INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES • • • • • •
To become familiar with Surpac Vision and some of it’s fundamental functionality. To become familiar with Surpac Vision’s graphical interface. To learn to import/export data to and from AutoCAD. To use Surpac Vision’s editing tools to manipulate string data. To use Surpac Vision’s viewing tools to manipulate views of data. To learn to create Digital Terrain Models (DTM’s) of surfaces.
FILES USED Files used in this lab exercise are found in the following folder: C:\INTRODUCTION.LAB\
DISCUSSION Surpac Vision is the flagship product of Surpac Software International. It is a 3D Mine Design and Geology package used in the mining industry for such tasks as surveying, mine design (open pit & underground), blast design (open pit & underground), exploration, and tailings simulation. Surpac Vision consists of several modules, which can be enabled on each licence. In the coming weeks you will be exposed to such modules as Geological Database, Block Model, Open Pit & Underground Mine Design, Open Pit and Underground Blast Design, and Solids. Many of the things you learn in this lab exercise will provide a foundation of skills to be used in later weeks for other labs. The following sections will briefly describe the various aspects of the program covered in lab exercise.
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GRAPHICAL INTERFACE Surpac’s graphical user interface (GUI) is comprised of several areas as shown in the figure below:
Menus: There are 11 different menus to choose from in Surpac Vision. The two default menus are called Main Menu & Applications Menu. Others include Applets, Blast Design, Block Model, Database, Mine Design, Ring Design, Solids, Surveying, & Scheduling. Toolbars: There are 14 different toolbars to choose from in Surpac. The two default toolbars are called Status Items, & Main. Others include Edit, Create, Display/Hide, View, Inquire, File Tools, Block Model, Database, Mine Design, Blast Design, Ring Design, & Scheduling. Menus or Toolbars may be displayed or removed by right-hand clicking any region with no menu item and selecting or de-selecting the menus/toolbars from the subsequent context menu. Menus are located above the separator line in the context menu, and toolbars below. Navigator: Explorer-like view of all mapped drives. Three modes of opening files are accomplished from the Navigator by clicking and dragging files into the viewport. Keyboard modifiers are used to define the open mode to use: Mode
Keyboard Modifier Open
None
Append
Crtl
Replace
Crtl-Shift
Result File is opened into it’s own layer. The name of the layer is that of the file opened. File is opened into the active layer and is appended to whatever other data in that layer. File is opened into the active layer and replaces all other data in that layer.
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Simple file management is also accomplished within the Navigator from the context menu (right-hand click). Status Bar: The status bar show vital information such as cursor coordinates, current view dip and azimuth, change of distance in axis when moving or copying, connectivity to databases & block models. Message Window: All information relayed from Surpac to the user is displayed in the message window. It can be resized, minimized & maximized. Its position can also be toggled between floating and docked. Text in the message window may be copied and pasted. Viewport: This is the 3D graphical environment in Surpac. All data types are viewed in the viewport (string, surfaces, databases, block models, etc…). Three modes of dynamic view movement in the viewport are attained using the mouse: Mode
Mouse Button
Orbit Pan Zoom
Left Middle or Both Right
Command Chooser: All commands run (either from menus, toolbars, or typed in) are displayed in the command chooser. In parentheses after the function name, the short-cut key is also displayed. While typing commands using the keyboard, the command chooser will auto-complete your keystrokes. The up arrow can be used to scroll through previously run functions. Layer Chooser: All available layers are displayed in the layer chooser. The selected/displayed layer is the active layer. Modifications to data or creation of new data can only take place in the active layer. Surpac Vision always starts with one layer, the “Main Graphics Layer”. Other layers can be added by clicking “new layer” from the layer chooser, or by opening files from the Navigator using open mode.
FILES & LAYERS The two graphical file types you’ll be using today are String files (*.str) and DTM files (*.dtm). String files are the fundamental raw coordinate data. They contain points and lines that are arranged and identified by string number. A string is a sequence of threedimensional coordinates delineating some physical feature. Valid string numbers range from 1 to 32,000. Strings may contain multiple segments, which constitute discontinuous portions of the same string number. Furthermore, each segment may contain multiple points. Each point in a segment consists of a 3D coordinate (X, Y, Z) and up to 100 optional descriptions. These descriptions are stored in description fields named D1, D2…D100. Many functions in Surpac automatically place information in the description fields as required. DTM (digital terrain model) files are models of surfaces. They are always created from the raw string data and, once created, must always exist in the same folder as the original string file from which they were created. When opened, each file, whether String or DTM, are stored into different layers. You have full control as to where each file is stored. Modifications to data or creation of new
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data is performed a layer at a time, and always on the active layer. When saving files the same is also true. Each layer is saved in its entirety into one file.
EDITING FUNCTIONS Surpac’s data editing capabilities are similar in most respects to those of CAD systems. Editing of String data is performed by String, segment or point. All String editing tools are found under the Edit menu. Modifications to String data can always be undone using the Undo function. All editing functions are performed on data in the active layer.
VIEWING FUNCTIONS All viewing functions are found in the View menu. Viewing functions do not modify data. They only change views and viewing options.
IMPORTING SURPAC allows users to import & export data to & from external sources. The most common formats for data exchange are ASCII text and .DXF files. All file import/export functions are found in the File menu under Import or Export.
PLOTTING Plotting in Surpac is accomplished easily with Autoplot (found in the Plotting menu). All String data can be plotted as drawn on the screen. Various parameters such as paper size, scale, and title block can be chosen.
ASSIGNMENT 1. Import the AutoCAD file topo1.dxf to a string file. 2. From the resulting string file create a simple plot. a. Place your name & the course name in the selected title block. 3. From the resulting string file create a DTM. 4. Fix the file lev100.str by editing all errors in the string data. The things you should look for are: a. Discontinuous segments along the outside wall. b. Direction or sense of all segments. c. Closure of all segments. Use the String, Segment, & Point editing functions to modify all errors in the string file.
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USEFUL TOOLBAR ICONS Change Directory Open String/DTM File Save String/DTM File Autoplot Reset Graphics Undo Redo Window In Window Out Zoom In Zoom Out Zoom All Centre of Rotation Plan View Sectional View Longitudinal View Lights On Lights Off Hide On Faces On Edges On Render 2D grid 3D grid Digitize at Cursor Location Close Digitized Segment Digitize at Selected Point Play Macro Start/Stop Record Macro
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PROCEDURE 1. Import the AutoCAD file topo1.dxf to a string file. Make sure your current working directory is C:\INTRODUCTION.LAB\. You can check this in the Navigator. The current working directory appears in bold lettering and has a check mark beside it. To make this your current working directory simply right-hand click on the folder (C:\INTRODUCTION.LAB\) and choose “Set as working directory” from the context menu. a. From the File menu choose Import, DXF file to a string/DTM file. b. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
c. Click Apply to run the function. When the function is finished it will open a log report of the conversion. It will also state the results of the function in the message window. 2. From the resulting string file create a simple plot. a. Open the resulting file from the previous step topo2.str by clicking & dragging it from the Navigator into the viewport. b. From the Plotting menu choose Autoplot. c. Fill the subsequent forms as follows:
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d. A new window (Plot File Viewer) should appear showing a black-and-white preview of the plot. Please close this viewer. e. In the message window it should state that the file has been created (topo2.sa.pf). f. To open the newly created plot file (*.pf) click and drag it from the Navigator into the viewport. It will be opened in it’s own plotting window.
3. From the resulting string file create a DTM. a. Open the resulting file from the previous step topo2.str by clicking & dragging it from the Navigator into the viewport. b. From the Surfaces menu choose Create DTM from a layer. c. Choose Apply on the subsequent form:
d. The DTM should then be created. Now save this file. e. From the File menu choose Save, String/DTM file. f. Fill the following form as follows:
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4. Fix the file lev100.str by editing all errors in the string data. a. Open the file lev100.str by clicking and dragging it from the Navigator into the viewport.
button to display the point markers, and apply b. From the toolbar choose the the subsequent form. c. From the Display menu choose Strings, With string and segment numbers to display the numbers at the first point in each segment. d. At A (see diagram) use Edit, Segment, Join to join the end of segment 1.1 to the beginning of segment 1.2. Remember to check your dialogue prompts!! e. At B use Edit, Segment, Close to close this segment f. Window In at C using the button. g. Use Display, Point, Numbers to view the numbers of each point.
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h. Use Edit, Segment, Break after point, and choose to break after point number 12. Please note that the point numbers will change when editing the points (deleting & inserting). They point numbers referred to in this procedure pertain to the diagram above. i. Use Edit, Point, Move to move point 81 out of the drift, close to point number 12. j. Use Edit, Segment, Join to join point 12 to 81. k. Note the point numbers have disappeared. This happens because we have changed the order of the point numbers by joining segments. l. Use Display, Point, Numbers to re-display the numbers. m. Finally use Segment, Join to close the last gap by joining point 98 to 13.
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GRIDDING & CONTOURING
OBJECTIVES • • •
To become familiar with Surpac’s Gridding and Contouring tools. To learn to grid point samples based on elevation as well as descriptive data. To learn to create contours from resulting interpolated grids.
FILES USED Files used in this lab exercise are found in the following folder: C:\CONTOURING.LAB\
DISCUSSION The Gridding & Contouring functionality in Surpac consists of tools for importing irregularlycollected data, regularizing that data, and generating contours of the resulting regular grid. There are several uses for the Gridding & Contouring functionality in Surpac: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Thinning out extremely dense data such as those from aerial surveys. Gridding radmonly collected data to regularly spaced grids. Recreating contours on different contour intervals. Creating contours of geochemical data. Creating contours of stratigraphic thicknesses.
