Guía Para Grupos

Auìj [jrj Arupcs? Auìj pjrj `cs Arupcs mb J^J

LJXC 5;;1

Bstb mcnulbitc dub jutcrhzjmc pcr b` Nclhtè mb @htbrjturj pjrj su mhstrheunhþi pcr `j H^C mb J^J, qubmjimc pbimhbitb su rbvhshþi pcstbrhcr y jutcrhzjnhþi dhij`.

Zuhitj Bmhnhþi „ ljyc 5;;1 @j Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhcs mb J^J thbib `cs mbrbngcs rbsbrvjmcs mb `j quhitj bmhnhþi. J lbics qub sb bspbnhdhqub bi jàuij pêahij qub sb pubmb ncphjr pjrj su usc bi `cs arupcs mb J^J, sb mbeb sc`hnhtjr pbrlhsc pcr bsnrhtc mb` bmhtcr pjrj ncphjr c rbprcmunhr bstb ljtbrhj` mb nuj`quhbr ljibrj.

Auìj mb arupc? Rij auìj pjrj `cs arupcs mb J^J

ÌIMHNB Hitrcmunnhþi ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Hihnhjimc ui Arupc ……………………………………………………………………………………………. Hihnhjimc ui Arupc ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Hihnhjimc bi `cs Mcnb [jscs j `cs Lhblercs mb Ubnhbitb Hiarbsc ………………………………………….. ]hpcs mb Ouitjs ………………………………………………………………………………………………. Dcrljtc mb Ouitjs y @bnturjs ………………………………………………………………………………... Ouitjs…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Jabimj Cpnhcij` mb Ouitj mb J^J…………………………………………………………………………... Jabimj Cpnhcij` mb Ouitj mb J^J…………………………………………………………………………... Hihnhc…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ³Zuè bs ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs3…………………………………………………………………………… Lclbitc mb ^h`binhc/Crjnhþi mb `j ^brbihmjm………………………………………………………………. Iubstrj Jmhnnhþi……………………………………………………………………………………………... Iubstrc [rcarjlj…………………………………………………………………………………………….. @cs Mcnb [jscs mb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs………………………………………………………………… @js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs mb J^J……………………………………………………………………………….. @j jesthibinhj bi J^J……………………………………………………………………………………….. Drcitbrjs mb `js Ubuihcibs…………………………………………………………………………………… @j @hstj mb Iÿlbrcs mb ]b`èdcic……………………………………………………………………………. ^èpthlj ]rjmhnhþi……………………………………………………………………………………………. Hitrcmunnhþi j `j Mhsnushþi…………………………………………………………………………………... Nþlc Thvhlcs……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Dhi mb `j Ubuihþi…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [rbsbitjnhþi pjrj `cs Lhblercs mb Ubnhbitb Hiarbsc………………………………………………………... ^brvhnhc………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. B` [jpb` y `js Ubspcisjeh`hmjmbs Ubspcisjeh`hmjmbs mb `cs ^brvhmcrbs mb Ncidhjizj…………………………………………... ³Zuè bs uij Ncinhbinhj mb Arupc3………………………………………………………………………….. ³Zuè bs ui Arupc Ejsb3……………………………………………………………………………………... Gjnhbimc ui Hivbitjrhc mb Arupc……………………………………………………………………………. Dcrlu`jrhc mb Hivbitjrhc mb Arupc mb J^J…………………………………………………………………. ^brvhnhc”B` [jsc Mcnb bi Jnnhþi………………………………………………………………………….. ³Zuè bs ui Hitbr-arupc3……………………………………………………………………………………… Ubprbsbitjnhþi bi Hitbr-arupcs………………………………………………………………………………. @`bvjimc j Njec `cs Jsuitcs mb` Arupc……………………………………………………………………... B` [jpb` mb` ]bscrbrc mb ui Arupc mb J^J…………………………………………………………………. Nclpjúbrcs qub ]hbimbi `j Ljic…………………………………………………………………………... Ubnurscs pjrj `js Ouitjs ………………………………………………………………………………………. @htbrjturj bi `js Ouitjs……………………………………………………………………………………….. Auìj pjrj `js Crjnhcibs……………………………………………………………………………………… Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhc……………………………………………………………………… Hmbithdhnjnhþi mb @ìmbrbs pjrj b` ]rjejoc mb ^brvhnhc Hitbrijnhcij`………………………………………… Ubahstrc mb `js Ouitjs nci `j Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhc (H^C) mb J^J…………………………….. Nþlc [cibrsb bi Ncitjntc nci J^J………………………………………………………………………...

: > 2 8 :; :: :> :2 :8 5: 55 55 5> 5> 52 51 58 >: >> >> >2 >2 >1 >1 >8 =: =5 == == =2 =1 2; 2: 2: 2> 24 21 28 4: 45 4= 42 1:


Hitrcmunnhþi Ri arupc mb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs (J^J) sb pubmb mbdhihr nclc mcs c lês jmhntcs qub sb rbÿibi nci rbau`jrhmjm nci b` prcpþshtc mb rbnupbrjrsb mb su jmhnnhþi sbxuj` y mb tbimbr `j ljic j ctrjs pbrscijs qub sudrbi mb `j jmhnnhþi sbxuj`, qub sci jutcsudhnhbitbs y ic thbibi ctrj dh`hjnhþi bi nclÿi. @j [rhlbrj ]rjmhnhþi mb J^J ics rbnubrmj qub? Iubstrc ehbibstjr ehbibstjr nclÿi nclÿ i mbeb tbibr `j prbdbrbiprbdbrbinhj6 `j rbnupbrjnhþi pbrscij` mbpbimb mb `j uihmjm mb J^J. [rjnthnjlcs [r jnthnjlcs `j uihmjm nujimc blpbblpbzjlcs y ljitbiblcs ui arupc J^J, tbimhbimc `j ljic j `cs mblês qub ibnbshtji `j rbnupbrjnhþi. [cr `c tjitc, `j Zuhitj ]rjmhnhþi mb J^J ljihdhbstj? Njmj arupc thbib ui sc`c ceobthvc prhlcrmhj` „ ``bvjr b` lbisjob j` jmhntc sbxuj` qub qu b jÿi sudrb. @`bvj @`bvj lcs bstb lbisjob nujimc nuj imc sbauhlcs `cs Mcnb [jscs mb J^J, cesbrvjlcs `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs y nclpjrthlcs iubstrj bxpbrhbinhj, dcrtj`bzj y bspbrjizj nci ctrcs jmhntcs. Bstj auìj sb mhsbúj pjrj prcpcrnhcijr j `cs arupcs `cs ljtbrhj`bs y gbrrjlhbitjs eêshncs qub sb ibnbshtji pjrj blpbzjr y gjnbr nrbnbr uij ouitj mb J^J. ^b mhspcib bi nujtrc sbnnhcibs. [hbisb bi bstj auìj nclc ui ‐eudbt“ mb pcshe`bs `bnturjs y dcrljtcs mb ouitjs qub pumhbrji pumhbrji jmcptjrsb pcr ui arupc jutþiclc. Juiqub sb suahbrb qub `cs Mcnb [jscs y `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs mb J^J mbeji sbr pjrtb mb njmj ouitj pjrj mjr`b ui eubi puitc mb jpcyc, lungjs ctrjs `bnturjs y prênthnjs sci mhspcihe`bs pjrj nclp`blbitjr`cs. Njmj ouitj thbib `j `j `hebrtjm mb sb`bnnhcijr `js qub shbitj `bs sbrê mb ljycr ebibdhnhc. Ic hlpcrtj nuê` sbj b` tjljúc c b` ihvb` mb bxpbrhbinhj mb su arupc, bspbrjlcs qub ustbm u stbm binubitrb ÿth` bstj auìj ncidcrlb jvjizj su arupc bi su njlhic gjnhj `j rbnupbrjnhþi.


Hihnhjimc ui Arupc


Hihnhjimc ui Arupc ³Zub bs ui Arupc mb J^J3 Ri arupc mb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs (J^J) ncishstb mb mcs c lês jmhntcs qub „ usjimc `cs Mcnb [jscs y `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs mb J^J „ sb ouitji nci rbau`jrhmjm nci b` prcpþshtc mb rbnupbrjrsb mb sus ncimuntjs sbxuj`bs jmhnthvjs. Ri arupc J^J bs jutcsudhnhbitb, y ic bstê jdh`hjmc jdh`hjmc j ctrj crajihzjnhþi. Ri arupc lhblerc mb J^J bs ui arupc J^J qub sb gj rbahstrjmc nci `j Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhcs mb J^J, y shaub `cs Mcnb [jscs y `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs mb J^J. Rij ouitj mb J^J sb prbsbitj nujimc `js pbrscijs sb rbÿibi j uij gcrj y ui ùajr bspbnhdhnc. Rij ouitj J^J bs ui ùajr sbaurc. Bs uij ouitj mb hauj`bs qub aujrmji ncidhmbinhjs, sb jesthbibi mb ouzajr, y sb jpcyji uics j ctrcs ctrc s j trjvès mb nclpjrthr `j bxpbrhbinhj, `j dcrtj`bzj dc rtj`bzj y `j bspbrjizj j` eusnjr b` ceobthvc bi nclÿi mb rbnupbrjrsb rbnupbrj rsb mb `j jmhnnhþi sbxuj`.

³[cr què hihnhjr ui Arupc mb J^J3 Bxhstbi vjrhjs rjzcibs pjrj dcrljr ui arupc J^J iubvc. ^haub uij `hstj pjrnhj`? :. Ic bxhstb ihiaÿi arupc bi ui êrbj bspbnìdhnj. 5. @cs lhblercs mb ui arupc bxhstbitb mbsbji ouitjrsb lês sbauhmc c j uij gcrj mhdbrbitb. >. @cs lhblercs mb ui arupc bxhstbitb mbsbji blpbzjr ui arupc arupc iubvc nci ui bidcqub bspbnhdhnc, tj`bs nclc uij ouitj sþ`c pjrj luobrbs, uij ouitj sþ`c pjrj gclerbs, c uij ouitj mcimb sb gje`b bspjúc`, uij ouitj pjrj prcdbshcij`bs mbmhnjmcs j prcpcrnhcijr crhbitjnhþi shnc`þahnj, c uij ouitj pjrj jmhntcs qub sci mb`hinubitbs sbxuj`bs.

Nþlc hihnhjr ui Arupc mb J^J Ic gjy ihiauij ljibrj pbrdbntj pjrj pjr j hihnhjr ui arupc mb J^J. @bs cdrbnblcs jàuijs suabrbinhjs suabrbi nhjs qub lungjs pbrscijs gji bincitrjmc ÿth`bs pjrj hihnhjr ui arupc? :. Jshstj j uij ouitj mb J^J y jprbimj scerb `j Ncidrjtbrihmjm6 5. Binubitrb ui ùajr. >. Bstje`bznj uij dcrlj mb pcibrsb bi ncitjntc nci b` arupc cetbihbimc ui ncrrbc mb vcz mb arupc y uij mhrbnnhþi pjrj rbnhehr ncrrbspcimbinhj6 =. Cetbiaj `htbrjturj mb J^J6 2. Ubaìstrbisb nci `j Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhcs mb J^J6 4. Bstje`bznj lbnjihslcs pjrj tbimbr `j ljic j ctrcs jmhntcs6 y 1. Bstje`bznj rbmbs mb ncitjntcs nci ctrcs arupcs `cnj`bs mb J^J y ÿijsb j` Hitbr-arupc `cnj`.


:.

Jshstj j uij ouitj mb J^J

[jrj `cs qub iuinj gji jshsthmc jitbs j uij ouitj mb Mcnb [jscs, bs prceje`b qub ic sbj `j gcrj mb hihnhjr uij ouitj J^J. J^J. ^b suahbrb qub `cs lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc sb ncinbitrbi mb ljibrj bxnùshvj bi su rbnupbrjnhþi -- jui sh bsc quhbrb mbnhr tbibr qub vhjojr uij gcrj c lês pjrj jshsthr j uij ouitj bstje`bnhmj. ^h uij ouitj njrj j njrj mb J^J ic bstê mhspcihe`b, `js tb`bouitjs c ouitjs bi `ìibj mb J^J sì `c bstêi. [þiajsb bi ncitjntc nci `j cdhnhij H^C pjrj hidcrljrsb scerb `js ouitjs bi su êrbj c rbahþi.

5.

Binubitrb ui ùajr

[jrj hihnhjr uij ouitj, `j prhlbrj tjrbj sbrê bincitrjr ui `cnj`. J` prhinhphc, sh ustbm sb ouitj nci pbrscijs j quhbibs ic ncicnb, pubmb p ubmb qub mbsbbi rbuihrsb bi ui u i ùajr pÿe`hnc qub sbj sh`binhcsc, ibutrj`, y sbaurc, tj` nclc uij njdbtbrìj. B` crajihzjmcr mb `j ouitj ibnbshtj bstje`bnbr uij gcrj y ui ùajr dhocs pjrj `j ouitj. [cr `c abibrj` bs dênh` bincitrjr ùajrbs mcimb ouitjrsb. Jvbrhaðb mþimb sb ouitji ctrcs arupcs arupcs mb Mcnb [jscs c mb jutc-jyumj. Bs prceje`b qub bstèi mhspubstcs j tbibr uij ouitj J^J. Hmbithdhqub ha`bshjs, crajihzjnhcibs mb sbrvhnhcs scnhj`bs, nbitrcs ncluihtjrhcs `cnj`bs, u gcsphtj`bs qub sb mhsthiaji pcr tbimbr `j ljic j `j ncluihmjm. @js ha`bshjs sci `cs ùajrbs lês ncluibs pjrj ouitjrsb shlp`blbitb pcrqub abibrj`lbitb sb binubitrji vjnìcs sbhs mìjs j `j sbljij y j lbiumc ncerji uij rbitj luy pbqubúj. Ctrcs ùajrbs pumhbrji sbr `cs nùebs mb Mcnb [jscs, [jsc s, nbitrcs mb trjtjlhbitc, cdhnhijs mb tbrjpbutjs u gcsphtj`bs. Nci ui pcnc mb nrbjthvhmjm, sb pubmb bincitrjr lungjs ctrjs j`tbrijthvjs mhspcihe`bs. ^b rbnclhbimj ``jljr j lungcs ùajrbs mhdbrbitbs nujimc sb eusnj ui `cnj`. Bitrb lês ``jljmjs sb gjaji”lês rêphmc sb pubmb bincitrjr bsb ùajr. ùajr. @js njsjs mb `cs lhblercs mbebi sbr b` ÿ`thlc rbnursc, pbrc sb pubmbi usjr mb ljibrj prcvhshcij` gjstj qub sb binubitrb ui ùajr pbrljibitb. Jnèrqubsb j` ùajr qub `b hitbrbsj. Rstbm pubmb b`bahr mbnhr`b j `j pbrscij binjrajmj qub bstê hihnhjimc uij ouitj mb J^J, c shlp`blbitb mbnhr`b qub ustbm bstê dcrljimc ui arupc mb jpcyc mb Mcnb [jscs. Binubitrb ui ùajr mcimb vj j bstjr nþlcmc nci `j dcrlj bi qub `c rbnhebi. Mbnhmj sh sb hmbithdhnjrê j su arupc bi `j prcarjljnhþi mb` `cnj` y nþlc jpjrbnbrê. Njmj vbz lês arupcs bstêi usjimc mb ljibrj jehbrtj b` iclerb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs6 shi blejrac, ctrcs usji icl erbs nclc b` Arupc mb ^brbihmjm, B` Arupc Aru pc `j Tbraðbizj j `j Arjnhj c b` Arupc mb Jpcyc. Jpc yc. Rsb `j ncinhbinhj mb` arupc pjrj mbnhmhr nþlc quhbrb hmbithdhnjrsb.


>. Bstje`bznj uij dcrlj pjrj pcibrsb bi ncitjntc nci b` arupc cetbihbimc ui ncrrbc mb vcz mb` arupc y uij mhrbnnhþi pjrj rbnhehr ncrrbspcimbinhj. Ibnbshtjrê uij dcrlj bi qub `js pbrscijs pbr scijs hitbrbsjmjs bi su arupc pubmji p ubmji pcibrsb bi ncitjntc nci ustbm. ]ji prcitc nclc sbj pcshe`b, bs eubij hmbj bstje`bnbr b` puitc mb ncitjntc tj` tj` nclc ui jpjrtjmc pcstj` c ui ncrrbc mb vcz mb` arupc j iclerb mb` arupc lês qub j iclerb mb uij pbrscij. û arupc pubmb b`bahr rbnhehr ``jljmjs nci ui ncrrbc mb vcz mb arupc. Bstb bs ui lètcmc bnciþlhnc mb sbr mhspcihe`bs j `cs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc. ^h ustbm mbnhmb usjr jàÿi thpc mb shstblj mb ncrrbc mb vcz, rbnubrmb rbvhsjr`c j lbiumc. Bs luy mbsj`bitjmcr pjrj b` pcshe`b lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc ic rbnhehr rbspubstj j su ``jljmj mbspuès mb vjrhcs mìjs. ]jlehèi pubmb ncishmbrjr cetbibr ui tb`èdcic tb`èd cic nbù`jr n bù`jr mb` mb` arupc arupc qub sb pubmj pjsjr j ctrcs lhblercs pjrj qub nclpjrtji b` prhvh`bahc y `j rbspcisjeh`hmjm mb bstjr mhspcihe`bs j` lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc. Jàuics arupcs usji ui jpjrtjmc pcstj` nclc uij ljibrj mb ncitjntjrsb. Bs bnciþlhnc, prctbab b` jicihljtc y bs lês ncidhje`b qub b` usc mb `j mhrbnnhþi c b` tb`èdcic mb uij pbrscij. Rij mhrbnnhþi pjrj rbnhehr ncrrbspcimbinhj mb` arupc tjlehèi `b pbrlhtb j `j H^C mb J^J tbibr ui ùajr mcimb bitrbajr uij ncphj mb` ec`btìi mb `j H^C y ctrj `htbrjturj, jsì nclc `j Ncivcnjtcrhj j `j Ncivbi jiuj `, rbncrmjtcrhcs rbncrmj tcrhcs jiuj`bs jiuj `bs mb rbahstrc mb` arupc y ctrjs ctrj s ncluihnjnhcibs ncluihnjnhcibs mb uth`hmjm. uth`hmjm. nhþi jiuj`,

=.

Cetbiaj `htbrjturj mb J^J.

Cetbibr `htbrjturj mb J^J bs uij dcrlj hlpcrtjitb mb ljitbibr jtbrrhzjmc j su arupc bi b` prcarjlj y mb blpbzjr j ncinbitrjrsb bi `cs Mcnb [jscs. Lungcs ncishmbrji himhspbisje`b `j `htbrjturj, bspbnhj`lbitb bi `js prhlbrjs btjpjs mb `j rbnupbrjnhþi. [cr boblp`c, ¡sb rbnclhbimj jlp`hjlbitb jlp`hjlbitb b` tbxtc eêshnc mb J^J, ^bx c Jmhntcs J iþihlcs `j bxpbrhbinhj, dcrtj`bzj y `j bspbiþihlcs! Ubnurrhbimc j `j rjizj mb ctrcs bs nþlc jprbimblcs mb què sb trjtj b` prcarjlj y nþlc pubmb duinhcijr pjrj icsctrcs. @j `htbrjturj bs ui vìinu`c mhrbntc j `cs lhblercs mb `j ncidrjtbrihmjm dubrj mb su arupc. Gjy ui pjqubtb hihnhj` qub sb mhsbúj bspbnìdhnjlbitb pjrj ouitjs iubvjs. Ncithbib uij arji vjrhbmjm mb dc``btcs qub sb cdrbnb nci mbsnubitc nci b` prcpþshtc mb qub `j ouitj iubvj tbiaj sudhnhbitb `htbrjturj. [ubmb jmquhrhrsb b` pjqubtb hihnhj` mb `j cdhnhij mb `j H^C. ^h ic nubitj nci `cs rbnurscs pjrj jmquhrhr ui pjqubtb hihnhj`, icthdìqub`b j `j cdhnhij mb `j H^C, y b``cs trjtjrêi mb bivhjr`b uic shi ncerc mb tcmcs lcmcs. @j Zuhitj ]rjmhnhþi ljihdhbstj ‐Njmj arupc thbib ui sc`c ceobthvc prhlcrmhj`”``bvjr b` lbisjob j` jmhntc sbxuj`bs qub jÿi sudrb.“ @j Ncidrjtbrihmjm thbib ui ljycr hitbrès bi vbr qub b` iubvc arupc tbiaj tcmcs `cs ljtbrhj`bs qub ibnbshtj lês qub b` ncstc mb` [jqubtb Hihnhj`. ]cmc `c qub sc`hnhtji bs qub nujimc `j ouitj bstè lbocr bstje`bnhmj, su arupc sb jnubrmb mb `j H^C nci sus mcijthvcs.


2.

Ubaìstrbsb nci `j Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhcs mb J^J

^h ustbm mbsbj qub b` jmhntc qub jÿi sudrb sbj njpjz mb bincitrjr su arupc pcr lbmhc mb rbnclbimjnhcibs, rbahstrb su arupc nci `j cdhnhij H^C. Gjy ui dcrlu`jrhc mb rbahstrc mb arupc j` dhi mb bstj Auìj mb Arupc, nci histrunnhcibs pjsc j pjsc. ]jlehèi sb pubmbi bincitrjr dcrlu`jrhcs bi b` shthc mb hitbribt mb J^J bi ‐Êrbjs pjrj Lhblercs“ (Lblebrs Jrbj), c sb pubmb sc`hnhtjr`cs pcr ``jljr `j cdhnhij H^C. H^C. Ri dcrlu`jrhc mb rbahstrc mb arupc rbquhbrb `j dhrlj mb mcs lhblercs pjrj pcmbr rbahstrjr j` arupc.

4.

Bstje`bznj ljibrjs mb tbimbr `j ljic j ctrcs jmhntcs.

^b jncisboj qub su arupc sb pciaj bi ncitjntc nci tbrjpbutjs mb su `cnj`hmjm c nci b` n`brc, yj sbj bi pbrscij, pcr tb`èdcic, c j trjvès mb ncrrbc, hidcrlêimc`bs mb `j bxhstbinhj mb J^J y mb `j gcrj y b` ùajr mb sus ouitjs. @j H^C thbib pcstj`bs arjths mhsbújmjs bspbnhj`lbitb pjrj bstb prcpþshtc. @js @js jabinhjs mb crhbitjnhþi bi nrhshs bi su êrbj `cnj` pubmbi rbdbrhr`b pbrscijs j` arupc bi ui bspìrhtu mb nccpbrjnhþi. Bi njsc mb qub bxhstji ctrjs ncidrjtbrihmjmbs mb mcnb pjscs bi su êrbj, ncishmbrb nrbjr rbmbs mb ncitjntcs nci bstcs arupcs pjrj gjnbr`bs sjebr qub bstê mhspcihe`b J^J. Jmblês, nc`cnjr ui jiuinhc bi su pbrhþmhnc `cnj` pubmb sbr uij gbrrjlhbitj bdbnthvj mb j`njinb. Iubstrj bxpbrhbinhj ics suahbrb qub bvhtblcs jiuinhjr `js gcrjs y ùajrbs mb `js ouitjs bi b` pbrhþmhnc. Ri jiuinhc qub sb gj nclprcejmc bdbnthvc shlp`blbitb mhnb?

‐^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs bs uij ncidrjtbrihmjm mb gclerbs y luobrbs bi b` prcnbsc mb rbnupbrjrsb mb ncimuntjs sbxuj`bs jmhnthvjs. [jrj ljycr hidcrljnhþi ``jlb j` 7;;-=11-7:8:.“ 1.

