HEARSAY FORMULA 1. REL RELEVA EVANC NCY Y if not relevant will be excl!e! "f relevant #ove to t$e next %te& '. A(M"SS A(M"SS") ")"L" "L"*Y *Y +i% it $ear% $ear%a,a,- "f it i% not $ear%a, / ori0inal evi!ence +a!#i%%ible "f it i% $ear%a, / not a!#i%%ible a% R 2. E3CE E3CE4* 4*"O "ONS NS if t$e $ear%a, evi!ence fall% n!er an exce&tion exce&tion / a!#i%%ible
Exce&tion% 1. '. 2. 7. :. <. 6.
%.2'5 %.22 %.62A5 %.89A5 re% 0e%t 0e%tae ae ; %.< %.<5 5 Confe%%ion Confe%%ion% % ;A!#i ;A!#i%%ion %%ion%=ne %=next xt c$a&ter> c$a&ter> S 17 ? fact %$owin0 %$owin0 %tate %tate of of #in!. Re Re Soo Leot@ Leot@ if it i% fall fall wit$in wit$in %17 it i% OE
BHA* "S HEARSAYCROSS ?an a%%ertion ot$er t$an one #a!e b, a &er%on w$ile 0ivin0 oral evi!ence in t$e &rocee!in0 i% ina!#i%%ible a% evi!ence of t$e fact a%%erte!. SUBRAMANIAM V PP [1956] ML ''9
a. ot ot of co cort rt a%% a%%er erti tion on b. re&ea e&eate te! ! in cor cortt c. t$e ori0inal ori0inal #aDer #aDer of t$e %tate# %tate#ent ent i% not witne% witne%%+can %+cannot not be cro%% cro%% exa#ine! !. t$e &r&o%e &r&o%e of a!!cin a!!cin0 0 t$e a%%erti a%%ertion on i% to &rove &rove t$e t$e trt$ trt$ of content% All 7 ele#ent% #%t be &re%ent for t$e %tate#ent to fall wit$in t$e !enition of $ear%a,. "f it !oe% a% a R it i t i% not a!#i%%ible RULE: S60. Oral evidene evidene !"#$ !"#$ %e dire$. dire$.
+1Oral evi!ence %$all in all ca%e% w$atever be !irect t$at i% to %a, ? a if it refer% refer% to to a fact w$ic$ col! col! be %een %een it #%t be t$e t$e evi!ence evi!ence of a witne%% w$o %a,% $e %aw it i t b if it refer% refer% to to a fact w$ic$ w$ic$ col! be $ear! it #%t be t$e evi!ence evi!ence of a witne%% w$o %a,% $e $ear! it c if it refer refer% % to a fact w$ic$ w$ic$ col! col! be &erce &erceive! ive! b, an, an, ot$er ot$er %en%e %en%e or in an, ot$er #anner it #%t be t$e evi!ence of a witne%% w$o %a,% $e &erceive! it b, t$at %en%e or in t$at #anner
HEARSAY ! if it refer% to an o&inion or to t$e 0ron!% on w$ic$ t$at o&inion i% $el! it #%t be t$e evi!ence of t$e &er%on w$o $ol!% t$at o&inion on t$o%e 0ron!%. A. 4AUL in L"M AH OH V R =18:9> ML '<8 Rle a0ain%t $ear%a, i% well e%tabli%$ in CL G %<9. An,t$in0 fall% wit$in 7 li#b% of Sbra#ania# / $ear%a, G not a!#i%%ible. BHY HEARSAY 3 A(M"SS")LE1. '. 2. 7. :.
Not 0iven n!er oat$ MaDer cannot be te%te! n!er cro%% exa#ination *o avoi! fabrication an! concoction Unreliable +#i%re&ortin0 G inaccrac, *i#e
*E4ER VR +18:' AC79 Hear%a, i% not t$e be%t evi!ence G i% not !elivere! on oat$. *rt$flne%% G accrac, cannot be te%te! in cro%%Iexa#ination. (i%tinction between ori0inal evi!ence an! $ear%a, Not all ot of cort a%%ertion% will fall wit$in t$e !enition of $ear%a,. "t i% onl, $ear%a, if t$e %tate#ent i% bein0 ten!ere! to &rove t$e trt$ of it% content%. "t t$e ot of cort %tate#ent i% bein0 ten!ere! for %o#e ot$er &r&o%e OR""NAL EV"(ENCE;("REC* EV"(ENCE
Ori0inal Evi!ence@ State#ent% w$ic$ are bein0 ten!ere! for 1. '. 2. 7.
to %$ow Dnowle!0e t$at a %tate#ent wa% #a!e %tate of e#otion;#in! !re%%
Ver, %bJective@ one #anK% Hear%a, i% anot$erK% OE. +#atter of J!icial o&inion SUBRAMANIAM V PP &1956' Acc%e! wa% c$ar0e! wit$ nlawfl &o%%e%%ion of ani#ation G 0rena!e. (efence@ !re%% a% $e wa% t$reatene! b, co##ni%t. No co##ni%t in cort $ear%a,; OEHel!@ to %$ow %tate of #in!; trt$ of content- *$e t$reat $a% been #a!e an! it i% %tate of #in!. %17 ? %tate of #in! if ten!ere! in cort to %$ow %tate of #in! it i% OE G a!#i%%ible
RA((EN V R &19)*' Acc%e! wa% c$ar0e! for #r!er of $i% wife an! t$e 0n acci!entall, %$ot. *$e !ecea%e! $a! tele&$one et #e t$e &olice &lea%e. 4ro%ection wante! to call a tele&$oni%t to %a, t$at at a certain ti#e %$e $a! taDen a call fro# t$e acc%e!% $o%e. *$e tele&$oni%t %ai! in evi!ence t$at t$e