The following diagrams illustrate how irregular point data may be regularized by gridding:
Figure 1: Irregular point data. This raw data may represent collection points for soil geochemistry or topography.
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Figure 2: The same data gridded in a regular pattern using geostatistical interpolation methods. Measurements in Surpac are unitless and depend entirely on the measurement system used while collecting the data. For instance, elevation may be collected in feet(ft) or metres (m) so it is up to the user to be consistent when working with data from various sources. Throughout this exercise, you will see m/ft which means that if the raw data data is collected in metres then a contour interval of “2 “ means 2 metres. The same goes for assay units. If the samples are recorded in grams per tonne then a contour interval of “5” means 5 grams per tonne.
ASSIGNMENT 1. Import the ‘geo_chem1.csv’ file into a Surpac string file. 2. Create a DTM surface of ‘geo_chem1.str’. 3. Colour the DTM ‘geo_chem1.dtm’ based on Z and Arsenic (D1) and save GIF images of each. 4. Contour the DTM ‘geo_chem1.dtm’ on a 2 m/ft. interval and save the contours. 5. Grid the Z field of ‘geo_chem1.str’ using a 30x30 m/ft pattern. (interpolation) 6. Contour the resulting grid from step 5 using a contour interval of 5 m/ft (from 0 to 100). 7. Create a DTM surface of the contours resulting from step 6 and submit this file. 8. Grid the D1 field of ‘geo_chem1.str’ using a 30x30 m/ft pattern. (interpolation) 9. Contour the resulting grid from step 8 using a contour interval of 5 m/ft (from 0 to 100). 10. Create a DTM surface of the contours resulting from step 9 and submit this file.
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PROCDURE 1. Import the ‘geo_chem1.csv’ file into a Surpac string file. a. The file ‘geo_chem1.csv’ pictured below is a ‘comma-separated value’ file. This is simply a text file containing columns of data, each separated by a comma. The data contained in this text file are X,Y,Z coordinates of geochemical samples plus the arsenic samples themselves.
b. To import this file choose from the File menu, Import, Data from one file. c. Fill in the subsequent forms as follows:
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2. Create a DTM surface of ‘geo_chem1.str’. a. From the Surfaces menu choose DTM File functions, Create DTM from string file. b. Fill in the subsequent forms as follows:
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3. Colour the DTM ‘geo_chem1.dtm’ based on Z and Arsenic (D1). a. From the Navigator, click and drag the file ‘geo_chem1.dtm’ into the viewport. ) to apply a light source to the surface. b. Click on the render button ( c. From the Display menu choose DTM with colour banding. d. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
e. From the File menu choose Images, Save GIF image. f. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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Please note that the fields X resolution and Y resolution will be filled automatically with the values pertaining to your screen resolution, not necessarily the values displayed above.
g. From the Display menu choose DTM with colour banding. h. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
i. j.
From the File menu choose Images, Save GIF image. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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Please note that the fields X resolution and Y resolution will be filled automatically with the values pertaining to your screen resolution, not necessarily the values displayed above.
4. Contour the DTM ‘geo_chem1.dtm’ on a 2 m/ft. interval and save the contours. ). a. From the main toolbar click the Reset Graphics button ( b. From the Navigator, click and drag the file ‘geo_chem1.dtm into the viewport. c. Click on the render button ( ) to apply a light source to the surface. d. From the Contouring menu choose Contour DTM in layer. e. Fill in the subsequent forms as follows:
f.
Make sure the active layer is set to ‘contours’ by selecting it from the layer chooser:
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Layer chooser
g. Save the newly created contours by choosing the File menu and Save, String/DTM file. h. Fill in the subsequent forms as follows:
5. Grid the Z field of ‘geo_chem1.str’ using a 30x30 m/ft pattern. (interpolation) a. b. c. d.
From the main toolbar click the Reset Graphics button ( ). From the Navigator, click and drag the file ‘geo_chem1.str’ into the viewport. From the Contouring menu choose Begin contouring. Apply the subsequent forms:
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e. From the Contouring menu choose Contouring area, Define extents. f. Fill in the subsequent forms as follows:
Note: click the ‘Calulate’ button to fill the two grid step size fields.
g. From the Contouring menu choose Estimate grid values, By triangulation. h. Fill in the subsequent forms as follows:
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6. Contour the resulting grid from step 5 using a contour interval of 5 m/ft (from 150 to 250). a. From the Contouring menu choose Contour grid. b. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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7. Create a DTM surface of the contours resulting from step 6 and submit this file. a. Make sure the active layer is set to ‘contours’ by selecting it from the layer chooser:
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Layer chooser
b. From the Surfaces menu choose Create DTM from layer. c. Choose Apply to the subsequent form:
d. Choose the File menu and Save, String/DTM file. e. Fill in the subsequent forms as follows:
8. Grid the D1 field of ‘geo_chem1.str’ using a 30x30 m/ft pattern. (interpolation) a. b. c. d.
From the main toolbar click the Reset Graphics button ( ). From the Navigator, click and drag the file ‘geo_chem1.str’ into the viewport. From the Contouring menu choose Begin contouring. Apply the subsequent forms:
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e. From the Contouring menu choose Contouring area, Define extents. f. Fill in the subsequent forms as follows:
Note: click the ‘Calulate’ button to fill the two grid step size fields.
g. From the Contouring menu choose Estimate grid values, By triangulation.
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h. Fill in the subsequent forms as follows:
9. Contour the resulting grid from step 8 using a contour interval of 5 m/ft (from 0 to 100). a. From the Contouring menu choose Contour grid. b. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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10. Create a DTM surface of the contours resulting from step 9 and submit this file. a. Make sure the active layer is set to ‘contours’ by selecting it from the layer chooser:
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Layer chooser
b. From the Surfaces menu choose Create DTM from layer. c. Choose Apply to the subsequent form:
d. Choose the File menu and Save, String/DTM file. e. Fill in the subsequent forms as follows:
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BLOCK MODELLING
OBJECTIVES •
• • •
To become familiar with Surpac’s Block Modelling module and the concept of block modelling. To learn to fill a block model from drillhole data in a geological database. To learn to constrain a block model to filter out specific blocks. To learn report volume, tonnage, & grade from a block model.
FILES USED Files used in this lab exercise are found in the following folder: C:\BLOCK_MODELLING.LAB\
DISCUSSION The Block Model is a form of spatially-referenced database that provides a means for modelling a 3-D body from point and interval data such as drillhole sample data. It is a method of estimating volume, tonnage, and average grade of a 3-D body from sparse drill data.
Blocks and Attributes Records in the Block Model are related to blocks. These are cuboid partitions of the modeled space and are created dynamically according to the operations performed on the Block Model. Each block contains attributes for each of the properties to be modeled. The properties or attributes may contain numeric or character string values. Every block is defined by its geometric centroid and it’s dimensions in each axis. Blocks may be of varying size defined by the user once the block model is created.
Figure 1: Block model of oil sands coloured by attribute values (bitumen).
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Constraints All Block Model functions may be performed with constraints. A constraint is a logical combination of one or more spatial objects on selected blocks. Objects that may be used in constraints are plane surfaces, DTM’s, Solids, closed strings and block attribute values. Constraints may be saved to a file for rapid re-use and may themselves be used as components of other constraints. Blocks meet a constraint (e.g.: below a DTM as in the figures below) if its centroid meets that constraint. This is true even if part of the block is above the DTM.
Figure 2: Unconstrained block model in relation to a DTM surface.
Figure 3: Same block model as in Figure 2 but constrained by topography (DTM).
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Estimation Once a Block Model is created and all attributes defined, they must be filled by some estimation method. This is achieved by estimating and assigning attribute values from sample data which has X Y Z coordinates and the attribute values of interest. The estimation methods that may be used are:
Nearest Neighbour
Assign the value of the closest sample point to a block
Inverse Distance
Assign block values using an Inverse Distance estimator
Assign Value
Assign an explicit value to blocks in the model
Ordinary Kriging
Assign block values using Kriging with Variogram parameters developed from a Geostatistical study
Indicator Kriging
Functions concerned with a probabilistic block grade distribution derived from the kriging of indicators
Assign from String
Assign data from the description fields of closed segments to attribute values of blocks that are contained within those segments extended in the direction of one of the principal axes (X, Y or Z)
Import Centroids
Assign block values from data in a delimited or fixed format text file
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ASSIGNMENT 1. Add the attribute “gold_nn” to the block model. 2. Add the attribute “sg” to the block model. 3. Fill the “sg” attribute with the Assign Value method. Assign a specific gravity of 2.5 to all blocks below the topography “topo1.dtm”. 4. Fill the “sg” attribute with the Assign Value method. Assign a specific gravity of 2.9 to all block in the solid ore body “ore_real1.dtm”. 5. Fill the “gold_nn” attribute with Nearest Neighbour estimation method. Use the following estimation parameters: I. Composite file = samples1.str II. Maximum search radius = 500m III. Maximum vertical search distance = 9999 IV. Bearing of major axis = 0 V. Plunge of major axis = 0 VI. Dip of semi-major axis = 0 VII. Anisotropy Ratios i. major / semi-major = 1 ii. major / minor = 1 VIII. Constraints: Inside 3DM (ore_real1.dtm) 6. Create a Block Model Report and report the following: I. Average weighted gold grade II. Average weighted specific gravity III. Tonnage (multiplication factor = 11) IV. Organized by bench (0,250,10) V. Choose one of the available formats (.csv; .not; .htm; .rtf; .pdf) VI. Constraints: Inside 3DM (ore1.dtm)
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USEFUL TOOLBAR ICONS BLOCK MODELLING Open Block Model Close Block Model Display Block Model Add New Graphical Constraint Remove Last Graphical Constraint Remove All Graphical Constraint Edit Block Model Constraint Block Edge and Face Visibility Add Slicing Plane Constraint Remove Slicing Plane Constraint Colour Model by Attribute Remove Block Colours Add Block Model Attribute Delete Block Model Attribute Edit Block Model Attribute Block Maths Identify Block Values Block Model Report
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PROCEDURE 1. Add the attribute “gold_nn” to the block model. a. Make sure you’re connected to the block model first. From the Navigator, click and drag the block model “block_model.mdl” into the view port to connect to it. Notice the special icon and name of the block model that appears in the status bar. b. From the Block Model menu, choose Attribute, New. c. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
2. Add the attribute “sg” to the block model. a. From the Block Model menu, choose Attribute, New. b. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
3. Fill the “sg” attribute with the Assign Value method. Assign a specific gravity of 2.5 to all blocks below the topography “topo1.dtm”. a. From the Block Model menu, choose Estimation, Assign value. b. Fill the subsequent forms as follows:
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4. Fill the “sg” attribute with the Assign Value method. Assign a specific gravity of 2.9 to all block in the solid ore body “ore1.dtm”. a. From the Block Model menu, choose Estimation, Assign value. b. Fill the subsequent forms as follows:
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5. Fill the “gold_nn” attribute with Nearest Neighbour estimation method. Use the following estimation parameters: I. Composite file = samples1.str II. Maximum search radius = 500m III. Maximum vertical search distance = 9999 IV. Bearing of major axis = 0 V. Plunge of major axis = 0 VI. Dip of semi-major axis = 0 VII. Anisotropy Ratios i. major / semi-major = 1 ii. major / minor = 1
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VIII.
