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Deskripsi lengkap
GRAVITY LOADS & TORSIONAL EFFECTS
By Sheth Devendra N. (06MCL016)
LOADS
&
FAILURE 1/18
What is a load?
A load
is a force that acts on a structure
2/31
What do loads do?
Tr y
to destabilize a structure
Tr y Tr y
to break a structure
to deform a structure 3/31
Diff Differ eren entt Load Loads s Loads
Static
Forces due to Settlements, Thermal effects, ...
Self-Weight Of Structure
Dynamic
Dead Loads (fixed)
Live Loads (movable)
Continuous
Impact
Earthquakes
Fixed Building Elements
Occupancy
Environmental (snow, ...)
Wind
Loads
Gravity
Wind
Earthquake 4/31
The
gravity loads are mainl y two types:Dead Loads
Perma Permane nent nt weigh eightt of of stru struct ctur ure e non-moveable partitions built-ins, heavy equipment
oof R oof Walls Floors Equipment
6/28
Live Loads Furniture, Eq Equi pment, People, Snow Moveable Part Partiitio tions May or may not not be be acti acting ng all the the time
9/28
Live Loads People move around
May get heavy concentrations 10/28
Reduction of live loads As per IS 875 875 (part 2) ± 1987 (clause3. (clause3.2) 2)
Number of Fl Floors
Reduction in To Total Live Load
1
0
2
10
3
20
4
30
5 to 10
40
Over 10
50
Impact Gravity An
loading
elevator being accelerated u pward or
brought to rest on its wa y down. Increase
of 100% of Static elevator Load
Construction loads Most Most seve severe re loa load d build building ing has has to withs withsta tand nd.. Load oad of of Flo Floor or form forms, s, new newl y placed slab Climbi mbing crane.
Torsional Effect Definition:Center of of St Stiff iffness ss::The
point through which the resultants of the restoring forces of a s ystem acts.
Center of Ma Mass:The
point through which the resultants of the masses of the s ystem acts.
What
Torsion Means
Torsion
in Buildings is rotation of whole mass or grou p of masses about a point which is generall y Centre of Stiffness Definition Point of View :-
cm F
e
cs
When the C.M.&C.S.of a 3D frame do not coincide or when point of application of loads is different from point of development of resistance, the eccentricit y causes the frame to rotate and thus Torsion is induced.
Causes The
main causes of twisting in buildings to ha ppen are Lateral Forces Earth quake :It causes the base to vibrate in horizontal plane creating storey shears on account of inertial forces. These act at the res pective centre of masses m asses and eccentricity with centre of stiffness causes the storey to rotate in its plane Wind :It causes the building to vibrate in along-wind and across wind direction
Mass Unbalance :If
the mass of the floor of building is more on one side then that side of the building moves more underground movement.
Uneven col column: mn:In building with unequal vertical members also the floor twists about the vertical axis and displaced horizontall y.
Unequal Vertical Member
One
side open ground stor y building twists during earthquake shaking
Vertical members of buildings that move more horizontall y sustain more damage . This induces more damage in the columns and walls on the side that moves more.
It is best to minimize this twist by ensuring that buildings have symmetry in plan ( i.e., uniformly distributed mass and uniformly placed vertical members).
Wind
Induced Torsion
Flow around a tall building :
Wind Overall
Induced Torsion
loading and dynamic response : cross wind along wind
Cross-wind vibrations are usuall y greater than along-wind vibrations for buildings of heights greater than 100m (330 feet) The
vortex shedding and the uneven along & cross wind vibrations give rise to Wind Induced Torsion in the structure.
Wind
Induced Torsion
Why to consider Wind Induced Torsion ? Wind induce induced d torsio torsiona nall vibrat vibration ion of of tall tall build buildin ings gs can enlarge the dis placement and acceleration near the cross -section of tall buildings; peripheries of cross-section especially when the side faces of a rectangular tall building are wider. Its lowest torsional natural frequenc y approaches either of its lowest translational natural frequencies. Wind Wind-i -ind nduc uced ed tors torsio iona nall res res ponses may become the main part of the total res ponses for the peripheral points of such a building.
Meanwhile, habitants in a tall building are more sensitive to torsional motion m otion than translational translational motion. Therefore,
wind-induced torsional res ponses should be taken into account in the design of tall buildings.