HEARSAY caller a wo#an acce&te! to $ave been Ratten% wife $a! %ai! et #e t$e &olice &lea%e an! $a! been $,%terical. *$e 4riv, Concil $el! t$at it wa% not $ear%a, a% it i% not ten!ere! for t$e &r&o%e of trt$ an! even if it $a! been it wol! $ave been a!#i%%ible n!er t$e re% 0e%tae &rinci&le. "t wa% a!#i%%ible in or!er to e%t t$e wo#anK% #ental %tate. R V BLAS(LAN+ &19,6' Acc%e! wa% c$ar0e! wit$ br0lar, G #r!er of a 1' ,ear ol! bo, G convicte!. He a&&eal on t$e 0ron! t$at t$e trial J!0e reJecte! t$e evi!ence. *$e Ho%e of Lor!% $el! t$at t$e %tate#ent% wol! onl, be a!#i%%ible if t$e %tate of #in! of t$e #aDer of t$e %tate#ent i% eit$er !irectl, in i%%e it%elf or i% of !irect an! i##e!iate relevance to an i%%e ari%in0 at t$e trial. *$e i%%e at t$e trial wa% w$et$er ) $a! co##itte! t$e oence% c$ar0e! an! w$at wa% relevant to t$at i%%e wa% not t$e fact of MK% Dnowle!0e. MarD confe%%ion ? trt$ of content ? $ear%a, MarD Dnowle!0e ? OE bt not relevant. SPAR-S V R [196] A w$ite #anK wa% convicte! of in!ecentl, a%%altin0 a t$ree,earol! 0irl w $o !i! not 0ive evi!ence at t$e trial. *$e !efence $a! %o0$t to call t$e #ot$er to 0ive evi!ence t$at %$ortl, after t$e a%%alt t$e c$il! $a! %ai! to $er P"t wa% a colore! bo,Q. 4rove trt$ of content + colore! bo,I $ear%a,. *$e 4riv, Concil $el! t$at t$e trial J!0e $a! &ro&erl, rle! t$at t$e evi!ence wa% ina!#i%%ible $ear%a,. *$e eect of t$i% rlin0 on t$e ca%e wol! %ee# to i#&l, t$at t$e victi# col! not i!entif, $er a%%ailant. M/ERS V +PP &196' t$ere are $ear%a, evi!ence in oral for# bt al%o can be in !oc#entar, for# AN+ERASE-ARA V R &192)' Victi#K% t$roat $a% been ct. A%D $i# w$o !i! t$i%- 4ointe! at a &er%on / 0e%tre I $ear%a,
E34RESS G "M4L"E( ASSER*"ONS E34RESS ASSER*"ON@ State#ent ten!ere! to &rove t$e trt$ of it% !irect #eanin0. Exa#&le
P"t wa% 3 w$o attacDe! #eQ P"t wa% a w$ite bo,Q P *$e 0et awa, car no wa% 4UxxxQ
HEARSAY "M4L"E( ASSER*"ON @ State#ent i% ten!ere! to &rove t$e $i!!en #eanin0; fact. E3AM4LES@
PHello 3Q "#&lie! a%%ertion @ 3 wa% t$ere P " %aw M%. 3 co#in0 ot of Hotel (niaQ
HEARSAY $ear%a, rle will a&&l, to i#&lie! a%%ertion% @ R V EARLEY +8' ' ALL ER 27: earle, t$e acc%e! &er%on wa% c$ar0e! wit$ traTcDin0 in !an0ero% !r0%. "n $i% ab%ence t$e &olice rai!e! $i% $o%e. B$ile t$e, were t$ere t$ere were abot '9 call% +%o#e &$one call% an! %o#e &er%onal caller% to t$e $o%e a%Din0 for C$i&&ieK +earle,K% nicDna#e ree%tin0 for !r0%. *$eHo%e of Lor!% $el! t$at t$e &olice were not &er #itte! to re&eat t$e ree%t #a!e for !r0% beca%e it a#onte! to ina!#i%%ible $ear%a, an! earle, wa% acitte! on t$e c$ar0e of traTcDin0. R V *E4ER =18:'> ' ALL ER 776 *e&er wa% c$ar0e! for t$e brnin0 !own of a %$o&. *$e &ro%ection wante! to calle! a &olice#an to %a, t$at $e $ear! a wo#en %$otin0 Yor &lace i% brnin0 an! ,o 0oin0 awa, fro# t$e re. *$e %tate#ent wa% an i#&lie! a%%ertion of t$e acc%e!K% &re%ence at t$e %cene. "t wa% $el! t$at t$e evi!ence of t$e &olice#en will be $ear%a, an! t$i% ina!#i%%ible. BAL*ON V R =188> 7 ALR :8 evi!ence t$at t$e c$il! an%were! t$e tele&$one Hello (a!!,K a#onte! to an i#&lie! a%%ertion t$at t$e c$il! wa% in fact %&eaDin0 to $i% !a!!,. However $ear%a, rle x a&&l, in i#&lie! a%%ertion in t$i% ca%e a% t$e c$il! wa% : ,ear% ol! +#inorit, rle R V LY(ON =186>I PSean Rle%Q ; P Sean Rle% :Q Robber, ca%e &a&er% wa% fon! written a% Sean RleK. *$ere wa% no one na#e! Sean c$ar0e! b, &ro%ection. Hence not ten!er for trt$ ? a!#i%%ible. +w$at we %ee i% $ear%a, bt cort taDe narrow a&&roac$ BOO(HOUSE V HALL =189>CR"M LR <7: An oTcer went n!ercover to a brot$el w$ic$ wa% !i%0i%e! a% a #a%%a0e &arlor. *$e #ana0er oere! &rice% of %exal %ervice% an! t$e oTcer re&eate! t$o%e oer% in cort. *$e intention of ten!erin0 t$e wor!% of t$e #ana0er a% evi!ence wa% ot$er t$an t$e trt$. *$at i% to &rove t$at t$e &arlor wa% in!ee! a brot$el in !i%0i%e for t$e fact t$at %exal %ervice% were oere!. *$i% wa% $el! to be a!#i%%ible. L,!on G woo!$o%e ? c$allen0in0 e%tabli%$ ar0#ent one #anK% $ear%a, i% anot$er #an OE
R v Ratten P0et #e t$e &olice &lea%eQ in a $,%terical ree%t b, t$e !ecea%e! %$ortl, before %$e wa% Dille! a#ont to an i#&lie! a%%ertion of $ear%a, t$at $e wa% t$reatene! b, %o#eone in t$e $o%e.
HEARSAY S.2* EVI+ENE A( 1950 +1 State#ent% written or verbal of relevant fact% !ade %3 a 4er#n 7 i# dead r 7 ann$ %e 8"nd r 7 7a# %e!e ina4a%le 8 ivin evidene r 7#e a$$endane ann$ %e 4r"red i$7"$ an a!"n$ 8 dela3 r e;4en#e 7i7 "nder $7e ir"!#$ane# 8 $7e a#e a44ear# $ $7e "r$ "nrea#na%le are t$e#%elve% relevant fact% in t$e followin0 ca%e%@ Are relevant n!er t$e followin0 circ#%tance%@ &ara +a to +J =19 &ara%
B$en will %.2' exce&tion a&&l, @ 4RECON("*"ON A* LEAS* 1 4ARA +aIJ a&&lie% / %.2' exce&tion 4recon!ition + !ea! cannot be fon! inca&able nrea%onable !ela,;ex&en%e LEON< OON< -IE V. PP @ S2' i% t$e exce&tion of $ear%a,.