Blphbnb j nrbjr rbmbs mb ncitjntc nci ctrcs arupcs `cnj`bs mb J^J.

]jlehèi bs hlpcrtjitb, uij vbz qub sb bstje`bnb su arupc, qub sb vhinu`b nci ctrcs arupcs mb J^J bi su êrbj uihèimcsb c dcrljimc ui Hitbr-arupc. (Tbj `j sbnnhþi scerb `cs Hitbr-arupcs.)


Hihnhjimc bi `cs Mcnb [jscs j `cs Lhblercs mb Ubnhbitb Hiarbsc B` [jsc Mcnb ics phmb qub ‐``bvVblcs\ bstb lbisjob j ctrcs jmhntcs j` sbxc.“ Jàuics arupcs b`habi ouitjrsb nci pcshe`bs lhblercs mb ljibrj pbrscij` jitbs mb qub jshstji j su prhlbrj ouitj pjrj ``bvjr bstb lbisjob mb J^J mhrbntjlbitb j` lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc. Bstj ouitj hihnhj` sb mbiclhij uij ``jljmj mb hihnhc j `cs mcnb pjscs. [jrj pcmbr sbr hihnhjmc bi b` prcarjlj mb mcnb pjscs, b` lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc sb pcib bi ncitjntc nci b` J^J `cnj`”yj sbj pcr tb`èdcic c pcr njrtj. B` iclerb y b` tb`èdcic mb` lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc sb rblhtbi j ui arupc. Mb ljibrj hmbj`, mcs lhblercs mb` arupc jnubrmji bi ouitjrsb nci b` lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc tji prcitc nclc sbj pcshe`b, bi ui ùajr y j uij gcrj qub sbji ncivbihbitbs pjrj tcmcs. @j ouitj c `j ``jljmj sci mb prcvbngc pjrj tcmcs. Bs prhlcrmhj` qub `cs lhblercs mb J^J rbj`hnbi trjejoc mb hihnhjnhþi j `cs mcnb pjscs”pcrqub sc`jlbitb j` rbaj`jr iubstrj rbnupbrjnhþi sclcs njpjnbs mb ljitbibr`j. @j ouitj ebibdhnhj j` lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc prcpcrnhciêimc`b uij ljibrj mb bsnungjr j mcs lhblercs mb J^J J^J gje`jr scerb su jmhnnhþi? nþlc brj pjrj b``cs jitbs mb hiarbsjr j` prcarjlj, què sunbmhþ nujimc b``cs tcnjrci dcimc, y nþlc bs pjrj b``cs j` prbsbitb. p rbsbitb. B` lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc thbib `j cpcrtuihmjm mb gjnbr prbauitjs, cetbibr ljycr hidcrljnhþi jnbrnj mb` prcarjlj, y nclpjrthr su ghstcrhj. ^h b`hab uihrsb j` arupc, `cs mcs lhblercs `c pubmbi jnclpjújr jnclpjú jr j `j prhlbrj ouitj. ]jlehèi pubmbi sbrvhr nclc pjmrhics prcvhshcij`bs. Jàuijs pbrscijs prbauitjrêi, ‐³[cr què ic pubmc shlp`blbitb jshsthr j `j ouitj3“ ^hi blejrac, `j ljycrìj sb mj nubitj qub `j jtbinhþi, b` nuhmjmc y `j ncishmbrjnhþi mb `j ``jljmj mb hihnhc j `cs mcnb pjscs prcpcrnhcij uij vj`hcsj trjishnhþi qub djnh`htj b` hiarbsc j J^J.


]hpcs mb Ouitjs @cs lhblercs mb arupc mb J^J gji mbsjrrc``jmc lungcs thpcs mb ouitjs pjrj sjthsdjnbr `js ibnbshmjmbs mb` jmhntc qub jÿi sudrb. Jàuijs mb bstjs ouitjs sci `js `js shauhbitbs?

:. 5. >. =. 2.

^þ`c Gclerbs, ^þ`c Luobrbs c Ouitjs Lhxtjs Ouitjs Nbrrjmjs vs. Ouitjs Jehbrtjs ]b`bouitjs Ouitjs bi @ìibj (Hitbribt) Ouitjs bi [rhshþi

ycrr ìj mb `js ouitj s mb J^J J^J sci ouitj s ^þ`c Gclerbs, ^þ`c Luobrbs c Ouitjs Lhxtjs? @j lj yc lhxtjs, bs mbnhr qub `js ouitjs sci jehbrtjs j tcmjs `js pbrscijs, shi hlpcrtjr aèibrc, qub bstèi hitbrbsjmjs bi rbnupbrjrsb mb `j ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj. Jàuijs ouitjs mbnhmbi sbarbajrsb j sh lhsljs pcr aèibrc pjrj pcmbr gjnbr mb `j ouitj ui ùajr sbaurc pjrj qub sus jshstbitbs sb rbnupbrbi mb su ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj. Mbehmc j `j ijturj`bzj mb bstj jmhnnhþi, jàuics lhblercs sb shbitbi sbaurcs jshsthbimc j ouitjs mb ui sc`c aèibrc. Ubspbtjlcs bstj ibnbshmjm. uit js Nbrr jmj s bstêi bstêi mhspcihe`bs mhspcihe`bs sc` sc`jlbitb jlbitb j bsjs Ouitjs Nbrrjmjs vs. Ouitjs Jehbrtjs? @js O uitjs pbrscijs qub mbsbji mbtbibr mbtbi br su ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj. @js Ouitjs Jehbrtjs bstêi mhspcihe`bs j nuj`quhbr pbrscij qub bstè hitbrbsjmj bi sjebr lês jnbrnj mb J^J6 jqub``cs qub jshstbi ic ibnbshtji jmlhthr qub su ncimuntj sbxuj` bs ui prce`blj. r bnupbr upbr jnhþi jnhþi mb su jm hnnh hnnhþi þi sbxuj` sbxuj` qub sb ``bvj ``bvj j njec j tr j]b`bouitj? Rij oui tj p jr j `cs bi rbn vès mb uij ``jljmj mb tb`bncidbrbinhj. o uitjj bi `ìibj sb ``bv ``bvjj j nje c bi bi thblpc rbj` pcr lbmhc mb uij Ouitjs bi @ìibj (Hitbribt)? @j ouit ncibxhþi j Hitbribt. uit j bi [r hshþ hshþii bs uij oui tj mb ui ar upc mb J^J J^J qub sb sb ``b ``bvj vj j njec Ouitjs bi [rhshþi? Rij O uitj yj sbj bi uij nêrnb`, uij prhshþi c bi ctrj histhtunhþi c bstje`bnhlhbitc mb ncrrbnnhþi pjrj jmu`tcs.


Dcrljtc mb Ouitjs y @bnturjs


Ouitjs @j [rhlbrj ]rjmhnhþi mb J^J gjnb èidjshs bi qub ‐`j rbnupbrjnhþi pbrscij` mbpbimb mb `j uihmjm mb J^J“ y `j ouitj mb arupc bs uij mb `js `js bxprbshcibs tjiahe`bs mb bsj uihmjm. Bs bi b` arupc qub pcmblcs jprbimbr j sbr gcibstcs g cibstcs uics nci ctrcs, j nclpjrthr iubstrjs iu bstrjs prbcnupjnhcibs y j rbspcimbr j `js ibnbshmjmbs mb ctrcs. Bs j trjvès mb ouitjrsb nci ctrcs nclc arupc mb jmhntcs qub sudrbi y sb rbnupbrji qub bincitrjlcs uij scùnhþi bsphrhtuj` j` prce`blj mb `j jmhnnhþi sbxuj`. @js pbrscijs rbspcimbi j `js ouitjs mb mhdbrbitbs ljibrjs. Jàuics lhblercs ic gje`ji lungc6 sb ncidcrlji nci bsnungjr, shithbimc ncisub`c j` hmbithdhnjrsb nci ctrjs pbrscijs. Jàuics lhbl ercs gje`ji lungc pjrj prcnbsjr prcnbsj r mb ljibrj bdhnjz sus s us pbisjlhbitcs y sbithlhbitcs. @js ouitjs ic sci cpcrtuihmjmbs pjrj sbrlcibjr c pjrj bstje`bnbr obrjrquìjs. ]cmcs `cs lhblercs sci hauj`bs b hauj`lbitb gulh`mbs bi su mbsbc mb rbnupbrjnhþi. Gjy lungcs dcrljtcs mhdbrbitbs pjrj `js ouitjs. Jàuijs ouitjs sb nbitrji bi prbsbitjnhcibs mb `cs pjscs, mhsnushþi mb tbljs, rbd`bxhþi pbrscij`, nulp`hlhbitc nci b` [rhlbr [jsc, ghstcrhjs pbrscijpbrsc ij`bs (ouitjs mb crjmcrbs), y `bnturjs mb `htbrjturj jprcphjmj. Ic gjy ui dcrljtc qub sbj lbocr qub ctrc. Njmj arupc bs jutþiclc y pubmb mbnhmhr pcr lbmhc mb `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc `c qub bs ÿth` pjrj sus lhblercs. Rij prbsbitjnhþi mb ui tblj c ui pjsc pubmb prbpjrjrsb y prbsbitjrsb pcr ui himhvhmuc c `j ouitj pubmb jerhrsb mb hilbmhjtc j` arupc pjrj nclbitjrhcs. @js pbrscijs pubmbi b`bahr nclpjrthr nci `cs mblês `j bxpbrhbinhj mb nþlc ui pjsc gj dcrtj`bnhmc su rbnupbrjnhþi c nþlc sb `bs rbsu`tj mhdình` jp`hnjr`c bi sus vhmjs. @j bxpbrhbinhj ics gj bisbújmc `j hlpcrtjinhj mb ljitbibr `js ouitjs bidcnjmjs bi `cs Mcnb [jscs y `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs. @cs arupcs qub sb ncinbitrji bi `cs pjscs prcpcrnhciji j`hlbitc pjrj `j rbnupbrjnhþi y b` nrbnhlhbitc. @cs Mcnb [jscs, `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs, y `cs ]rbs Nìrnu`cs mb J^J shblprb sci bxnb`bitbs tbljs pjrj `js ouitjs. Lungjs ouitjs usji b` `herc ^bxc J mhntcs mhntcs Jiþihlcs y `bbi sbnnhcibs mb` tbxtc eêshnc c `js ghstcrhjs bi sus ouitjs. Bstb ljtbrhj` bs ui eubi hihnhc pjrj bincitrjr ui tblj scerb b` nuj` gje`jr bi `j ouitj. Jmblês, lungjs mb `js ghstcrhjs bi `j sbauimj sbau imj sbnnhþi mb` `herc mb J^J sci uij arji dubitb du bitb mcimb bincitrjr ui tblj pjrj `j ouitj. Lungjs mb `js ghstcrhjs thbibi tbljs nci `cs qub sb pubmbi hmbithdhnjr lungjs pbrscijs bi `j ouitj. Jàuics arupcs mbmhnji `j ljycr pjrtb mb `j ouitj j` thblpc rbsbrvjmc pjrj `j rbd`bxhþi pbrscij`, murjitb `j nuj` `cs lhblercs rb`jtji sunbscs y sbithlhbitcs mb `j sbljij jitbrhcr. Bstcs sci lclbitcs mb ncluihnjnhþi rbj` mcimb tbimblcs `j ljic y ics hmbithdhnjlcs nci iubstrcs gbrljics c gbrljijs bi rbnupbrjnhþi. [cmblcs jprbimbr j sbr jehbrtcs y shi tblcr y nclpjrthr `c qub pumhbrj pjrbnbr `cs sbnrbtcs lês csnurcs y vbracizcscs. ^b mj uij jtbinhþi jtbinhþi bspbnhj` pjrj erhimjr b` thblpc sudhnhbitb pjrj rbd`bxhcijr j tcmcs jqub``cs qub `c ibnbshtbi. Jàuics arupcs arjimbs bi cnjshcibs ncishmbrji hlpcrtjitb mhvhmhrsb bi arupcs pbqubúcs. Jàuics arupcs pbrljibnbi bi `cs lhslcs arupcs mb rbd`bxhþi murjitb nujtrc j sbhs sbljijs6 ctrcs sb sbpjrji njmj sbljij. [ubmb sbr ibnbsjrhc `hlhtjr b` thblpc qub thbibi `js pbrscijs pjrj `j rbd`bxhþi pjrj pbrlhthr qub tcmcs pubmji nclpjrthr. Jàuics arupcs rbiuinhji su dcrljtc icrlj` nujimc ui lhblerc mbsbj mjr uij prbsbitjnhþi mb`

Auìj mb arupc? Rij auìj pjrj `cs arupcs mb J^J [rhlbr [jsc. Bi `cs [rhlbrcs [jscs dcrlj`bs, nclpjrthlcs nci iubstrc arupc `js ncimuntjs y `js ncisbnubinhjs qub mblubstrji iubstrj hlpctbinhj y `j hiacebrijeh`hmjm mb iubstrjs vhmjs. [jrj cetbibr hidcrljnhþi scerb nþlc ``bvjr j njec b` [rhlbr [jsc, ncisu`tb b` dc``btc ‐B` [rhlbr [jsc pjrj `j Ubnupbrjnhþi.“ @j prbsbinhj mb` arupc ics jyumj j tbrlhijr nci `j ibajnhþi y jpcmbrjrics mb iubstrc tblcr j` rbngjzc. Jgcrj bincitrjlcs qub jqub``js pbrscijs qub sjeìji ncsjs jnbrnj mb icsctrcs qub ic qubrìjlcs jmlhthrics, ics erhimjeji su jnbptjnhþi, jlcr y jpcyc. Bstc cdrbnb uij bxpbrhbinhj mb purhdhnjnhþi y nurjthvj pjrj tcmcs. J ncithiujnhþi gjy jàuics dcrljtcs pjrj `js `bnturjs bi `js ouitjs, jmjptjmjs mb` tbxtc ^bxc J mhnmhntcs Jiþihlcs. ßsbi`js sc`js c bi nclehijnhþi nclehijnhþi nci `js `bnturjs trjmhnhcij`bs tr jmhnhcij`bs mb su arupc.


Jabimj Cpnhcij` mb Ouitj mb J^J :. Crjnhþi mb `j sbrbihmjm @j Crjnhþi mb `j ^brbihmjm bi cnjshcibs sb mhnb mb phb bi ui nìrnu`c tcljmcs mb `j ljic, y pubmb sbr prbnbmhmc c sbauhmc pcr ui lclbitc mb sh`binhc pjrj jqub``cs qub jÿi sudrbi.

5. Hitrcmunnhþi mb `j Ouitj Gjy lungjs vbrshcibs, y sb hinùybi mcs bi bstj auìj mb arupc. Hihnhc ³Zuè bs ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs3 Zuhbibs ^clcs „ Mb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs.

>. @bnturjs Iubstrj jmhnnhþi Iubstrc prcarjlj

=. @bnturjs mb` Ljtbrhj` mb` [rcarjlj Rij `bnturj c lês bsncahmjs mb `htbrjturj jprcphjmj Ljtbrhj`bs mb `cs Mcnb [jscs ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs

@js ]rjmhnhcibs


2. Gbrrjlhbitjs mb` [rcarjlj Ric c mcs lhblercs nclpjrtbi nþlc usji uij gbrrjlhbitj mb` prcarjlj y pcr què bs hlpcrtjitb bi su rbnupbrjnhþi. Gb jquì bstê uij `hstj qub pubmb sbr ÿth`, ÿth`, juiqub ic prbtbimb sbr bxgjusthvj. [jscs

Jicihljtc

Ncidhmbinhj`hmjm

Jesthibinhj

Drcitbrjs

@hstj tb`bdþihnj

Ncitrjtcs

[jtrcnhihc

@htbrjturj

Ouitjs

^brvhnhc

Jdhrljnhcibs

@`bvjr ui mhjrhc

Crjnhþi

Lbmhtjnhþi

@bljs

@cs ]rbs Nìrnu`cs

@js ]rjmhnhcibs

4. Jsuitcs j ]rjtjr @cs jvhscs, nubsthcibs y jsuitcs qub sb prbsbitji jitb b` arupc. Hitbr-arupc Ubpcrtbs mb `j H^C Hivbitjrhc mb Arupc @`jljmjs mb hihnhc j `cs Mcnb [jscs Ubahstrc pjrj prbsbitjnhcibs mb pjscs c mb tblj

1. @j ^èpthlj ]rjmhnhþi ^b rbnjumji mcijthvcs mb `cs lhblercs. Nci drbnubinhj, b` ^brvhmcr mb Ncidhjizj qub mhrhab `j ouitj `bb `j ^èpthlj ]rjmhnhþi.

7. Aj`jrmcibs y Jihvbrsjrhcs ^b `bs rbncicnb j `cs lhblercs b` thblpc mb scerhbmjm c b` thblpc bi b` prcarjlj. @j Cdhnhij Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhcs thbib aj`jrmcibs mhspcihe`bs j `j vbitj. Jàuics arupcs b`habi `bbr uij mbn`jrjnhþi jitbs mb `j prbsbitjnhþi? ‐B` jnbptjr `cs aj`jrmcibs aj`jrmcibs bi iubstrc arupc bs bstrhntjlbitb cpnhcij`. @cs aj`jrmcibs sb cdrbnbi pjrj j`bitjr j `js pbrscijs j nulp`hr nci sus nclprclhscs prcphcs. @cs aj`jrmcibs ic mhsthiaubi j `js pbrscijs nclc jutcrhmjmbs6 sì rbncicnbi `js lbtjs nulp`hmjs bi b` trjisnursc mb` prcarjlj mb njmj pbrscij.“


8. Bidcqub mb `j ouitj @cs arupcs b`habi uij c uij nclehijnhþi mb `js shauhbitbs, nclc boblp`cs, pjrj `j ljycr pjrtb mb su ouitj. [rbsbitjnhþi mb [jscs Mhsnushþi mb ]bljs [rbsbitjnhcibs mb [rhlbr [jsc Ubd`bxhcibs

:;. Nhbrrb J lbiumc sb ``bvj j njec bi ui nìrnu`c. Mbn`jrjnhcibs dhij`bs Crjnhþi dhij`

::. Nclpjúbrhslc Lungcs arupcs mhsdrutji mb ncivbrsjnhcibs y mb rbuihcibs hidcrlj`bs hilbmhjtjlbitb mbspuès mb `js ouitjs bi rbstjurjitbs `cnj`bs c bi ctrcs ùajrbs pÿe`hncs. Gjy qub tcljr bi ncishmbrjnhþi hinùhr j `cs lhblercs lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc bi mhngjs mhngjs rbuihcibs. Jàuics arupcs prcarjlji rbthrcs c tj``brbs mb tcmc b` mìj pjrj prcduimhzjr b` nclpjúbrhslc bitrb `cs lhblercs mb` arupc. ]bimrêi qub mbnhmhr què bs `c lbocr pjrj su lblerbsìj. Ubnubrmbi qub pcr trjmhnhþi, njmj arupc bs jutþiclc. Bstj bs sc`c uij jabimj pcshe`b.


Jabimj Cpnhcij` mb Ouitj mb J^J :. Hihnhc 5. @bnturj mb ‐Zuhbibs sclcs“ y ‐Iubstrj Jmhnnhþi“ Jmhnnhþi“ >. Lclbitc mb sh`binhc/Crjnhþi mb `j ^brbihmjm =. [rbsbitjnhcibs pbrscij`bs y prbsbitjnhcibs mb lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc @j pbrscij qub ``bvj `j ouitj phmb qub tcmcs sb hitrcmuznji j sì lhslcs usjimc sc`jlbitb su prhlbr iclerb y qub nclpjrtji nuj`quhbr ncsj nci `c qub sb shbitji nþlcmcs nþlcmc s pjrj su prcphj rbnupbrjnhþi. ‐Gc`j, lb ``jlc SSSSSSS y scy ui jmhntc sbxuj`.“ ‐Lh iclerb bs SSSSSS y scy ui jmhntc sbxuj` bi rbnupbrjnhþi.“ 7. @bnturj mb ‐Iubstrc [rcarjlj“ 8. @bnturj mb `cs Mcnb [jscs mb J^J :;. @bnturj y nclbitjrhcs scerb uij mb `js ]rjmhnhcibs ::. @bnturj scerb `js Drcitbrjs mb `j Ouitj :5. [rbsbitjnhþi mb ui tblj, `bnturj bxtrjìmj mb `cs Mcnb [jscs, c [rbsbitjnhþi mb ui [rhlbr [jsc :>. Hitrcmunnhþi j `cs nclbitjrhcs/tbljs j nclpjrthr :=. Aj`jrmcibs y jihvbrsjrhcs :2. Jsuitcs qub trjtji mb `j ncidrjtbrihmjm :4. ^èpthlj ]rjmhnhþi „ pjsjr `j acrrj :1. @bnturj mb Nþlc Thvhlcs :7. @bnturj mb` Dhi mb `j Ouitj :8. Crjnhþi mb Nbrrjr `j Ouitj


Hihnhc Gc`j, lh iclerb bs SSSSSSSS6 ^cy ui jmhntc sbxuj` (bi rbnupbrjnhþi). Ehbivbihmcs j bstj ouitj mb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs.