Constraints: Inside 3DM (ore1.dtm)
a. From the Block Model menu, choose Estimation, Nearest neighbour. b. Fill the subsequent forms as follows:
Please note that the above form specifies source data. In this case the gold grades are contained in the file samples1.str in the second description field (D2). Feel free to open this string file and from the Inquire menu use Point Properties to view the description information contained in the D fields of each sample point.
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6. Create a Block Model Report and report the following: I. Average weighted gold grade II. Average weighted specific gravity III. Tonnage (multiplication factor = sg) IV. Organized by bench (0,250,10) V. Choose one of the available formats (.csv; .not; .htm; .rtf; .pdf) VI. Constrain the report to all block within the solid “ore1.dtm”. a. From the Block Model menu, choose Block model, Report. b. Fill the subsequent forms as follows:
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OPEN PIT BLAST DESIGN
OBJECTIVES • •
To become familiar with Surpac’s Open Pit Blast Design tools. To design various open pit blasts using regular and staggered grids, pre-split holes, and ramp blasts.
FILES USED Files used in this lab exercise are found in the following folder: C:\OP_BLAST_DESIGN.LAB\
DISCUSSION The Open Pit blast design module in Surpac consists of very specific tools for the design, planning, and reporting of the various types of blasts that may occur in Open pit mines. The blast design module allows you to create and charge vertical and inclined holes in rectangular patterns, along segments, or in a straight line between any two points digitized on the screen. The drilling parameters which need to be defined include: • • • • • • • • • • •
pattern type (rectangular or staggered) hole numbering (regular or zig-zag) burden (distance between rows) spacing (distance between holes in a row) collar position (set at an elevation or to a DTM) hole length (set at a given length, elevation, or to a DTM) bearing (also referred to as azimuth) dip diameter pattern name hole name (including optional prefix, suffix, and also padded with zeros)
Blasting parameters which need to be addressed include: • • • • • • • •
depth of stemming (rock chips, dirt, or other non-explosive material placed on top of the charge) charge interval (multiple charge intervals separated by stemming are allowed) explosive name explosive SG (specific gravity, or density of explosive) detonator name delay name delay time (in milliseconds) charge depth can be automatically adjusted to hole depth
Designing Blasts Rectangular Blasts: Two types of blast patterns may be created: a rectangular or staggered pattern. Staggering a blast pattern has no effect on drilled burden and
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spacing, but is useful in creating echelon-sequenced patterns. The follow diagram displays the two kinds of rectangular blast patterns that can be used:
Rectangular
Staggered
The following diagram shows the two numbering patterns that can be used for numbering of the blast holes in a particular blast: regular or zig-zag.
Regular
Zig-Zag
Pre-split Blasts: Pre-split blast holes are drilled at relatively close spacing along a planned fracture plane. Pre-split blasts are used to break the rock to form certain features such as a curve in a pit wall or a ramp. Surpac can create pre-split holes along a straight line, or along a segment
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Figure 1: Pre-split blast holes around a curve in the pit wall.
Figure 2: Pre-split blast holes following the pit wall and extending down to a desired ramp design.
Sub-Drilling: Sub-drilling, that is, drilling below the floor of the lower bench, can be achieved in Surpac by using a simple method. You must move the DTM to which you are extending the drilling down the amount of sub-drilling. For example, if you are to sub-drill 1m, then a new surface equal to the current pit surface must be created. This new surface, however, must be moved downward 1m. The purpose of this is to have a surface to which you can extend the blast holes and that will take into account the subdrilling depth.
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Figure 3: Typical profile of a bench blast design showing inclination of holes and sub drilling. Blast Hole Nomenclature: The following table provides examples blast hole names that can be automatically assigned by different combinations and permutations of the blast hole naming parameters:
Hole ID Hole ID Starting Pad
Pad
Pad Examples
Prefix Suffix Value Hole_id Length Character 1 No 1, 2, 3 A 1 No A1, A2, A3 940Rc 1 No 940-1rc, 940-2rc, 940-3rc bh1 Yes 3 0 bh-001, bh-002, bh-003 N_ 201 Yes 4 x N_x201, N_x202, N_x203 Bh 8 Yes 2 0 08bh, 09bh, 10bh RC 901 No RC901, RC902,RC903 Charging Blast Holes: Once a blast has been designed, you may continue further with the process by assigning explosive charges to the holes. Any blast holes designed in Surpac may be charged according to the user’s specifications. These charging data may then be uploaded to a blast database for reporting and calculations. In Surpac the following charging parameters can be user-defined: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Explosives name (e.g.: ANFO) Explosives density Delay name Delay time (e.g.: 25 ms) Detonator name (e.g.: Nonel LP)
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ASSIGNMENT 1. Create four blast designs: I. Rectangular pattern at 48m elevation clipped by one of the segments in the file “zones40.str”. Sub drill the blast holes 1m. II. Staggered pattern at 48m elevation clipped by one of the segments in the file “zones40.str”. Sub drill the blast holes 1m. III. Pre-split blast along the pit wall crest at the 48m elevation. IV. Pre-split blast along the ramp crest. 2. Create a plot of all four blast designs. 3. Charge all four blast designs with Stemming at the collar (1m), and ANFO (0.8) in the rest of the hole.
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USEFUL TOOLBAR ICONS BLAST DESIGN Create rectangular blast pattern Design line of blast holes Design blast holes along segment Design single blast hole Complete unextended hole Assign new hole ID’s Upload holes to database Modify charge defaults Charge all holes Charge holes inside digitized box Charge holes inside digitized segment Charge holes inside existing segment Charge single hole Uncharge all holes Uncharge holes inside digitized box Uncharge holes inside digitized segment Uncharge holes inside existing segment Uncharge single hole Delete all holes Delete a group of holes Delete single hole Delete all unextended holes Delete holes inside a digitized box Delete holes outside a digitized box Delete holes inside a digitized segment Delete holes outside a digitized segment Delete holes inside an existing segment Delete holes outside a existing segment
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PROCDURE 1. Create four blast designs: I. Rectangular pattern at 48m elevation clipped by one of the segments in the file “zones40.str”. Sub drill the blast holes 1m. a. From the Navigator click and drag the file zones40.str into the viewport to open it. b. From the Blast Design toolbar choose the button to create a rectangular blast pattern. c. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select area for blasting holes”. d. Click and drag to define a rectangle in the area shown in the following diagram:
e. Hit the F2 key to apply and accept the defined rectangle. f. Fill the subsequent form as follows. Please note that the values in the fields Origin X, Origin Y, Grid Height, Grid Width, & Grid Angle will be different for your selected rectangle:
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g. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select a closed segment to clip the holes”. Click the segment in the lower right-hand corner as in the following diagram:
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Click here to select this segment
II.
Staggered pattern at 48m elevation clipped by one of the segments in the file “zones40.str”. Sub drill the blast holes 1m. button to create a a. From the Blast Design toolbar choose the rectangular blast pattern. b. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select area for blasting holes”. c. Click and drag to define a rectangle in the area shown in the following diagram:
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d. Hit the F2 key to apply and accept the defined rectangle. e. Fill the subsequent form as follows. Please note that the values in the fields Origin X, Origin Y, Grid Height, Grid Width, & Grid Angle will be different for your selected rectangle:
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f.
A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select a closed segment to clip the holes”. Click the segment in the lower left-hand corner as in the following diagram:
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Click here to select this segment
III.
Pre-split blast along the pit wall crest at the 48m elevation. button to design blast a. From the Blast Design toolbar choose the holes along segment. b. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the starting position and drag to the end of selection”. c. Click and drag from the first point in the following diagram to the second point:
Click and drag from here
Drag to here
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d. Fill the subsequent form as follows. Note that the Line Length value may be different than yours:
e. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the target segment”. Click to select the toe segment, as in the following diagram:
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Click the toe segment as the target
IV.