4RECON("*"ONS Un!er %.2' a %tate#ent col! onl, be a!#itte! a% an exce&tion to $ear%a, &rovi!e! it wa% #a!e b, 7 cate0orie% of &er%on% @ a. b. c. !.
a &er%on w$o i% !ea! or w$o cannot be fon! or w$o $a% beco#e inca&able of 0ivin0 evi!ence or w$o%e atten!ance cannot be &rocre! wit$ot an a#ont of !ela, or ex&en%e w$ic$ n!er t$e circ#%tance% of t$e ca%e a&&ear% to t$e cort nrea%onable
M%t be %trictl, &roven +A.4al@ ALL"E( )AN )H( V YAU "O HUA +188 < ML 1 S 2' reire% %ati%faction of 4recon!ition &ara. )r!en @ %.197 I 4art, wi%$in0 to rel, on t$e exce&tion #%t ex&lain G &rovi!e evi!ence to %&&ort. a. (ea! ? !eat$ certicate b. Cannot be fon! ? !ili0ent G rea%onable %earc$ b, virte of %197 c. "nca&able ? #e!ical evi!ence to %$ow #e!ical; &$,%ical; #ental con!ition !. A$$endane ann$ %e 4r"red ? over%ea% not %Tcient #%t taDe into accont ti#e to %ecre atten!ance co%t to %ecre atten!ance vale of clai#. 44 V LAM 4EN HOA =188<> : ML 79: &recon!ition +bI !ili0ence G rea%onable %earc$ #%t be !one N Y"U BO V 44 =188> 2 ML 1<< *$e #aDer wa% in )an0DoD bt ref%e! to a&&ear in cort G #aDe it clear t$at $e i% not &re&are! to trn & in Mala,%ia ? &recon!ition +b %ati%e!. S"M *"EB )EE V 44 =1862> ' ML '99 Evi!ence@ tall, %$eet #anife%t an! 0nn, %acD On t$e %acD@ PSi# *iew )eeSibQ ? %$ow t$at it belon0 to Si# *iew )ee
HEARSAY *all, %$eet Manife%t@ create! in or!inar, natre of b%ine%% S2'+1+b Hel!@ Cort !oe% not acce&t t$at 0nn, %acD fall wit$in %2'+1+b alt$o0$ &recon!ition +#aDer cnt be fon! %ati%e! reJecte!. However even tall, %$eet G #anife%t fall wit$in %2'+1+b bt it !oe% not %ati%f, t$e &recon!ition reJecte!. *$e #aDer #%t be calle!.
Section 2'+1a@ (,in0 !eclaration% Con!ition%@
#aDer i% !ea! ca%e of !eat$ co#e% into i%%e
State#ent relate% to @
ca%e of !eat$ +after inWiction of inJr, or t$e tran%action w$ic$ re%lt% in !eat$ +before inWiction of inJr,
No nee! for %tate#ent to be #a!e in ex&ectation of !eat$ Can be verbal +exact wor!% ba%e! on recollection or in writin0 +actal wor!% CHAN(RASEARA V R =1826> 1 AC ''9 t$roat wa% ct act of &ointin0 to t$e acc%e! $ear%a,. Exce&tion@ !,in0 !eclarationI a!#i%%ible +%tate#ent of ca%e of !eat$
4AALA NARAYANA SBAM" V "N EM4EROR =1828> ML :8 Acc%e! wa% c$ar0e! wit$ #r!er. Victi# fon! ct in 6&c%. *$e victi# tol! $i% wife t$at " a# 0oin0 to acc%e!K% $o%e a% t$e acc%e!K% wife calle! #e to collect t$e #one, t$at t$e, owe! #eK. *$e wife re&eate! t$e %tate#ent in cort. Hel!@ Not nece%%ar, for !,in0 !eclaration to #aDe after inJr,. State#ent before inJr, can be a!#itte!. E0. On t$e wa, to #eet %o#eone / !,in0 !eclaration. However t$ere #%t be %o#e for# of &roxi#it, of ti#e between t$e tran%action G t$e !eat$. YEOH HOC CHEN =182> ML 1<< (ecea%e! wa% !ea! on 17;2. S$e #a!e 1 %t %tate#ent to $er fat$er on :;2 t$at acc%e! t$reatene! to Dill $er if %$e tol! an,one t$at %$e %le&t wit$ $i#. 'n! %tate#ent wa% #a!e to $er %i%ter on t$e !a, of $er !eat$ t$at %$e i% 0oin0 ot to #eet t$e acc%e!. Hel!@ 1%t %tate#ent ? too re#ote ' n! %tate#ent ? %ati%f, &roxi#it, can be a!#itte! a% ((
)OO*A S"NH V 44 =1822> ML 18: &olice re&ort #a!e 8 #ont$ before !eat$ ? too re#oteI not !,in0 !elaration HA" SALLEH V 44 =1821> FMSLR 1 #ont$ before t$e !eat$ victi# #a!e %tate#ent t$at t$e Acc%e!
HEARSAY t$reatene! to Dill $i# wa% $el! to be too re#ote G not a!#itte! a% !,in0 !eclaration *OH LA" HEN V R ; ON HER HOC V 44 Bei0$t of !,in0 !eclaration i% $i0$ beca%e &er%on 0oin0 to !ie wonKt lie. (,in0 !eclaration can be verbal or in writin0. "f it i% verbal exact wor! can be %e!. "f it i% in writin0 it #%t be actal wor! %e! b, !ecea%e!. NARANAN S"NH V 44 =1878> ML 1'' *$e !,in0 !eclaration #a!e to t$e nr%e. "t wa% $el! t$at if t$ere i% inter&reter t$e inter&reter #%t be calle! G t$e 4O w$o recor!e! it #%t al%o be calle!. (,in0 !eclaration #a!e in re%&on%e to e%tion t$e e%tion #%t be tol! to t$e cort. CHAN 4HUA* HOON V 44 +18<' ML 1'6 Cort $a% to evalate w$et$er t$e !ecea%e! i% wort$, of cre!it before wei0$in0 t$e %tate#ent of t$e !ecea%e!. SEC*"ON 2'+1 b w$en t$e %tate#ent wa% #a!e b, an, %c$ &er%on in t$e ordinary course of business an! in &articlar w$en it con%i%t% of an3 en$r3 r !e!rand"! !ade %3 7i! in %=# =e4$ in t$e or!inar, cor%e of b%ine%% or in t$e di#7are 8 4r8e##inal d"$3 or of an a=nled!en$ ri$$en r #ined %3 7i! 8 $7e reei4$ 8 !ne3 0oo!% %ecritie% or &ro&ert, of an, Din! or of a d"!en$ "#ed in !!ere ri$$en r #ined %3 7i! r 8 $7e da$e 8 a le$$er r $7er d"!en$ "#"all3 da$ed ri$$en r #ined %3 7i!> ELEMEN*S @ 1. '. 2. 7.