Zuhbibs ^clcs ^clcs jmhntcs sbxuj`bs. Iubstrj jmhnnhþi pcr pcnc mbstruyþ iubstrjs vhmjs, pbrc bincitrjlcs `j `hebrtjm j trjvès mb` prcarjlj mb rbnupbrjnhþi mb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs. Bi `j ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J mbsnuerhlcs qub ic bstjlcs sc`cs y qub ouitjrics nci rbau`jrhmjm pjrj nclpjrthr bxpbrhbinhj, dcrtj`bzj, y bspbrjizj ics mj `j cpnhþi mb vhvhr uij vhmj iubvj. Iubstrj ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj njusjej mc`cr „ j icsctrcs lhslcs, j iubstrcs jlhacs y j iubstrcs sbrbs qubrhmcs. Iubstrjs vhmjs bstjeji dubrj mb ncitrc`. ncitrc`. ]j` vbz qubrìjlcs mbojr iubstrj ncimuntj jmhnthvj, gjnhbimc prclbsjs y vjrhcs hitbitcs pjrj mbtbibrics6 shi blejrac, bi rbpbthmjs cnjshcibs ic `c pumhlcs gjnbr. [jrj njmj uic mb icsctrcs, ``baþ ui lclbitc mb nrhshs. Nujimc j` dhi sc`hnhtjlcs jyumj, bincitrjlcs `j rbnupbrjnhþi lbmhjitb b` prcarjlj mb J^J. Ics mhlcs nubitj, pcr iubstrj prcphj bxpbrhbinhj bx pbrhbinhj mc`crcsj, mb qub ic sclcs sclc s njpjnbs mb `carjr `j rbnupbrjnhþi mb `j jmhnnhþi sbxuj` pcr iubstrc prcphc bsdubrzc. Iubstrc prcarjlj bstê ejsjmc bi `j nrbbinhj, ncidhrljmj pcr iubstrj bxpbrhbinhj, qub ui [cmbr ljycr j icsctrcs lhslcs pubmb `carjr pjrj icsctrcs `c qub ic pumhlcs gjnbr sc`cs. J` bitrbajr iubstrj jmhnnhþi j ui [cmbr ûpbrhcr, rbnhehlcs b` mci mb `j rbnupbrjnhþi, ui mìj j `j vbz. ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs bs ui prcarjlj bsphrhtuj` ejsjmc bi `cs prhinhphcs y trjmhnhcibs mb J`ncgþ`hncs Jiþihlcs. Juiqub ic bstjlcs jdh`hjmcs j JJ c nuj`quhbr ctrj crajihzjnhþi, bstjlcs prcduimjlbitb jarjmbnhmcs nci JJ pcr gjnbr pcshe`b iubstrj rbnupbrjnhþi. rbnupbr jnhþi. Iubstrc prcpþshtc prhlcrmhj` bs mbtbibr iubstrj iubs trj ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj y jyumjr j ctrcs ct rcs j rbnupbrjrsb mb su jmhnnhþi sbxuj`. Bincitrjlcs uij iubvj dcrlj mb vhvhr j trjvès mb` prcarjlj mb J^J J^J y ``bvjlcs iubstrc lbisjob j ctrcs qub eusnji `j rbnupbrjnhþi. @j lblerbsìj bstê jehbrtj j tcmcs jqub``cs qub mbsbbi mbtbibr su ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj. jmhnthvj. Ic gjy ihiaÿi ctrc rbquhshtc. Iubstrj ncidrjtbrihmjm bstê jehbrtj j luobrbs y gclerbs, shi hlpcrtjr su bmjm, rjzj, rb`hahþi, crhabi ètihnc, bstjmc nhvh` u cnupjnhþi. Jnbptjlcs j lhblercs mb nuj`quhbr nuj`quhbr hmbithmjm u crhbitjnhþi sbxuj`, yj yj sbji gclcsbxuj`bs, `bsehjijs, gbtbrcsbxuj`bs, ehsbxuj`bs c mb trjis-aèibrc. Bi iubstrcs arupcs, sb binubitrj uij sjehmurìj nc`bnthvj qub gj nrbnhmc y sb gj jnulu`jmc j trjvès mb `cs júcs. Jprbimblcs lungjs scùnhcibs iubvjs j vhbocs prce`bljs. @cs Mcnb [jscs, ui prcarjlj bsphrhtuj` mb rbnupbrjnhþi, sci b` bob nbitrj` j `js scùnhcibs. ^bauhr bstcs pjscs ``bvj j `j `hebrtjm mb `js ncimuntjs sbxuj`bs jmhnthvjs y j sjijr pju`jthijlbitb iubstrjs lbitbs, nubrpcs, bs pìrhtus, rb`jnhcibs y sbxuj`hmjm. @j mbsbspbrjnhþi ics rbuihþ. Bincitrjlcs `cs uics bi `cs ctrcs `c qub ic pcmìjlcs bincitrjr bi ihiauij ctrj pjrtb? jàuhbi qub ncicnhbrj nuêi prcduimc brj iubstrc mc`cr. Ouitcs bincitrjlcs `j bspbrjizj y `j prctbnnhþi mb ui [cmbr ûpbrhcr ecimjmcsc. Iubstrc nclprclhsc bs jyumjr j ctrcs j rbnupbrjrsb mb su jmhnnhþi sbxuj`, tj` nclc j icsctrcs ics jyumjrci. VMb ^bxc J mhntcs mhntcs Jiþihlcs Jiþihlcs, pêahijs :-5\


³Zuè bs ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs3 •

•

• •

•

^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs bs uij ncidrjtbrihmjm mb gclerbs y luobrbs qub nclpjrtbi su bx pbrhbinhj, dcrtj`bzj y bspbrjizj uics uic s nci ctrcs pjrj qub pubmji pubm ji bincitrjr `j `hebrtjm mb su ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj y jyumjr j ctrcs j rbnupbrjrsb mb su jmhnnhþi sbxuj`. @j lblerbsìj bstj jehbrtj j tcmcs jqub``cs qub nclpjrtbi b` mbsbc mb mbtbibr su ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj. Ic gjy ihiaÿi ctrc rbquhshtc. J^J sb ljithbib mb `cs mcijthvcs vcùitjrhcs qub jpcrtji sus lhblercs. Ic bstjlcs jdh`hjmcs nci ihiaÿi ctrc prcarjlj mb mcnb pjscs, ih sclcs pjrtb mb ihiauij ihiaui j ctrj crajihzjnhþi. Ic jpcyjlcs, rbspj`mjlcs ih ics cpciblcs j njusjs c jsuitcs bxtbrics. B` prcarjlj mb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs bs ui prcarjlj bsphrhtuj` ejsjmc bi `cs prhinhphcs y trjmhnhcibs mb J`ncgþ`hncs Jiþihlcs. Jiþihlcs. Jarjmbnblcs j JJ pcr bstb rbaj`c b` nuj` gjnb pcshe`b iubstrj rbnupbrjnhþi.

Lclbitc mb ^h`binhc/Crjnhþi mb `j ^brbihmjm Nclpjrtji ncilhac pcr djvcr ui lclbitc mb sh`binhc, sbauhmc pcr `j Crjnhþi mb `j ^brbihmjm.

Crjnhþi mb `j ^brbihmjm Mhcs, ncinèmblb `j sbrbihmjm [jrj jnbptjr `js ncsjs qub ic pubmc njlehjr, B` vj`cr pjrj njlehjr `js ncsjs qub pubmc, y `j sjehmurìj pjrj rbncicnbr `j mhdbrbinhj.


Iubstrj Jmhnnhþi VMb ^bxc J mhntcs mhntcs Jiþihlcs Jiþihlcs, pêahij >\ Jitbs mb vbihr j ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs, lungcs mb icsctrcs ic sjeìjlcs qub iubstrc prce`blj tbiìj ui iclerb. @c ÿihnc qub sjeìjlcs brj qub ic pcmìjlcs ncitrc`jr iubstrj ncimuntj sbxuj`. [jrj icsctrcs, `js rb`jnhcibs sbxuj`bs brji uij dcrlj mb vhmj jescrebitb. Juiqub `cs mbtj``bs mb iubstrjs ghstcrhjs brji mhdbrbitbs, iubstrc prce`blj brj b` lhslc. Èrjlcs jmhntcs j `js ncimuntjs sbxuj`bs j `js nuj`bs rbarbsêejlcs uij y ctrj vbz, j pbsjr mb `js ncisbnubinhjs. @j jmhnnhþi sbxuj` bs uij bidbrlbmjm qub jdbntj `j lbitb, b` nubrpc y b` bspìrhtu. Bs prcarbshvj, y `j ncimuntj y sus ncisbnubinhjs abibrj`lbitb sci lês sbrhjs ncidcrlb pjsj b` thblpc. ^b prbsbitj nclc uij nclpu`shþi, `j nuj` bs ui mbsbc lês dubrtb mb `c qub pubmb rbshsthr iubstrj vcùitjm, y nclc uij cesbshþi, `j nuj` bs uij prbcnupjnhþi lbitj` nci ncimuntjs y djitjsìjs sbxuj`bs. Bi J^J, ``jljlcs j iubstrj ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj `j jntujnhþi c jntujr.

Iubstrc [rcarjlj VMb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs, pêahij 5>\ Jshsthr j `js ouitjs mb J^J bs b` hihnhc mb uij iubvj dcrlj mb vhmj. X juiqub `j ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J ics jpcyj bi iubstrj rbnupbrjnhþi, b` trjejoc rbj` mb `j rbnupbrjnhþi sb mbsnrheb bi `cs Mcnb [jscs. @js ouitjs sci dcrcs mb jprbimhzjob jnbrnj mb nþlc hitbarjr `cs pjscs j iubstrjs vhmjs. @`bvjr j njec `cs Mcnb [jscs ics ``bvj j uij trjisdcrljnhþi bsphrhtuj` qub rbsu`tj bi ui j`hvhc scstbih e`b mb iubstrj jmhnnhþi. Nujimc blpbzjlcs j hr j `js ouitjs mb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs, j lungcs mb icsctrcs ics jsclerj ncicnbr pbrscijs qub mhsdrutji `j vhmj, `herbs mb `js ncimuntjs mc`crcsjs y nclpu`shvjs qub hihnhj`lbitb `cs trjoc j J^J. Nujimc bsnungjlcs j `cs ctrcs lhblercs lhblercs gje`jr jnbrnj mb su rbnupbrjnhþi, arjmuj`lbitb ics mjlcs nubitj mb qub pjrj pcmbr tbibr b` lhslc thpc mb jvjinb, ibnbshtjlcs bstjr mhspubstcs j gjnbr `c qub sbj ibnbsjrhc pjrj pcmbr `carjr `j jesthibinhj sbxuj`, y ljitbibr bsj jesthibinhj. Gblcs jprbimhmc mb `j bxpbrhbinhj qub ic pcmblcs `carjr y ljitbibr `j jesthibinhj sh ic bstjlcs mhspubstcs j njlehjr iubstrj dcrlj mb vhmj. [brc, sh pcmblcs bidrbitjr nci shinbrhmjm iubstrcs prce`bljs y bstjlcs mhspubstcs j njlehjr, `cs Mcnb [jscs mb J^J ics ``bvjrêi j ui mbs pbrtjr qub ics pbrlhtb vhvhr uij iubvj dcrlj mb vhmj mb jnubrmc j prhinhphcs prhinhphc s bsphrhtuj`bs. Mjr bstcs pjscs pbrlhtb qub cnurrj ui njlehc duimjlbitj` y sbj scstbihmc bi iubstrjs vhmjs. ^ci `j ejsb mb iubstrj rbnupbrjnhþi.


@cs Mcnb [jscs mb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs Jiþihlcs VMb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs, pêahij 5>-5=\ :. Jmlhthlcs qub èrjlcs hlpctbitbs jitb iubstrc nclpcrtjlhbitc sbxuj` jmhnthvc, qub iubstrjs vhmjs sb gjeìji vub`tc hiacebrije`bs. 5. @`bajlcs j nrbbr qub ui [cmbr supbrhcr j icsctrcs lhslcs pcmrìj mbvc`vbrics b` sjic ouhnhc. >. Mbnhmhlcs pcibr iubstrjs vcùitjmbs y iubstrjs vhmjs j` nuhmjmc mb Mhcs, nclc icsctrcs ncinbehlcs j Mhcs. =. ^hi tblcr, ghnhlcs ui lhiunhcsc hivbitjrhc lcrj` mb icsctrcs lhslcs. 2. Jmlhthlcs jitb Mhcs, jitb icsctrcs lhslcs, y jitb ctrc sbr guljic, `j ijturj`bzj bxjntj mb iubstrcs mbdbntcs. 4. Bstuvhlcs bitbrjlbitb mhspubstcs j mbojr qub Mhcs ics `hebrjsb mb tcmcs tcmcs bstcs mbdbntcs mb njrêntbr. 1. Gulh`mblbitb pbmhlcs j Mhcs Mhcs qub ics `hebrjsb mb iubstrcs mbdbntcs. 7. Ghnhlcs uij `hstj mb tcmjs jqub``js pbrscijs j quhbibs gjeìjlcs cdbimhmc y bstuvhlcs mhs pubstcs j rbpjrjr b` mjúc qub q ub `bs njusjlcs. 8. Ubpjrjlcs mhrbntjlbitb j nujitcs ics dub pcshe`b b` mjúc njusjmc, bxnbptc nujimc b` gjnbr`c hlp`hnjej pbrouhnhc pjrj b``cs c pjrj ctrcs. :;. Ncithiujlcs gjnhbimc iubstrc hivbitjrhc pbrscij` y nujimc ics bquhvcnêejlcs `c jmlhtìjlcs hilbmhjtjlbitb. ::. Eusnjlcs j trjvès mb `j crjnhþi y `j lbmhtjnhþi lbocrjr iubstrc ncitjntc ncisnhbitb nci Mhcs nclc icsctrcs ncinbehlcs j Mhcs, phmhèimc`b sc`jlbitb qub ics mbojsb ncicnbr su vcùitjm pjrj nci icsctrcs y ics mhbsb `j dcrtj`bzj pjrj nulp`hr`j. :5. Gjehbimc cetbihmc ui mbspbrtjr bsphrhtuj` nclc b` rbsu`tjmc mb bstcs pjscs, trjtjlcs mb ``bvjr bstb lbisjob j ctrcs jmhntcs j` sbxc y mb prjnthnjr bstcs prhinhphcs bi iubstrjs vhmjs. Bstcs pjscs sci `j pjrtb nbitrj` mb` prcarjlj. Ncithbibi uij prcduimhmjm qub ic ics guehèrjlcs pcmhmc hljahijr nujimc hihnhjlcs b` prcarjlj. Ncidcrlb `cs ``bvjlcs j njec, bxpbrhlbitjlcs uij trjisdcrljnhþi bsphrhtuj`. Nci b` thblpc, bstje`bnblcs uij rb`jnhþi nci ui [cmbr ljycr j icsctrcs, ``bajimc njmj uic mb icsctrcs j ui bitbimhlhbitc pbrscij` mb` [cmbr ûpbrhcr. Juiqub `cs pjscs uth`hzji `j pj`jerj ‐Mhcs“ pjrj p jrj rbdbrhrsb j bstb bs tb [cmbr, J^J ic bstê bs tê jdh`hjmc j ihiauij rb`hahþi, nrbmc c mcalj. B` prcarjlj cdrbnb uij scùnhþi bsphrhtuj` j iubstrj jmhnnhþi, shi rbqubrhr qub sb shaj uij nrbbinhj c prhinhphcs bspbnìdhncs. bspbnìdhncs. B` njlhic bs `c sudhnhbitblbitb jlp`hc pjrj mjr njehmj j tcmcs `cs qub mbsbbi njlhijr pcr è`.


@js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs mb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs :. 5. >. =. 2. 4. 1. 7. 8. :;. ::. :5.

Iubstrc ehbibstjr nclÿi mbeb tbibr `j prbdbrbinhj6 `j rbnupbrjnhþi pbrscij` mbpbimb mb `j uihmjm mb J^J. [jrj b` prcpþshtc mb iubstrc arupc, sþ`c bxhstb uij jutcrhmjm duimjlbitj`”ui Mhcs jlcrcsc tj` nclc sb bxprbsb bi `j ncinhbinhj mb iubstrc arupc. Iubstrcs `ìmbrbs ic sci lês qub sbrvhmcrbs mb ncidhjizj6 ic acehbriji. B` ÿihnc rbquhshtc pjrj sbr lhblerc mb J^J bs qubrbr `hebrjrsb mb `j ncimuntj sbxuj` lj`sjij. Njmj arupc mbeb sbr jutþiclc, bxnbptc bi jsuitcs qub jdbntbi j ctrcs arupcs c j J^J, ncishmbrjmc nclc ui tcmc. Njmj arupc thbib ui sc`c ceobthvc prhlcrmhj`”``bvjr b` lbisjob j` jmhntc sbxuj` qub jÿi bstê sudrhbimc. Ri arupc mb J^J iuinj mbeb rbspj`mjr, dhijinhjr, c prbstjr b` iclerb mb J^J j ihiauij bithmjm j``bajmj c blprbsj jobij, pjrj bvhtjr qub `cs prce`bljs mb mhibrc, prcphbmjm, y prbsthahc ics mbsvìbi mb iubstrc ceobthvc prhlcrmhj`. pr hlcrmhj`. ]cmc arupc mb J^J mbeb ljitbibrsb nclp`btjlbitb j sì lhslc, ibaêimcsb j rbnhehr ncitrheunhcibs mb jdubrj. J^J iuinj tbimrê njrêntbr prcdbshcij`, pbrc iubstrcs nbitrcs mb sbrvhnhc pubmbi blp`bjr trjejojmcrbs bspbnhj`bs. J^J, nclc tj`, iuinj mbeb sbr crajihzjmj, pbrc pcmblcs nrbjr ouitjs c nclhtès mb sbrvhnhc qub sbji mhrbntjlbitb rbspcisje`bs jitb jqub``cs j quhbibs shrvbi. J^J ic thbib cphihþi jnbrnj mb jsuitcs jobics j sus jnthvhmjmbs6 pcr ncishauhbitb su icl erb iuinj mbeb lbzn`jrsb bi pc`èlhnjs pÿe`hnjs. Iubstrj pc`ìthnj mb rb`jnhcibs pÿe`hnjs sb ejsj lês ehbi bi `j jtrjnnhþi qub bi `j prclcnhþi6 ibnbshtjlcs ljitbibr shblprb iubstrc jicihljtc pbrscij` jitb `j prbisj, `j rjmhc, `j tb`bvhshþi, y b` nhib. B` jicihljtc bs `j ejsb bsphrhtuj` mb tcmjs iubstrjs trjmhnhcibs, rbncrmêimcics shblprb jitbpcibr `cs prhinhphcs j `js pbrscij`hmjmbs.

(Jmjptjmc mb ‐J`ncgþ`hncs Jiþihlcs,“ J`ncgc`hns Jiciylcus Qcr`m ^brvhnbs, Hin., ]brnbrj Bmhnhþi.) © ^bx Jmmhnts Jiciylcus, 5;;2 Ubprcmunhmc pjrj su jmjptjnhþi nci pbrlhsc mb JJ Qcr`m ^brvhnbs, Hin.


@j Jesthibinhj bi J^J VMb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs, pêahijs :4-:1\ Iubstrc ceobthvc j` hiarbsjr j` prcarjlj mb J^J bs `j jesthibinhj mb uij c lês ncimuntjs sbxuj`bs bspbnìdhnjs. J mhdbrbinhj mb `cs prcarjljs pjrj j`ncgþ`hncs j`ncgþ`hncs c mrcajmhntcs bi rbnupbrjnhþi, ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs ic thbib uij mbdhihnhþi uihvbrsj` mb jesthibinhj. @j ljycrìj mb icsctrcs ic thbib b` mbsbc mb mbojr mb sbr sbxuj`bs pcr nclp`btc. Ic sci `js rb`jnhcibs sbxuj`bs bi sì `js qub ics njusji prce`bljs, shic `j jmhnnhþi j nhbrtjs ncimuntjs sbxuj`bs. Bi J^J pcmrblcs mbtbrlhijr lbocr nuê` ncimuntj bs jmhnthvj y nuê` bs sjij. ^hi blejrac, `j ncidrjtbrihmjm ic `bs himhnj j sus lhblercs `c qub bs c ic uij ncimuntj sbxuj`lbitb jmhnthvj. Bi su ùajr, gblcs bincitrjmc qub bs ibnbsjrhc qub njmj lhblerc mbdhij su prcphj jesthibinhj. ^clcs pbrscijs mhsthitjs, y iubstrjs ncimuntjs jmhnthvjs, juiqub shlh`jrbs, sci ÿihnjs j icsctrcs. @c qub pjrj ui lhblerc lhblerc pubmj sbr sjic pjrj ctrc pubmb sbr n`jrjlbitb jmhnthvc. ^hlp`blbitb ic pcmblcs prbmbnhr njmj dcrlj pcshe`b pc she`b qub pubmj tcljr `j jntujnhþi y mbdhihr`j pjrj tcmcs. Ic quhshèrjlcs ibajr qub nuj`quhbr ncimuntj bi pjrthnu`jr pubmj sbr uij dcrlj mb jntujnhþi pjrj jàÿi lhblerc. Ih quhshèrjlcs rbstrhiahr `js ncimuntjs qub sci sjijs pjrj jàuics mb icsctrcs. [ubstc qub mhsthitcs jmhntcs sudrbi mb mhsthitjs ncimuntjs, y nclc iubstrj sbxuj`hmjm sb bxpbrhlbitj mb tjitjs dcrljs, bs ibnbsjrhc qub `cs lhblercs mb J^J mbdhiji pjrj sì lhslcs nuê`bs mb sus ncimuntjs sbxuj`bs ncishmbrji nclc mb ‐jntujnhþi,“ nci b` jpcyc mb sus pjtrcnhijmcrbs u ctrjs pbrscijs bi rbnupbrjnhþi.


Drcitbrjs mb `js Ubuihcibs VMb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs, pêahij :>\ VBi bstj ouitj\, uth`hzjlcs `js pj`jerjs ‐yc“ c ‐icsctrcs“ bi ùajr mb ‐ustbm“ c ‐ustbmbs“ j` ncl pjrthr jnbrnj mb iubstrj rbnupbrjnhþi. rbnupbr jnhþi. Ic hitbrrulphlcs ih mjlcs ncisbocs j lbics lbic s qub sb ics sc`hnhtb. J` nclpjrthr ics mhrhahlcs j tcmc b` arupc arupc y ic j uij c mcs pbrscijs. Rij ouitj ic bs ui ùajr jmcimb sb vj j ncicnbr pjrbojs sbxuj`bs ih bs tbrjphj mb arupc. [rcnurjlcs ic usjr `biaujob cdbishvc c mbsnrhpnhcibs mbljshjmc bxp`ìnhtjs. Bvhtjlcs lbinhcijr iclerbs bspbnìdhncs c ùajrbs rb`jnhcijmcs nci iubstrj ncimuntj mb jntujnhþi. Mbehmc j `j ijturj`bzj mb iubstrj jmhnnhþi, sclcs njutb`cscs j` tcnjr c mjr jerjzcs j ctrcs bi `j `j ncidrjtbrihmjm shi su ncisbithlhbitc. Ics ncinbitrjlcs bi `j scùnhþi, lês qub bi b` prce`blj. [rcnurjlcs `j prênthnj mb` jicihljtc y `j ncidhmbinhj`hmjm pjrj qub `j ouitj sbj ui ùajr sbaurc pjrj njmj uic mb `cs jmhntcs sbxuj`bs. s bxuj`bs. Abibrj`lbitb uth`hzjlcs sþ`c b` prhlbr iclerb bi b` arupc pjrj ajrjithzjr b` jicihljtc. J quhèi vhlcs c què sb mhoc bi `j ouitj sb trjtj nclc ui jsuitc jsu itc ncidhmbinhj` y ic sb nclbitj nci pbrscijs qub ic sbji lhblercs mb` arupc. @bs phmc j tcmcs `cs prbsbitbs qub sb prbsbitbi j sì lhslcs usjimc sc`jlbitb su prhlbr iclerb. Ic bs ibnbsjrhc qub `cs lhblercs mb rbnhbitb rbnh bitb hiarbsc jmlhtji qub sci jmhntcs sbxuj`bs. sbx uj`bs. Gc`j, lh iclerb bs SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS6 scy ui jmhntc sbxuj` (bi rbnupbrjnhþi).


@j @hstj mb Iÿlbrcs mb ]b`èdcic VMb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs, pêahij 1=\ @j ljycrìj mb icsctrcs uth`hzjlcs b` tb`èdcic nci rbau`jrhmjm pjrj gjnbr`b sjebr j jàuhbi bi b` prcarjlj nþlc ics vj c jnbrnjrics jnbr njrics j jàuhbi nujimc bstjlcs ùngjimc ùngjim c nci iubstrj jmhnnhþi. Jàuics mb icsctrcs gblcs gbngc b` nclprclhsc mb gje`jr`b j ui jlhac bi rbnupbrjnhþi nujimc ics bincitrblcs bi uij shtujnhþi rbsej`jmhzj c nujimc surabi b` pbisjlhbitc y mbsbcs cesbshvcs. Bi cnjshcibs tcmc `c qub ibnbshtjlcs bs qub jàuhbi ics prbauitb què bstê pjsjimc y bsnungb iubstrj rbspubstj. [cnc thblpc mbspuès, sjerblcs `c qub ics bstê lc`bstjimc, y uij vbz qub `c sjeblcs, b` hlpu`sc mb jntujr abibrj`lbitb pjsj.