Pre-split blast along the ramp crest. a. From the Blast Design toolbar choose the button to design blast holes along segment. b. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the starting position and drag to the end of selection”. c. Click and drag from the first point in the following diagram to the second point:
Click and drag from here
Drag to here
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d. Fill the subsequent form as follows. Note that the Line Length value may be different than yours:
e. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the target segment”. Click to select the toe segment of the ramp as in the following diagram:
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Select the toe of the ramp as the target
2. Create a plot of all four blast designs. a. Make sure the view is plan by clicking the
button.
b. From the toolbar click the button to start AutoPlot. c. Fill the subsequent forms as follows. Note that the scale values on the right hand side may be different from your values, so you will have to select an appropriate scale for the A3 size sheet of paper:
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d. Upon applying the previous form, a dashed box will appear centered around your data in the graphics viewport. This box represents the paper you’ve chosen. The prompting message asks you to “Move/Rotate selection box. Apply to continue. Assist key to rescale box.” With the left mouse button click and drag to move the box. With the right mouse button click and drag to rotate the box about the lower, left corner. Hitting the F1 key (assist key) will rescale the view if you’ve move the box partly outside the current view. Hitting the F2 key (apply) will apply the changes you’ve made. Just hit the F2 key to apply and continue. e. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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f.
Once Surpac has finished processing the plot it will let you know with a message in the message window at the bottom of the screen: “Processing finished - plot file is maingraa.pf”. It may also open the file automatically in the Plot File Viewer, which is a separate little program solely for viewing plot files.
3. Charge all four blast designs with Stemming at the collar (1m), and ANFO (0.8) in the rest of the hole. a. From the Blast design toolbar, choose the b. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
button to charge all holes.
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GEOLOGICAL DATABASE
OBJECTIVES • • • •
To become familiar with Surpac’s Geological Database module. To learn about the minimum requirements for a geological database. To learn to import data into a database from ASCII text files. To cut section through drillhole data and create plots.
FILES USED Files used in this lab exercise are found in the following folder: C:\GEOLOGICAL_DATABASE.LAB\
DISCUSSION The Geological Database module in Surpac is one of the most important set of tools you can learn. Drillhole data are the starting point of all mining projects and constitute the basis on which feasibility studies and ore reserve estimations are done. A geological database consists of a number of tables, each of which contains a different kind of data. Each table contains a number of fields of data. Each table will have many records with each record containing the data fields. Surpac require 2 mandatory tables: collar and survey. The information stored in the collar table describes the location of the drill hole collar, the maximum depth of the hole and whether a linear or curved hole trace is to be calculated when retrieving the hole. Optional collar data may also be stored for each drill hole. For example, date drilled, type of drill hole or project name. The mandatory fields in a collar table are: • • • • • •
hole_id y x z max_depth hole_path
The survey table stores the drill hole survey information used to calculate the drill hole trace coordinates. Mandatory fields include, downhole depth at which the survey was taken, the dip and the azimuth of the hole. For a vertical hole, which has not been surveyed, the depth would be the same as the max_depth field in the collar table, the dip as -90 and the azimuth as zero. The y, x and z fields are used to store the calculated coordinates of each survey. Optional fields for this table may include other information taken at the survey point e.g., core orientation. The mandatory fields in a survey table are: • • • •
hole_id depth dip azimuth
Aside from the mandatory tables, optional tables may be added and used to store such data as geology and assays. There are 3 different types of optional tables that can be added to a database:
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1. interval 2. point 3. discreet
The interval tables require the depth at the start of the interval and the depth at the end of the interval, called the depth_from and depth_to fields respectively. The point tables require only the depth where the sample was taken, called the depth_to field. A sample identifier field is defined for interval tables but this field is not a key field and so does not require data if not available. The y, x and z fields are used to store the calculated coordinates of the sample depths. The discrete sample tables are used for storing data for a point, which has a unique samp_id. All that is required for this is the samp_id and its position in space i.e., its Y, X and Z coordinates. The discrete sample table is ideally suited for storing and later processing geochemical soil samples. The following diagram shows some of a typical geological section from the Geological Database module in Surpac:
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ASSIGNMENT 1. Add an interval table called “geology” with an optional field called “lithology” to the “surpac” database. 2. Add an interval table called “sample” with an optional field called “gold” to the “surpac” database. 3. Import geology and sample data into the database from the files geology.txt and samples.txt, respectively. 4. Create and plot E-W sections starting at 7120N to 7600N in steps of 40m. I. Create colour display styles for the lithology and assays. II. Display lithological codes on the right-hand side. III. Display assays on the left-hand side. IV. Display colour-filled bar graphs of the gold assays on the left-hand side and offset them 5m.
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USEFUL TOOLBAR ICONS GEOLOGICAL DATABASE Open Database Close Database Drillhole Display Styles Display Drillholes Complete unextended hole Previous Section Next Section Reverse View Direction Zoom Plane Refresh Drillholes Identify Drillhole Edit Drillhole End Section Mode
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PROCEDURE 1. Add an interval table called “geology” with an optional field called “lithology” to the “surpac” database. a. First you must connect to the drillhole database. To do this simply click and drag the file “surpac.ddb” from the Navigator to the viewport. You will see in the Status Bar an item appear with the database icon and the name “surpac”. This means you have successfully connected to the database. b. From the Database menu choose Database, Administration, Create table. c. Fill the subsequent forms as follows:
2. Add an interval table called “sample” with an optional field called “gold” to the “surpac” database. a. Make sure you are connected to the drillhole database. See step 1.a. b. From the Database menu choose Database, Administration, Create table. c. Fill the subsequent forms as follows:
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3. Import geology and sample data into the database from the files geology.txt and samples.txt, respectively. a. Make sure you are connected to the drillhole database. See step 1.a. b. From the Database menu, choose Database, Import data and fill the subsequent forms as follows:
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c. From the Database menu, choose Database, Import data and fill the subsequent form as follows:
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4. Create and plot E-W sections starting at 7120N to 7600N in steps of 40m. a. From the Database menu, choose Display, Drillholes. b. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
c. From the Database menu, choose Sections, Define. d. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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e. This will create section starting on 7120N, every 40m. Notice in the status bar the current drillhole section is displayed. To switch to other sections choose Previous section ( ), and Next section ( ) from the Database, Sections menu. Now you will need to display certain information along the hole traces. In order to do this you will need to define the display styles. I.
Create colour display styles for the lithology and assays. f. From the Database menu, choose Display, Drillhole display styles. g. In the subsequent form, expand the geology folder to find the lithology field. h. Right-hand click on the lithology field and choose Get field codes from the context menu:
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i. j.
This will add ALL 7 unique lithological codes to the list. Expand the lithology folder. For each of the 7 lithological codes select, on the right-hand side, a different colour (graphics & plotting). For example: B Æ Red IN Æ Green MU Æ Blue QV1 Æ Yellow S2 Æ Orange SH Æ Cyan ST Æ Magenta
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Modify colours of each lithological code here All unique lithological codes
k. Before applying the form, expand the sample folder to find the gold field. l. Right-hand click on the gold field and choose Get min – max range from the context menu:
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m. This will add one grade range, which consists of the minimum and maximum values found in the gold field. This is just to provide you with a reference of the range of values currently available in that field. n. From the first range created, on the right hand side, change the From Value and To Value to 0 and 2, respectively. o. Choose a colour for this particular grade range. p. Right-hand click again on the gold field and choose Add new style from the context menu. This will add a new range below the previously added range. q. On the right-hand side, change the From Value and To Value to 2 and 4, respectively. r. Choose a colour for this particular grade range. s. Continue adding grade ranges in increments of 2 until you reach 10. For example: 0-2 Æ Cyan 2-4 Æ Orange 4-6 Æ Yellow 6-8 Æ Blue
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8-10 Æ Red t. II.
Apply the form to save the styles changes. Display lithological codes on the right-hand side.
u. From the Database menu, choose Display, Drillholes. v. Fill the different tabs on the subsequent form as follows:
III.
Display assays on the left-hand side. w. From the Database menu, choose Display, Drillholes. x. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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IV.
Display colour-filled bar graphs of the gold assays on the left-hand side and offset them 5m. y. From the Database menu, choose Display, Drillholes. z. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
aa. Finally, to create plots from each of the sections you will need to prepare the section on screen using the above steps to achieve the look you desire. Then, click the Autoplot ( ) button from the toolbar. bb. Fill the subsequent form as follows. Note that values for the scales will be different on your machine depending on the section and the zoom factor:
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cc. Upon applying the previous form, a dashed box will appear centered around your data in the graphics viewport. This box represents the paper you’ve chosen. The prompting message asks you to “Move/Rotate selection box. Apply to continue. Assist key to rescale box.”. With the left mouse button click and drag to move the box. With the right mouse button click and drag to rotate the box about the lower, left corner. Hitting the F1 key (assist key) will rescale the view if you’ve move the box partly outside the current view. Hitting the F2 key (apply) will apply the changes you’ve made. Just hit the F2 key to apply and continue. dd. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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ee. Once Surpac has finished processing the plot it will let you know with a message in the message window at the bottom of the screen: “Processing finished - plot file is maingraa.pf”. It may also open the file automatically in the Plot File Viewer, which is a separate little program solely for viewing plot files.
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PIT DESIGN
OBJECTIVES • • • •
To become familiar with Surpac’s Pit Design tools. To construct a pit with a ramp starting from a base. To calculate the volume between a designed pit and a topography. To generate a final surface using a designed pit and natural topography.