4recon!ition State#ent #a!e in t$e or!inar, cor%e of b%ine%% etc ), a #aDer w$o $a% &er%onal Dnowle!0e of #atter% %tate! onl, allow% r%t $an! $ear%a,
cf@ %ection 62A SEC*"ON 62A Ad!i##i%ili$3 8 d"!en$ar3 evidene in ivil a#e# e$. +1 Notwit$%tan!in0 an,t$in0 containe! in t$i% C$a&ter in an3 ivil 4reedin# w$ere !irect oral evi!ence of a fact wol! be a!#i%%ible an, %tate#ent #a!e b, a &er%on in a d"!en$ an! ten!in0 to e%tabli%$ t$at fact %$all on &ro!ction of t$e ori0inal !oc#ent %e ad!i##i%le a# evidene 8 $7a$ 8a$ i8 $7e 8llin ndi$in# are #a$i#?ed: (a) if t$e #aDer of t$e %tate#ent eit$er I +i $a! &er%onal Dnowle!0e of t$e #atter% !ealt wit$ b, t$e %tate#ent or +ii' 7ere $7e d"!en$ in @"e#$in i# r 8r!# 4ar$ 8 a rerd 4"r4r$in $ %e a n$in""# rerd !ade $7e #$a$e!en$ &# 8ar a# $7e !a$$er# deal$ i$7 $7ere%3 are n$ i$7in 7i# 4er#nal
HEARSAY =nlede' in $7e 4er8r!ane 8 a d"$3 $ rerd in8r!a$in #"44lied $ 7i! %3 a 4er#n 7 7ad r !i7$ rea#na%l3 %e #"44#ed $ 7ave 7ad 4er#nal =nlede 8 $7#e !a$$er#> an! (b) if t$e #aDer of t$e %tate#ent i% calle! a% a witne%% in t$e &rocee!in0%@ Prvided $7a$ $7e ndi$in $7a$ $7e !a=er 8 $7e #$a$e!en$ #7all %e alled a# a i$ne## need n$ %e #a$i#?ed i8 7e i# dead r "n?$ %3 rea#n 8 7i# %dil3 r !en$al ndi$in $ a$$end a# a i$ne## r i8 7e i# %e3nd $7e #ea# and i$ i# n$ rea#na%l3 4ra$ia%le $ #e"re 7i# a$$endane r i8 all rea#na%le er$# $ ?nd 7i! 7ave %een !ade i$7"$ #"e##.
+' "n an, civil &rocee!in0% t$e cort #a, at an, %ta0e of t$e &rocee!in0% if $avin0 re0ar! to all t$e circ#%tance% of t$e ca%e it i% %ati%e! t$at n!e !ela, or ex&en%e wol! ot$erwi%e be ca%e! or!er t$at %c$ a %tate#ent a% i% #entione! in %b%ection +1 %$all be a!#i%%ible a% evi!ence or #a, wit$ot an, %c$ or!er $avin0 been #a!e a!#it %c$ a %tate#ent in evi!ence I (a) n$i$7#$andin $7a$ $7e !a=er 8 $7e #$a$e!en$ i# availa%le %"$ i# n$ alled a# a i$ne##> and (b) n$i$7#$andin $7a$ $7e riinal d"!en$ i# n$ 4rd"ed i8 in lie" $7ere8 $7ere i# 4rd"ed a 43 8 $7e riinal d"!en$ r 8 $7e !a$erial 4ar$ $7ere8 er$i?ed $ %e a $r"e 43 in #"7 !anner a# !a3 %e #4ei?ed in $7e rder r a# $7e "r$ !a3 a44rve a# $7e a#e !a3 %e.
(ierence between %.2'+1b G %.62A@ i. ii. iii. iv.
%.2' a&&lie% to bot$ civil G cri#inal %.62A onl, civil. S.2' a&&lie% to bot$ verbal G !oc#entar, %.62A onl, !oc#entar, %.2' onl, 1%t $an! $ear%a, %.62A can a!#it bot$ 1 %t $an! an! 'n! $an! $ear%a,. S.2' &recon!ition #%t be %ati%e! %.62A $ear%a, can be a!#itte! even if witne%% i% available.
1. (r 3 exa#ine% Mr. Y an! (r.3 &re&are% t$e re&ort. (r.3 $a% !ie! an! now t$e re&ort i% bein0 ten!ere! b, anot$er witne%% (r.X . 1%t $an! '. taDe% t$e #ea%re#ent% of t$e %$i&#ent an! rea!% it to w$ile recor!% t$e !etail% an! %i0n% t$e !oc#ent. )ot$ G cannot be fon!. (oc#ent i% ten!ere! t$ro0$ L. 1%t $an! L 'n! $an!
S"M *"EB )EE V 44 =1862> ' ML '99 Manife%t G tall, %$eet ? or!inar, b%ine%% bt x &recon!ition ? reJect nn, %acD ? x or!inar, b%ine%% bt %ati%f, &recon!ition I reJect SYAR"A* ENA S(N.)H( V A)(UL RASH"( =181> 1 ML Evi!ence wa% ten!ere! to &rove $ow #c$ ti#ber wa% extracte!. *$e
HEARSAY re&ort wa% &re&are! b, &K% %on bt $e $a! &a%%e! awa, &recon!ition %ati%e!. However $e !i! not taDe a &ro&er recor!. "t wa% $el! t$at it !oe% not #a!e in or!inar, cor%e of b%ine%% a% it i% not %,%te#atic.
BAN SAL"MAH BAN AFFAR V MAHMOO( OMAR =188> 1 CL 79 Recor! can be create! before;after !i%&te. Recor! after !i%&te will be 0iven le%% wei0$t. A)(UL HO(ER V LOB YAM CHA" =188>' ML 72 Me!ical re&ort b, !octor can be a!#itte! n!er S2'+1+b N Y"U BO V 44 =188> 2 ML 1<< Recei&t G bill fall n!er &ara b. VAYNAR SU44"AH V MA A)(UL RAH"M=1867> ' ML 12 Cort !eclare% t$at S2'+1+b !oe% not a!#it ' n! $an! $ear%a, bt onl, a!#it 1%t $an! $ear%a,. "f re&ort &re&are! b, &er%on wit$ot &er%onal Dnowle!0e 'n! $an! $ear%a, II ina!#i%%ible ALL"E( )AN )H( V YAU "O HUA =188> < ML 1 A0%tine a0ree! wit$ Va,nar t$at S2'+1+b onl, a!#it 1%t $an! $ear%a,. S62A allow% 'n! $an! $ear%a,. S.2'+1c@ w$en t$e %tate#ent i% aain#$ $7e 4e"niar3 r 4r4rie$ar3 in$ere#$ of t$e &er%on #aDin0 it or w$en if tre it wol! ex&o%e $i# or wol! $ave ex&o%e! $i# to a cri#inal &ro%ection or to a %it for !a#a0e% Con!ition% i. ii. iii.
