Greek Grammar, Roberts - 2004

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viii

1. No accent may ever stand on any but the last three syllables syllables of a Greek word. rd

2. An acute accent may stand only on the antepenult (the 3 syllable from the end), the penult nd (2 syllable from the end), or the ultima (the last syllable). Cf. ἄ νθρωπος , καρδί α, ἀδελθός * (But ἄσαενεια would violate the rule. ἀσθέ νεια is correct.) 3. A circumflex may stand stand on either the penult or the ultima, but not on the antepenult: * e.g., ἐξ ῆλθον, τοῦ (But εξ ῆλθοµεν would violate this rule.) 4. A grave may stand only on the ultima.

τὸ ἔργον (But never *ἒργον)

5. A syllable is long if it contains a long vowel (η and ω) or a diphthong (e.g., αυ, ου) However αι and οι are short when they are the final letters in a word. In ἄ νθρωποι, οι is short; but in ἀ ντρώποις, οι is long since a σ follows. 6. A grave or an acute accent may stand on either a long or short syllable. ἄ νθρωπος, ἀ νθρώπῳ, τὸ ν αὐτό ν 7. A circumflex accent can stand only on a long syllable. syllable.

τοῦ, τοῦτο

8. If the penult is long and is accented, the accent must be circumflex circumflex if the ultima is is short, but the circumflex cannot stand on the penult if the ultima is long. τοῦτο > τούτου οὗτος > οὕτου 9. An acute accent can not stand on the antepenult when the ultima is long. ἄ νθρωποι > ἁ νθρώπων

10. An acute accent on the ultima is changed to a grave when another word follows it in composition without an intervening mark of punctuation. τό > τὸ ἔργον (A few words to be learned later form exception ex ception to this; e.g., with enclitics and the interrogative







































CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION.

Page PRONUNCIATION AND ORTHOGRAPHY

i

PART II: Lessons Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson

1. Conjugation of ω-verbs: Present Indicative Active Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Declension of η-nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. α-stems of the First Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4. Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5. Contract (εω) Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ης and – ας ας . . . . . . . . . 15 6. Declension of α-stems (Concluded), Masculines in – ης 7. The Passive Voice. Present Indicative Passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8. The Middle Voice. Present Indicative Middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ας ; Verbs in οω . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9. Second (ο) Declension. Nouns in – ας 10 Second Declension. Neuter Stems in ο; Verbs in οω . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 11 Adjectives of the Vowel Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 12 Regular Verbs in –µι . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 13 Conjugation of εἰ µί . The Personal Pronoun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 14. Imperfect Indicative Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 15. Imperfect Indicative Middle-Passive Middle-Passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 16. The Demonstratives. Reflexive Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 17. Deponent (Defective) Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 18. The Future Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 19. The Future Tense (Continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 20. The Aorist Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 21. The Second Aorist Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 22. The Aorist Tense (Continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 23. Perfect Active Indicative Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 24. The Perfect Active (Continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 25. The Pluperfect Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 26. The Perfect Indicative Middle Middle and Passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 27. The Aorist Passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 28. The Future Passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 29. The Principal Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. The Third Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. Liquid Nouns of the Third Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. The Relative Pronoun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. Mute Stems of the Third Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . οντ. The Active Participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34. Third Declension Stems in – οντ 35. Sibilent Stems (- ) of the Third Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .







































CONTENTS Lesson Lesson 40. Lesson 41. Lesson 42. Lesson 43. Lesson 44. Lesson 45. Lesson 46. Lesson 47. Lesson 48. Lesson 49.

Page rd

The First Aorist Subjunctive. Subjunctive. Vowel Stems of the 3 Declension . . . . . . . Second Aorist Subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conditional Sentences: Logical and Unreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conditional Sentences: Anticipatory. Indefinite and Interrogative Pronouns . The Imperative Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Irregular Comparison of Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Optative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Periphrastic Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Grammatical Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vocabulary (English – Greek) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vocabulary (Greek – English) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .







































Introduction Pronunciation and Orthography a. The Greek Alphabet. The Greek Alphabet is made up of twenty-four letters. Many of them are like their English and Latin counterparts, both in form and sound. Those which are not may be easily learned with practice. The following material material aims at approaching the problem of learning the alphabet though what the average person already knows of words derived from Greek. As nearly as possible, English derivatives with the same pronunciation as their Greek originals have been selected to illustrate the sounds. There are two types of Greek letters: capitals, called Uncials, and small letters, called Cursives: Cursives: α