FILES USED Files used in this lab exercise are found in the following folder: C:\PIT_DESIGN.LAB\
DISCUSSION The Pit Design module is a suite of functions that allow you to design: • • •
an excavation (pit) from the bottom up or the top down a land fill or waste dump from the top down or bottom up a road which requires cut and fill of topography
Benches The Pit Design module uses normal String data to build a pit by progressively expanding or contracting toes and crests. Benches are constructed by either expanding or contracting closed strings, either upwards or downwards depending on where the design is started, by a certain bench height. That is, pit design may be started on surface and designed downward to a base, or from a base and upward to topography. Which way a design is started depends on what data is available, the specific data involved, and the requirements of the project. When expanding (or contracting) closed strings to construct benches, they are done so on a point-by-point basis at specified angles. These angles are the pit wall slope measured from one toe to the next crest (upwards) or one crest to the next toe (downwards). The pit wall slope is defined by the user in any of three different ways: Design slope Descriptions
Slope Strings
One constant slope for the entire pit. This is used for simple pit designs. Each point in the segment to be expanded is done so at a slope angle specified by a value in the point’s description field (D1). This is used where different parts of the pit perimeter require different pit wall slopes according to geotechnical constraints. Each point in the segment to be expanded is done so at a slope angle specified by where the point lies in relation to a ‘slope string’ file. A ‘slope string’ file consists of clockwise, closed segments defining the areas of different pit wall slopes. In the point’s description field (D1) is the value of the pit wall slope of that particular zone or area. This is used where different areas of the pit property require different pit wall slopes according to geotechnical constraints.
Benches may be constructed in one of three ways:
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Nominate a single height by which to elevate a toe or lower a crest. The resulting segment will be elevated or lowered by the nominated bench height.
By bench height To elevation To DTM Surface
Nominate a single elevation to which a toe will be elevated or a crest will be lowered. The resulting segment will reside entirely on the same nominated elevation. Nominate a DTM to which a toe will be elevated or a crest will be lowered. The resulting segment will conform to elevations determined by the nominated DTM surface.
The widths of benches are obtained by expanding crests (or contracting toes) by a certain berm width.
Ramps When design a pit, either from the top down or bottom up, you may choose to include a ramp. Ramps are defined by points along their edge and by a gradient. Exits from the ramps onto the benches may be included as part of the ramp design. Once the ramp is defined it will automatically be designed as the pit design progresses. There are two types of ramps: 1. Circular Ramps: Circular ramps, either clockwise or anti-clockwise follow the perimeter or wall of the pit. Their sense (clockwise or anti-clockwise) depends on how the pit is designed; either from the bottom upwards or from the top downwards. Circular ramps may be edited, deleted, added at any time during the pit design. Switchbacks are used to reverse a circular ramp’s direction.
Anti-clockwise ramp built from bottom upwards.
Switchback
Clockwise ramp built from bottom upwards.
CIRCULAR RAMP
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2. All Cut Ramps: All Cut ramps do not follow the wall or perimeter of the pit. Instead, they follow a pre-defined centreline. The perimeter of the pit then is reformed to accommodate the requirements of the all cut ramp.
All-Cut ramp following a pre-defined centreline.
ALL-CUT RAMP
ASSIGNMENT 1. Construct a pit from the base up to topography. Start with the file pit1.str. Build the pit with 10m bench heights and 5m bench widths (berm widths), at a pit wall slope of 50° until it reaches topography (topo1.str). Include a ramp in your pit design. 2. Create a surface (DTM) of your pit and generate a final surface using it and the topography (topo1.str). 3. Generate a final, mined surface using your pit and the topography (topo1.str). 4. Calculate the cut volume of your designed pit.
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USEFUL TOOLBAR ICONS PIT DESIGN Load Slope String File Select method of pit wall slope New Ramp Edit Ramp Load DTM Surface Display DTM Surface Offsets Hide DTM Surface Offsets Expand Segment by Berm Width Expand Segment by Bench Height Expand Segment to Elevation Expand Segment to DTM Surface Expand String by Berm Width Expand String by Bench Height Expand String to Elevation Expand String to DTM Surface
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PROCEDURE 1. Construct a pit from the base up to topography. Start with the file pit1.str. Build the pit with 10m bench heights and 5m bench widths (berm widths), at a pit wall slope of 50° until it reaches topography (topo1.str). Include a ramp in your pit design. a. From the Navigator click and drag the file pit1.str into the viewport to open it. This string will form the base of the pit you will create. b. From the Mine Design menu choose Pit design, Select slope method. c. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
d. From the Mine Design menu choose Pit design, Set slope gradient. e. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
f. From the Mine Design menu choose Pit design, New ramp. g. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the first ramp point” then “Select the second ramp point”. Choose the sides of the ramp as in the following diagram:
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First ramp point
Second ramp point
h. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
i. From the Mine Design menu choose Expand segment, By bench height. j. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the segment to be expanded”. Click to select the base string. k. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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l. Notice that the prompting text reappears giving you the chance to select another segment to expand. Hit the ESCAPE key to exit the function.
m. From the Mine Design menu choose Expand segment, By berm width. n. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the segment to be expanded”. Click to newly expanded crest string. That is the outermost string.
o. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
p. Notice that the prompting text reappears giving you the chance to select another segment to expand. Hit the ESCAPE key to exit the function.
q. Now you will load a surface topography so that you can build the pit to match the surface. From the Mine Design menu, choose Pit design, Load DTM surface.
r. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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s. From the Mine design menu, choose Pit design, Display DTM surface offsets. t. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the segment to display the DTM offsets”.
u. Click to select the outermost segment. The vertical distances from the points around the selected segment to the surface are displayed.
v. From the Mine design menu, choose Pit design, Hide DTM surface offsets. w. You have just built one bench. Repeat steps i. trough p. until your pit is within 20m of the surface. x. From the Mine design menu, choose Expand segment, To DTM surface. y. Fill the subsequent form as follows. Note that the Minimum z value and the Maximum z value may be different from yours.
z. Notice that sometimes after expanding a segment errors or odd geometry may form in the expanded segment, such as in the following diagram. These geometrical problems may be easily corrected using the Edit functions.
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These points should be moved or deleted.
2. Create a surface (DTM) of your pit. a. Check the layer chooser in the first toolbar to make sure the layer in which your pit resides is the active layer: Layer chooser
b. From the Surfaces menu, choose Create DTM from layer. c. Apply the subsequent form:
3. Generate a final, mined surface using your pit and the topography (topo1.str). a. From the Navigator, click and drag to open the topography DTM file (topo1.dtm) and the DTM file of your pit.
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b. From the Surfaces menu choose Clip or intersect DTM’s, Lower triangles of 2 DTM’s. c. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
d. A prompting message will ask you to “Select first trisolation”. Choose one of the 2 DTM’s.
e. A second prompting message will ask you to “Select second trisolation”. Choose the next DTM.
f. The final, mined surface will appear in the specified layer (final surface) after some time calculating. 4. Calculate the cut volume of your designed pit. a. In order to calculate a volume you always require 3 things: 2 surfaces and a boundary string. In this case the boundary string will be the outermost string in the pit. That is, calculate the volume inside of this string and between the 2 DTM’s. You, therefore, must know what number the outermost string in your pit design is. To fin this out use the function to identify a point on that string. Remember the string number because you’ll need it in the next step. b. From the Volumes menu choose Cut and fill between DTM’s. c. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
Please note that “your_pit” is the name of the pit design you’ve save from step 1., and string # 32 is the number of the outermost string in your pit design.
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RING DESIGN
OBJECTIVES • • • • •
To become familiar with Surpac’s Ring Design tools. To prepare underground workings data for the Ring Design module. To design sub-level cave blast rings from slices of underground workings. To calculate the drilling & blasting statistics from design blast rings. To generate a plot of several designed blast rings.
FILES USED Files used in this lab exercise are found in the following folder: C:\RING_DESIGN.LAB\
DISCUSSION The Ring Design module in Surpac is a suite of tools used for the design of underground blasts. Many different types of blasts can be accommodated for different mining methods with Ring Design including, Block Caving, Sub-Level Cave, VRM/VCR, Long-hole, and Open Stoping. The general procedure for preparing data for Ring Design is quite easy. Ring designs are created from sections of original underground 3D models. Basically, in Surpac once 3D models are constructed of stopes and mine workings, these models can be sliced to create sections. Blast rings are then designed on one section at a time. The following diagrams show examples of 3D models of stopes and mine underground mine workings created in Surpac, and of the sections created from the 3D solid models. Stope
Top sill drift
Bottom sill drift
Figure 1: 3D solid models of a stope (red) and top and bottom sill drifts.
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Figure 2: Vertical sections through the 3D models created every 10m along the bottomsill drift. Once sections have been generated, blast rings are designed on each section. The following diagram is a typical blast ring designed using the Ring Design module.
Figure 3: Typical blast ring designed using the Ring Design module. Holes are coloured & numbered by sequence.
ASSIGNMENT 1. Create vertical sections of the solids in the file “stope1.dtm” every 10m. 2. Design a ring blast on section # 3 from step 1.
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3. Charge and sequence the blast ring designed in step 2. 4. Generate a report of blast statistics for the ring blast including, drilled lengths, charged lengths, explosive mass, & powder factor.