4recon!ition State#ent a0ain%t &ecniar, or Bol! ex&o%e #aDer to cri#inal or civil action
"l%tration@ f SUSSE3 4EERAE CASE =177> 11 C" G F : 4K% fat$er wit$ title of lor!%$i& #%t $ave in0K% &er#i%%ion to #arr, bt #arrie! wit$ot %c$ &er#i%%ion. After t$e !eat$ of t$e &arent% & want% to clai# t$e title of lor!%$i&. "n or!er to &rove t$at t$e 4 i% t$e le0iti#ate c$il! t$e &rie%t wa% calle! a% a witne%% to te%tif, t$e &arent%K #arria0e i% le0al. State#ent #a!e b, t$e &rie%t wa% a0ain%t t$e intere%t. 44 V FORS*ER =18> ' ML :87 AT!avit fro# er#an, %worn b, ' &er%on w$o wa% travellin0 wit$ t$e acc%e! %tate% t$at t$e !r0 belon0 to t$e# bt not belon0 to Fo%ter. *$e cort $el! t$at a% lon0 a% t$ere i% ri%D of &ro%ection it fall% n!er &ara+c bt t$e wei0$t #a, be low. BAR( V 4"** =1812> ' ) 129 For %tate#ent a!#itte! n!er S2'+1+c #aDer #%t $ave &er%onal
HEARSAY Dnowle!0e of t$e fact. "n t$i% ca%e a clai# wa% #a!e b, an ille0iti#ate c$il! a0ain%t t$e e#&lo,er% of t$e !ecea%e! worD#an alle0e! to $ave been $i% fat$er. *$e a&&licant relie! on a!#i%%ion% #a!e b, $i% fat$er to t$e &aternit, an! t$at $e $a! inten!e! to #aintain t$e c$il! G #arr, t$e a&&licantK% #ot$er. "t wa% $el! t$at alt$o0$ t$e %tate#ent #a!e b, !ecea%e! were in fact a0ain%t $i% intere%t t$ere wa% no 0arantee t$at t$e !ecea%e! $a! &er%onal Dnowle!0e. *UCER V OL( )URY U(C =181'> ' ) 216 *$e #aDer of t$e %tate#ent %$ol! be aware at t$e ti#e of #aDin0 it t$at %c$ %tate#ent wol! be a0ain%t $i% intere%t. S.2'+1$ @ w$en t$e %tate#ent wa% #a!e b, a n#ber of &er%on% an! ex&re%%e! feelin0% or i#&re%%ion% on t$eir &art relevant to t$e #atter in e%tion (U )OS* V )ERESFOR( =119> ' CAM4 :11 4lainti a &ainter $a! &ainte! t$e Ho&e co&le G ex$ibite! it in &blic wit$ t$e title Pbeat, G t$e bea%tQ. (efen!ant !e%tro,e! t$e &ictre an! $i% !efence wa% t$e &aint wa% a libel. ( )o%t clai#e! !a#a0e%. Bitne%%e% were calle! w$o %wore to t$e i#&re%%ion &ro!ce! b, t$e &ictre in t$eir own #in! t$at it wa% inten!e! to be a re&re%entation of !efK% brot$er in law G $i% wife. Hel!@ witne%%K% %tate#ent a% to $i% own feelin0% were ori0inal evi!ence $i% accont of t$e co##ent% of t$e b,%tan!er% wa% $ear%a, bt nevert$ele%% a!#i%%ible.
%.2'+1 i G J (i) w$en t$e %tate#ent wa% #a!e in t$e cor%e of or for t$e &r&o%e% of an inve%ti0ation or inir, into an oence n!er or b, virte of an, written law and (j) w$ere t$e %tate#ent wa% #a!e b, a &blic oTcer in t$e !i%c$ar0e of $i% !tie%.
+' *$e &rovi%ion% of &ara0ra&$ +i an! +J of %b%ection +1 %$all a&&l, onl, in relation to a cri#inal &rocee!in0. "%%e @ of conJnctive or !i%Jnctive rea!in0 I &i' andC &D' 1. i G J I Rea! to0et$er +conJnctive '. #arD% t$e en! of t$e %ection +!i%Jnctive
ConJnctive Rea!in0 1. 4recon!ition '. B$en t$e %tate#ent i% #a!e in t$e cor%e of an inve%ti0ation Pan!Q 2. B$ere it wa% #a!e b, a &blic oTcer
HEARSAY )ot$ i G J #%t be %ati%e! ie onl, %tate#ent% #a!e b, a &blic oTcer in t$e cor%e of an, inve%ti0ation will be a!#i%%ibleI narrow inter&retationI 1 exce&tion M"CHAEL ANOYO AA)OU V 44 +conJnctive O)RA *A)A SE"(AL" v. 44 ='917> ' CL 1'CA "t i% e%%ential to note t$at %. 2'+1 +i #%t be rea! conJnctivel, wit$ +J an! i% onl, relate! to &blic oTcer% an! not witne%%e%. Section 2'+1 +i an! +J wa% !ealt b, Ha#i! Sltan C +a% $e t$en wa% in PP v. Sim Kay Chay [2008] 1 CLJ 838 w$ere $e $a! t$i% to %a,@ B$et$er %%. 2'+1 +i an! +J #%t be rea! conJnctivel, or !i%Jnctivel, i% a #atter of controver%, an! ca%e% $ave been !eci!e! in bot$ wa,% ."f it i% rea! conJnctivel, t$en t$e new &rovi%ion i% onl, li#ite! to t$e %tate#ent% #a!e b, &blic oTcer%. On t$e ot$er $an! if it i% rea! !i%Jnctivel, t$en it relate% to a wi!e variet, of %tate#ent%. ere, *an C +a% $e t$en wa% %tate! in Public Proscu!or v. "ichal #$ayo #%abo&u t$at it i% trite t$at an, a#bi0it, in t$e lan0a0e of &rovi%ion% lea!in0 to &roof in cri#inal &rocee!in0% %c$ a% %%. 2'+1 +i an! +J i% to be narrowl, con%tre!. (i%Jnctive Rea!in0 1. 4recon!ition '. + i State#ent #a!e b, an, &er%on in t$e cor%e of an inve%ti0ation; Z + J %tate#ent #a!e b, a &blic oTcer wi!er inter&retation @ ' exce&tion% 44 V MOH( AM"L )"N YAHYA =1882> 2 ML 69'HC +&0 16< G i% not conJnctive bt %i#&l, #arD% t$e en!. A ca%e involvin0 t$e oence of !r0 traTcDin0 t$e a!#i%%ibilit, of a %tate#ent #a!e b, t$e !ecea%e! n!er %11' C4C. *$e %tate#ent wa% a!