers from the presocratics: aletheia. aletheia. This early notion of truth differs from truth as correspondence or correctness (as later developed by western thought). Aletheia is Aletheia is truth as unconcealment, as disclosedness of Being, as what is present in presencing. Heidegger relates this notion of aletheia to the phenomenological statement of ‘to the things themselves’. He’s especially interested in the relation between what what is concealed in the
unconcealment, what is absent in what is present, and the early Greek experience of letting things show themselves in their unlimited disclosure. However, since Plato and Aristotle the concealment of Being has been forgotten. With the birth and development of western metaphysics a fixed way of Being is imposed to beings, including man’s own being and being and his relation to fixed objects. Man forgets the mystery of Being and fills out a world according to its own needs, taking the result as standard and replenishing the standards when exhausted, finally taking its subjectivity as standard for all beings, molding beings through science in a technological world. Such thought has run its history; it has exhausted the different ways in which being could be thought in such way. The nihilism of the technological age with its decline of truth is, to Heidegger, the last step of metaphysics. In texts such as Overcoming Metaphysics or The The End of Philosophy and the Task of Thinking , Heidegger describes and destructures this history from the classics to the medieval and the moderns (including Descartes, Kant, Hegel, and Nietzsche or Marx as the last step). The remembering of the question about Being is the recovery of aletheia aletheia and the necessary notion of concealment that accompanies it. “The disclosure of beings as such is simultaneously and intrinsically the concealing of being as a whole” 4 . Thinking after the destructuring of metaphysics requires an acknowledgement of the concealment, and thus cannot continue using the same categories and methods of that thought that instead of recognizing the concealment inherent to truth imposed an artificial stability and rigidness on beings. The new thought must also recognize the hermeneutic circle, the interpretative nature of Dasein which its analytic revealed, the fact that in every questioning of beings Dasein presupposes a certain unconcealment of Being, rendering the complete revelation of Being as a whole an impossible task. He constantly returns to such circle in his writings on different subjects (such as modern 4
Martin Heidegger, ‘On the Essence of Truth, Basic Truth, Basic Writings, Writings, p. 134.
science, art or truth). This impossibility to step out of the circle is not a negative one: one: “In the circle is hidden a positive possibility of the most primordial kind of knowing. knowing.””5 As Heidegger puts it, “we must rather endeavor to leap into the ‘circle’, primordially and wholly” 6. In his later writings Heidegger is interested precisely in this task of thinking that is left after the exhaustion of western metaphysics and their realization in modern sciences, “a thinking that can be neither metaphysics nor science”7. He proposes a return to the early greek experience, a return to aletheia aletheia (which he now refers to as unconcealment thought as the clearing of presence”8). He talks of this task as ‘meditative thinking’, as ‘releasement towards things’, as ‘waiting for the unconcealment’. This task remains open to the mystery of what is concealed in unconcealment. In this quest, his language separates itself more and more from the traditional language of philosophy and calculative thinking to get closer to the language of poetry, a language that is, perhaps, more adequate to talk of Being without ignoring its inherent concealment. Heidegger’s answer to the question about the meaning of Being is not a definite end to the question. More than a definite answer, he offers a path. Has he failed in his quest? Has all of his work been useless? In no way. His work precisely shows the impossibility of giving a definite answer, and in doing so it rediscovered the wonder of Being, bringing back the notion of concealment and the fact that every question, including the question about the meaning of Being, presupposes an answer. Every experience of Being is shaped by a presupposed meaning of Being. Heidegger puts meaning in the center of human experience.
5
Martin Heidegger, Being Heidegger, Being and Time, Time, p. 194. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 363. 7 Martin Heidegger, ‘The End of Philosophy and the Task of Thinking’, Basic Writings, p. 436. 6
8
Martin Heidegger, ‘The End of Philosophy and the Task of Thinking’, Ba sic Writings, p. 446.
Bibliography
M. Heidegger, An Heidegger, An Introduction to Metaphysics, Metaphysics, Yale University Press. Martin Heidegger, Basic Heidegger, Basic Writings, Writings, ed. by David Farrel Krell, 2008, New York, HarperCollins. Martin Heidegger, Being Heidegger, Being and Time, (course Time, (course PDF) Martin Heidegger, Discourse Heidegger, Discourse on Thinking , 1966, new York, Harper & Row.