β γ δ ε ζ

η θ

ι κ λ µ ν ξ ο π ρ σ (ς) τ υ φ χ ψ ω Uncials: Α Β Γ ∆ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω English: a b g d e z ē th i k l m n x o p r s s t u ph ch ps ō Most Greek texts and lexicons use use the small letters, letters, except for beginning proper names. The student should learn the cursives only at first. B. Pronunciation. The following paragraphs are to aid the student in learning the proper pronunciation. A few preliminary things must be given which will will be given in greater detail later: Accents: There are three accents—acute, (΄), grave (‘), and circumflex ( ̃ ). There is no difference among them. Like our English E nglish accents in a dictionary, they merely indicate the stress syllable. Breathings: All vowels or diphthongs which begin a Greek word must have either a smooth ( ) or rough ( ) breathing. The smooth breathing does not affect pronunciation; pronunciation; the rough gives the word an h-sound at the beginning. Division of Syllables: Syllables: There are as many syllables syllables in a Greek word as there are separate vowels or diphthongs. A single consonant between two vowels is pronounced with the second vowel; e. g., ἀ- νά. A single single consonant between two vowels is pronounced with the second vowel; e. g., ἔρ-χοµαι. Double consonants are divided; e. g. τάσ-σω. Consonants which can begin a word are pronounced with the following vowel; e. g. κύ-κλος. Compound words are divided where they join; e. g. ἐκ-βάλλω. $

#

b. The Alphabet. Learn the following, practice diligently:

α

ἄλφα alpha (äl fä) - a as in f ather

απόστολος (apostle) ἄ νθροπος (anthropos) (dogma) δόγµα Try:

σκά νδαλον (scandal) ἀ νάλυσις (analysis) σάββατον (sabbath)

δέκα (deca-) ἐκκλησί α (ecclesia) ψάλλω (Psallo)

κατά ἀλλ ά ἀ νά παρά ἀγαπάω ἀγάπη ἄγαµος ἀλαλ άζω







































ii

γ γάµµα γamma (gä mä) - g as in go συναγογ ή γενεαλογί α γλ ῶσσα πραγµατία γέ νεσις

(synagogue) (genealogoy) (glossary) (pragmatic) (genesis)

Try: γ ῆ

δ

γε

ἀγορά λ όγος µάγος

(agora, “market place”)

Γώγ

(logos) (magi, “wise men”)

γυν ή

γί γνο γνοµαι

δέ νδρον καρδί α ἔξοδος δόξα δύ ναµις

δέρω

δέω

δ ή

διά

δί ς

(dendron, “tree”) (cardia, “heart”; cf. cardiac) (exodus) (doxology, “praise”) (dynamic)

δῶρον

ἐ ψιλ ό ν epsilon (ép si lon) - e as in met

επί σκοπος σκοπος ἐπιστολ ή ἕτερος ἐγώ

ἔθνος ἔθος θεός πέτρος περί

(episkopos, “bishop” (epistle) (“other” cf. heterodoxy) (ego)

ἐκκλησία

(ecclesia)

Try: ἐλεέω

ελπί ζω ζω

ἐµός

ἐµά

ἐµό ν

δέησις

(ethnos, “nation” cf. Ethnology) (ethics)

(theos, “God”) (Peter) (peri-, around)

ἐθέλω

ζ ῆτα zeta (zā tä) - the ds as in fads; adds βαπτί ζω ζω ζω ῥαντί ζω ζηλωτ ής Try:

η

γυµ νάζω

(delta) (dogma) (deca-; decalogue) (despot) (derma; epidermi)

διάδηµα δέ δεῖ

Try:

ζ

γαµέω

(gnosis) (dogma)

δέλτα delta (dél tä) - d as in do δέλτα δόγµα δέκα δεσπότης δέρµα

ε

γάρ

γνῶσις δόγµα

ζητέω

ἤτα eta ἀκµ ή

(Zeus) ζεύς (zone “girdle”) ζώ νη ζεῦγµα (“a yoke” cf. zeugma)

(baptize) (rantize, “sprinkle) (zealot)

ζάω

ζεβεδαῖ ος ος

ζ ῆλος

ζωγρέω

Ζοροβάβελ

ey, whey (ā tä) - e as in they, pr ey

(acme)

ἀµ ή ν

(amen)







































iii

θ

θ ῆτα theta (thä tä) - th as in thin ἀριθµός θεάτρον θά νατος ἔθος ἔθνος Try:

ι

θεά

θεάοµαι

θέληµα

θέλω

(theos) (throne) (thesis) (anthropos) (pathos, “feeling”)