#i%%ible n!er S2'+1+i 44 V LAM 4EN HOA =188<> : ML 79: HC+&0 16 !i%a0ree Mic$ael Ana,o. *$e ' %b%ection% were #eant to be !i%Jnctive G to &rovi!e for ' !ierent %itation% i% clearl, !i%cernible fro# t$e followin0 %b%ection +' w$ic$ %e% t$e wor! &rovi%ionK in t$e &lral G not %in0lar. *$e wor! an!K w$ic$ Join% %b%ection +1+i G +J col! a!#it of no #ore %i0nicance t$an an ex&o%ition of t$e !raft#anK% &reference of a conJnction a% an en!in0 to all t$e &rovi%ion in S2'+1. 44 V MOH(.FA"RUS =1886> : ML :6HC 4ara0ra&$% en#erate! in %2' before t$e %ection wa% a#en!e! eac$ &ara can be con%i!ere! a% %&ellin0 ot a %e&arate %et of circ#%tance% w$ere a %tate#ent can be #a!e a!#i%%ible. So eac$ of t$e two in%erte! &ara can al%o %tan! on it% own. +i@%.196 11' 112; +J 118;11'
HEARSAY )AN(AHALA UN(" v. 44='917> 1 CL 69 CA *$e !octor w$o conr#e! t$at t$e !ecea%e! wa% !ea! !i! not 0ive evi!ence a% $e $a! left t$e contr, an! $i% re&ort wa% a!#itte! n!er %. 2'+1+J of t$e Evi!ence Act 18:9 %.22 Allow% for evi!ence b, a witne%% in ca%e to be a!#itte! in a %b%eent &rocee!in0 or at a later %ta0e in t$e %a#e &rocee!in0 a% an exce&tion to $ear%a,. Ele#ent%@ 1. 4recon!ition +witne%% i% not available (ea!;Cannot be fon!;"nca&able;e&t awa,;Unrea%onable !ela, '. *$e evi!ence wa% 0iven in a J!icial &rocee!in0 or before an,one at$ori%e! to b, law to taDe it. 2. Sa#e &artie% 7. O&&ortnit, G Ri0$t to cro%% exa#ine +in earlier &rocee!in0 :. Sa#e i%%e% LaD%$a#anna v Var!$ana##a A"R 1818@ A&&lie% not onl, evi!ence 0iven b, a witne%% in a J!icial &rocee!in0% bt al%o evi!ence 0iven b, a witne%% before an, at$ori%e! &er%on. Note @ Bill a&&l, to bot$ civil an! cri#inal %.62A Ele#ent%@ 1 Onl, civil ca%e% ' Onl, %tate#ent% in a !oc#ent 2 Un!er t$i% %ection a %tate#ent wol! be a!#i%%ible in 2 circ#%tance%@ a B$ere t$e #aDer i% calle! a% a witne%%+!oc#ent will be a!#itte! to %$ow con%i%tenc, I Ori0inal Evi!ence +S.62A +1 b b B$ere t$e #aDer of t$e %tate#ent i% not available +&rovi%o @%.62A+1bI %tate#ent i% a!#itte! a% an exce&tion to $ear%a,. c w$ere t$e #aDer i% available bt not calle! a% a witne%%+ %.62A+'a ? %tate#ent i% a!#itte! a% an exce&tion to $ear%a,. 7 *$i% %ection will allow bot$ &ri#ar, an! %econ!ar, co&ie%.+%.62A +1 +' b : State#ent #%t be #a!e before t$e !i%&te+%.62A +2 ALL"E( )AN )H( V YAU "O HUA +188 < ML 1 allow% %econ! $an! $ear%a, &rovi!e! it wa% in t$e &erfor#ance of a !t, to recor! infor#ation %&&lie! to $i# b, a &er%on w$o $a! or #i0$t rea%onabl, be %&&o%e! to $ave $a! &er%onal Dnowle!0e of t$o%e #atter%. +%.62A +1 a +ii ARA) MALAYS"AN MERCHAN* )AN V CHON ON FOH ME("CAL HALL =1886> 7 ML :2' *$e #aDer of t$e !oc#ent col! not atten! cort a% $e wa% b%, G al%o beca%e $e $a! alrea!, atten!e! cort for : or < ti#e% for t$e %a#e #atter onl, to $ave t$e #atter a!Jorne! G w$ere t$e clai# wa% onl, for a %# of :D t$e cort %e! it% !i%cretion to a!#it t$e !oc notwit$%tan!in0 t$at t$e #aDer wa% available bt wa% not calle! a% a witne%%.
HEARSAY %.89A Ad!i##i%ili$3 8 d# 4rd"ed %3 !4"$er# 8 #$a$e!en$# n$ained $7erein. +1 "n an, cri#inal or civil &rocee!in0 a !oc#ent &ro!ce! b, a co#&ter or a %tate#ent containe! in %c$ !oc#ent #7all %e ad!i##i%le a# evidene 8 an3 8a$ #$a$ed $7erein i8 $7e d"!en$ a# 4rd"ed %3 $7e !4"$er in $7e "r#e 8 i$# rdinar3 "#e 7e$7er r n$ $7e 4er#n $enderin $7e #a!e i# $7e !a=er 8 #"7 d"!en$ r #$a$e!en$. +' For t$e &r&o%e% of t$i% %ection it #a, be &rove! t$at a !oc#ent wa% &ro!ce! b, a co#&ter in t$e cor%e of it% or!inar, %e b, ten!erin0 to t$e cort a certicate %i0ne! b, a &er%on w$o eit$er before or after t$e &ro!ction of t$e !oc#ent b, t$e co#&ter i% re%&on%ible for t$e #ana0e#ent of t$e o&eration of t$at co#&ter or for t$e con!ct of t$e activitie% for w$ic$ t$at co#&ter wa% %e!. Ele#ent% 1 Civil ;cri#inal ' (oc#ent wa% &ro!ce! b, a co#&ter in t$e cor%e of it% or!inar, %e 2 An, fact% %tate! t$erein %$all be a!#i%%ible in evi!ence 7 B$et$er or not t$e &er%on ten!erin0 t$e %a#e i% t$e #aDer of %c$ !oc#ent or %tate#ent. +exce&tion to $ear%a, rle Con!ition 1. (oc#ent wa% &ro!ce! b, a co#&ter in t$e cor%e of it% or!inar, %e '. S.89A+'@t$i% #a, be &rove! b, ten!erin0 in a certicate %i0ne! b, t$e &er%on re%&on%ible for t$e o&eration of t$at co#&ter.
(oc#ent 4ro!ce! ), A Co#&ter@ %.2 ? !enition of !oc#ent G co#&ter %#art&$one wol! fall wit$in t$i% !enition Note @ %.<'
"n Mala,%ia a wi!e inter&retation $a% been a!o&te! an! $a% been $el! to incl!e t$e followin0 !oc#ent%@ a. b. c. !.