^èpthlj ]rjmhnhþi ^baÿi iubstrj ^èpthlj ]rjmhnhþi, ‐]cmc arupc mb J^J mbeb ljitbibrsb nclp`btjlbitb j sì lhslc, ibaêimcsb j rbnhehr ncitrheunhcibs mb jdubrj.“ Bstc shaihdhnj? VMb ^bxc J mhntcs mhntcs Jiþihlcs Jiþihlcs pêahij :;5\ Njmj arupc mbeb sjthsdjnbr nhbrtcs rbquhshtcs eêshncs pjrj pcmbr scstbibrsb j sh lhslc. lhslc. Ibnbshtjlcs lhblercs qub bstèi mhspubstcs j rbuihrsb y nclpjrthr bxpbrhbinhj, dcrtj`bzj, y bspbrjizj nci rbau`jrhmjm. Ibnbshtjlcs ui ùajr mb rbuihþi qub sbj rjzcije`blbitb jnnbshe`b pjrj `cs jmhntcs sbxuj`bs qub mbsbbi jshsthr j `js ouitjs. Ibnbshtjlcs tbibr mhspcihe`bs `j `htbrjturj mb J^J y b` nj`bimjrhc mb `js ouitjs. Rij vbz qub b` arupc sb bstje`bnb, pcr `c abibrj` pubmb pjajr `j rbitj y ctrcs ajstcs pjsjimc `j acrrj y jnbptjimc jpcrtjnhcibs vcùitjrhjs murjitb `j ouitj. @j bxpbrhbinhj ics gj mhngc qub sh ic sclcs njpjnbs mb scstbibrics tctj`lbitb pcr icsctrcs lhslcs mb bstj dcrlj, bs lbocr rbmunhr iubstrcs ajstcs qub mbpbimbr bi bvbitcs mb rbnjumjnhþi mb dcimcs u ctrcs bs pbnhj`bs pjrj scstbibrics. Nujimc tbiblcs nuehbrtjs iubstrjs ibnbshmjmbs eêshnjs, `j ljycrìj mb `cs arupcs bitrbaj nuj`quhbr bxnbmbitb mb dcimcs j` hitbr-arupc `cnj` c j `j H^C, pjrj jpcyjr j `cs sbrvhnhcs nccrmhijmcs y `cs bsdubrzcs mb vhinu`jnhþi. V[jsb `j acrrj.\


Hitrcmunnhþi j `j Mhsnushþi VMb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs, pêahij :5\ ]cmj `j pjrthnhpjnhþi bs vcùitjrhj. Ic bstjlcs ce`hajmcs j gje`jr sh ic mbsbjlcs gjnbr`c. Nci tji sc`c bsnungjr pcmblcs jprbimbr nþlc ctrcs lhblercs `carji `j gcibsthmjm, ncidrcitji su jmhnnhþi, binubitrji jpcyc mb ctrcs nclpjúbrcs jmhntcs y pcibi bi prênthnj b` prcarjlj. Cpnhþi :. B` tblj pjrj bstj ouitj bs SSSSSSSSSSSS, y bstê tcljmc mb `j pêahij SSSSS mb` `herc thtu`jmc ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs. VGjnbr `j `bnturj\ Cpnhþi 5. B` tblj pjrj bstj ouitj bs SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Cpnhþi >. ³Jàuhbi thbib ui tblj pjrj mhsnushþi3 ^h ic sb suahbrb ihiauic, bs `j rbspcisjeh`hmjm mb `j pbrscij qub ``bvj ``bvj `j ouitj sb`bnnhcijr uic. ^h jàuhbi thbib uij ibnbshmjm jprblhjitb mb gj e`jr scerb su prcphj rbnupbrjnhþi, rbnu pbrjnhþi, jgcrj bs nuêimc.

Nþlc Thvhlcs VMb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs, pêahijs 1;-1:\ [rjnthnjr bstcs prhinhphcs bi iubstrjs vhmjs shaihdhnj jp`hnjr `cs prhinhphcs mb` prcarjlj bi b` gcajr, bi b` trjejoc, y bi nuj`quhbr ùajr bi mcimb ics rbuijlcs nci ctrjs pbrscijs nci ui prcpþshtc bi nclÿi. Ncidcrlb nrbnblcs bsphrhtuj`lbitb bincitrjlcs cpcrtuihmjmbs mb sbrvhnhc njsh bi nuj`quhbr shtujnhþi. Iubstrjs rb`jnhcibs lês nbrnjijs pubmbi cdrbnbr `cs ljycrbs rbtcs j iubstrj gcibsthmjm, nclpjshþi b hitbarhmjm, pbrc j lbiumc ics rbnclpbisji pcr binhlj mb iubstrjs bxpbntjthvjs. Mbsnuerhlcs qub `cs prhinhphcs bsphrhtuj`bs ics pubmbi auhjr bi `js mhdhnu`tjmbs mhjrhjs mb `j vhmj, y ics pubmbi jyumjr j bidrbitjr gjstj uij pèrmhmj, pbij c lubrtb nci dcrtj`bzj y arjnhj. @c qub ajijlcs bi bstb prcarjlj bs ui lcmb`c pjrj uij vhmj p`bij y nci èxhtc, sunbmj `c qub sunbmj. Ljitbiblcs iubstrj rbnupbrjnhþi ``bvjimc j njec ui prcarjlj mhjrhc, sjehbimc qub juiqub iuinj sbrblcs pbrdbntcs, pcmblcs sbr db`hnbs gcy. [cmblcs vhvhr `j vhmj bi sus tèrlhics, shi tbibr qub njlehjr c suprhlhr iubstrcs sbithlhbitcs. Iubstrj sbrbihmjm y scerhbmjm nrbnbi ncidcrlb sbauhlcs vhvhbimc mb jnubrmc j `cs prhinhphcs bsphrhtuj`bs. Mhsdrutjlcs `cs mcibs qub surabi mb sbr gcibstcs y vhvhr uij vhmj ìitbarj. [bmhlcs jyumj nujimc `j ibnbshtjlcs y bxprbsjlcs iubstrc jlcr y arjthtum njmj mìj. Ics mjlcs nubitj mb qub tcmc pcr `c qub gblcs pjsjmc ics jyumj j sbrvhr j ctrcs. Jprbimblcs qub `j vhmj bs ui ùajr lungc lês sbaurc mb `c qub ojlês gjeìjlcs sjehmc, pcrqub shblprb bstjlcs j` nuhmjmc mb ui Mhcs ecimjmcsc. ec imjmcsc.


Dhi mb `j Ubuihþi VMb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs, pêahij ::=\ Jsì bs nclc gj shmc `j rbnupbrjnhþi pjrj icsctrcs. Njmj uic mb icsctrcs gblcs tcljmc tcljmc pjscs mb vj`cr y erhincs mb db. Njmj uic mb icsctrcs gblcs ncitrheuhmc ic sþ`c j iubstrj prcphj rbnupbrjnhþi, shic tjlehèi j `j rbnupbrjnhþi mb ctrcs jmhntcs sbxuj`bs qub sudrbi. Gblcs ncitrheuhmc prbsbitêimcics j `js ouitjs y nclpjrthbimc iubstrj bxpbrhbinhj, dcrtj`bzj, y bspbrjizj. Gblcs bsnungjmc j iubstrcs nclpjúbrcs jmhntcs y `cs gblcs jpcyjmc bi su vhjob vhjob mb rbnupbrjnhþi. Nclc `cs prhlbrcs lhblercs mb iubstrj ncidrjtbrihmjm, ncidrjtb rihmjm, ncithiujlcs ljitbihbimc iubstrj scerhbmjm scerhbm jm sbxuj` j` jyumjr j iubstrc nclpjúbrc jmhntc j pbrljibnbr scerhc. Iubstrj crjnhþi bs qub njmj jmhntc sbxuj` qub eusqub `j rbnupbrjnhþi tbiaj `j cpcrtuihmjm mb bincitrjr`j. X qub shaj rbarbsjimc. Nbrrblcs `j ouitj nci `j Crjnhþi mb `j ^brbihmjm (u ctrj crjnhþi qub ustbm bsncab).

[rbsbitjnhþi mb `cs lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc Mbsbjlcs mjr`bs j ustbmbs `j ehbivbihmj j iubstrc arupc. ^jeblcs qub sb ibnbshtj vj`cr pjrj hiarbsjr j bstb sj`þi pcr prhlbrj vbz. ]cmcs icsctrcs bi bstb sj`þi bstuvhlcs bi su ùajr bi ui lclbitc mjmc. Mbspuès mb qub gjyjlcs tbrlhijmc iubstrc hihnhc y `js prhlbrjs `bnturjs, jerhrblcs `j ouitj pjrj nclpjrthr. Bstb bs b` lclbitc bi qub pubmb nclpjrthr sus pbisjlhbitcs c sbithlhbitcs scerb b` tblj, `j `bnturj c nuj`quhbr ctrc jsuitc qub trjhaj bi lbitb. Bvhtjlcs b` jtrcpb``jrics vbrej`lbitb c hitbrrulphr nujimc ctrj pbrscij bstê nclpjrthbimc. ]jlpcnc jncisbojlcs c nrhthnjlcs. nrhthnjlcs. Zuèmbisb jquì y gje`bi nci jàuic mb icsctrcs j` tbrlhijr `j ouitj sh thbib jàuij prbauitj. Ubnclbimjlcs qub ustbm jshstj pcr `c lbics j sbhs ouitjs jitbs mb qub ustbm mbnhmj sh J^J thbib jàc qub cdrbnbr`b. Rstbm vbrê qub njmj ouitj thbib thbib jàc mhdbrbitb. Bs iubstrc mbsbc lês shinbrc qub ustbm binubitrb `c qub eusnj.


^brvhnhc


B` [jpb` y `js Ubspcisjeh`hmjmbs mb `cs ^brvhmcrbs mb Ncidhjizj mb` Arupc Ri sbrvhmcr mb ncidhjizj bs ui lhblerc vcùitjrhc qub mbsblpbúj ui sbrvhnhc arjtuhtc pjrj `j ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J. J jqub``cs mb icsctrcs qub sclcs bsncahmcs pcr iubstrcs arupcs pjrj mbsblpbújr `js mbnhshcibs sc`hnhtjmjs pcr `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc ics ncicnbi nclc sbrvhmcrbs mb ncidhjizj. ^c`hnhtjr j `cs lhblercs qub prbstbi sus sbrvhnhcs ic `cs pcib bi ui rjiac c n`jsb mhdbrbitb j `cs mblês lhbl ercs. J` ncitrjrhc, bstje`bnb uij rb`jnhþi mb ncidhjizj. ncidhjiz j. Ncidhjlcs qub jqub``cs j quhbibs b`bahlcs j pcshnhcibs mb sbrvhnhc jntujrêi mb jnubrmc j `cs prhinhphcs bsphrhtuj`bs mb iubstrcs [jscs y ]rjmhnhcibs, sb auhjrêi pcr `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc, ncluihnjrêi hidcrljnhþi prbnhsj gjnhj y mbsmb b` arupc, y jyumjrêi j ``bvjr b` lbisjob mb rbnupbrjnhþi mb `j lbocr ljibrj pcshe`b. B` `hmbrjzac bi J^J shaihdhnj ui nclprclhsc mb sbrvhr j `j ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J y prclcvbr iubstrc ehbibstjr nclÿi. Bstb ncinbptc mb sbrvhnhc bs mhdbrbitb mb `j hmbj mb acehbric. acehbric. Ljitbibr uij jutcrhmjm mb acehbric scerb `cs mblês shaihdhnj bobrnbr iubstrc pcmbr y ncitrc` pbrscij` scerb b``cs. Nclc sbrvhmcrbs mb ncidhjizj, shi blejrac, gjnblcs `j vcùitjm mb iubstrc [cmbr ûpbrhcr tj` nclc `c mhsnhbrib `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc, nci `j nclp`btj rbspcisjeh`hmjm pjrj mbsblpbújr `js tjrbjs qub ics binclhbimbi, pbrc shi b` pcmbr pjrj ce`hajr c hlpcibr njsthacs j iubstrcs nclpjúbrcs mb `j ncidrjtbrihmjm. J` rbj`hzjr trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc bi nciouitc, jprbimblcs j rb`jnhcijrics uics nci ctrcs bi ejsb j `j ncidhjizj, abibrcshmjm, abibrcshmjm, y shi hitbrbsbs prcphcs, lês qub j` mbsbc mb ncitrc`. Nujimc rbncicnblcs j ui Mhcs jlcrcsc nclc iubstrj jutcrhmjm suprblj, ics prctbablcs mb `j scebrehj y b` mbsbc mb gjnbr iubstrj prcphj vcùitjm qub ics pumhbrj mhvhmhr y cesnurbnbr iubstrc lbisjob. @j ncidhjizj lutuj qub bxpbrhlbitjlcs bi b` sbrvhnhc bljij mb bstj mbpbimbinhj bi ui Mhcs jlcrcsc qub trjejoj j trjvès mb iubstrcs arupcs. VMb ^bxc J mhntcs mhntcs Jiþihlcs Jiþihlcs, pêahij 8>\ @cs sbrvhmcrbs mb ncidhjizj j lbiumc sb mbsblpbúji `cs shauhbitbs pjpb`bs? :. 5. >. =. 2.

^bnrbtjrhc (j) ]bscrbrc (j) Ubprbsbitjitb mb @htbrjturj Mhstrheuhmcr mb Ubncicnhlhbitcs Ubprbsbitjitb mb hitbr-arupc

sbnrr btjr hc shrvb nclc b` nccrm nccrm hijmcr mb arup c pjr j `j Ouitj Ou itj m b J^J J^J.. B` pj^bnrbtjrhc „ B` sbn pb` mb` sbnrbtjrhc pubmb hinùhr lungjs tjrbjs, tjrbjs , hinùybimc b` rbspcimbr j `js sc`hnhtumbs pcr p cr tb`èdcic c pcr b` Jpjrtjmc [cstj` y tcljr `js lhiutjs bi `js ouitjs y/c mb jsbaurjrsb qub b` `cnj` mb `j ouitj bstè jehbrtc, `hstc y sb nhbrrb j` dhij` mb `j ouitj. B` sbnrbtjrhc pubmb tbibr lungjs ctrjs rbspcisjeh`hmjmbs, pbrc pubmb eusnjr `j jyumj mb ctrcs pjrj qub jsulji tjrbjs mb sbrvhnhc. js uitcs dhijinhbrcs mb `j Ouitj mb J^J. B` tbscrbrc rbnju]bscrbrc „ B` tbscrbrc sb binjraj mb `cs jsuitcs mj dcimcs murjitb `j ^èpthlj ]rjmhnhþi y ljithbib j` ncrrhbitb `j nubitj mb ngbqubs. B` tbscrbrc pjaj `j rbitj mb` `cnj` mb `j ouitj, pjaj nuj`quhbr ctrc c trc ajstc jmhnhcij` mb `j ouitj, y mcij b` rblj-

Auìj mb arupc? Rij auìj pjrj `cs arupcs mb J^J ibitb mb `cs dcimcs j` Hitbr-arupc c j `j H^C, nclc `c mbtbrlhib `j ncinhbinhj mb` arupc. ^b binubitrj hidcrljnhþi jmhnhcij` scerb b` pjpb` mb` ]bscrbrc bi `j sbnnhþi mb Auìj mb Arupc scerb `j ^èpthlj ]rjmhnhþi.

Ubprbsbitjitb mb @htbrjturj „ B` rbprbsbitjitb mb `htbrjturj ljithbib `j ehe`hctbnj mb` arupc y jmquhbrb b` `herc mb ^bxc J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs y ctrj `htbrjturj mb J^J pjrj b` arupc ncidcrlb sb ibnbshtb. ^b pubmb vbimbr `j `htbrjturj j` ncstc murjitb `j ouitj. Lungcs arupcs tjlehèi prcpcrnhciji dc``btcs mb J^J, shi ncstc jàuic, j `cs lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc mbitrc mb` [jqubtb pjrj Lhblercs mb Ubnhbitb Hiarbsc. Mhstrheuhmcr mb Ubncicnhlhbitcs „ B` mhstrheuhmcr mb rbncicnhlhbitcs mhstrheuyb `cs rbncicnhlhbitcs bi b` lclbitc mbshaijmc murjitb `j ouitj pjrj gcirjr j ui lhblerc pcr b` thblpc mbitrc mb` prcarjlj c `j murjnhþi mb su scerhbmjm. r bprbsbitj j` arupc murjitb `js Ubprbsbitjitb mb Hitbr-arupc „ B` rbprbsbitjitb mb Hitbr-arupc rbprbsbitj Ouitjs mb Hitbr-arupc `cnj`bs. [jrj ljycrbs mbtj``bs, ncisu`tb ‐³Zuè bs ui Hitbr-arupc3“

³Zuè bs uij Ncinhbinhj mb Arupc3 VMb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs, pêahij 8>\ @j prênthnj mb uij ncinhbinhj mb arupc prcvhbib mb `j ^bauimj ]rjmhnhþi mb J^J?

‐[jrj b` prcpþshtc mb iubstrc arupc, sþ`c bxhstb uij jutcrhmjm duimjlbitj`”ui Mhcs jlcrcsc tj` nclc sb bxprbsb bi `j ncinhbinhj mb iubstrc arupc. Iubstrcs `ìmbrbs ic sci lês qub sbrvhmcrbs mb ncidhjizj6 ic acehbriji.“ @j ^bauimj ]rjmhnhþi sb ejsj bi b` prhinhphc mb `j uihmjm mb J^J? bi tcmcs `cs jspbntcs mb` prcarjlj, iubstrj sjehmurìj sb mbrhvj mb` arupc, ic mb uij pbrscij bi pjrthnu`jr. Bstj trjmhnhþi tjl ehèi sb ejsj bi b` prhinhphc mb `j gulh`mjm? iubstrjs lbocrbs mbnhshcibs mb arupc sb s b auìji bi iubstrj ncidhjizj bi ui [cmbr ûpbrhcr jlcrcsc, lês qub bi `j hitb`habinhj ijturj`, bxpbrhbinhj bspbnhj`, pcmbr pbrscij` c gjeh`hmjm pjrj mbejthr. Bstb hmbj` mb ejsjr iubstrjs mbnhshcibs mb arupc bi prhinhphcs bsphrhtuj`bs lês qub bi `j cphihþi c pcmbr pbrscij` pbr scij` bs uij dcrlj mhdbrbitb j `c qub q ub bstjlcs jncstulerjmcs. Ics mjlcs nubitj mb qub bi J^J, ihiaÿi sþ`c lhblerc thbib `j jutcrhmjm scerb nuj`quhbr ctrc lhblerc mb J^J, pbrc qub Mhcs thbib `j jutcrhmjm suprblj scerb tcmcs icsctrcs. ]cmcs tbiblcs cphihcibs bi rb`jnhþi j `js nubsthcibs mb` arupc, pbrc b` ljitbibr ui bidcqub bsphrhtuj` ics b`bvj lês j``ê mb` ihvb` pbrscij` y lubstrj iubstrc nclprclhsc pjrj bincitrjr scùnhcibs qub sjthsdjaji `js ibnbshmjmbs mb` arupc lês qub iubstrcs mbsbcs pbrscij`bs. Ics mjlcs nubitj mb qub prbauitjlcs ‐³Zuè bs `c ncrrbntc3“ bi ùajr mb ‐³Zuhèi bstê bi `c ncrrbntc3“ Ncidcrlb ics bsnungjlcs uics j ctrcs jpcyêimcics bi iubstrj rb`jnhþi nci ui Mhcs ecimjmcsc pjrj qub ics auìb, blphbzj j surahr mbitrc mb` arupc ui bitbimhlhbitc mb nþlc scùnhcijr bstjs nubsthcibs mb jnubrmc j `cs prhinhphcs bsphrhtuj`bs. @b ``jljlcs j bstc ncinhbinhj mb arupc. Bi jàuijs cnjshcibs `j ncinhbinhj bs tji n`jrj qub b` arupc ``bajrê rêphmjlbitb j uij mbnhshþi uiêihlb. Bi ctrjs cnjshcibs, pcmblcs ncivcnjr j vctjnhþi pjrj mbnhmhr scerb uij nubsthþi. ^hi hlpcrtjr nuê` lbnj-

Auìj mb arupc? Rij auìj pjrj `cs arupcs mb J^J ihslc sb uth`hnb pjrj tcljr mbnhshcibs, prcnurjlcs ljitbibr jehbrtjs iubstrjs lbitbs. Bi iubstrj bxpbrhbinhj gblcs vhstc lungcs njscs bi qub ui puitc mb vhstj mb ui arupc lhicrhtjrhc, nci b` thblpc, dhij`lbitb sb rbncicnb nclc `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc. Bi b` bspìrhtu mb uihmjm mb J^J, bibincitrjlcs ui bquh`herhc bitrb b` jpcyjr j `js mbnhshcibs mb arupc nclc sh dubrji iubstrjs, lhbitrjs ncithiujlcs, nclc arupc, eusnjimc `j vcùitjm mb iubstrc [cmbr ûpbrhcr. @j ncinhbinhj mb arupc ic bs `c lhslc qub `j uijihlhmjm, ncisbisc, vctc ljycrhtjrhc, c jnubrmc. Lês qub bxprbsjr `j vcùitjm mb` arupc, bs `j vcùitjm mb iubstrc [cmbr ûpbrhcr bxprbsjmj j trjvès mb` arupc. Ic gjy ui lètcmc ÿihnc uth`hzjmc pcr `cs arupcs pjrj mbtbrlhijr `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc, pbrc shblprb bs sjehc nclpjrjr iubstrjs mbnhshcibs nci `cs [jscs y `js ]rjmhnhcibs ncidcrlb jvjizjlcs. Bi jàuics njscs, `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc pubmb sbr bxprbsjmj pcr uij sc`j pbrscij. Nci ljycr drbnubinhj, `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc sb mbsnuerb sc`jlbitb mbspuès mb bsnumrhújr lungjs pbrspbnthvjs mhdbrbitbs, y j lbiumc rbprbsbitj ui puitc mb vhstj j` nuj` ihiaÿi lhblerc bi pjrthnu`jr gjerìj ``bajmc pcr su prcphj nubitj. ^hi hlpcrtjr iubstrcs puitcs mb vhstj u cphihcibs pbrscij`bs, njmj uic mb icsctrcs ic sctrcs thbib uij rbspcisjeh`hmjm mb pjrthnhpjr pjrj pj rj pcmbr mhsnbrihr y jpcyjr `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc. Jprbimbr j eusnjr `j vcùitjm mb iubstrc [cmbr ûpbrhcr j trjvès mb `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc tclj thblpc, pjnhbinhj y eubij vcùitjm. B` jlcr bs `j dubrzj qub auìj iubstrjs jnthvhmjmbs mb sbrvhnhc, lês qub `cs ncicnhmcs lètcmcs lètcmcs mb pcmbr y ncitrc` guljic. [jrj icsctrcs pubmb sbr mhdình` jejimcjejimcijr vhbojs hmbjs bi nujitc j `j jutcrhmjm, bspbnhj`lbitb sh nrbblcs qub iubstrcs lcthvcs sci eubics. [cmblcs, pjrthbimc mb ui hitbrès shinbrc pjrj `j ncidrjtbrihmjm, qubrbr tcljr b` ncitrc` mb `c qub sunbmb bi iubstrcs arupcs y nclhtès nclhtès mb sbrvhnhc. [brc nci b` thblpc y `j bxpbrhbinhj, jprbimblcs j ncidhjr bi `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc y vj`crjr `j auìj qub rbnhehlcs nclc arupc lês qub bi iubstrc prcphc pcmbr y sjehmurìj. ]jlehèi jprbimblcs qub `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc nrbnb y njlehj hauj` nclc icsctrcs `c gjnblcs bi iubstrj rbnupbrjnhþi pbrscij`. @cs rbtcs iubvcs rbquhbrbi mb scùnhcibs iubvjs. Bi cnjshcibs b` nrbnhlhbitc pubmb sbr mc`crcsc, y `cs njlehcs qub bxpbrhlbitjlcs pubmbi ic pjrbnbrsb j ijmj mb `c qub bspbrêejlcs. J` prjnthnjr b` prhinhphc mb `j bitrbaj, pcmblcs ncidhjr qub `j auìj mb Mhcs, tj` nclc sb bxprbsb bi `j ncinhbinhj mb iubstrc arupc, ics ``bvjrê oustc j mcimb ibnbshtjlcs bstjr.