θώραξ

θυµός

θεραπεύω

ἰῶτα iota (i ō tä) - i as in police

στορί α ἱ στορ διωτ ής ἰ διωτ διδακτός ἰ δί ωµα αντί Try: ἴ διος διος

κ

θεός θρό νος θέσις ἄ νθροπος πάθος

(cf. arithmetic, “number”) (theater) (“death” cf. Thanatopsis) (ethics) (ethnos, ethnology)

ερεύς ἱ ερε παράλυσις ἐπί σκοπος σκοπος βαπτί ζω ζω πόλις

(history) (idiot) (didactic) (idiom) (anti-)

ασις ἴ ασις

ασπις ἴ ασπις

δεῖ ν ἰ δε

ἴδε

δού ἰ δο

(“priest” cf. hierarchy) (paralysis) (episkopos) (episkopos) (baptize) (“city” cf. police)

ἱ µάτιον

κάππα kappa (käp pä) - k as in k eep eep κόσµος ἐκκλησί α ἀποκάλυψις καταστροφ ή κοιν ή Try:

κατά

κλ έπτης καρδί α ἀκµ ή σκόπος κανώ ν

(cosmos) (ecclesia) (apocalypse) (catastrophe) (koine)

κακόω

κ ήρυγµα

καρπός

καταβαί νω

(“thief” cf. kleptomania) (“heart” cf. cardiac) (acme) (“watchman,” scope) (canon)

καταβάλλω

λ λ άµβδα lambda (läm dä) - l as in let ψάλλω απόστολος βί βλος βλος δέλτα γλ ῶσσα Try: µ

(leo, “lion”) λ έων ἀ νάλυσις (analysis) φιλοσοφί α (philosophy) βλασφηµί α (blasphemy) (chiliasm) (chiliasm) χιλιάς

(psallo) (apostle) (Bible) (delta) (glossa)

λαλ έω λαµβά νω

λ έγω λ ί ί αν αν

µῦ mu (m) - m as in man

λ ί ίθος θ ος

λογί α

λογί ζο ζοµαι









































iv

ν

νῦ nu (n) - n as in now πέ ντα πνευµατικός νυµφώ ν νέος κανώ ν

ξ

νῦ ν ναί νεφέλη νοµοθεσί α νεανί ας ας Ναθανα ήλ Ναί ν

ξῖ

(ksi) - ks as in the sound of box

Try:

σάρξ ὀξύς πρᾶξις

(exodus) (“praise” doxology) (“ladder,” climax)

εξ ῆλθον

ξέ νος

νύξ

(“flesh” cf. sarcasm) (“sharp,” oxygen) (“deed” cf. practice)

ξυρέω

ὀ µικρό ν omicron (ōm i kron) - o as in o bey, omit

απόστολος ὀκτώ ὀρθώς

Try: ὅδε

πῖ pi πέτρος

καθολικός προφ ήτης λ όγος νόµος σκοπός

(apostle) (octo-, “eight”) (“rightly”, cf. orthodoxy) (ornithology) (holocaust)

ὁλοκαυστός

π

(koine) (gnosis) (throne) (Sabbath) (dendron, “tree”)

Try:

ἔξοδος δόξα κλ ί ί µαξ

ο

κοιν ή γνῶσις θρό νος σάββατον δέ νδρον

(penta- “five”) (pneumatic) (nymph) (“new” cf. neophyte) (canon)

ἥδε

τόδε

ὁδός

οἰ κοδο κοδοµέω

ὁµολογέω

ὄ νοµα

(catholic) (prophet) (logos, “word”) (“law” Deuteronomy) (scope)

ὄχλος

(pē) - p as in pat (petros, “a rock” Peter)

πανοπλ ί ί α

(planoply, “full armor”)









































v

σ

ς (final) σί γµα (síg mä) - s as in sit σοφιτ ής αποστασί α κρί σις σις σκανδάλον Try:

τ

σός

σκην ή

Try:

σύ ν-ειµι

σῶζω

τε

(Pentacost) (place” topology) (talent, a sum of money) (technician)

τάσσω

σωτηρί α

τοµός

τέκνον

τέλος

τί θη θηµι

βαπτί ζω ζω ἕτερος δέλτα δεσπότης τηρέω

(baptize) (heteros) (heteros) (delta) (despot)

τις

τότε

ὔ ψιλ ό ν (úp si lon) - somewhat like the u in virtue (French tu)

πρεσβύτερος συναγογ ή ὑποκριτ ής τύπος Try:

φ

σύ ν

(seismograph) (Satan) (philosophy) (Stephen, “crown”)

ταῦ (tau - tow) t as in tow-el πεντακοστός τόπος τάλαντον τεχνί της της

υ

σεισµός Σατανᾶς φιλοσοφί α στέφανος

(sophist) (apostasy) (crisis) (scandal)