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USEFUL TOOLBAR ICONS GEOLOGICAL DATABASE Begin Ring Design End Ring Design Open String Files of Sections Previous Section Next Section Zoom to Area of Current Ring Redraw Add New Drill Rig Edit Drill Rig Properties Select Drill Rig Select New Drill Rig Position Move Drill Rig Move Drill Rig by Distance Move Drill Rig by Coordinates Move Drill Rig by Distance From Wall Move Drill Rig to Previous Setup Rotate Mast Rotate Mast by Angle Rotate Mast to a Point Select Centreline Create Single Hole Create Cardinal Holes Create Normal Holes Create Parallel Holes Create Multiple Holes Delete Hole Delete Range of Holes Delete All Holes Change Diameter of One Hole Change Diameter of Range of Holes Change Hole Length Set Length of One Hole Set Length of Range of Holes Move Hole Rotate Hole Snap One Hole to Stope Snap Range of Holes to Stope
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PROCEDURE 1. Create vertical sections of the solids in the file “stope1.dtm” every 10m. a. From the Navigator, click and drag “stope1.dtm” into the viewport to open it. b. From the toolbar, click the button to render the solids. c. From the Navigator, click and drag “cl1.str” into the viewport to open it. d. This is a centreline string for the bottom sill drift. It is located inside the bottom sill drift solid. In order to view the string click the
button to turn the DTM
edges off, and the button to turn the DTM faces off. e. Check the layer chooser in the first toolbar to make sure the layer in which the 3D solid resides is the active layer: Layer chooser
f. From the Solids menu, choose Solids tools, Section using centreline. g. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the centreline start point”. Click to select the extreme southwestern point. h. The prompting message will then ask you to “Select the centreline end point”. Click to select the extreme northeastern point. i. Fill the subsequent forms as follows:
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2. Design a ring blast on section # 3 from step 1. a. From the Ring Design menu choose Ring design, Start ring design to begin a Ring Design session. b. Apply the subsequent form:
c. From the Ring Design menu choose Ring design, Open section files of stopes and openings to open the sections created in step 1. d. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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e. Note the new items in the Status Bar at the bottom of your Surpac window. f.
Press the
button until you reach section number 3:
Section number
g. From the Ring Design menu choose Ring design, Setup, Rig properties edit the drill rig properties: h. Fill the subsequent forms as follows:
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i. j.
From the Ring Design menu, choose Setup, Drilling parameters. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
k. From the Ring Design menu choose Setup, Rig position to select a new drill rig position. l. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the Survey Openings”. Click to select the bottom sill drift as in the following diagram. m. The prompting message will then ask you to “Select the Stope Outlines”. Click to select the ore outline as in the following diagram. Notice that once both are
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selected, Surpac will put a cross hair in the selected drift opening. This cross hair represents the pivot point of the carousel of the drill rig.
Stope outline
Survey openings
n. From the Ring Design menu choose Create holes, At selected location to create a new hole at a digitized location. o. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Digitize the new position”. p. Click to select a point approximately at the point indicated in the following diagram:
Click to select approximately here
q. With the function still running click to select a second point approximately at the point indicated in the following diagram:
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Click to select approximately here
r.
Note that at any time if you’re dissatisfied with your selection you may choose, from the Ring Design menu, Edit, Delete one hole to delete a hole or the Delete all holes to delete all holes. s. From the Ring Design menu choose Create holes, Between two holes to create holes between the two existing holes. t. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Indicate the first hole…” Click to select the first created hole (left). u. The prompting message will then ask you to “Indicate the next hole…” Click to select the second created hole (right). v. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
w. Notice that in the upper-left corner of the section the blast holes go through the surveyed top sill. You’ll need to edit this. x. From the Ring Design menu choose Edit, Edit hole length graphically to change the length of one hole at a time. y. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select and drag the hole of interest’s toe”. Click and drag on one of the holes that goes through the top sill at the toe. Drag the toe downward until it touches the bottom of the top sill drift (where it would break through if drilled). Repeat this for all holes that go through the top sill drift as in the following diagram:
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Trimmed holes
3. Charge and sequence the blast ring designed in step 2. a. From the Ring design menu, choose Charging, Charge holes. b. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
c. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the hole to be charged”. Click on each hole starting from the left to the right. d. When you’ve selected each hole hit the ESCAPE key. e. From the Ring design menu, choose Setup, Delay properties. f. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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g. From the Ring design menu, choose Charging, Sequence clockwise. h. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Indicate the first hole…” Click as indicated in the following diagram. i. The prompting message will then ask you to “Indicate the next hole…” Click as indicated in the following diagram:
Select this hole as first hole
Select this hole as second hole
j. From the Ring design menu, choose Charging, Sequence anticlockwise. k. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Indicate the first hole…” Click as indicated in the following diagram. l. The prompting message will then ask you to “Indicate the next hole…” Click as indicated in the following diagram:
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Select this hole as first hole
Select this hole as second hole
m. To have a look at the sequencing you’ve completed try this. From the Ring design menu, choose View, Sequence.
4. Generate a report of drilling statistics for the ring blast including, drilled lengths, hole diameters, number or drill rods per hole, & to which stope the ring belongs. a. From the Ring Design menu, choose Reports, Drilling report. b. Fill the subsequent forms as follows:
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5. Generate a report of blast statistics for the ring blast including, drilled lengths, charged lengths, explosive mass, & powder factor. a. From the Ring Design menu, choose Reports, Blasting report. b. Fill the subsequent forms as follows:
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STRINGS & DTM'S
OBJECTIVES • • • • •
To learn about Surpac’s graphical file types (*.str & *.dtm). To learn how to create surfaces (DTM’s). To learn to digitize string data. To learn how to display data with Surpac’s styles files. To perform surface-to-surface volume calculations.
FILES USED Files used in this lab exercise are found in the following folder: C:\ STRINGS_&_DTM'S.LAB\
DISCUSSION Strings String data are raw point and line data. Almost all data brought into Surpac will be in this form. All data are stored as strings. A string is a sequence of three-dimensional coordinates delineating some physical feature. As drawn lines in a sketch define essential features, so too do strings. Crests and toes of an open pit mine are strings, as are contours, edges of roads, boundaries of geological zones, the toe of a stockpile, etc. All points defining a single string are stored in string sequence and assigned a common string number. String numbers may be in the range 1 to 32000 inclusive. Here is an example to illustrate what Strings are:
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The string number is a numeric identifier of the feature represented by that string. It may have no significance other than to distinguish one string from another, as is often the case in surveying. More commonly, however, it is the code to identify the purpose of a string, e.g. the string is a boundary string, or defines a pit slope zone, or waste material. String Kinds Three kinds of strings are recognized. 1. Open strings, as in a straight or curved line. If more than one open string exists in a file with the same string number, then these are called open segments of that string and are assigned a segment number.
2. Closed strings, as in a circle, square or any irregular polygon. A closed string is one whose first and last co-ordinates are the same. If more than one closed string exists in a file with the same string number, then these are called closed segments of that string and are assigned a segment number. This is common in situations where many features, all representing something similar, are logically grouped within a single string identifier, e.g. contours of the same elevation on a topographic map will be assigned the same string number.
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3. A spot height string, being a set of random points linked together by a string number, but outlining no particular feature. The points can be in any order, as the actual line joining them does not represent a feature you can see. Spot height strings are commonly used for recording elevations of points on a surface, or coordinates of bore holes.
Use of String Kinds In survey applications it is more common to deal with open strings which define discontinuous features, as are found in open pits, with closed strings being used as boundary strings to constrain a volume computation. Engineers and geologists tend to be more involved with closed strings, such as bench crests and toes, ore outlines etc. Such closed strings may be assigned a thickness and can therefore be used in calculation of both areas and volumes. String Descriptions The ability is provided to be able to assign other `non-coordinate' information to each point in a string. This data is called the point description. In surveying, this is usually exactly what it is, e.g. a description or name of a control station. When dealing with closed strings, it is more usual that the point description will contain attributes of the feature enclosed by the string, e.g. the concentration and total salinity of a water sample.
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The point description may contain sub-fields, which can be used to address individually for various purposes. These may include: • •
storing assays for multiple elements, e.g. total contaminant calculations plotting various description sub-fields for a point at different locations about the point.
The description sub-fields are referred to as D1, D2, D3 up to a maximum of D100. They may be generally referred to as D fields. The D fields are delimited by commas. In the following example DESCRIPTION = ``TREE, 1.54, HOUSE'' The sub-fields have the values: D1 = ``TREE'' D2 = ``1.54'' D3 = ``HOUSE'' The total length of the description field may not exceed 512 characters regardless of the number of sub-fields. String Directions The convention is to plot a string number at the first point of a string. Depending on how a particular string was created, the order of the points will sometimes give a clockwise direction for the string segment and sometimes an anticlockwise one. This direction of segments is important to closed strings when calculating areas and volumes. If a closed string is defined in a clockwise direction, it is assumed it represents a positive area; that is an area of inclusion. If it is defined in an anticlockwise direction, it is assumed it represents a negative area; that is, an area of exclusion. If an anticlockwise closed segment of a string is contained within a clockwise closed segment, the combination is effectively defining the area between the closed segments.
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String Files Related strings are stored together in ASCII files called string files, identified by an .str extension. A string file can contain up to 32000 different strings Each file is identified by a two-part name - the two parts are nominated separately in practice, but they are combined to form a filename acceptable to the computer on which the software is being run. The first part is called the Location code. This is an alphanumeric character identifier usually chosen to indicate what the strings in the file represent, e.g. contour, borehole, buildings etc. The second part is an ID number defining the file as a member of a set of files. This is a numeric character identifier. For example, a set of files, each containing surveys for an underground mine for the months January, February and March 1990 may be called: LEV9001 LEV9002 LEV9003 Where LEV is the common location code in each case, and the ID numbers are the year/month code of the individual files containing the surveys. If you type a decimal number in an ID, for example 1.65: • • •
the number is rounded to one decimal place, with 0.05 rounded up (that is, 1.65 rounds to 1.7); the one-decimal-place number with the decimal point excluded (that is, 17) will be used for referring to the ID; refer to the one-decimal-place number, either with or without the decimal point (that is, either 1.7 or 17), when recalling the file.