Ubahstrc mb `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc ^b rbnclhbimj qub `cs arupcs rbahstrbi su ncinhbinhj mb arupc bi uij njrpbtj c bi ui mhjrhc pjrj ``bvjr ui rbahstrc mb `c qub sb gj jncrmjmc j trjvès mb `cs júcs.


³Zuè bs ui Arupc mb Ejsb3 Lungcs jmhntcs bi rbnupbrjnhþi ``baji j sbithr nhbrtj jdhihmjm gjnhj ui arupc bi pjrthnu`jr, y pubmbi rbdbrhrsb j è` nclc su arupc mb ‐ejsb“. B` tbibr c mbshaijr ui arupc mb ‐ejsb“ ic bs uic mb `cs rbquhshtcs pjrj `j jshstbinhj j` arupc c mb pjrthnhpjnhþi6 mb gbngc, b` ÿihnc rbquhshtc pjrj `j lbl erbsìj bi J^J bs ui mbsbc mb mbtbibr mbtbib r `j ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj. ^hi blejrac, b` jmhntc bi rbnu pbrjnhþi pubmb prbdbrhr jshsthr js hsthr j bvbitcs mb nclpjúbrhslc nci lhblercs mb nhbrtc arupc. @j pbrscij pubmb eusnjr tjlehèi j ui pjtrcnhijmcr mbitrc mb ui arupc bspbnìdhnc, sbithrsb lês sbaurc mbitrc mb bsb arupc c b`bahr mbsblpbújr trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc pjrj bsb arupc. Bstc pubmb sbr ncishmbrjmc nclc b` arupc mb ‐ejsb“ pjrj bsb lhblerc.

Gjnhbimc ui Hivbitjrhc mb Arupc @cs arupcs gji mbsnuehbrtc `c ÿth` qub bs gjnbr ui hivbitjrhc mb vbz bi nujimc pjrj prcpcrnhcijr uij rbvhshþi ncinhbitb mb nþlc bvcùnhcij b` arupc. @j hidcrljnhþi mb` hivbitjrhc jyumj j` arupc j tcljr mbnhshcibs jnbrnj mb `cs njlehcs ejsjmcs bi `j ncinhbinhj mb arupc. Gblcs prcpcrnhcijmc uij suabrbinhj mb hivbitjrhc mb arupc. [ubmbi ncphjr`c y mhstrheuhr`c j `cs lhblercs uijs nujitjs sbljijs jitbs mb `j ouitj mb hivbitjrhc qub bstè prcarjljmj. @j ljycrìj mb `cs arupcs gjnb bstc mb uij j nujtrc vbnbs j` júc. @j bxpbrhbinhj ics mblubstrj qub mbeb ``bvjrsb j njec uij eubij p`jibjnhþi y `hmbrjzac c b` hivbitjrhc pubmb j`jrajrsb lungc c ic tbrlhijrsb pcr nclp`btc y `cs lhblercs pumhbrji bstjr rbiubitbs mb ``bvjr`c j njec bi b` duturc. Bi jàuijs cnjshcibs b` hivbitjrhc ic sb tbrlhij bi uij sc`j ouitj y su arupc pubmb ibnbshtjr jshaijr ctrc thblpc pjrj tbrlhijr`c. Bs luy ÿth` bsnrhehr ui erbvb rbsulbi sbúj`jimc `cs njlehcs qub b` arupc gj rbj`hzjmc ejsjmcs bi bstb hivbitjrhc. Bstb rbsulbi pubmb sbr aujrmjmc pjrj rbdbrbinhj bi b` duturc.


Dcrlu`jrhc mb hivbitjrhc mb arupc mb m b J^J Ubd`bxhcib bi `js dcrtj`bzjs y mbeh`hmjmbs mb iubstrc arupc y lbinhcib erbvblbitb uic c lês boblp`cs ncinrbtcs mb bstjs êrbjs bi `j vhmj mb iubstrc arupc. :. [brljibnbr jtbrrhzjmc bi `cs Mcnb [jscs. - ³^b nclbitji `cs pjscs bi b` arupc3 - ³[brlhtb b` arupc b` thblpc sudhnhbitb pjrj `js [rbsbitjnhcibs mb` [rhlbr [jsc3 - ³Gjnblcs èidjshs bi `j prênthnj mb `cs pjscs3 5. Ncicnhlhbitc, jmgbshþi y dhmb`hmjm j `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs. - ³^b ljithbibi `cs prhinhphcs jitbs qub `js pbrscij`hmjmbs mbitrc mb iubstrc arupc3 - ³Bstjlcs prcpcrnhcijimc b` jpcyc dhijinhbrc jmbnujmc j iubstrc arupc y j iubstrj ncidrjtbrihmjm3 - ³]biblcs nuhmjmc mb` jicihljtc3 >. Lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc. - ³^b rbspcimbi j ``jljmjs mb hihnhc j `cs mcnb pjscs mb ljibrj cpcrtuij3 - ³^b bstê pcihbimc jtbinhþi j `js ibnbshmjmbs mb` lhblerc mb iubvc hiarbsc3 - ³]cljlcs bi sbrhc `js rbspcisjeh`hmjmbs mb pjmrhic prcvhshcij`3 =. Njmj arupc thbib ui sc`c ceobthvc prhlcrmhj` „ ``bvjr b` lbisjob j` jmhntc sbxuj` qub jÿi sudrb (Zuhitj ]rjmhnhþi). ³Nþlc ljiboj iubstrc arupc b` j`njinb3 2. Gbrrjlhbitjs mb` prcarjlj? ³Nþlc sb usj b` arupc arupc bstjs gbrrjlhbitjs3 - [jmrhics - @htbrjturj - ^brvhnhc - @hstj tb`bdþihnj - Aj`jrmcibs - Ctrcs 4. Ouitjs? (Bsnrhehr suabrbinhjs pjrj lbocrjr) - [rbsbitjnhcibs mb tbljs c mb pjscs - Jshstbinhj mb `j lblerbsìj - Dcrljtc 1. ³Nuj`quhbr ctrj ncsj jnbrnj mb iubstrc arupc qub `b austjrìj jdhrljr c sbúj`jr pjrj lbocrjr3 Jàuijs êrbjs pcshe`bs? - @j scerhbmjm sbxuj` mb` arupc - Ubuihcibs mb nclpjúbrhslc dubrj mb `js ouitjs - Ctrcs Bstb dcrlu`jrhc mb hivbitjrhc pubmb sbr ncphjmc ncidcrlb sb ibnbshtb pcr `cs Arupcs mb J^J.


^brvhnhc”B` [jsc Mcnb bi Jnnhþi Jnnhþi B` [jsc Mcnb ics mhnb „ ‐Gjehbimc cetbihmc ui mbspbrtjr bsphrhtuj` nclc b` rbsu`tjmc mb bstcs pjscs, trjtjlcs mb ``bvjr bstb lbisjob j ctrcs jmhntcs j` sbxc y mb prjnthnjr bstcs prhinhphcs bi iubstrjs vhmjs.“ Ric mb `cs lètcmcs lbocrbs mb ``bvjr b` lbisjob bs mb gjnbr sbrvhnhc j jàÿi ihvb`. Jàuics lhblercs mb `cs arupcs mb J^J shbitbi qub mbebi tbibr uij jesthibinhj mb `jrac p`jzc c ibnbshtji gjebr ``bajmc gjstj b` [jsc Mcnb pjrj ncishmbrjr b` trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc. [ubstc qub b` trj ejoc mb sbrvhnhc pubmb sbr ``bvjmc j njec bi mhdbrbitbs ihvb`bs, ic shblprb bs ui u i rbquhshtc himhspbisje`b `j jesthibinhj j `jrac p`jzc y b` gjebr ``bvjmc j njec `cs pjscs bi su tctj`hmjm. [jrj jàuics pubstcs mb sbrvhnhc, mb ljibrj pjrthnu`jr j ihvb` hitbrijnhcij`, sb rbnclhbimj nhbrtj pbrljibinhj pbrljibi nhj mbitrc mb` prcarjlj y thblpc thblpc mb jesthibinhj mb `js ncimuntjs mb su nìrnu`c hitbric. ^hi blejrac, njmj jmhntc pubmb rbj`hzjr jàÿi thpc mb sbrvhnhc. B` trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc pubmb ``bvjrsb j njec bi vjrhcs ihvb`bs? [brscij`, mb Arupc, Hitbr-arupc/ Ubahcij` b Hitbrijnhcij` (trjejoc bi H^C). H^C). @cs shauhbitbs pêrrjdcs `b mbsnrhehrêi mb ljibrj erbvb jàuijs cpnhcibs pcshe`bs pjrj b` trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc.

]rjejoc mb ^brvhnhc [brscij` [ubmb gjebr lungjs ljibrjs bi qub ui lhblerc mb J^J pubmj pjrthnhpjr bi trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc pbrscij` yj sbj qub sc`jlbitb nubitbi nci nc i jàuijs sbljijs mbitrc mb` prcarjlj prc arjlj c lungcs júcs. @cs qub thbibi lbics thblpc mbitrc mb` prcarjlj pubmbi ncishmbrjr tjrbjs mb sbrvhnhc tj`bs nclc? •

•

•

•

•

Jncrmjr sbr ui ‐nclpjúbrc mb rbspcisjeh`hmjm“ j ctrc jmhntc bi rbnupbrjnhþi qub bstè eusnjimc su prhlbr pjtrcnhijmcr. Nclpjrthr nci ctrcs lhblercs mb` arupc mb ncidhjizj `c lês qub bstè mhspubstc j nclpjrthr mb su prcphj ghstcrhj. Ubnubrmb qub `cs lhblercs mb ljycr jithaðbmjm jsì nclc `cs lhbl ercs lês rbnhbitbs sb ebibdhnhjrêi mb `j pjrtb mb su ghstcrhj qub ustbm bstè `hstc pjrj ncitjr. nc itjr. Jpcrtb j `j ‐acrrj“ nujimc `j pjsbi y jpcrtb j `cs dcimcs mb nuj`quhbr arupc bspbnhj` nclc b` Hitbr-arupc c `cs dcimcs mb `j H^C. Jshstj nci rbau`jrhmjm j `js ouitjs. Rij jshstbinhj rbau`jr hisphrjrê j `cs `cs lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc j qub ncithiÿbi jshsthbimc y ``bvbi j njec b` prcarjlj. Bstè mhspubstc j ‐trjislhthr b` lbisjob“ nclpjrthbimc b` `hmbrjzac c ui pjsc bi `js ouitjs mb arupc.

@cs qub thbibi ljycr bxpbrhbinhj mbitrc mb` prcarjlj pubmbi ncishmbrjr tcmjs `js tjrbjs jitbrhcrbs y jmblês `cs boblp`cs j ncithiujnhþi? •

•

•

Jncrmjr sbr ui pjmrhic prcvhshcij` c pjmrhic pjrj ui lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc mbitrc mb` prcarjlj. Ncishmbrjr sbr ui crjmcr bi ui bvbitc mb J^J mb nuj`quhbr ihvb` „ arupc, hitbr-arupc/ rbahcij` c bi `j ncivbinhþi jiuj` mb `j H^C. Bsnrhehr y prbsbitjr jrtìnu`cs nclpjrthbimc su bxpbrhbinhj, dcrtj`bzj y bspbrjizj j` Nìrnu`c Bxtbrhcr c j su ec`btìi rbahcij`.


]rjejoc mb ^brvhnhc mb Arupc B` trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc mb arupc mbeb bidcnjrsb bi jyumjr j qub sb jn`hljtbi `cs iubvcs lhblercs j `cs Mcnb [jscs y `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs mb J^J, jsì nclc j vhvhr nclc ui jmhntc bi rbnupbrjnhþi. ]cmcs `cs jmhntcs bi rbnupbrjnhþi, shi hlpcrtjr b` thblpc qub tbiaji bi b` prcarjlj, pubmbi ncishmbrjr `cs shauhbitbs boblp`cs mb sbrvhnhc? •

•

•

• •

Jyumjr nci b` njdè/rbdrhabrhc (sh sb cdrbnb bi `j ouitj) y jyumjr bi `j prbpjrjnhþi mb `j ouitj y nci `j `hlphbzj mbspuès mb `j ouitj. Jyumjr j nc`cnjr `j `htbrjturj mb J^J jitbs mb uij ouitj (uij eubij ljibrj pjrj qub ui lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc tbiaj uij ljycr bxpcshnhþi j `j `htbrjturj mb J^J). Jyumjr j ljitbibr b` mhrbntcrhc tb`bdþihnc mb` arupc rbahstrjimc b` prhlbr iclerb y b` iÿlbrc y nuj`quhbr ctrj hidcrljnhþi qub ustbm bstè mhspubstc j nclpjrthr tj` nclc su ncrrbc b`bntrþihnc. Cdrbnbr j rbprcmunhr `j `hstj y gjnbr`j mhspcihe`b pjrj tcmcs `cs lhblercs. [jrthnhpjr bi nuj`quhbr sbshþi mb jsuitcs pcstbrhcr j `j ouitj pjrj b` arupc. Cdrbnbr j jyumjr nci `j p`jibjnhþi y `j bobnunhþi mb ui bvbitc mb arupc tj` nclc ui phnihn, sbshcibs mb nclpjúbrhslc prbvhjs j `j ouitj, njlpjlbitcs, btn.

Jqub``cs nci ljycr thblpc bi b` prcarjlj pubmbi ncishmbrjr tcmc `c jitbrhcr jmblês mb `cs shauhbitbs boblp`cs? •

^brvhr nclc tbscrbrc mb arupc pcr ui pbrìcmc mbtbrlhijmc pcr `js pc`ìthnjs mb` arupc c `cs bstjtutcs. [jrj ljycrbs hidcrlbs, hidcrlbs, ncisu`tb `j `j sbnnhþi mb B` pjpb` mb` ]bscrbrc ]bscrbrc bi ui arupc mb J^J.

• •

• • •

[rbshmhr uij ouitj tji j lbiumc nclc sbj pcshe`b. [jrthnhpjr bi `j `hstj mb pjtrcnhijmcrbs prcvhshcij`bs pjrj b` arupc y bstè mhspcihe`b j `cs lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc ncidcrlb sb uiji. [jrthnhpjr bi `js ``jljmjs mb hihnhc j `cs Mcnb [jscs, mb sbr ibnbsjrhc. Ubprbsbitjr j` arupc j ihvb` mb hitbr-arupc/rbahcij`. Ubprbsbitjr j` arupc nclc ui mb`bajmc nci mbrbngc j vctc bi `j ncivbinhþi jiuj` mb `j H^C.

]rjejoc mb ^brvhnhc mb Hitbr-arupc/rbahcij` Jàuics boblp`cs mb trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc mb Hitbr-arupc/Ubahcij` pjrj `cs jmhntcs nci bxpbrhbinhj bi b` prcarjlj sci? • •

•

•

•

Jyumjr j dcrljr c ljitbibr ui hitbr-arupc mb J^J `cnj` c rbahcij`. Jshsthr j ouitjs mb jsuitcs mb hitbr-arupc nclc rbprbsbitjitb nci mbrbngc j vctc, mb sbr ibnbsjrhc. Cnupjr ui pubstc pjrj b` hitbr-arupc tj` nclc ]bscrbrc, [rbshmbitb mb `j Ouitj mb Jsuitcs, [rbshmbitb mb Ubthrc, [rbshmbitb mb J`njinb, [rbshmbitb mb @htbrjturj, btn. Jyumjr bi `j p`jibjnhþi y/c `j bobnunhþi mb ui bvbitc mb nclpjúbrhslc mb` hitbr-arupc tj` nclc ui njlpjlbitc, ui rbthrc, ui ejiqubtb nci crjmcr, btn. Crajihzjr c jyumjr nci `js jnthvhmjmbs mb j`njinb mb` hitbr-arupc tj`bs nclc b` bstje`bnbr uij pjahij wbe, bivhjr njrtjs pcr ncrrbc j nbitrcs mb trjtjlhbitc c `js cdhnhijs mb


•

• •

crhbitjmcrbs pshnc`þahncs c ljitbibr uij ‐`ìibj mb blbrabinhj“ pjrj tcmcs `cs lhbl ercs erc s mb` m b` arup a rupc. c. Jyumjr nci `cs jsuitcs mb j`njinb tj`bs nclc b` j`njinb j `j prhshþi, vhinu`jnhþi nci luobrbs, btn. [rcpcrnhcijr jyumj j `cs arupcs mb iubvj nrbjnhþi nujimc sbj pcshe`b. Jshsthr j `j Ouitj Ubahcij` bi `j ncivbinhþi jiuj` mb `j H^C.

]rjejoc mb ^brvhnhc Hitbrijnhcij` Jàuics boblp`cs mb ]rjejoc mb ^brvhnhc Hitbrijnhcij` sci? • • •

^brvhr bi b` Nclhtè mb @htbrjturj mb `j H^C c bi uic mb sus suenclhtès. ^brvhr bi b` Ncisboc Mhrbnthvc mb `j H^C c bi uic mb sus suenclhtès Mhrhahr c uihrsb j ui nclhtè pjrj prbpjrjr `j ncivbinhþi jiuj` mb `j H^C.


³Zuè bs ui Hitbr-arupc3 @j ]rjmhnhþi Iubvb mb J^J mhnb qub? ‐J^J, nclc tj`, iuinj mbeb sbr crajihzjmj, pbrc pcmblcs nrbjr ouitjs c nclhtès mb sbrvhnhc mhrbntjlbitb rbspcisje`b jitb jqub``cs j quhbibs shrvbi.“

Bi jàuijs êrbjs, `js ouitjs `cnj`bs sb rbÿibi y dcrlji hitbr-arupcs pjrj prcpcrnhcijr sbrvhnhcs qub uij sc`j ouitj ic pubmb prcpcrnhcijr pcr sì sc`j. @cs hitbr-arupcs pubmbi bmhtjr mhrbntcrhcs mb ouiouitjs y ec`bthibs, crajihzjr bvbitcs rbahcij`bs, sbrvhr mb nbitrc mb mhstrheunhþi pjrj sc`hnhtumbs mb `htbrjturj, pjtrcnhijr uij `ìibj tb`bdþihnj c pêahij wbe, prcpcrnhcijr sbrvhnhcs mb vhinu`jnhþi nci `j ncluihmjm, c ``bvjr j njec nuj`bsquhbr ctrcs sbrvhnhcs mb jnubrmc nci `js ibnbshmjmbs mb `cs lhblercs mb `cs arupcs. arupcs. VMb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs, pêahij 77.\ @cs Hitbr-arupcs bstêi nclpubstcs pcr rbprbsbitjitbs mb `cs arupcs `cnj`bs mbitrc mb ui êrbj rbahcij`. B` hitbr-arupc sb pubmb rbuihr njmj lbs c njmj trbs lbsbs. B` prcpþshtc abibrj` bs nclehijr bsdubrzcs. Jàuics mb `cs arupcs `carji bstc lbmhjitb? :. 5. >. =. 2.

Nclehijr iubstrcs dcimcs pjrj pcmbr ``bajr j `cs jmhntcs sbxuj`bs mb ljibrj lês bdbnthvj. Cpbrjr nclhtès pjrj scùnhcijr prce`bljs y crajihzjr `cs bsdubrzcs mb j`njinb. [`jibjr bvbitcs `cnj`bs. Bstje`bnbr pc`ìthnjs `cnj`bs. Erhimjr ui dcrc bi mcimb `cs arupcs pubmji tbibr jnnbsc j `j sjehmurìj y bxpbrhbinhj bxpbrhbinhj nc`bnthvj mb lungcs arupcs. 4. Bstje`bnbr ncitjntc nci ctrcs arupcs pjrj nrbjr ui sbithmc mb ncluihmjm. 1. Hitbrnjlehjr hidcrljnhþi mb `js ouitjs pjrj prcpcrnhcijr lês cpnhcibs mb rbnupbrjnhþi. 7. Nclbitjr y mhstrheuhr hidcrljnhþi jnbrnj mb jsuitcs qub ncinhbribi j tcmj `j ncidrjtbrihmjm. [jrj qub ui hitbr-arupc sbj bdbnthvc, `js ouitjs ibnbshtji rbuihrsb bi ui ùajr y thblpc dhoc. @cs arupcs jpcyjrêi ui hitbr-arupc sh bxhstb ncistjinhj. B` sbrvhmcr mb ncidhjizj qub sb b`hab pjrj b` hitbr-arupc jerb `j ouitj nci `j crjnhþi mb `j sbrbihmjm. @cs rbprbsbitjitbs sb prbsbitji j sì lhslcs y mji `j ehbivbihmj j `cs rbprbsbitjitbs y arupcs iubvcs. ^b mj b` rbpcrtb mb` tbscrbrc y shaub `j ^èpthlj ]rjmhnhþi. [cr `c abibrj` sb mj ui thblpc pjrj jvhscs scerb `cs bvbitcs c `js ibnbshmjmbs. Mbspuès, sb nclbitji y sb mj b` rbpcrtb scerb `cs jsuitcs vhbocs y iubvcs. @cs hitbr-arupcs mbnhmbi j què ihvb` mb crmbi cpbrjr6 jàuics usji `cs prhinh phcs abibrj`bs mb `js ‐Uba`js mb Ucebrtc,“ y ctrcs usji ui lètcmc jui lbics dcrlj`. Jàuics hitbr-arupcs sbpjrji ui thblpc pjrj nclbitjr uij c lês mb `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs.


Ubprbsbitjnhþi Ubprbsbitjnhþi bi Hitbr-arupcs @cs rbquhshtcs rbnclbimjmcs pjrj ui rbprbsbitjitb mb Hitbr-arupcs sci `cs shauhbitbs? :. 5. >. =.

Nujimc lbics ui júc mb bxpbrhbinhj bi b` prcarjlj. Nujimc lbics sbhs lbsbs mb scerhbmjm sbxuj`. Bxpbrhbinhj bi trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc j` ihvb` `cnj`. Jpcyc mb su arupc mb ejsb „ ncidhrljimc su nrbbinhj mb qub `j pbrscij thbib `j sbrbihmjm y `j sjehmurìj bi b` prcarjlj pjrj prbstjr sbrvhnhc j` ihvb` Hitbr-arupj`.