)anD %tate#ent% + ' ML <12 CC*V recor!in0% +A$#a! NaJib Ari% v 44 ='998> ' ML <12
HEARSAY e. EI #ail &rint ot% +4etrolia# Na%ional +4E*RONAS V. $oo Nee ion0 f. H;& call lo0% !ata +AX"LAH HA(R" G ANOR v. 44 ? CA + 44 v A[ila$ I FC Gi$ne## : Celco# OTcer w$o &re&are! t$e %cri&te! lo0% !ata fro# raw !ata +co#&ter &rint ot
CA Hel! @ %.89A+' not %ati%e! a% @ PBe note! t$at it wa% not t$e evi!ence of S4<1 t$at $e wa% t$e &er%on re%&on%ible for t$e #ana0e#ent an! o&eration of t$at co#&ter. B$at $e %ai! wa%@ 4a!a #a%a %a,a #encetaD !oD#en ini !ari&a!a co#&ter %a,a co#&ter %a,a ter%ebt a!ala$ !i !ala# berDea!aan baiD !an !i !ala# &erJalanan fn0%in,a ,an0 bia%a be0it J0a &rinter ntDn,a.Q FC@ "n t$i% ca%e t$e call lo0% were &ro!ce! b, co#&ter% in t$e cor%e of t$eir or!inar, %e b, t$e ver, #aDer% na#el, 4B<1 4B<' an! 4B<2 $ence !i%&en%in0 wit$ t$e reire#ent% of ten!erin0 to t$e cort %i0ne! certicate% t$at t$e, were re%&on%ible for t$e #ana0e#ent of t$e o&eration of t$e co#&ter% or for t$e con!ct of t$e activitie% for w$ic$ t$o%e co#&ter% were %e! for. *$e nee! to a!!ce t$e certicate% a% reire! b, %. 89A+' of t$e Evi!ence Act 18:9 $a! t$% beco#e re!n!ant. Note @ "% t$i% too wi!e an inter&retation-- S$ol! t$e o&eration of %.89A be conne! to onl, co#&ter &rint ot% w$ere t$e !oc#ent contain% infor#ation &roce%%e! an! calclate! b, t$e co#&ter it%elf an! not to an, !oc#ent create! %in0 a co#&ter onl, a% a &roce%%in0 tool for an i!entiable $#an #aDer of t$e !oc#ent. Exa#&le% @ (NA re%lt% CC*V recor!in0% banD %tate#ent% ato#atic b% ticDet% &arDin0 ticDet call lo0% fro# $an!&$one etc EI #ail% MMLS annonce#ent% )lletin )oar!% facebooD &o%t B$at%A&& #e%%a0e% SMS letter% contract% ? create! %in0 a co#&ter b, an i!entiable $#an #aDer. 's s!a(')
%tate#ent% w$ic$ are &art of t$e %a#e tran%action a% t$e fact in i%%e %&ontaneo% %tate#ent% excite! tterance rle in%tinctive reaction to t$e !ra#a nfol!in0 "t i% an exce&tion to $ear%a, E0. P%to& t$ief\\Q P0et #e t$e &olice\\Q PYor $o%e i% on re\\Q
Lo0ic @ no t$reat of fabrication or concoction a% it i% a %&ontaneo% an! in%tinctive reaction to an event.
HEARSAY )E("NF"EL( +168 Fact% @ Mr!er c$ar0e . (efence clai#% it wa% a %ici!e. Victi#K% t$roat $a! been ct %$e r%$e! ot of t$e roo# an! %ai! to $er ant@ PSee w$at Harr, $a% !one to #eQ CocDbrn C @ it i% R onl, if t$e %tate#ent i% #a!e conte#&oraneo%l, wit$ t$e fact in i%%e. On fact%@ not R a% not &art of %a#e tran%action. State#ent wa% #a!e after it wa% all over. *E4ER I 3 R. PYor &lace brnin0 an! ,o are 0oin0 awa, fro# t$e reQ +'< #inte% after t$e re %tarte! RA**EN +186' Pet #e t$e 4oliceQ+few #inte% b7 attacD Ori0inal Evi!ence to %$ow %tate of #in! G "#&lie! A%%ertion to %$ow $%ban! wa% attacDin0 $er. *$e %tate#ent wa% %Tcientl, conte#&oraneo% to be R. *$e %tate#ent wa% $ear%a, col! nevert$ele%% be a!#itte! a% &art of t$e R beca%e it wa% #a!e onl, #inte% before %$e wa% %$ot G in circ#%tance% #o%t liDel, to $ave been free of concoction. R *e%t @ fact% are %c$ t$at t$e, excl!e t$e &o%%ibilit, of concoction or fabrication. R V AN(REBS +186 I )E("NF"EL( overrle! Acc%e! wa% c$ar0e! wit$ br0lar, G #an%la0$ter. *$e %tate#ent of t$e victi# w$o later !ie! #a!e wit$in a few #in after attac$ to t$e &olice a% to t$e i!entit, of a%%ailant% were $el! to be a!#i%%ible a% &art of R. *e%t@ 1. B$et$er t$e &o%%ibilit, of concoction an! !i%tortion can be !i%re0ar!e!. Bill con%i!er t$e circ#%tance% in w$ic$ t$e %tate#ent wa% #a!e. '. Ba% t$e event n%al; !ra#atic a% to !o#inate t$e #in! of victi#. 2. B$et$er t$e !ecea%e! $a! a #otive of $i% own to fabricate G concoct. 7. *$e &o%%ibilitie% of error in t$e fact% narrate! in t$e %tate#ent Nee! not be conte#&oraneo% +a&&roxi#ate (oe% co##on law R a&&l, in Mala,%ia- YES@ Mo$a#e! Alla&itc$a, +18: "%%e@ "% S< %a#e wit$ Co##on Law RS.< %ee#% to reWect t$e co##on law &rinci&le of R. A. 4al %00e%t% t$at %.< i% an exce&tion to $ear%a, an! t$at it i% t$e co!ication of t$e co##on law R &rinci&le. En! eect of t$i% a&&roac$@ An, Evi!ence w$ic$ fall% wit$in %.< wol! fall wit$in R an! can be a!#itte! a% an exce&tion to $ear%a,. C$otDa v State A"R 18: S< e#bo!ie% t$e rle of a!#i%%ion of evi!ence relatin0 to w$at i% co##onl, Dnown a% R(. Act%; !eclaration% acco#&an,in0 or ex&lainin0 t$e tran%action; t$e fact% in i%%e are treate! a% &art of t$e R an!
HEARSAY a!#itte! a% evi!ence. *$e reire#ent i% t$at t$e %tate#ent %o0$t to be a!#itte! #%t $ave been #a!e conte#&oraneo%l, wit$ t$e act or i##e!iatel, after it G not at %c$ an interval of ti#e fro# it a% to allow fabrication or to re!ce t$e %tate#ent to #ere narrative; &a%t event%.