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String File Structure Each line in a string file is called a record. The first two records are called the header record and axis record respectively. The header record contains data relating to the whole string file such as the location code, date formed and the purpose. The axis record contains two sets of co-ordinates identified as string number zero, defining a 3-dimensional axis, which is used when taking sections. If no axis has been defined, this record will hold zeros. The rest of the records in a string file contain points on the strings, with each record having the following structure. string number
Y
X
Z
point descriptions
Each field is delimited by a comma. Records containing zeros in all of the first four fields indicate the end of a segment or string. The final record in the string file is a line with a string number of zero and END in the descriptor field. The following example string file (pump1.str) was created using the GROUNDWATER MODELLING module and contains the definitions of three pumping wells. The file contains five description fields, (D1 - D5): borename, Time pump on (days), Time pump off (days), Pumping rate (kl/d) and Pumping bore radius. pump ,26-Mar-92,pumping wells , 0, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000 100, 28.275, -47.079, 0.000, recover1 ,0,10000000,500,0.15 100, 117.516, -93.714, 0.000, recover2 ,0,10000000,700,0.2 100, 108.160, -26.973, 0.000, recover3 ,0,10000000,500,0.15 0, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, END The second string file (blocks98.str) below shows an example of a string file containing closed segments. The file was created using the GEOSTATISTICS module and contains regular blocks with a grade calculated using an inverse distance algorithm. blocks , 1-May-92,Grade classifications of blocks98.str , 0, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 1, 285.000, 115.000, 98.000, 0.035,23.035 1, 295.000, 115.000, 98.000, 0.035,23.035 1, 295.000, 125.000, 98.000, 0.035,23.035 1, 285.000, 125.000, 98.000, 0.035,23.035 1, 285.000, 115.000, 98.000, 0.035,23.035 0, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 1, 285.000, 125.000, 98.000, 0.003,47.460 1, 295.000, 125.000, 98.000, 0.003,47.460 1, 295.000, 135.000, 98.000, 0.003,47.460 1, 285.000, 135.000, 98.000, 0.003,47.460 1, 285.000, 125.000, 98.000, 0.003,47.460
0.000
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0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 0, 0,
0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 35.000, 55.000, 98.000, 4.367,11.462 45.000, 55.000, 98.000, 4.367,11.462 45.000, 65.000, 98.000, 4.367,11.462 35.000, 65.000, 98.000, 4.367,11.462 35.000, 55.000, 98.000, 4.367,11.462 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 55.000, 55.000, 98.000, 8.941,57.704 65.000, 55.000, 98.000, 8.941,57.704 65.000, 65.000, 98.000, 8.941,57.704 55.000, 65.000, 98.000, 8.941,57.704 55.000, 55.000, 98.000, 8.941,57.704 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 65.000, 45.000, 98.000, 26.785,36.595 75.000, 45.000, 98.000, 26.785,36.595 75.000, 55.000, 98.000, 26.785,36.595 65.000, 55.000, 98.000, 26.785,36.595 65.000, 45.000, 98.000, 26.785,36.595 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, END
DTM’s Digital Terrain Models or DTM’s are how Surpac models surfaces. Surfaces are used in Surpac for such things as 3D visualization & calculating volumes. Most any superficial feature can be modelled as a DTM: natural topography, lithological contacts, bedrock/overburden contact, or water table are such examples. DTM’s must come from String data. String files contain the raw data, where as DTM files contain a mapping of trios of points in the String file that constitute a triangle. DTM’s are made of triangles, with each point of each triangle matched to a point in the original String file. Consequently DTM files are not valid without the original String files. That is, a DTM file cannot be opened if the original String file of the same name does not exist. Another rule as far as DTM’s are concerned is that DTM’s cannot fold back on themselves. That is, a DTM cannot have multiple Z values for a given XY coordinate.
Styles Files Styles files are used to tell Surpac how to display String and DTM data. The default styles file is called styles.ssi. Styles files let the user specify the following attributes: • • • • • • • • • •
a label for the style for legend purposes drawing method - i.e. lines, markers, attribute values, etc. line colour line thickness line pattern face colour specular reflectance colour - the colour of the shiny spots transmission colour for transparency effects gloss effects - the size of the shiny spots face pattern
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• • • • • • •
edge colour edge thickness edge pattern text colour marker symbol marker size text characteristics, font, size, slant and path
Every time a String file is saved the current styles file is associated with it so that every time it’s opened it uses that styles file automatically. If that styles file is not found it uses the default styles.ssi.
Digitizing A very common way of imputing data into Surpac is to digitize. You may use the mouse or a digitizing tablet for digitizing data. You would have learned these functions on the Main toolbar in the previous lab: Change Digitizer point attributes Digitize at Cursor Location Digitize at Selected Point Close Digitized Segment Start a New Segment Digitize by Following Segment Digitize Midpoint All the digitizing functions are found in the CREATE, DIGITIZE menu. The elevation of any current digitizing may be defined in CREATE, DIGITIZE, PROPERTIES or by using the button. Any digitizing you do can always be edited using the Editing functions learned in the previous lab.
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ASSIGNMENT 1. Use the digitizing functions to finish the topography in the file contours2.str. There are several contours missing from the 219 elevation to the 243 elevation every 3m. The completed file should look similar to the following diagram.
Use the
function to digitize several contour lines in the Northwest corner of the
topography. You may use the function to select the appropriate elevation of the digitized segments. Save & submit this file. 2. For the file “topo1.str”, modify it’s styles file so that the lines and the elevation are displayed every 200m. Plot & submit this file. 3. For the file “topo1.str”, modify it’s styles file so that the data are displayed as markers (points). Plot & submit this file. 4. Use the function CUT AND FILL BETWEEN DTM’S from the VOLUMES menu to calculate the surface-to-surface volume between pit1.dtm & topo1.dtm. Submit the resulting volume report (text file).
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PROCEDURE 1. Use the digitizing functions to finish the topography in the file contours2.str. a. Choose the button from the toolbar to specify the properties for the digitizing. Fill the form as follows:
This will initialize the digitizing so that you’re creating points in string #1 at elevation 219. b. Choose the button from the toolbar to digitize a point at the cursor location. The prompting message should ask you to digitize a point using the mouse. Click to digitize a mouse at approximately the location indicated in the following diagram:
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Digitize first point here.
c. Once the first point is digitized, keep clicking to add new points. Follow the general trend of the lower contour line (5580). The data should look approximately as follows:
New digitized segment.
d. Repeat steps ‘a’ to ‘c’, incrementing the digitizing elevation by 3m until you reach the 243 elevation. 2. For the file “contours2.str”, modify it’s styles file so that the lines and the elevation are displayed every 200m. Plot & submit this file.\ a. From the CUSTOMIZE menu choose Display Properties, Strings and points.
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b. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
3. For the file “contours2.str”, modify it’s styles file so that the data are displayed as markers (points). Plot & submit this file. a. From the CUSTOMIZE menu choose Display Properties, Strings and points. b. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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4. Use the function CUT AND FILL BETWEEN DTM’S from the VOLUMES menu to calculate the surface-to-surface volume between pit1.dtm & topo1.dtm. Submit the resulting volume report (text file). a. From the menu Volumes, choose Cut and fill between DTM’s. b. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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UNDERGROUND MINE DESIGN
OBJECTIVES • •
• • •
To become familiar with Surpac’s Underground Mine Design tools. To design and underground level layout with access ramps, access drift, and cross cuts. To construct a solids of surveyed and designed underground workings. To calculate the volume of surveyed and designed underground workings. To extract sections through underground workings to produce section plots.
FILES USED Files used in this lab exercise are found in the following folder: C:\UG_MINE_DESIGN.LAB\
DISCUSSION Underground Mine Design in Surpac draws on many functions through out the program and not on one module in particular, as is the case with Open Pit Design. For example, designing and underground layout requires that you use the Create menu to digitize centrelines and create outlines from those centrelines. Once centrelines are designed they may be modified using the Edit functions. Finally, the Solids functions are used to construct 3D solids of your designs or surveyed workings. Surveyed mine workings, as opposed to designed mine layouts, can be imported into Surpac by a number of means. Once in String format the surveyed workings can be used to construct solids for the purpose of calculating volumes and sectioning.
Surveyed Workings Surveyed underground mine workings may be imported into Surpac either directly from the survey instrument or via some other file format (most commonly .dxf or ASCII). Once the surveys are imported into String format in Surpac, they may be manipulated in the same way as other String data. Since they are surveyed, however, they should not be modified greatly from their original state. Slight modifications may be required to clean up the raw survey data and tie it in with previous surveys but these wouldn’t change the data. Underground level surveys are generally used to construct solids for further use.
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Surveyed Workings
Back Survey
Floor Survey
Underground Layout Design You have many functions at your disposal for the design and layout of underground mine workings. Generally, any design will start with the centreline of the drift(s). The centrelines are created using the digitizing tools found under the Create menu. When constructing drift centrelines, pay special attention to their location in plan view. Remember, do not digitize in any oblique view because you lose control over where the points you select are created. Therefore, make sure you’re in plan view before staring any digitization. These centrelines can then be modified, adjusted, deleted and reconstructed through out the design process. For example, you can digitize a flat centreline for a ramp in plan view and then change the gradient of that centreline later.