@js duinhcibs rbnclbimjmjs mb ui rbprbsbitjitb mb hitbr-arupcs sci `js shauhbitbs? :. @j absthþi nclc rbprbsbitjitb mb Hitbr-arupcs pcr `c abibrj` rbquhbrb ui nclprclhsc lìihlc mb ui júc. (Mbspuès mb mcs júcs prceje`blbitb sbj gcrj mb pjsêrsb`c j ctrc lhblerc pjrj qub lês abitb tbiaj `j bxpbrhbinhj). bxp brhbinhj). 5. ^b rbnclhbimj qub b` rbprbsbitjitb bstè prbsbitb bi njmj ouitj c qub sb bivìb ui susthtutc sh b` rbprbsbitjitb icrlj` ic pubmb jshsthr j uij ouitj bi bspbnhj`. >. ^b rbnclhbimj qub b` rbprbsbitjitb tclb jpuitbs bi `j ouitj y qub nclpjrtj bsj hidcrljnhþi nci b` arupc. =. B` rbprbsbitjitb bs b` rbspcisje`b mb hidcrljr j` hitbr-arupc jnbrnj mb nþlc sb shbitb su arupc scerb tbljs mb jntuj`hmjm. 2. ^b `b suahbrb suahbrb j` rbprbsbitjitb mb Hitbr-arupcs qub ``bvb `cs prce`bljs mb` arupc j` hitbrarupc, pjrj tbibr jnnbsc j `j sjehmurìj y bxpbrhbinhj mb uij ncluihmjm bi rbnupbrjnhþi lês jlp`hj. 4. ^b `b suahbrb suahbrb j njmj rbprbsbitjitb mb ui Hitbr-arupc qub pjrthnhpb bi `cs nclhtès qub duinhciji mbitrc mb `cs hitbr-arupcs. 1. ^b rbnclhbimj qub b` rbprbsbitjitb ncisbrvb ncphjs mb `js lhiutjs mb` Hitbr-arupc. Nujimc ui rbprbsbitjitb tbrlhib su absthþi y uic iubvc bstè `hstc pjrj hihnhjr, sb rbnclhbimj qub tjitc b` rbprbsbitjitb jithauc nclc b` iubvc jshstji j `js ouitjs mb` Hitbr-arupc. B` rbprbsbitjitb iubvc pubmb sbr prbsbitjmc j `cs ctrcs lhblercs y ncicnbr `j dcrlj bi qub duinhcij b` Hitbrarupc. ]cmjs `js lhiutjs mb `js ouitjs jitbrhcrbs y uij ncphj mb bstcs `hibjlhbitcs sb `b pjsji j` rbprbsbitjitb iubvc nclc ljtbrhj` mb ncisu`tj y pjrj sj`vjaujrmjr.

@`bvjimc j Njec `cs Jsuitcs mb` Arupc @cs arupcs mb J^J vbi qub mbebi tbibr ouitjs mb ljibrj rbau`jr pjrj trjtjr jsuitcs y tcljr `js mbnhshcibs qub ljithbibi duinhcijimc j` arupc, sjic y nci pcsheh`hmjm mb ``bvjr su lbisjob j ctrcs jmhntcs sbxuj`bs. [cr boblp`c, `cs arupcs mbnhmbi `js gcrjs y ùajrbs mb rbuihþi mb `cs arupcs, b` dcrljtc mb `cs arupcs, `cs prcnbmhlhbitcs pjrj mjr`b `j ehbivbihmj j `cs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc, y què y nuêitj `htbrjturj tbibr j `j ljic. Jmblês, `cs arupcs mbnhmbi nþlc y gjstj mþimb hitbarjrêi sus jnthvhmjmbs nci `j drjtbrihmjm bi sì. Bstjs mbnhshcibs mb `caìsthnj `js tclj `j ncinhbinhj b` arupc. ‐Jmgbrhrics j iubstrc prcpþshtc prhlcrmhj` rbquhbrb mb lungjs rbspcisjeh`hmjmbs. Ics jsbaurjlcs qub `j `htbrjturj `htbrjturj mb J^J y b` nj`bimjrhc mb `js ouitjs bstèi mhspcihe`bs. [rcnurjlcs tbibr ui jlehbitb mb rbnupbrjnhþi mbitrc mb iubstrcs arupcs, uth`hzjimc dcrljtcs bstje`bnhmcs y prctcnc`c

Auìj mb arupc? Rij auìj pjrj `cs arupcs mb J^J bi `js ouitjs, blpbzjimc y tbrlhijimc j thblpc, y shbimc rbspbtucscs j` nclpjrthr y bsnungjr. Nujimc tbiblcs ouitjs mb ibacnhcs, c ics rbuihlcs pjrj nclbitjr b` sbrvhnhc, eusnjlcs iubvjs dcrljs mb gjnbr jnnbshe`b iubstrc lbisjob y qub iubstrjs ouitjs sbji sbaurjs y jncabmcrjs.“ VMb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs, pjahij 87\

]bljs drbnubitbs bi `js ouitjs pjrj trjtjr jsuitcs Ubpcrtbs y sc`hnhtumbs mb Hitbr-arupcs Ubpcrtbs y sc`hnhtumbs mb `j Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhcs @`jljmjs mb` Mènhlcprhlbr [jsc Nþlc jpuitjrsb pjrj prbsbitjnhcibs mb pjscs c mb tbljs @cs bsdubrzcs mb j`njinb ]bscrbrìj mb` arupc „ sj`mc b hmbjs pjrj su usc

Gcrjrhc mb `js ouitjs mb ibacnhcs Rij mb `js prhlbrjs mbnhshcibs qub `cs arupcs thbibi qub tcljr bs nci què drbnubinhj y prbnhsjlbitb bi mþimb tcljrêi `js mbnhshcibs mb `cs jsuitcs j trjtjr. trjtjr. Jàuics arupcs ``bvji j njec `cs jsuitcs j trjtjr murjitb ui pbrìcmc mb thblpc (j lbiumc :; „ :2 lhiutcs) mbsthijmc bi njmj ouitj. Bstcs arupcs nci drbnubinhj sb mji nubitj qub ibnbshtji mbsthijr pbrìcmcs lês `jracs pjrj jàuics tbljs qub rbquhbrbi nclbitjrhcs lês jlp`hcs pjrj pcmbr ``bajr j `j ncinhbinhj mb` arupc. Bstc sb pubmb gjnbr nujimc suroj `j ibnbshmjm c bi p`jzcs mbtbrlhijmcs. Ctrcs arupcs sc`jlbitb pbrlhtbi jiuinhcs erbvbs murjitb `js ouitjs icrlj`bs, y mbsthiji ui pbrìcmc mhsthitc pjrj `cs jsuitcs j trjtjr. Bstcs arupcs pubmbi pjsjr uij gcoj pjrj qub sb jpuitbi `cs lhblercs himhvhmuj`bs, pcr boblp`c, murjitb `j nc`bntj mb `j ^èpthlj ]rjmhnhþi, `cs jsuitcs qub quhbrbi nclbitjr bi `j shauhbitb shauhbitb ouitj pjrj trjtjr jsuitcs. ^b mbebi tbibr ouitjs ouitjs pjrj trjtjr jsuitcs mb ljibrj rbau`jr pjrj jsbaurjr j `cs lhblercs qub `cs jsuitcs j trjtjr sb bsnungjrêi mb ljibrj cpcrtuij. [cr boblp`c, `js ouitjs pjrj trjtjr jsuitcs pubmbi sbr lbisuj`bs, pcr mbnhr mbspuès mb `j prhlbrj ouitj mb` lbs, c uij gcrj jitbs mb` hihnhc mb `j ouitj oui tj icrlj` bi `j ÿ`thlj ouitj mb` lbs.


B` [jpb` mb` ]bscrbrc mb ui Arupc mb J^J @j ^èpthlj ]rjmhnhþi ics mhnb qub ui arupc mb J^J mbeb sbr jutcsudhnhbitb, mbn`hijimc rbnhehr ncitrheunhcibs bxtbrijs. Bstjs ncitrheunhcibs pcr `c abibrj` sci pbqubúcs mcijthvcs bi bdbnthvc ctcrajmcs pcr `cs lhblercs mb` arupc. @cs dcimcs cetbihmcs mb bstcs mcijthvcs sci ibnbsjrhcs pjrj `js nubsthcibs rb`jnhcijmjs j` arupc, nclc `j nclprj mb `htbrjturj mb J^J, b` pjac mb `j rbitj mb` `cnj` pjrj `js ouitjs, `j nclprj mb rbdrhabrhcs pjrj `j ouitj c pjrj jpcyjr `js jnthvhmjmbs mb `j ncidrjtbrihmjm. Ctrc usc hlpcrtjitb mb `cs dcimcs bs jpcyjr j `cs hitbr-arupcs `cnj`bs c rbahcij`bs y jpcyjr j `j H^C. H^C. ^b rbquhbrb mbshaijr j ui lhblerc mb` arupc nclc tbscrbrc pjrj qub ``bvb ``bvb `js nubitjs mb `cs dcimcs qub bitrji y `cs ajstcs qub sj`bi.

Nþlc sb`bnnhcijr j` ]bscrbrc mb` Arupc B` pubstc mb tbscrbrc mb` arupc bs uic mb `cs lês hlpcrtjitbs. [cr `c tjitc, sb mbtj``ji jàuics mb `cs nrhtbrhcs rbnclbimjmcs pjrj jyumjr bi `j sb`bnnhþi mb ui lhblerc mb` arupc pjrj qub cnupb bstb pjpb` mb dhb` sbrvhmcr? •

•

•

•

Juiqub ic sb rbquhbrb qub bxhstj ui pbrìcmc mb jesthibinhj prclbmhc, sbrìj prumbitb nujimc lbics ui pbrìcmc mb trbs j sbhs lbsbs. B` njimhmjtc mbeb gjebr jshsthmc j `js ouitjs mb ljibrj rbau`jr nujimc lbics murjitb sbhs lbsbs. B` njimhmjtc j ]bscrbrc mbeb tbibr jàc mb ncicnhlhbitc jnbrnj mb `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs mb J^J, bspbnhj`lbitb `js ]rjmhnhcibs ^bhs, ^hbtb y Mcnb. B` njimhmjtc mbeb sbr mhaic mb ncidhjizj, ncidhje`b, y tbibr `j gjeh`hmjm pjrj ljibojr `js dhijizjs mb` arupc.

Duinhcibs mb` ]bscrbrc mb` Arupc @js duinhcibs mb` tbscrbrc mb` arupc pcr `c abibrj` hinùybi, pbrc ic sb `hlhtji, j `js shauhbitbs? •

•

•

•

•

Jsbaurjrsb qub sb vjnìb `j acrrj mb` arupc j` dhij` mb njmj ouitj, sb nubitb b` mhibrc y sb rbahstrb bi `j ehtêncrj. ^h b` tbscrbrc ic pubmb bstjr prbsbitb, bitcinbs sb mbeb sb`bnnhcijr j ctrc sbrvhmcr mb ncidhjizj nclc ‐jshstbitb“ pjrj rbncabr b` mhibrc y aujrmjr`c bi ui ùajr sbaurc gjstj qub `c pubmj rbnhehr b` tbscrbrc. Bstje`bnbr y ljitbibr uij nubitj mb ngbqubs pjrj qub `cs dcimcs mb` arupc bstèi sbaurcs. Nujimc lbics ui sbrvhmcr mb ncidhjizj lês (juiqub j lbiumc sci lês) mbebi tbibr dhrljs jmhnhcij`bs bi `cs ngbqubs y mbebi jyumjr`b j` tbscrbrc pjrj jerhr `j nubitj. Ncisu`tb Ubnurscs pjrj ]bscrbrcs j ncithiujnhþi. ncithiujnhþi. Bi hitbrvj`cs rbau`jrbs, sc`hnhtjr qub b` arupc gjaj uij nc`bntj bspbnhj` mhsthitj j `j ‐acrrj“ icrlj` pjrj pbrlhthr rbnjumjr dcimcs pjrj jpcyjr jsuitcs nclc ui mcijthvc lbisuj` mb` arupc j Nclpjúbr Nclp júbrcs cs qub ]hbimbi `j Ljic (@hdb`hib (@h db`hib [jr [jrtibrs), tibrs), mcijthvcs j` hitbr-arupc `cnj` c j `j H^C c pjrj sbpjrjr mhibrc pjrj jnthvhmjmbs bspbnhj`bs mb `j ncidrjtbrihmjm. Nclprjr `j `htbrjturj mb J^J ncidcrlb sb ibnbshtb c iclerjr j ctrc sbrvhmcr mb ncidhjizj mb` arupc pjrj qub nclprb `j `htbrjturj usjimc uij pjrtb mb `cs dcimcs mb` arupc. B` tbscrbrc mbebrê rbpcrtjr j` arupc bi pbrìcmcs rbau`jrbs b` sj`mc mb `j nubitj mb ngbqubs, uij mbsnrhpnhþi mb `cs ajstcs ncrrhbitbs y su njithmjm, y mb sbr pcshe`b, `c qub bstêi mjimc bi mcijthvcs jntuj`lbitb. ^b pubmb tbibr uij ncphj hlprbsj mb `j ehtêncrj mb` arupc c mb`


•

bstjmc mb nubitj mb` ejinc pjrj qub `c rbvhsb b` arupc. Nci jyumj mb` arupc b` tbscrbrc mbeb gjnbr y joustjrsb j ui prbsupubstc. Bstb prbsupubstc sb pubmb gjnbr pjrj lcstrjr nþlc sb mbebi mhstrheuhr `cs ajstcs bi ui pbrìcmc mb thblpc mbtbrlhijmc tj` nclc ui lbs y mbeb mbojr uij njithmjm mb ‐rbsbrvj prumbitb.“ Ncisu`tb binubitrj j ncithiujnhþi. ncithiujnhþi. Ubnurscs pjrj ]bscrbrcs qub sb binubitrj

[brìcmc mb` ]bscrbrc mb` Arupc Ic bxhstb ui pbrìcmc dhoc pjrj b` tbscrbrc mb` m b` arupc mb J^J. Rij suabrbinhj sbrìj qub `cs lhbl ercs mb` arupc ``bajrji j ui jnubrmc scerb s cerb `c qub sbrìj ui pbrìcmc jnbptje`b pjrj sbr tbscrbrc. [cr `c abibrj` mcs júcs sb ncishmbrjrìji nclc b` pbrìcmc lêxhlc, juiqub pjrj arupcs lês pbqubúcs pcmrìji sbr djnthe`bs pbrìcmcs lês `jracs. `jr acs.

Ubnurscs pjrj `cs ]bscrbrcs mb` Arupc J)

Jerhr uij Nubitj mb Ngbqubs/Cetbibr ui Iÿlbrc mb Hmbithdhnjnhþi mb Hlpubstcs ^brê ibnbsjrhc cetbibr bstb iÿlbrc pubstc qub `j ljycrìj mb `cs ejincs rbquhbrbi qub ui arupc shi dhibs mb ùnrc nubitb nci ui Iÿlbrc mb Hmbithdhnjnhþi mb Hlpubstcs jitbs mb jerhr`bs uij nubitj. Lungcs mb `cs ejincs thbibi mhspcihe`bs b` dcrljtc pjrj sc`hnhtjr bstb iÿlbrc. ]jlehèi sb pubmb cetbibr uij ncphj mb` dcrljtc ^^-= bi `j pêahij wbe mb` HU^ bi www.hrs.acv. B` arupc tjlehèi pubmb sc`hnhtjr nclc cpnhþi prbsbitjr su rbahstrc nclc `h erb mb hlpubstc jitb b` HU^. Ncisu`tb b` dc``btc mb HU^ 221 ‐]jx Bxblpt ^tjtus dcr Xcur Crajihzjthci“ pjrj cetbibr ljycr hidcrljnhþi scerb bstb tblj. Mbspuès, b` tbscrbrc y mcs c lês sbrvhmcrbs mb ncidhjizj mb` arupc jerbi `j nubitj mb ejinc. [cr `c abibrj` sb usj b` Iÿlbrc mb ^baurc ^cnhj` mb` tbscrbrc pjrj jerhr `j nubitj mb ejinc, juiqub pcr `c abibrj` sb ibnbshtjrê i bnbshtjrê `j shauhbitb hidcrljnhþi pjrj ]CMC^ `cs lhbl ercs mb` arupc qub ibnbshtbi tbibr jnnbsc j nnbsc j `j nubitj? Iclerb Nclp`btc, Iÿlbrc mb ^baurc ^cnhj`, Mhrbnnhþi y Dbngj mb Ijnhlhbitc. B` tbscrbrc pubmb usjr b` bstjmc mb nubitj lbisuj` pjrj hidcrljr mb` sj`mc mb` arupc y `cs ajstcs j` lhslc arupc c j ui hitbr-arupc, ncidcrlb sbj ibnbsjrhc.

E)

Gjnbr/Joustjrsb j ui [rbsupubstc B` arupc mbeb jpcyjr j` tbscrbrc j gjnbr b` prbsupubstc y joustjrsb j bsb prbsupubstc. Nuêitcs ruercs thbib b` prbsupubstc pjrj ajstcs mbpbimbrê mb` tjljúc mb` arupc y `c qub bstêi mjimc bi mcijthvcs jntuj`lbitb. [cr boblp`c, bi ui arupc pbqubúc mb 2-1 pbrscijs nci ui mcijthvc prclbmhc mb $5.;; pcr lhblerc, b` arupc rbnjumjrê nbrnj mb $2;.;; pcr lbs. B` arupc pubmb gjnbr ui p`ji mb jpcyc ejsjmc bi su hiarbsc icrlj` pcr mcijthvcs. @j ljycrìj mb `cs p`jibs mb jpcyc bnciþlhnc ncitjrê mb `c shauhbitb? Nuerhr `cs ajstcs mb` arupc, rbitj, hlprbshcibs, b` jpjrtjmc pcstj`, `j ehe`hctbnj mb `htbrjturj, ebnjs pjrj ncivbinhcibs, y uij ‐rbsbrvj prumbitb“ pjrj blbrabinhjs c pjrj nuerhr `cs lbsbs mb` júc bi mcimb mhslhiuybi `cs mcijthvcs c `j `j jshstbinhj. @cs dcimcs rbstjitbs pubmbi mbsthijrsb j `cs mcijthvcs j` hitbr-arupc (mb bxhsthr), Nclpjúbrcs qub ]hbimbi `j Ljic, ui nclhtè rbahcij` y j `j H^C nclc shaub?

Auìj mb arupc? Rij auìj pjrj `cs arupcs mb J^J 2;% hitbr-arupc `cnj` :;% nclhtè rbahcij` :;% mcijthvc mb arupc j Nclpjúbrcs qub ]hbimbi `j Ljic (@hdb@hib [jrtibrs) >;% Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhc c =;% hitbr-arupc `cnj` :;% nclhtè rbahcij` :;% mcijthvc mb arupc j Nclpjúbrcs qub ]hbimbi `j Ljic (@hdb@hib [jrtibrs) =;% Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhc c >;% hitbr-arupc `cnj` :;% nclhtè rbahcij` :;% mcijthvc mb arupc j Nclpjúbrcs qub ]hbimbi `j Ljic (@hdb@hib [jrtibrs) 2;% Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhc c Mbsthib njithmjmbs dhojs pjrj ui mcijthvc lbisuj` j` hitbr-arupc `cnj`, Nclpjúbr Ncl pjúbrcs cs qub ]hbimbi `j Ljic y pjrj pjr j b` nclhtè nclhtè rbahcij`, y gjaj uij nc`bntj mb arjthtum arj thtum mhsthitj mhsthitj pjrj pj rj `j Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhc.

Ubnubrmb, û mcijthvc mcijthvc mbeb sbr sbr pcr arjthtum. Ic mbob mb mb gjnbr`c gjstj gjstj qub sb shbitj shbitj EHBI. EHBI.

J ncithiujnhþi sb lubstrj ui boblp`c mb ui prbsupubstc.

[rbsupubstc mb Arupc pjrj b` Arupc mb ^bimbrc j `j ^brbihmjm mb LhNhumjm, LhBstjmc Jprcejmc pcr `j ncisnhbinhj mb arupc b` 2 mb ouihc mb` 5;;4 [rbpjrjmc pcr Ocgi M „ ]bscrbrc mb ^bimbrc j `j ^brbihmjm Uuerc Ubitj lbisuj` mb` `cnj` @htbrjturj Dcimc pjrj Ebnjs pjrj Ncivbinhcibs Dcimc pjrj b` Njdè, [hnihn Dcimc mb Ubsbrvj [rumbitb Dcimcs rbstjitbs sb mhstrheuhrêi nclc shaub? J` Hitbr-arupc mb LhUbahþi @j H^C mb J^J

Njithmjm [`jibjmj $52.;; $:2.;; $:;.;; $:;.;; $>2.;; (2;% mb `j njithmjm rbstjitb) (2;% mb `j njithmjm rbstjitb)


N)

Mcijthvcs pjrj b` qub prcpcrnhcij b` `cnj` ]cmcs `cs arupcs mbebi pjajr`b rbitj j `j pbrscij qub prcpcrnhcij b` `cnj`. Bi jàuics njscs j` arupc sb `b ncerjrê uij nuctj dhoj c sb `b sc`hnhtjrê ui pcrnbitjob mb `cs mcijthvcs qub rbnjumb bi `j ouitj. Jui sh `j pbrscij qub prcpcrnhcij b` `cnj` ic rbquhbrb b` pjac mb rbitj c ui mcijthvc, b` arupc mbeb mjr`b ui mcijthvc. B` arupc mbeb nj`nu`jr uij rbitj rjzcije`b pjrj b` `cnj` y bitrbaêrsb`c j` mubúc nclc ui mcijthvc.

M)

Nþlc Crmbijr @htbrjturj/Gjnbr Mcijthvcs B` tbscrbrc u ctrc ‐jshstbitb“ mbshaijmc pubmbi crmbijr `j `htbrjturj mb J^J pjrj jejstbnbr `j ehe`hctbnj mb` arupc. arupc. ^b pubmb crmbijr `j `htbrjturj `htbrjturj mb J^J bi `ìibj `ìibj jwww.J^Jj www.J^Jrbncvbry.cra c rbncvbry.cra c sc`hnhtjimc ui njtê`cac mb `htbrjturj mb? H^C mb J^J [.C. Ecx 1;8=8 Gcustci, ]bxjs 1151; C pubmb sc`hnhtjr ui dcrljtc ``jljimc j`? :-(7;;)-=11-7:8: c j` :-(1:>)-748-=8;5. ^b pubmbi gjnbr `cs mcijthvcs j `j H^C bi `j mhrbnnhþi mb pêahij wbe y mb ncrrbc jitbrhcrbs. J lbiumc sb bivìji nci `js þrmbibs mb `htbrjturj mb `j H^C `cs dcrljtcs bstêimjrbs pjrj rbj`hzjr mcijthvcs, pbrc tjlehèi sb pubmbi sc`hnhtjr bi `js mhrbnnhcibs jitbrhcrbs.

Nclpjúbrcs qub ]hbimbi `j Ljic B` prcarjlj mb Nclpjúbrcs qub ]hbimbi `j Ljic bs uij ljibrj bspbnhj` bi `j nuj` `cs lhblercs himhvhmuj`bs y `cs arupcs pubmbi nclprclbtbrsb j gjnbr mcijthvcs mb ljibrj lbisuj` pjrj jpcyjr j `j Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhc y su `jecr. Mbsmb :882 `cs Nclpjúbrcs qub ]hbimbi `j Ljic gji erhimjmc uij sþ`hmj nhlbitjnhþi mb `j nuj` pubmb mbpbimbr `j ncidrjtbrihmjm, ic sþ`c pjrj nulp`hr nci sus ce`hajnhcibs bnciþlhnjs mhjrhjs, m hjrhjs, shic pjrj ejsjr su p`jibjnhþi. p`jibj nhþi. @cs rbaj`cs pjrj Nclpjúbrcs qub ]hbimbi `j Ljic sb pubmbi gjnbr pcr ncrrbc, pcr `j pêahij wbe mb `j H^C, c pcr tjrobtj mb mèehtc c nrèmhtc nrèmhtc bi uij dbngj bspbnìdhnj njmj lbs. [jrj gjnbr su mcijthvc, sþ`c pþiajsb bi ncitjntc nci `j Cdhnhij mb `j H^C y sc`hnhtb uij tjrobtj mb hisnrhpnhþi.


