A wholesome guide to the formulae involved in analysis and design of ICE Pistons
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Head Types We manufacture a range of dished heads and cones to varying shapes and standards. This includes Torispherical, 2:1 Semi-Ellipsoidal, Hemispherical, Shallow Shallow Head, Cones and Cones for Pressure Vessels, Flat, Inverted Dish and Inverted Cones.
Torispherical. Torispherical heads are the most common type of head used for the manufacture of pressure vessels and usually the most economical to form. The I.C.R is equal to the I.D of the head or less. We normally suggest allowing the I.C.R to be between 90% to 95% of the I.D of the head. The I.K.R needs to be between 6% and 10% of the I.C.R of the head. The S.F is normally between 10mm and 30mm depending on the diameter and thickness of the head to be formed.
2:1 Semi-Ellipsoida Semi-Ellipsoidal. l. 2:1 Semi-Ellipsoidal heads are deeper than a torispherical head and therefore stronger and able to resist greater pressures. These heads are more difficult to form owning to the greater depth required. As a result these are more expensive to form than a torispherical head, but may allow a reduction in material thickness as the strength is greater.
The I.C.R is 0.8 of the O.D of the head. The I.K.R is 0.154 of the O.D of the head. The maximum diameter we can form a 2:1 Semi-Ellipsoidal head to is 2310mm I.D. The S.F is normally between 10mm and 30mm depending on the diameter and thickness of the head to be formed.
Hemispherical. Hemispherical heads allow more pressure than any other head. However, the hemispherical head is the most expensive to form, as they consists of a number of p etals or gores. The number of which depends on the size of the head and the thickness of the plate to be used. The depth of the head is half of the diameter. Hemispherical heads are also used in architectural applications by joining two hemispheres together to form a spherical ball. Other common applications are for stainless steel cooking kettles with steam jackets.
Shallow Head. Shallow heads are the most common type of head used for the manufacture of atmospheric tanks and vessels and usually used on horizontal tanks fabricated to AS1692. These heads ar e not suitable for pressure vessels and not
recommended for tanks or vessels with external loads. I.e. agitators, nozzles with high loads. If unsure, you should have the design checked. We normally suggest allowing the I.C.R to be between 1.5 to 2.0 times the I.D of the head. This can be adjusted if you require a specific depth of head. The I.K.R for these heads is usually 32mm, 51mm or 76mm depending on the diameter and customer requirements. The S.F is normally between 10mm and 30mm depending on the diameter and thickness of the head to be formed.
Cone. Cones are the most common type of head used for the manufacture of atmospheric tanks and especially stainless steel tanks. However they can be used in the manufacture of pressure vessels subject to certain criteria as listed below. (Cones for pressure vessels) Cone angles are variable and are at the discretion of the customer. The I.K.R for most cones is u sually 25mm, 32mm, 51mm, 76mm or 102mm depending on the diameter, thickness and customer requirements. We are able to form larger knuckles on some cones, subject to the material thickness and cone angle.
Cones for Pressure Vessels. The maximum internal apex angle for cones to be used in the fabrication of a pressure vessel is 120 Degrees. The I.K.R for cones to be used in the fabrication of a pressure vessels need to be a minimum of 6% of the inside diameter of the vessel. The S.F is normally between 10mm and 30mm depending on the diameter and thickness of the head to be formed.
Flat. A flat end with a knuckled outer edge. Typically used as bases on vertical atmospheric tanks and lids for smaller tanks. The I.K.R for most flat ends is usually 25mm, 32mm and 51mm depending on the diameter, thickness and customer requirements.We are able to form larger knuckles on some flat ends, subject to the material thickness and diameter. The S.F is normally between 10mm and 30mm depending on the diameter and thickness of the head to be formed.
Dish. Dished only heads are generally used for atmospheric tanks and vessels and for bulk heads or baffles inside horizontal tanks or tankers. Typically the I.C.R is equal to the diameter or dished to a nominated I.C.R by the client.
Inverted Dish. Inverted Head. Generally used on tanks and vessels requiring the strength of a dish whilst minimising the depth. Useful in the construction of tanks and silos by providing a sloping, fully draining base with radius
corners.Can be used in pr essure vessel applications. More expensive to form and knuckle than a regular torispherical head.
Inverted Cone. Generally used on tanks and silos requiring a sloping, fully draining base with radius corners. Can be used on large stainless steel milk silos in lieu of a flat sloping base to protect against oil canning and subsequent stress cracking of weld seams during the hot / cold CIP process. More expensive to form and knuckle than a regular cone.