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Layout Design
Cross Cuts
Centreline in Black
Access Ramp Access Drift
Solids Solids in Surpac are, in fact, DTM’s. However, there is one fundamental difference that must be understood. Solids, as opposed to surfaces (DTM’s), are fully enclosed and have a volume. Whereas surfaces do not have volumes but only area. Solids may constructed from appropriate String data such as the floor and back of an underground working (designed or surveyed). Solids are constructed for 3 basic purposes: 1. 3D visualization 2. Volume calculation 3. Cutting sections The functions required for constructing solids are found in the Solids menu. Once any solids have been constructed and fully closed, they must be validated. That is, in order for a solid to be valid there must not be any of the following: 1. 2. 3. 4.
self-intersecting triangles duplicate triangles triangles with invalid edges triangles with open edges.
The validation process must be run before the solid can be used in any other function, such as calculating a volume or sectioning. If problems are encountered during validation, that is, if the solid contains any of the above-mentioned items, they will have to be addressed/corrected before the solid can attain valid status. The final step in validating a solid is to define whether it is a solid or a void. Underground workings
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(designed or surveyed) are voids and have negative volumes. Ore bodies are solids and have positive volumes.
Solid of UG Level
Back Survey
Floor Survey
ASSIGNMENT 1. Complete the underground layout design in the file layout330.str. a. Crosscuts are missing so you’ll need to add them. b. Tie the access ramp in to the existing mine workings (ug1.str) at the 290 level and re-grade it. c. Create an outline of the entire layout 10m wide. d. Copy the floor outline up 10m to the back e. Construct a solid from the floor and back outlines. f. Design 2 other access ramps from different levels of the mine and construct solids of them: i. From 180 level to the SW end of the design. ii. From 150 level to the NE end of the design. 2. Validate the solid in step #1 (a - e). 3. Generate volume reports of the solids in steps #1. 4. Section the design layout solid from step #1 along the access drift centreline every 50m. 5. Construct a solid from the surveyed mine workings in pillars300.str.
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PROCEDURE 1. Complete the underground layout design in the file layout330.str. a. Crosscuts are missing so you’ll need to add them. i. From the Navigator, click and drag the file layout330.str into the viewport to open it. ii. First display the point markers so you can see where the crosscut centrelines are to be placed. From the tool bar choose the button to display the point markers. iii. Apply the subsequent form: iv. Now, change the snap mode from “No Snap” to “Point”. To do this go the Snap Mode selection box in the toolbar: Snap mode selection box
v. vi.
From the Edit menu, choose Segment, Copy. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select and drag the segment to be copied.” vii. Select one of the two existing cross cuts. When selecting in Surpac, it is important to know that your selection will be based on proximity of the cursor to the items you’re selecting. In this case you will want to select the south-eastern most point on the cross cut centreline:
Select approximately here
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viii.
While holding down the left mouse button, drag the selected segment to one of the other point markers then let go. ix. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
x.
The result should be as in the following diagram. Notice that the prompting text reappears for you to keep selecting.
xi.
Repeat this process 6 times until a centreline for each cross cut has been made.
b. Tie the access ramp in to the existing mine workings (ug1.str) at the 290 level and re-grade it. i. From the Navigator click and drag to open the file ug1.str.
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ii.
With Snap Mode set to “Point” (see step 6.I.d.), choose from the Edit menu, Point, Move. iii. Select the first point in the ramp, and drag it to a point on the 290 level floor, as in the following diagram:
Drag to this point on 290 level
Click the first ramp point
iv.
Now you must regrade the entire ramp centreline. From the Edit menu, choose Segment, Change gradient. v. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the centreline start point”. Choose the point moved in step c. vi. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the centreline end point”. Choose the last point in the ramp where it connects to the haulage drift centreline as in the following diagram:
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“Select the centreline end point”
vii.
“Select the centreline start point”
Apply the subsequent form:
c. Create an outline of the entire layout 10m wide. i. Make sure the layer where the layout centrelines reside is currently active. Check the layer chooser in the first toolbar to make sure the layer in which your pit resides is the active layer:
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Layer chooser
ii.
From the Mine Design menu, choose Underground, Room & pillar from centrelines. iii. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
d. Copy the floor outline up 10m to the back i. From the Edit menu, choose Copy segment constrained by, Bearing & distance. ii. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the segment to copy by bearing, dip, and distance. iii. Select the newly created outer wall of the layout. iv. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
e. Construct a solid from the floor and back outlines. i. From the Solids menu, choose Triangulate, Between segments. ii. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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iii. iv. v. vi. vii.
A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select a point on the first segment to be triangulated”. Select a point on the outer wall segment of the floor. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select a point on the next segment to be triangulated”. Select a point on the outer wall segment of the back. From the Solids menu, choose Triangulate, Inside a segment.
viii. ix.
Click the button to save the solid. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
x.
Fill the subsequent form as follows:
xi.
A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the segment which is to be triangulated”. xii. Select a point on the outer wall segment of the floor. xiii. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the segment which is to be triangulated”.
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xiv. f.
Select a point on the outer wall segment of the back.
Design 2 other access ramps from different levels of the mine and construct solids of them: i. From 180 level to the SW end of the design. a. From the Mine Design menu, choose Underground, Generate shortest path. b. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the start point”. c. Choose the indicated point in the following diagram on the 180 level. d. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the goal point”. e. Choose the indicated point in the following diagram on the design.
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Goal point
Start point
f.
Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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g. From the Solids menu, choose Triangulate, Using centreline & profile. h. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
i.
ii.
A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the centreline string”. Select the ramp string.
From 150 level to the NE end of the design. a. From the Mine Design menu, choose Underground, Generate shortest path. b. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the start point”. c. Choose the indicated point in the following diagram on the 150 level:
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d. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the goal point”. e. Choose the indicated point in the following diagram on the design.
Goal point Start point
f.
Fill the subsequent form as follows:
g. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
h. From the Solids menu, choose Triangulate, Using centreline & profile. i. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
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j.
A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the centreline string”. Select the ramp string.
2. Validate the solid in step #1 (a - e). a. From the Navigator, click and drag the finished, saved solid (layout330.dtm) into the viewport to open it. b. From the Solids menu, choose Validation, Validate object. c. Apply the subsequent form. 3. Generate volume reports of the solid in steps #1 (a - e). a. From the Solids menu, choose Solids tools, Report volume of solids. b. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
4. Section the design layout solid (#1) along the access drift centreline every 50m. a. Make sure you’ve reset the graphics session by clicking the
button.
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b. Also make sure you have opened only the DTM file saved from steps #1 (a - e). c. Click the
button to turn the faces of the solid off.
button to display the original string data. d. Click the e. Now, change the snap mode from “No Snap” to “Point”. To do this go the Snap Mode selection box in the toolbar (see step 1. a. iv.) f. From the Solids menu, choose Solids tools, Section using centreline. g. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select the centreline start point”. Click to select the first point in the centreline of the haulage drift as in the following diagram. The prompting message will then ask you to “Select the centreline end point”. Click to select the last point in the same segment:
5. Construct a solid from the surveyed mine workings in pillars300.str. a. From the Navigator click and drag the file pillars300.str into the viewport to open (Identify point) function and selecting points on each of the it. By using the differently coloured strings you can see that there are 2 strings in this file, #1 & #2. b. You first need to re-open the string file, but only with string #1. Click the (Open) button to open the file again. Notice that the form is already filled with the last-opened file. In the String Range field type “1”:
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c. From the Surfaces menu, choose Create DTM from layer. d. Apply the subsequent form:
e. From the toolbar click the button to render the DTM. f. From the Surfaces menu, choose Clip or intersect DTM’s, Clip DTM with string. g. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select a string to use to clip the DTM”. Select any point on the string. h. Apply the subsequent form:
i. j.
Click the button to save the file. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
k. Click the
button to reset the graphics session.
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l.
Now you need to re-open the string file, but only with string #2. Click the (Open) button to open the file again. m. Fill the subsequent form as follows. In the String Range field type “2”:
n. From the Surfaces menu, choose Create DTM from layer. o. Apply the subsequent form:
p. From the toolbar click the button to render the DTM. q. From the Surfaces menu, choose Clip or intersect DTM’s, Clip DTM with string. r. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select a string to use to clip the DTM”. Select any point on the string. s. Apply the subsequent form:
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t. Click the button to save the file. u. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
v. You now have two separate files for the floor and back of this underground level. You will need to now bring the two together into the same graphics layer (append) and complete constructing the solid. w. Click the button to reset the graphics session. x. From the Navigator, click and drag both DTM files (floor300.dtm & back300.dtm) into the same graphics layer. To accomplish this simply click to select one of the files, then with the control key held down, select the other. Then, when dragging into the viewport to open them, make sure you hold down the control key to append the two files into the currently active layer (main graphics layer). y. From the toolbar click the
button to render the DTM.
z.
button to display the corresponding strings.
From the toolbar click the
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Pillars
Outer wall
aa. It is a good idea to spin or orbit the data around with the left mouse button instead of staying in plan view. This will allow you to be able to select floor and back segments. bb. From the Solids menu, choose Triangulate, Between segments. cc. Fill the subsequent form as follows:
dd. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select a point on the first segment to be triangulated”. ee. Select a point on the eastern most pillar floor. ff. A prompting message will appear asking you to “Select a point on the next segment to be triangulated”. gg. Select a point on the eastern most pillar floor. hh. Hit the ESCAPE button now because you don’t want to continue triangulating from the last-selected segment. ii. Repeat steps bb. to hh. for the remaining pillars. You may find it beneficial to zoom in on particular areas of interest to facilitate selection of points.
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jj. Finally, repeat steps bb. to hh. for the outer wall.
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