Ubnurscs pjrj `js Ouitjs


@htbrjturj bi `js Ouitjs @j ljycrìj mb `cs arupcs mb J^J mbnhmbi tbibr mhspcihe`b uij njithmjm mb `htbrjturj pjrj `cs lhblercs y `cs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc qub eusnji ui jpcyc jmhnhcij` bi su rbnupbrjnhþi. Bstb ljtbrhj` mbeb ncisbrvjrsb bi ui shthc sbaurc. [jrj `j ljycrìj mb `cs arupcs bs ÿth` usjr ui jrljrhc nbrrjmc, njoþi, c ui jrnghvbrc pcrtêth`. @cs arupcs mbnhmbi j trjvès mb `j ncinhbinhj mb` arupc sh `j `htbrjturj nclprjmj nci `cs dcimcs mb` arupc sb rbaj`j, sb vbimb j` ncstc, c sb vbimb nci uij pbqubúj ajijinhj pjrj jyumjr j rbnjumjr dcimcs pjrj `j tbscrbrìj mb` arupc. Jmblês, j lbiumc `cs arupcs nubitji nci uij ehe`hctbnj mb ljtbrhj`bs pjrj `j rbnupbrjnhþi, qub pubmb hinùhr arjejnhcibs mb `js ncivbinhcibs mb J^J jitbrhcrbs. B` Ubprbsbitjitb mb @htbrjturj mb` arupc ljithbib `j mctjnhþi mb `htbrjturj, gjnb hivbitjrhcs mb ljibrj rbau`jr, y crmbij `j `htbrjturj pjrj rbblp`jzc nujimc sbj ibnbsjrhc. Nci drbnubinhj b` Ubprbsbitjitb mb @htbrjturj nc`cnj `j mctjnhþi mb` arupc mb `htbrjturj pjrj `j rbnupbrjnhþi bi uij lbsj y `j aujrmj j` dhij` mb `j ouitj c mb `j sbshþi mb nclpjúbrhslc. B` Ubprbsbitjitb mb @htbrjturj bs b` rbspcisje`b mb crmbijr uij lubstrj mb `j `htbrjturj rbnhèi jprcejmj ncidcrlb bstê mhspcihe`b y mb gjnbr nhrnu`jr `j lubstrj mbitrc mb` arupc. @cs arupcs mbnhmbi j trjvès mb `j bxpbrhbinhj y mb `j ncisnhbinhj mb arupc què `htbrjturj mbsbji tbibr mhspcihe`b j `j ljic. J ncithiujnhþi sb lubstrji jàuics mb `cs nrhtbrhcs qub gji duinhcijmc pjrj ctrcs arupcs.

@htbrjturj eêshnj ]cmcs `cs arupcs mbebi tbibr mhspcihe`b uij ncphj mb ^bx c J mhntcs mhntcs J iþihlcs iþihlcs, b` tbxtc eêshnc mb njmj ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J, y uij ncphj mb `j Auìj mb Arupc mb J^J. @j ljycrìj mb `cs arupcs tjlehèi thbibi mhspcihe`bs ncphjs mb `j `hstj mb tb`èdcics jntuj`hzjmj mb `cs lhblercs y mb `js ouitjs mb J^J bi b` êrbj. Njmj arupc rbahstrjmc bi J^J pubmb sc`hnhtjr qub sb `bs bivìb pcr ncrrbc b` ec`btìi mb J^J.

[jqubtbs mb `cs mb Lhblercs mb Ubnhbitb Hiarbsc @j ljycrìj mb `cs arupcs `bs mj j `cs lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc j` prcarjlj ui pjqubtb mb hidcrljnhþi jnbrnj mb` prcarjlj y su ouitj bi pjrthnu`jr. @cs pjqubtbs j lbiumc ncishstbi mb ui scerb ljih`j mb 2 x 7 qub sb prbpjrj nci jitbrhcrhmjm. Nuêitcs pjqubtbs prbpjrjmcs mbeb tbibr mhs pcihe`bs mbpbimb mb `j ncisnhbinhj mb` arupc arup c y sb mbtbrlhij pcr b` iÿlbrc mb lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc qub icrlj`lbitb rbnheb b` arupc y nci què drbnubinhj mbsbj b` arupc nclprjr `htbrjturj. Jàuics arupcs `bs mji b` pjqubtb j tcmcs `cs lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc bi su prhlbrj ouitj6 ctrcs bspbrji gjstj qub gjyj jshsthmc j vjrhjs ouitjs pjrj bvhtjr jeruljr j` lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc. B` pjqubtb pjrj b` lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc pcr `c abibrj` hinùyb vjrhcs dc``btcs bstêimjrbs (bi hia`ès c bspjúc`, sbaÿi ncrrbspcimj). Nujimc b` lhblerc bs luobr, pcr `c abibrj` sb jarbaj b` dc``btc ‐Rij Ehbivbihmj Bspbnhj` pjrj `j Luobr mb Ubnhbitb Hiarbsc.“ Lungcs mb `cs arupcs `bs mji j `cs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc uij `hstj jntuj`hzjmj mb `cs tb`èdcics mb sus lhblercs6 ctrcs bspbrji gjstj qub gjyj jshsthmc j vjrhjs ouitjs. Bi bstcs njscs sb `bs jvhsj j `cs arupcs qub sb jsbaurbi qub b`

Auìj mb arupc? Rij auìj pjrj `cs arupcs mb J^J lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc nubitb nci nujimc lbics uic c mcs tb`èdcics mb `cs lhblercs mb` arupc. J ncithiujnhþi sb lubstrj uij `hstj mb` ncitbihmc tìphnc mb ui pjqubtb pjrj lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc? @hstj mb ]b`èdcics Jntuj`hzjmj (cpnhcij`) @hstj mb Ouitjs @cnj`bs (cpnhcij`) Lbmj``þi mb Ri Mìj (p`êsthnc) @cs ]rbs Nìrnu`cs (dc``btc) ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs (dc``btc) Jesthibinhj y Drcitbrjs (dc``btc) @j Eureuoj (dc``btc) @j H^C mb J^J tjlehèi cdrbnb ui ‐pjqubtb mb hihnhjnhþi“ pjrj `js ouitjs iubvjs qub ncithbib `c shauhbitb? Dc``btc mb @j Eureuoj Dc``btc mb @cs ]rbs Nìrnu`cs Dc``btc mb ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs Dc``btc mb ^cerhbmjm ^bxuj` y b` Hitbribt Dc``btc mb @j Jesthibinhj Dc``btc mb `j Luobr mb Ubnhbitb Hiarbsc Auìj mb Arupc Dc``btc [rhlbr [jsc j `j Ubnupbrjnhþi Dc``btc Jesthibinhj y @ìlhtbs bi J^J Dc``btc Hihnhêimcsb bi J^J Dc``btc Gbrrjlhbitjs pjrj `j Ubnupbrjnhþi

= ncphjs = ncphjs = ncphjs = ncphjs = ncphjs = ncphjs : ncphjs 5 ncphj : ncphj 5 ncphjs : ncphj


Auìj pjrj `js Crjnhcibs J lbiumc sb mhnbi lungjs crjnhcibs bi `js ouitjs mb J^J nclc pjrtb mb` dcrljtc mb `js ouitjs. Bstjs crjnhcibs pubmbi hinùhr, shi `hlhtjrsb, j `js shauhbitbs?

Crjnhþi mb `j ^brbihmjm Crjnhcibs mb `cs [jscs (Crjnhcibs mb `cs [jscs >¿, 1¿, y ::¿.) Crjnhþi mb `j Rihmjm Ncisu`tb b` dc``btc mb `js ‐Gbrrjlhbitjs pjrj `j Ubnupbrjnhþi“ pjrj vbr boblp`cs mb `js crjnhcibs. Jmblês, jàuics arupcs jarbaji ‐`bljs“ j` dhij` mb `j crjnhþi dhij`. Jàuics boblp`cs sci?

‐Gêajsb tu vcùitjm bi iubstrjs vhmjs. [jz“ ‐Duinhcij sh `c ``bvjs j njec, pcrqub tÿ `c vj`bs.“ ‐^haub rbarbsjimc. Duinhcij y tÿ `c vj`bs.“ ‐^haub rbarbsjimc. Duinhcij sh tÿ `c ``bvjs j njec.“ ^hauhbimc `js trjmhnhcibs, `cs arupcs mb J^J ic mbebi rbspj`mjr njusjs c histhtunhcibs bxtbrijs, hinùybimc rb`hahcibs bspbnìdhnjs. @cs lhblercs mb` arupc mbebi sbr sbishe`bs j `cs sbithlhbitcs mb `cs ctrcs lhblercs scerb crjnhcibs bxtbrijs qub sci mb jàuij rb`hahþi, njusj c histhtunhþi bi pjrthnu`jr. Nujimc gjaj uij crjnhþi bi uij ouitj, `j pbrscij qub `j mhnb pcmrìj mbnhr jitbs ji tbs ‐Jqub``cs qub mbsbbi uihrsb j iubstrj crjnhþi `c pubmbi gjnbr“. @cs lhblercs qub ic mbsbbi pjrthnhpjr mbebi sbithrsb nci `j `hebrtjm mb jestbibrsb.


Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhc ^ brvhnhc @j Ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J y `j H^C mb J^J, Hin. @j ljycrìj mb `cs lhblercs mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc sb pjsji `cs prhlbrcs lbsbs bi J^J ncinbitrjmcs njsh bxnùshvjlbitb bi su rbnupbrjnhþi pbrscij`. Jsì bs nclc nclc mbeb sbr. ^hi blejrac, jui bi bstj btjpj hihnhj`, bs prceje`b qub b` lhblerc mb rbnhbitb hiarbsc bsnungb c vbj jiuinhcs scerb `j H^C. Bi jàÿi lclbitc pubmb ncicnbr qub H^C shaihdhnj Hitbrijthcij` ^brvhnb Crajihzjthci cd J^J, Hin. (Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhc), y qub bs `j crajihzjnhþi mb sbrvhnhc mb `j ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J. [brc, ³què shaihdhnj3 ^brìj ÿth` bitbimbr prhlbrc `j rb`jnhþi bitrb `j H^C y `j ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J. Ic sci `c lhslc. @j ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J bstê nclpubstj mb gclerbs y luobrbs qub shaubi `cs Mcnb [jscs y `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs mb J^J nclc uij dcrlj mb rbnupbrjrsb mb su ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj. Bstcs gclerbs y luobrbs sb jpcyji lutujlbitb y rbnhebi jpcyc jshsthbimc j `js ouitjs mb J^J, tjlehèi ``jljmcs nclc arupcs. Njmj uic mb bstcs arupcs arupcs bs jutþiclc, j bxnbpnhþi bi jqub``c jqub``c qub jdbntj j ctrjs ouitjs c j J^J, ncishmbrjmc nclc ui tcmc. @cs arupcs y `j ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J ic sci bithmjmbs `baj`bs. Jmblês, pubstc qub mhdhbrbi bi nclpcshnhþi, tjljúc, y uehnjnhþi, bs bs mhdình` pjrj b``cs nccrmhijr jnthvhmjmbs pjrj tcmj `j ncidrjtbrihmjm. [cr ctrj pjrtb, `j H^C bs uij bithmjm `baj`. Bs uij crajihzjnhþi shi dhibs mb ùnrc dcrljmj ejoc b` jlpjrc mb `j ^bnnhþi 2;: (n) (>) mb` Nþmhac mb` ^brvhnhc Hitbric mb Ubnjumjnhþi mb Hlpubstcs (HU^). [ubmb rbj`hzjr jsuitcs mb ibacnhcs j iclerb mb `j ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J, y nci b` jpcyc bnciþlhnc mb `cs lhblercs y arupcs mb J^J, pubmb erhimjr sbrvhnhcs y nccrmhijr jnthvhmjmbs pjrj `j ncidrjtbrihmjm.

@cs Lhblercs mb `j H^C mb J^J, Hin. ^h `j H^C mb J^J bs uij crajihzjnhþi `baj`, ³bitcinbs quhèibs sci sus lhblercs, c lês ehbi sus mubúcs3 ^b pubmb bitbimbr lbocr j `j crajihzjnhþi sh sb phbisj bi bi b``j nclc ui trhêiau`c trhêiau`c hivbrthmc. Bi `j puitj jingj mb bstb trhêiau`c sb binubitrji `cs arupcs mb J^J qub bstêi rbahstrjmcs jntuj`lbitb nci `j H^C. H^C. Bstc sb bstje`bnb bi `cs `cs bstjtutcs nclc shaub? ‐@cs lhblercs mb bstj crajihzjnhþi, tjlehèi ncicnhmcs nclc ‐mb`bajmcs j `j ncivbinhþi mb `j H^C“ c ‐mb`bajmcs j `j ncivbinhþi hitbrijnhcij`,“ ncishsthrêi mb uij pbrscij b`bahmj pcr njmj arupc lhblerc mb J^J nclc su mb`bajmc hitbrijnhcij` j `j ncivbinhþi. ‐J) Ri arupc mb J^J sb mbdhib nclc? mcs c lês jmhntcs qub sb ouitji mb dcrlj rbau`jr nci b` prcpþshtc mb rbnupbrjrsb mb su ncimuntj sbxuj` jmhnthvj y thbimbi `j ljic j ctrcs qub sudrbi mb uij jmhnnhþi sbxuj`, qub sci jutcsudhnhbitbs y ic thbibi ctrj jdh`hjnhþi bi nclÿi. ‐E) Ri arupc lhblerc mb J^J bs ui arupc mb J^J qub sb gj rbahstrjmc nci `j Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhc mb J^J, y shaub `cs :5 [jscs y `js :5 ]rjmhnhcibs mb J^J.“ (Jrtìnu`c HH, ^bnnhþi :)

Auìj mb arupc? Rij auìj pjrj `cs arupcs mb J^J Bitcinbs, `cs arupcs rbahstrjmcs sb binubitrji bi `j nhlj mb `j H^C H^C mb J^J, Hin. ^hi blejrac, mbehmc j qub ic bs prênthnc qub tcmcs `cs arupcs jutþiclcs rbahstrjmcs cpbrbi mb ljibrj bdhnhbitb `j crajihzjnhþi, njmj uic mb b``cs sb`bnnhcij j ui mb`bajmc pjrj qub `c rbprbsbitb pcr ui pbrìcmc mb ui júc. Bstcs mb`bajmcs, iubvjlbitb mb ncidcrlhmjm j `cs bstjtutcs, `b binjraji `js cpbrjnhcibs mhjrhjs mb `j crajihzjnhþi j ui Ncisboc Mhrbnthvc. ‐B` Ncisboc Mhrbnthvc Mhrbnthvc thbib thbib `j djnu`tjm abibrj` mb uij crajihzjnhþi shi dhibs mb ùnrc j` jlpjrc mb `cs Bstjtutcs mb Lhiibsctj >:1J, :4:, pbrc ic mbebrê sbr prcphbtjrhc mb ehbibs rjìnbs, hivbrthr c blhthr vj`crbs, jntujr nclc jmlhihstrjmcr mb` tbstjlbitc c dhmbhnclhsc tbstjlbitjrhc mb ihiauij pbrscij, ih trjtjr nci `cs `cs mcijthvcs j c b` hiarbsc mb J^J mb dcrlj bspbnu`jthvj jàuij.“ (Jrtìnu`c HT, ^bnnhþi =) Ncidcrlb gj nrbnhmc `j crajihzjnhþi bi iÿlbrc mb arupcs mb J^J rbahstrjmcs bi tcmc b` luimc, `cs lhblercs mb` Ncisboc Mhrbnthvc gji vhstc `j ibnbshmjm mb hivcnjr j su jutcrhmjm pjrj ncitrjtjr pbrscij` pjrj qub jntÿb j iclerb ic lerb mb b``cs pjrj ``bvjr j njec `cs jsuitcs mhjrhcs mb `j crajihzjnhþi. ‐B` Ncisboc Mhrbnthvc tbimrê `j djnu`tjm mb nrbjr nclhtès y ncisboc bspbnhj`bs mb sbrvhnhc pjrj trjtjr jsuitcs mb `j ncidrjtbrihmjm ncidrjtbrihm jm mb J^J, y tbimrê `j djnu`tjm mb blp`bjr pbrscijs qub ncimuznji `js cpbrjnhcibs mhjrhjs.“ (Jrtìnu`c HT, ^bnnhþi 7) Mbitrc mb `j ncidrjtbrihmjm mb J^J, sb `b ``jlj nc`bnthvjlbitb j` pbrscij` nclc `j ‐Cdhnhij mb `j H^C.“ Jmblês mb` Ncisboc Mhrbnthvc, `cs arupcs rbahstrjmcs j trjvès mb sus mb`bajmcs gji dcrljmc ui sbauimc arupc mb sbrvhmcrbs mb ncidhjizj qub shrvbi bi b` Nclhtè mb @htbrjturj. B` pjpb` mb` Nclhtè mb @htbrjturj bi `j crajihzjnhþi, sus `hlhtjnhcibs, y su rb`jnhþi nci `cs mb`bajmcs sb bxp`hnji bi `cs bstjtutcs nclc shaub? ‐B` Nclhtè mb @htbrjturj tbimrê `j jutcrhmjm mb supbrvhshþi scerb b` ncitbihmc mb tcmjs `js pue`hnjnhcibs mb `j H^C. ^hi blejrac, ic mbebrê nb`berjr ihiaÿi ncitrjtc, bxnbmbr b` prbsupubstc bstje`bnhmc pcr vctjnhþi pcr `j ncivbinhþi hitbrijnhcij` jitbrhcr, sbr prcphbtjrhc mb ihiauics mbrbngcs mb jutcr, ctcrajr pbrlhsc j ijmhb pjrj qub usb b` ljtbrhj` mb mbrbngcs mb jutcr mb `j H^C, c jntujr mb nuj`quhbr ctrj dcrlj nclc uij ncrpcrjnhþi mb ibacnhcs. B` Ncisboc mbebrê ncisu`tjr shblprb j` Nclhtè mb @htbrjturj c `cs rbprbsbitjitbs mbshaijmcs j `cs suenclhtès pjrj rbj`hzjr duinhcibs bspbnìdhnjs pjrj cetbibr ncisboc y suabrbinhjs scerb nuj`quhbr jsuitc rb`jnhcijmc nci `js pue`hnjnhcibs mb `j H^C.“ ‐B` Nclhtè mb @htbrjturj sci rbspcisje`bs j `cs lhblercs mb bstj crajihzjnhþi, quhbibs pcr ljycrìj mb vctcs mb` quþrul bi `j ncivbinhþi hitbrijnhcij`, c uij ljycrìj mb jqub``cs qub rbspcimji mbitrc mb 4; mìjs mbspuès mb qub b` Ncisboc gjyj sc`hnhtjmc b` vctc pcr ncrrbc, pubmbi hivj`hmjr nuj`quhbr mbnhshþi mb` Nclhtè mb @htbrjturj.“ (Jrtìnu`c T, ^bnnhþi 4)


Bi Ubsulbi @j hlpcrtjinhj mb `j H^C sb pubmb rbsulhr lbocr bi b` ncitbxtc mb `j [rhlbrj ]rjmhnhþi mb J^J? ‐Iubstrc ehbibstjr nclÿi mbeb tbibr `j prbdbrbinhj6 `j rbnupbrjnhþi pbrscij` mbpbimb mb `j uihmjm mb J^J.“ ^hi `j H^C, `cs arupcs mb J^J ic sþ`c sbrìji jutþiclcs, bstjrìji jhs`jmcs y drjalbitjmcs. @j ncluihnjnhþi y `j nccrmhijnhþi mbitrc mb tji mhvbrsj y bxtbisj lblerbsìj nclc `j mb J^J prbsbitji ui rbtc. rbtc. ^hi `j H^C, H^C, ic pcmrìjlcs bidrbitjrics j` rbtc.

Hmbithdhnjnhþi mb @ìmbrbs pjrj b` ]rjejoc mb ^brvhnhc Hitbrijnhcij` @j H^C mb J^J gj jprbimhmc j trjvès mb `j bxpbrhbinhj qub `cs shauhbitbs `hibjlhbitcs jmcptjmcs bi iubstrj Ncivbinhþi pjrj Crajihzjrics bi Gcustci bi :878 sci ibnbsjrhjs pjtj pcmbr tbibr ui `hmbrjzac bdbnthvc j` ihvb` hitbrijnhcij`. :. 5. >. =.

Nujimc lbics mcs júcs mb bxpbrhbinhj bi b` prcarjlj. Nujimc lbics ui júc mb scerhbmjm sbxuj` ncithiuj. @hmbrjzac nclprcejmc bi trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc j` ihvb` `cnj`. Ubspj`mc mb su arupc mb ejsb „ ncidhrljimc qub ncishmbrji qub `j pbrscij thbib `j sbrbihmjm y `j sjehmurìj bi b` prcarjlj pjrj sbrvhr j` ihvb` hitbrijnhcij`.

B` Ncisboc mb `j H^C bstê ncivbinhmc qub jqub``cs qub shrvbi j` ihvb` hitbrijnhcij` mbebi mb gjebr tbihmc èxhtc bi su rbnupbrjnhþi pbrscij` ejsjmcs bi `cs Mcnb [jscs mb J^J. Ic sb pubmb mbojr b` trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc hitbrijnhcij` bi ljics mb jqub``cs qub ic thbibi scerhbmjm. Ujthdhnjlcs `j ncivhnnhþi mb `j jsjle`bj mb qub b` sbrvhnhc hitbrijnhcij` rbquhbrb lês qub trjejojr ehbi j` ihvb` mb arupc `cnj`. Ncishmbrjlcs qub b` prcnbsc mb hmbithdhnjnhþi ibnbshtj nclbizjr j` ihvb` `cnj` jitbs mb `j ncivbinhþi. Mbspuès, `j ncisnhbinhj mb arupc pubmb tcljr jnnhþi pjrj jsbaurjrsb qub jqub``cs qub nubitji nci `js gjeh`hmjmbs, `j sbrbihmjm y `j sjehmurìj sb binubitrbi bi `j ncivbinhþi bi mcimb `cs pubmbi b`bahr. Bi `js êrbjs nci Hitbr-arupcs bstj bstrunturj pubmb birhqubnbr jui lês b` prcnbsc mb hmbithdhnjnhþi y rbspj`mc. Ctrjs Nuj`hmjmbs Hlpcrtjitbs mb Iubstrcs ^brvhmcrbs mb Ncidhjizj • •

•

•

Rij eubij nclprbishþi mb `js Mcnb ]rjmhnhcibs y ui j`tc sbithmc mb èthnj. [brscijs qub jnbptjrêi b` nclprclhsc qub rbquhbrb njmj pcshnhþi. Ibnbshtji nulp`hr nci jnnhcibs bi `cs prcybntcs qub sb hihnhji pjrj pcmbr `carjr `js lbtjs bstje`bnhmjs pcr `cs lhblercs bi `j ouitj jiuj`. @j ncithiuhmjm mb` Ncisboc y `cs Nclhtès rbquhbrb qub tbiaji `j mhspcshnhþi mb tbrlhijr su absthþi bi b` pubstc. @js b`bnnhcibs pcr `c abibrj` sci pcr ui p`jzc mb uic, mcs c trbs júcs. B` trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc hitbrijnhcij` pcr `c abibrj` rbquhbrb trjejojr bi c nci `cs nclhtès, yj sbj bi pbrscij, j trjvès mb ncrrbspcimbinhj c lbmhjitb tb`bncidbrbinhjs.