σύ ν

ὑγι ή ής ὕµ νος ὑακί νθος

(presbyter) (synagogue) (hypocrite) (type)

νῦ ν

ὑµέτερος

φῖ phi (phē) - ph as in phone (phobia) φοβί α

ὑδροποτέω

πολ ύς

(hygiene) (hymn) (hyacinth)

ἡδύς

φων ή

(phone)









































vi

ψ

ψῖ (psē) - ps as in psychology (psallo) (psallo) ψάλλω ψεῦδος (pseudo-, “false”) ψευδό-χριστος (false Christ) Try:

ω

ψευδο-διδάσκαλος

ψ ῆφος

ψυχ ή (psyche) ψαλ µός (psalm) ψευδο-απόστολος

ὦ µέγα omega (ō mēg ä) - o as in note ὡδε ὡσαννά γλ ῶσσα ζοµαι ἀγωνί ζο Try: ὧδε

(ode) (hosanna) (glossary) (agonize: agon, a contest)

ὥσπερ

ὡς

ζω ή

ὥστε γράφω

βαπτί ζω ζω (baptize, this final ω is the 1st person ending of the verb)

λ έγω

Diphthongs

αι- ai as in aisle γυναικεῖ ος ος (gynecologist, “female”); αἵ ρεσις ρεσις (heresy; sect) Try: καί καινός αἰ νέω eign, r ei ein πειθός (pathos) Try: δεῖ εἰ ς εἷ ς εἰ µί ει ei - ei as in r ei

οι oi - oi as in oil κοιν ή (koine) Try: οἴ δα δα οἰ κί α οἶ κος κος tautology) Try: παύω αὐτός αὐτοῦ αὔριον αυ au - au as in sauerkraut ταὐτο (“the same”; tautology)









































vii e. Punctuation. The punctuation marks used in Greek differ from English. A dot at the top of a line ( · ) is the semicolon in Greek. The sign of the English ( ; ) in Greek is the question mark. f. Exercises. (a) Write in cursive Greek script: sophian de laloumen en tois teleiois; sophian de ou tou aiōnos toutou, oude tōn archontōn tou aiōnos toutou, tōn katargoumenōn· alla laloumen sophian theou en mustēriō, tēn apokekrummenēn, hēn proōrisen ho theos pro tōn aiōnōn eis doxan ēmōn, hen oudeis tōn archontōn tou aiōnos toutou egnōken· ei gar egnōsan ouk an tou kurion tēs doxēs estaur ōsan· alla kathōs gegraptai, ha opthalmos ouk eide, kai ous ouk ēkouse, kai epi kardian anthr ō pou ouk anebē ha hētoimasen ho theos tois agapōsin auton· hēmin de ho theos apekalupse dia tou pneumatos autou. I Corinthians 2:6-10a (b) Write in English letters (transliterate) the the following:

Πά ντων δε τὸ τέλος ἤγγικεν. σωφρον ήσατε οὖ ν καὶ ν ν ήψατε εἰ ς προσευχ άς· πρὸ πά ντων τ ὴ ν εἰ ς ἑαυτοὺς ἀγάπην ἐκτεν ῆ ἔχοντες, ὅτι ἀγάπη παλ ύπτει πλ ῆθος ἁµαρτιῶ ν· φιλ όξενοι εἰ ς ἀλλ ήλους ἄ νευ γογγυσµοῦ· ἕκαστος καθὼς ἔλαβεν χ άρισµα, εἰ ς ἑαυτοὺς αὐτὸ διακονοῦ ντες ὡς καλοὶ οἰ κον κονόµοι ποικί λης λης χ άριτος θεοῦ· εἲ τις λαλεῖ , ὡς λογί α θεοῦ· εἴ τις διακονεῖ , ὡς ἐξ ισχ ύος ἦς χορηγεῖ ὁ ῖ ὁ θεός· ἵ να ἐ ν πᾶσιν δοξάζηται ὁ θεὸς διὰ Ἰησοῦς Χριστοῦ, ὧ ἐστιν ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος σἰ ς τοὺς αἰῶ νας τῶ ν αἰώ νων· ἀµ ή ν. I Peter 4:7-11 g. Accents. The accents accen ts of Greek word indicate the stress of voice in co mmunications. Nearly all Greek words must be written with accents. It is difficult but important to learn the accents. They serve to distinguish some words and are important in learning Greek. The three accents : the acute ( ´ ), the grave ( ̀ ), and the circumflex circumflex ( ̃ ).





































Greek Grammar, Roberts - 2004

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