O HO LEN V 44 +1871 Alt$o0$ no %&ecic reference to R i% fon! in S< t$e connection between t$e %ection G t$e CL rle wa% #a!e in t$i% ca%e. S< i% t$e %ection w$ic$ !eal% wit$ w$at i% Dnown a% R in En0lan!. A tele&$one #e%%a0e $a% %o#e analo0, to t$e %$otin0 of t$e b,%tan!er%. LEON HON H"E V 44 +18< a&&lie! t$e Ratten te%t in t$e context of %.< an! reJecte! t$e %tate#ent. Acc%e! wa% c$ar0e! wit$ !r0 traTcDin0. State#ent #a!e b, certain infor#er% over a &erio! of %everal !a,% were $el! a#ont to $ear%a, bt t$e, col! not be re0ar!e! a% &art of t$e R beca%e t$ere a% a !an0er of concoction G fabrication. Ar0#ent% t$at %.< i% not R a% an exce&tion to $ear%a,. *$ere i% a #i%conce&tion on w$at i% R at co##on law. L. Bilberforce in Ratten@ R can be %e! 2 wa,% @ a. a%%alt% before t$e Dillin0 w$ic$ are &art of t$e contino% or0, ;act . +Ori0inal evi!ence @HAMSA UNU@ )ttro%e. b. %&oDen wor!% w$ic$ are not a!#itte! to %$ow trt$ of content%+ori0inal evi!ence @44 V SAM HON CHOY +188< ;Ratten c. $ear%a, %tate#ent% b, victi# ;acc%e!;b,%tan!er% @ *e&er S.< I C$in C$o, te%t +wi!er co#&are! to An!rew te%t R I An!rew% te%t I a% an exce&tion to $ear%a,.+ can t$e &o%%ibilit, of concoction an! !i%tortion be !i%re0ar!e! S < i% relevanc, not exce&tion\ 1. HAMSA UNU@ )ttro%e. B$ere t$e acc%e! wa% c$ar0e! wit$ ca%in0 $rt to %o#e &er%on at 8.7:&# evi!ence to %$ow t$at altercation% between t$e acc%e! an! t$e%e &er%on% occrre! in t$e #ornin0 wa% relevant a% it wa% connecte! t$at it for#e! &art of t$e %a#e tran%action '. 44 V SAM HON CHOY +188< Acc%e! wa% c$ar0e! wit$ $avin0 rear#% in $i% &o%%e%%ion. State#ent #a!e b, b,%tan!er Ptolon0 DeJar &ero#&aDQ wa% $el! to be a relevant fact G i% a!#i%%ible b, virte of S< EA. 2. LEON HON H"E V 44 +18< )OO*A S"NH &olice re&ort #a!e 8#ont$ before #r!erI too re#ote G col! not %trictl, a#ont to a re&ort re0ar!in0 t$e circ#%tance% of t$e tran%action w$ic$ re%lte! in !eat$.
HEARSAY
*AN EO BAN +1878 ML '92 acc%e! wa% c$ar0e! wit$ &o%%e%%ion of a revolver. *$e fact% t$at $e wa% won!e! in t$e cor%e of rnnin0 awa, fro# t$e &olice G t$at $e ran into a blDar w$ic$ wa% %rron!e! b, t$e &olice G t$at a $an! 0rena!e wa% t$en t$rown fro# t$e blDar at t$e &olice were $el! to be relevant. *$e evi!ence relatin0 to t$e t$rowin0 of t$e $an! 0rena!e i% a!#i%%ible n!er %< a% &art of t$e R beca%e t$e 0ro& of fact% for#in0 t$i% tran%action wa% %o connecte! t$at t$e excl%ion of evi!ence relatin0 to t$e $an! 0rena!e wol! ten! to ren!er evi!ence a% to ot$er fact% nintelli0ible. )AN(AHALA UN(" v. 44 's &s!a %tan!% a% an exce&tion to t$e $ear%a, rle 's &s!a literall, #ean% t$in0% !one. "t refer% to all fact% %o connecte! wit$ a fact in i%%e an! are inci!ental to it. *$e, are a!#i%%ible a% trt$ of it% content% alt$o0$ t$e, #a, be $ear%a,. *$e rs &s!a &rinci&le i% e#bo!ie! in %ection% < to 8 an! 17 of t$e Act. *$e %tate#ent in or!er to con%titte rs &s!a can be #a!e b, t$e &artie% to t$e tran%action or even b, b,%tan!er%. However t$e %tate#ent %$ol! $ave been #a!e at or abot t$e %a#e ti#e t$e act wa% bein0 !one. Conte#&oraneit, or %&ontaneit, #%t be %$own before t$e %tate#ent i% #a!e a!#i%%ible *$e %tate#ent% acco#&an,in0 t$e act to be a!#i%%ible %$ol! a% far a% &o%%ible be conte#&oraneo% to t$e act in i%%e w$ic$ it relate%. Frt$er t$e, %$ol! be %&ontaneo%l, #a!e %o t$at t$ere i% no o&&ortnit, for fabrication. *$e w$ole &r&o%e of t$e rs &s!a rle% i% to a!#it evi!ence of #atter% w$ic$ are %all, %bJect to %o#e rle of excl%ion %o a% to enable t$e cort to looD at t$e event% in t$e &ro&er &er%&ective. *$e lea!in0 ca%e% w$ic$ !e#on%trate t$e conce&t a&&lication an! li#itation% are #an,. *o na#e a few are a% follow%@ +i 'a!!$ v. ' =1861> 2 All ER 91 +ii y a$* Loa$ =1866> << Cr A&& Re& ':' +iii +,r v. ' =18:'> ' All ER 776. MOH( HAYRY "SMA"L v. 44='917> 1 LNS 71' CA *a&e recor!in0 evi!ence or CC*V recor!in0 etc. at co##on law will be a!#i%%ible ba%e! on re% 0e%tae &rinci&le% a% trt$ of it% content% alt$o0$ t$e, #a, be $ear%a, or even %elf %ervin0 %tate#ent. Section < of EA 18:9 an! al%o ot$er %ection% 0ive %tattor, reco0nition to re% 0e%tae &rinci&le in t$e wi!e%t for# an! i% not re%tricte! to t$e co##on law &ara#eter%.
HEARSAY *$e new a#en!#ent% %c$ a% %ection 89A !o not !i%&lace co##on law rle% a% to a!#i%%ibilit,. *$at i% to %a, if t$e &art, cannot a!#it a !oc#ent in con%eence of t$e co##on law re%triction t$en $e #a, 0et t$e !oc#ent a!#itte! n!er an, of t$e new &rovi%ion% %c$ a% %ection 89A etc.