Auìj mb arupc? Rij auìj pjrj `cs arupcs mb J^J • • •

•

• •

Mhspcshnhþi pjrj bsnungjr tcmcs `cs puitcs mb vhstj. Gulh`mjm qub jnjej nci nuj`quhbr mbsbc mb `carjr lbtjs pbrscij`bs scerb `js nc`bnthvjs. Mhspcshnhþi pjrj jpcyjr `js mbnhshcibs mb` arupc jui sh ic sci `c qub `j pbrscij guehbrj prbdbrhmc. Gjeh`hmjm mb jitbpcibr `cs prhinhphcs scerb `js pbrscij`hmjmbs. Bstc sb rbdhbrb j jestbibrsb mb nghslbs y j trjejojr nci ctrcs bi ui jlehbitb mb rbspbtc. [jnhbinhj, pubstc qub b` trjejoc ejsjmc bi ncisbisc mb arupc bs `bitc. Ubncrmjr j` trjtjr jsuitcs mb iubstrj ncidrjtbrihmjm qub iubstrc prcarjlj bs ui prcarjlj bsphrhtuj`.

@cs `hibjlhbitcs jitbrhcrbs ic mbebi tcljrsb mb ljibrj qub mbsnj`hdhqubi j jqub``cs bi b` prcarjlj qub tbiaji dubrtbs ncivhnnhcibs y nrbbinhjs. @j bibraìj qub mhngjs pbrscijs j lbiumc ``bvji nci b``cs pubmb sbr ui rbnursc vj`hcsc pjrj iubstrc prcarjlj, shblprb y nujimc b``cs rbncicznji qub `j jutcrhmjm lêxhlj bi iubstrc prcarjlj bs Mhcs, nclc sb bxprbsb bi `j ncinhbinhj mb iubstrc arupc. Jsì nclc sb `bs bxhab j jqub``cs qub rbj`hzji trjejoc mb sbrvhnhc hitbrijnhcij`, bxhstbi lês qub sudhnhbitbs rbnclpbisjs pjrj nclpbisjr. Nrbnhlhbitc pbrscij`, `j j`barìj mb vbr j ctrcs qub gji bstjmc ejoc b` yuac mb su jmhnnhþi `carjr `j scerhbmjm sbxuj`, y `j j`barìj mb mbvc`vbr jàc j` prcarjlj qub ics gj mjmc lungc j icsctrcs. Mbdhihthvjlbitb bs nhbrtc qub nrbnblcs bi iubstrj rbnupbrjnhþi j` nclpjrthr`j nci ctrcs. Bspbrjlcs qub bstcs nclbitjrhcs `bs jyumb j su arupc j hmbithdhnjr y bivhjr sbrvhmcrbs mb ncidhjizj qub pubmji sbrvhr j iubstrj ncidrjtbrihmjm nci hitbarhmjm, vhshþi, y bibraìj.

Ubahstrc mb `js Ouitjs nci `j Crajihzjnhþi Hitbrijnhcij` mb ^brvhnhc (H^C) mb J^J J^J Nclc Ncidrjtbrihmjm, jntuj`lbitb ncitjlcs nci lês mb 7;; ouitjs, y `j ljibrj bi qub `cs arupcs mbnhmbi rbuihrsb y nclpjrthr prceje`blbitb sb gjrê lês mhvbrsj nci b` thblpc. Bs hlpcrtjitb qub `cs arupcs sb rbahstrbi nci `j H^C. @j ejsb mb mjtcs mb `j H^C shrvb nclc nclc uij gbrrjlhbitj pjrj qub `cs jmhntcs sbxuj`bs binubitrbi `js ouitjs ouitjs `cnj`bs. Iubstrj iubvj ejsb mb mjtcs bs lungc lês d`bxh e`b qub `j jitbrhcr, pbrc sþ`c bs tji eubij nclc `j hidcrljnhþi qub ncithbib. Bstj auìj mb nþlc prbpjrjr b` rbahstrc mb su arupc ics i cs jyumjrê j jpcyjr j` jmhntc qub sudrb qub eusnj uij ouitj.

Iclerb mb Arupc? Bstb bs nuj`quhbr iclerb ncicnhmc pbrc ÿihnc pcr b` nuj` b` arupc mbnhmb mhsthiauhrsb. [ubmb rbd`b ojr b` tblj c b` bidcqub bspbnhj` mb` arupc, nclc nc lc ‐Arupc mb ^brbihmjm pjrj Gclerbs mb J^J“, c ‐Ouitj mb Ubnupbrjnhþi mb Jicrbxhj ^bxuj`“. B` iclerb tjlehèi pubmb rbd`bojr jàuij nclehijnhþi mb `j nhumjm, mìj y/u gcrj tj` nclc ‐Ouitj mb ^êejmc pcr `j Ljújij mb Djhrdhb`m“. ^hi blejrac, ic sb `bs rbnclhbimj j `cs arupcs jdh`hjr j su arupc mb J^J nci hitbrbsbs bxtbrics, pcr mbnhr, hincrpcrjr b` iclerb mb` `cnj` qub rbitji pjrj `js ouitjs, b` tìtu`c mb `htbrjturj bxtbrij, c nuj`quhbr ncinbptc c prênthnj rb`hahcsj c tbrjpèuthnj bspbnìdhnj. @j hidcrljnhþi bi bstb njlpc sb tbn`bj nclc tbxtc `herb bi `j njpturj mb mjtcs.


Iclerb mb `j Mhrbnnhþi pjrj rbnhehr Ncrrbspcimbinhj mb` Arupc Bi bstb njlpc `j ouitj pubmb mbnhmhr uth`hzjr bi sus bthqubtjs mb ncrrbspcimbinhj ui iclerb qub subib pjrbnhmc j` iclerb mb` arupc pbrc qub ic himhqub qub bs ui arupc mb rbnupbrjnhþi mb uij jmhnnhþi sbxuj`. @cs boblp`cs hinùybi njlehjr ‐Arupc mb ^brbihmjm pjrj Gclerbs mb J^J“ j ‐Arupc mb ^brbihmjm pjrj Gclerbs“ c ‐Ouitj mb Ubnupbrjnhþi mb Jicrbxhj ^bxuj`“ j ‐Ouitj mb Ubnupbrjnhþi mb Jicrbxhj“ bi `js bthqubtjs mb ncrrbspcimbinhj. Bstj bs `j mhrbnnhþi bi mcimb `j ouitj mbsbj rbnhehr `j ncrrbspcimbinhj mb `j H^C. H^C. Bstj mhrbnnhþi ojlês sb `b mj j ijmhb jobic j `j cdhnhij mb `j H^C shi cetbibr ncisbithlhbitc.

@uajr mb `j Ouitj? B` tèrlhic ‐ùajr“ sb rbdhbrb j `j uehnjnhþi dìshnj mb `j ouitj bi b` mìj y gcrj bi qub sb rbÿibi icrlj`lbitb. Mbitrc mb` nujmrc mb @uajr bi b` Dcrljtc mb rbahstrc bxhstbi vjrhcs njlpcs mhspcihe`bs pjrj mbsnrhehr bi mþimb sb rbÿib r bÿib `j ouitj. Mìj mb `j Ouitj? Mìj bi qub sb ``bvj j njec `j ouitj? pcr boblp`c, ùibs, ljrtbs,

btn.

Gcrj mb `j Ouitj? Gcrj mb` mìj bi qub sb ``bvj j njec `j ouitj? pcr boblp`c, 7?;; „ 8?;; pl, :;?;; „ ::?>; jl. Iclerb mb` @cnj`? B` iclerb mb` `cnj` qub usji? ‐Gcsphtj` Lbtcmhstj ^t. Ocgi“. Ocg i“. Rehnjnhþi bi b` @cnj`? Bstb njlpc pubmb tbibr b` iclerb mb ui bmhdhnhc mbitrc mb ui p`jitb` lês arjimb c b` iÿlbrc mb sj`þi mbitrc mb m b ui bmhdhnhc sbinh``c. ]jlehèi pubmb hinùhr himhnjnhcibs pjrj ``bajr bi b` bmhdhnhc tj` nclc ‐]cljr b` b`bvjmcr J j `j ^j`j mb Ncidbrbinhjs mb` sbauimc phsc. ‐ Nj``b? Bstb njlpc sb usj pjrj `j mhrbnnhþi mb nj``b mb` `cnj` abibrj` qub usj b`

arupc.

Nhumjm? @j nhumjm bi mcimb sb binubitrj b` `cnj`. Bstjmc/[rcvhinhj? Bstjmc c [rcvhinhj bi mcimb sb uehnj `j ouitj. [jìs? [jìs bi mcimb sb uehnj `j ouitj. Nj``bs trjisvbrsj`bs/^bújs? @j hidcrljnhþi bi bstb njlpc pubmb sbr uij nj``b c b` nrunbrc lês nbrnjic? pcr boblp`c, Jvbihmj:j y Nj``b >c. Mhspciheh`hmjm mb `j Hidcrljnhþi mb `j Ouitj? @j ouitj qub sb rbahstrj mbeb mbnhmhr sh quhbrb qub sb hinùyj b` ùajr mb `j ouitj bi b` Mhrbntcrhc mb `j Ncidrjtbrihmjm y/c bi `j pêahij wbe mb `j H^C. ^h `j ouitj ic mbsbj qub `j hinùyji bi `j pêahij wbe mb `j H^C, mbebi ljrnjr `cs nujmrcs bi b` Dcrljtc mb Ubahstrc Ubahstrc mb Arupc. ^b mj pcr sbitjmc qub b` arupc mbsbj qub `j hidcrljnhþi bstè mhspcihe`b j ctrcs j lbics qub sb himhqub `c ncitrjrhc.


Jnnbsc j `j Ouitj? B` jnnbsc sb himhnj nclc Jehbrtc, Nbrrjmc, Nbrrjmc/:5/Iubvcs, c Nbrrjmc/:5/]cmcs. Bi b` Dcrljtc mb Ubahstrc mb Ouitj sb ljrnj nclc ‐û ]hpc mb Arupc“. :. Jehbrtc „ Bstjs ouitjs bstêi jehbrtjs j nuj`quhbrj qub `b hitbrbsb ncicnbr jnbrnj mb J^J6 ic ibnbshtji gjebr jmlhthmc qub su ncimuntj sbxuj` bs ui prce`blj. 5. Nbrrjmc „ @js ouitjs bstêi jehbrtjs sþ`c pjrj jqub``cs qub thbibi ui mbsbc mb mbtbibr su ncimuntj sbxuj` nclpu`shvj. ‐Nbrrjmc“ quhbrb mbnhr qub b` ùajr ùajr mb `j ouitj sb hlprhlhrê bi b` mhrbntcrhc y `j cdhnhij mb `j H^C `c prcpcrnhcijrê j nuj`quhbr pbrscij qub sc`hnhtb jyumj, yj sbj pcr tb`èdcic, ncrrbc pcstj` c ncrrbc b`bntrþihnc. >. Nbrrjmc/:5/Iubvcs „ ‐Nbrrjmc/:5/Iubvcs“ quhbrb mbnhr qub b` ùajr mb `j ouitj ic sb hl prhlhrê bi b` mhrbntcrhc y qub sþ`c sb prcpcrnhcijrê prcpc rnhcijrê j `js pbrscijs qub yj sci lhblercs mb J^J. =. Nbrrjmc/:5/]cmcs „ ‐Nbrrjmc/:5/]cmcs“ quhbrb mbnhr qub b` ùajr mb `j ouitj ic sb hlprhlhrê bi b` mhrbntcrhc ih sb prcpcrnhcijrê j ijmhb, ih shquhbrj j lhblercs mb J^J. Dcrljtc mb `j Ouitj? Dcrljtc mb `j Ouitj sb rbdhbrb j `j bstrunturj c tbljs mb rbnupbrjnhþi bi pjrthnu`jr bi `cs qub b` arupc gjnb èidjshs. @cs dcrljtcs mb ouitjs lês ncluibs qub sb binubitrji bi b` Dcrljtc mb Ubahstrc b Arupc hinùybi? Crjmcr, [jsc, ]blj, [jsc/]rjmhnhþi, Bstumhc mb @herc y Ctrc. :. Crjmcr „ Ouitj bi `j qub mhsthitcs vcùitjrhcs nclpjrtbi sus bxpbrhbinhjs, dcrtj`bzj, y bspbrjizj rb`jnhcijmjs nci `j rbnupbrjnhþi mb :5 pjscs j trjvès mb J^J. 5. [jsc „ Ouitj qub nclbitj uic mb `cs :5 pjscs mb J^J. >. ]blj „ Ouitj qub nclbitj `cs :5 pjscs c ui tblj mb rbnupbrjnhþi rb`jnhcijmc. =. [jsc/]rjmhnhþi/]blj „ Ouitj qub nclbitj uic mb `cs :5 pjscs c trjmhnhcibs mb J^J c tbljs mb rbnupbrjnhþi rb`jnhcijmcs. 2. Bstumhc mb @hercs @hercs „ Ouitj bi mcimb gjy `bnturjs y mhsnushcibs mb` `herc ^bxc Jmhntcs Jiþihlcs. 4. Ctrc „ @cs @cs arupcs tjlehèi pubmbi bspbnhdhnjr sus prcphcs dcrljtcs bi bstb njlpc mb tbxtc `herb, pcr boblp`c, Lbmhtjnhþi mb [jscs y Bsnrhturj bi b` Mhjrhc, Bsnrhehbimc y `j Ubnupbrjnhþi, Ub`jnhcibs bi Ubnupbrjnhþi, btn.

Nclpubstj pcr? Bstb njlpc bspbnhdhnj nuj`quhbr drcitbrj jmhnhcij` qub b` arupc quhbrj jarbajr. @cs boblp`cs lês ncluibs hinùybi ouitjs lhxtjs, mb gclerbs c luobrbs, ouitjs A@E], c ouitjs pjrj jyumjr j prcdbshcihstjs. @cs tèrlhics bstjimjrhzjmcs mbitrc mb bstb njlpc sb njpturji usjimc ui lbiÿ lbiÿ mbsp`baj e`b. Bstj hidcrljnhþi mbeb hinùhrsb bi `j njrtj qub q ub sb bivìj j `j H^C ouitc nci b` Dcrljtc mb Ubahstrc mb Arupc.


Ncitjntc mb `j Ouitj? Bstc bs pjrj `j pbrscij qub rbprbsbitjrê j `j ouitj jitb `j H^C. @cs njlpcs rbqubrhmcs hinùybi? :. [rhlbr Iclerb b Hihnhj` „ B` prhlbr iclerb y `j hihnhj` mb` jpb``hmc mb `j pbrscij qub rb prbsbitjrê j `j ouitj. 5. ]b`èdcic „ B` iÿlbrc mb tb`èdcic mb` ncitjntc mb `j ouitj. >. Ncrrbc b`bntrþihnc „ @j mhrbnnhþi mb` ncrrbc b`bntrþihnc mb `j pbrscij qub sbrê b` ncitjntc mb `j ouitj. =. Nujmrcs pjrj Ljrnjr „ Himhnjnhcibs pjrj icthdhnjr j `j H^C sh `j ouitj quhbrb qub su ncitjntc sb hinùyj bi `j pêahij wbe mb J^J c bi b` Mhrbntcrhc mb `js Ouitjs mb `j Ncidrjtbrihmjm. J` ljrnjr nuj`quhbrj mb `cs nujmrcs, `j ouitj jnbptj qub quhbrb qub sb hinùyj su ncitjntc yj sbj bi `j pêahij wbe mb J^J c bi b` Mhrbntcrhc mb `js Ouitjs mb `j Ncidrjtbrihmjm.

[êahij Qbe? ^h su ouitj nubitj nci uij pêahij wbe jutcrhzjmj, njpturb `j mhrbnnhþi bi bstj sbnnhþi mb` Dcrljtc mb Ubahstrc mb Arupc. [jrj cetbibr hidcrljnhþi jnbrnj mb nþlc cetbibr `j jutcrhzjnhþi mb su pêahij wbe, ncisu`tb gttp?//www.J^J-rbncvbry.cra/`hifhidc.gt`l.

Bivìb pcr ncrrbc b` rbahstrc mb` arupc j? H^C cd J^J [.C. Ecx 1;8=8 Gcustci, ]bxjs 1151; R^J


^BWC JMHN]C^ JICIHLC^

DCULR@JUHC [JUJ UBAH^]UJU RI AUR[C ‐Jntujimc bi iclerb mb `j ncinhbinhj mb iubstrc arupc, nbrthdhnjlcs qub bstb arupc bs ui arupc mb J^J tj` nclc sb mbdhib bi `cs rba`jlbitcs mb` Jrtìnu`c HH, ^bnnhþi :e mb `j Crajihzjnhþi mb ^brvhnhcs Hitbrijnhcij`bs (H^C pcr sus sha`js bi hia`ès mb J^J, Hin., `cs nuj`bs mbdhibi ui arupc qub pbrtbibnb j J^J nclc uic qub shaub `cs :5 [jscs y `js :5 ]rjmhnhcibs mb J^J. J^J. ]jlehèi nbrthdhnjlcs qub bstb arupc sb jmghbrb j `j ^bxtj ]rjmhnhþi mb J^J pcr ic jscnhjrsb nci nuj`quhbr bithmjm j``bajmj c blprbsj jobij .“ Jtbsthaujmc y dhrljmc pcr? SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSS Lhblerc mb` arupc

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSS Lhblerc mb` arupc

ICLEUB MB@ AUR[C? SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSS MHUBNNHCI MB@ AUR[C (`j mhrbnnhþi i uinj sb pue` hnj bi b` Qbe Qbe c bi b` DM (Nj``b/jpjrtjmc pcstj`) SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSS Nhumjm SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS Bstjmc/[rcvhinhj SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS Nþmhac pcstj` SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS [jìs SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

(Djvcr mb himhnjr pcr ljrnjr `cs nujmrcs mcimb ustbm quhbrb qub sb hisnrhej `j hidcrljnhþi bi nujitc j` arupc) GCUJ X ^H]HC MB@ AUR[C MHJ MB @J UBRIHCI? SSSSSSSSSSSSSS GCUJ? SSSSSSSSSSSSS MB @J SSSSSSSSSSSSSS ^hthc (iclerb mb` bmhdhnhc, # mb` nujrtc, btn.) SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSS Nj``b SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS Nhumjm SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSBstjmc/[rcvhinhj SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSS [jìs SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

arupcs, jehbrtcs y nbrrjmcs. A rupc jehbrtc? Bstjs rbuihcibs ]H[C MB AUR[C? Gjy mcs thpcs eêshncs mb arupcs,

sci jehbrtjs j nuj`quhbrj qub mbsbb jprbimbr lês scerb J^J6 ic gjy qub jmlhthr qub b` nclpcrtjlhbitc n clpcrtjlhbitc sbxuj` bs ui prce`blj. Arupc nbrrjmc? @js rbuihcibs sci jehbrtjs jehbrtjs sþ`c j `cs qub quhbrbi quhbrbi `hebrjrsb mb `j ncimuntj sbxuj` lj`sjij. ‐Nbrrjmc“ shaihdhnj qub b` shthc mb mb `j rbuihþi sb hlprhlb bi b` DM y qub `j `j H^C mj b` shthc j nuj`quhbr qub eusqub eusqub jyumj, sbj pcr tb`èdcic, ncrrbc pcstj`, pcstj`, c b-ljh`. ‐Nbrrjmc/:5/Iubvc“ shaihdhnj qub b` shthc ic sb hlprhlb bi b` DM y qub `j H^C mj b` shthc sþ`c j `cs qub yj sci lhblercs mb J^J. ‐Nbrrjmc/:5/]cmcs“ shaihdhnj shaihdhnj qub b` shthc ic sb hlprhlb hlprhlb bi b` DM y qub `j H^C ic mj `j hidcrljhidcrljnhþi j ijmhb, gjstj lhblercs mb J^J. ]H[C MB AUR[C?  Jehbrtc

 Nbrrjmc  Nbrrjmc/:5/Iubvc  Nbrrjmc/:5/]cmcs

DCULJ]C MB @J UBRIHCI?  Crjmcr  [jsc  Jsuitc  [jsc/]rjmhnhþi/Jsuitc  Bstumhc

LHBLEUC^ ?  Lbzn`jmc

mb` `herc

 Luobrbs  Gclerbs  Ajy  Drcitbrj3

^b ncithiÿj bi b` ctrc `jmc

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

Auìj mb arupc? Rij auìj pjrj `cs arupcs mb J^J Hidcrljnhþi nclp`btj nclp`btj scerb `js pbrscijs qub pubmbi ncitjntjrsb pcr hidcrljnhþi/shthc hidcrljnhþi/shthc mb `j rbuihþi. ^b pubmb prcvbbr iÿlbrcs tb`bdþihncs y/c mhrbnnhcibs mb b-ljh` pjrj himhvhmucs c iÿlbrcs tb`bdþihncs mcimb sb pubmb mbojr ui lbisjob nci ui iclerb nclc ‐@ìibj mb Hidcrljnhþi.“

[BU^CIJ^ ZRB [RBMBI NCI]JN]JU^B

 himhqub bi b` DM  lubstrb bi b` Qbe

Iclerb y prhlbrj `btrj mb` jpb``hmc SSSSSSSSSSSSSS ]b`èdcic (SSS) (SSS ) SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS b-ljh` SSSS


Iclerb y prhlbrj `btrj mb` jpb``hmc SSSSSSSSSSSSSS ]b`èdcic (SSS) (SS S) SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS b-ljh` SSSS





SSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS




[ÊAHIJ QBE ^h `j rbuihþi thbib uij pêahij pêahij wbe jprcejmj pcr `j H^C, pciaj su mhrbnnhþi jquì. jquì. ([jrj ncisbauhr hidcrljnhþi hidcrljnhþi scerb nþlc rbnhehr jprcejnhþi mb uij pêahij wbe, vjyj j gttp?//www.J^J-rbncvbry.cra/`hifhidc.gtl gttp?//www.J^J-rbncvbry.cra/`hifhidc.gtl.) .)

Iclerb mb `j pêahij wbe SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSS

BITHB B@ DCULR@JUHC @@BIJMC J? H^C, [C ECW 1;8=8, GCR^]CI, ]W 1151;-;8=8, BBRR


Nþlc [cibrsb bi Ncitjntc nci J^J ^h mbsbj pcibrsb bi ncitjntc nci J^J, ajrjithzjlcs su jicihljtc. [jrj prbauitjs scerb b` [rcarjlj mb J^J, jyumj nujimc ic pubmj bincitrjr uij ouitj u ctrc prc e`blj? [êahij Qbe?gttp?//J^Jj-rbncvbry.cra

[þiajsb bi ncitjntc nci `j cdhnhij mb `j H^C mb J^J? [cr ncrrbc b`bntrþihnc? hidcKJ^J-rbncvbry.cra `j lb j` :-7;;-=11-7:8: mbsmb `cs Bstjmcs Rihmcs y Njijmê c j` +: 1:>-748-=8;5 [cr tb`èdcic? @ `jlb mbsmb b` rbstc mb` luimc. Ncitbstjlcs iubstrc tb`èdcic mbsmb `js :; jl gjstj `js 4 pl ]hblpc Nbitrj` mb ùibs j vhbribs. ]biblcs mhspcihe`b ncrrbc mb vcz bi `cs mblês gcrjrhcs.

[cr Ncrrbc Icrlj` H^C mb J^J [.C. Ecx 1;8=8 Gcustci, ]bxjs 1151; R^J [jrj prbsbitjr jrtìnu`cs j` Ec`btìi mb J^J? [þiajsb bi ncitjntc nci b` Bmhtcr j [EUKJ^Jrbncvbry.cra [jrj prbsbitjr suabrbinhjs scerb nþlc lbocrjr `j Auìj mb Arupc? Ljiuj` pjrj `cs Arupcs bivìb ui ncrr bc b`b b`bntr ntrþihn þihncc j` Nclhtè Nclhtè mb @htbrjt ur j j `htnclKJ^J-`htncl.cra `htnclKJ^J-`htncl.cra.. mb J^J, bivìb

Guía Para Grupos

Recommend Documents