Wibt Wibt 4= Okglbstry _tuhgit‒s Cgoturg Leiuec
_OBGIOG 2 _tuhgit‒s Cgoturg Leiuec
| Wibt 4= Okglbstry
Oerca Masgpk L. Las`bta Eufust 4:58
LAHWCG 5
Cgeribif Oalpgtgiobgs •
Hgsorbdg kaw tkg Dakr Lahgc an tkg etal blpravgh Tutkgrnarh‒s Etalbo Lahgc.
•
Gxpcebi kaw tkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc an tkg etal hgsorbdgs tkg gigrfbgs eih pasbtbais an tkg gcgotrais.
Tgoecc= Etalbo Lahgcs
(Maki Hectai, 5;:6) Etal bs e uibnarl sacbh spkgrg
(MM Xkalsai, 52:?) (igfetbvg okerfgs)
Tgoecc= Tutkgrnarh‒s Iuocger Etalbo Lahgc Hbsoavgrgh tkg iuocgus, e hgisg pasbtbvgcy okerfgh okerfgh ogitgr an tkg etal tkraufk tkg Fach Nabc Gxpgrblgit
•
Iadgc Zrbzg bi Okglbstry 52:;
Tgoecc= Tutkgrnarh‒s Iuocger Etalbo Lahgc
Tgoecc= Tutkgrnarh‒s Iuocger Etalbo Lahgc •
Bi tkg , tkg etal kes e hgisg pasbtbvgcy okerfgh iuocgus surrauihgh dy igfetbvgcy okerfgh gcgotrais
•
Xkg etal bs lastcy glpty speog eih bts less bs oaiogitretgh bi tkg iuocgus (oaisbstbif an pratais eih igutrais)
Tgoecc= Tutkgrnarh‒s Iuocger Etalbo Lahgc •
Kawgvgr, bt oauch iat gxpcebi wky lgtecs ar oalpauihs an lgtec fbvg ann okereotgrbstbo oacar wkgi kgetgh bi ncelg suok es bi nbrgwar`s. EOXB^BXBG_
Eiecysbs an Oacars= Xkg Etalbo _pgotrasoapg _gperetbai an Oacars
Gxobtetbai
Zrahuotbai an _pgotre ar Etalbo Nbifgrprbit Nbifgrpr bit
Gxelpcgs an Etalbo _pgotre
Kyhrafgi
Cbtkbul
Gxelpcgs an Etalbo _pgotre
Ibgcs Dakr‒s Gxpceietbais •
Bihbvbhuec cbigs bi tkg etalbo spgotre oarrgspaihs ta e wbtkbi tkg etal • Gcgotrais lavgh erauih tkg iuocgus bi e nbxgh obroucer ardbts • Ardbts erg caoetgh et hgnbibtg hbsteiogs nral tkg iuocgus eih bs ecsa `iawi es , wkgrg i bs i bs eiy wkacg iuldgr (5, 4, ?…) .
Iadgc Zrbzg bi Zkysbos, 5244
Ibgcs Dakr‒s Zceigtery Lahgc
•
Bi tkbs lahgc, gcgotrais lavg bi obroucer ardbts wbtkbi spgobnbo gigrfy cgvgcs erauih tkg iuocgus.
Kaw bs
prahuogh1
Xkg gxpceietbai dgkbih nbrgwar`s •
Ei etal fgts gxobtgh. Bt gigrfy cgvgc bi ei
gigrfy ta lavg ta e stetg.
•
Bt hggx hg gxob obtg tgss dy fbvb fb vbif if up tkg tkg gxtre gxtre gigrf gi grfyy dy an cbfkt ta bts gigrfy cgvgc ar stetg. Xkg gigrfy edsardgh/rgcgesgh verbgs es skawi dy bts oacar.
Kaw bs
prahuogh1
Xkg gxpceietbai dgkbih nbrgwar`s
Kaw bs
prahuogh1
Xkg gxpceietbai dgkbih nbrgwar`s
Edsarptbai an Gigrfy G[OBXGH G[OB XGH _XEXG, Wisted Wis tedcg cg
Gcglgits glbt okereotgrbstbo cbfkt.
(e) Kyhrafgi, (d) Igai, (o) Cbtkbul, (h) _ahbul, (g) Zatessbul
Gcglgits glbt okereotgrbstbo cbfkt. _traitbul Oecobul _ahbul Derbul Oappgr
Tgh Areifg Rgccaw Frggi Dcug
_uoogss eih Nebcurg an tkg Dakr Etalbo Lahgc •
Bt prghbotgh tkg kyhrafgi spgotrul.
•
Bt bitrahuogh tkg oaiogpt an hbsorgtg gigrfy cgvgcs, i (nbrst queitul iuldgr).
•
Bt wes iat sunnbobgit ta hgsorbdg etals (prghbot gigrfy cgvgcs) wbtk larg tkei aig gcgotrai.
Vevg Vevg-Zer -Zertb tboc ocg g Hu Huec ecbt btyy an Lettg Lettgrr •
Zrapasgh dy Caubg hg Drafcbg
•
_lecc pertbocgs an lettgr ley et tblgs hbspcey wevg-cb`g prapgrtbgs.
k lv
Iadgc Zrbzg bi Zkysbos, 5242
Wiogrtebity Zrbiobpcg •
Zrapasgh dy Vgrigr @erc Kgbsgidgrf
•
Bt bs blpassbdcg ta `iaw datk tkg caoetbai/pasbtbai eih vgcaobty an ei gcgotrai et tkg selg tblg
•
Hgibgs tkg passbdbcbty an gcgotrais lavbif bi hgnbibtg ardbts Iadgc Zrbzg bi Zkysbos, 52?4
_okrahbifgr Gquetbai •
E letkg letkglet letboe boecc gquet gquetbai bai tket tket us usgs gs hg Drafcbg‒s kypatkgsbs tket gcgotrai oei dg hgsorbdgh es e wevg
•
Wsgs e tkgargtboec eppraeok `iawi es
Iadgc Zrbzg bi Zkysbos, 52??
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc Caubg hg Drafcbg‒s GCGOXTAI_ E_ VE^G
Vgrigr Vgr igr @erc @er c Kgbsg Kgbsgidg idgrf rf‒s ‒s WIOGTXEBIXR ZTBIOBZCG Grwbi Grwb i _okrahbifgr‛s _okrahbi fgr‛s _OKTAHBIFGT‛_ GUWEXBAI
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc •
Tgmgotgh tkg bhge an gcgotrais bi hgnbibtg ardbts erauih tkg iuocgus
•
Gcgotrais es e
•
Es e oaisgqugiog, gcgotrais oei dg nauih bi e ogrtebi rgfbai bi speog erauih tkg iuocgus oeccgh
•
_uoogssnuc bi gxpcebibif etalbo prapgrtbgs wkbok tkg Dakr‒s lahgc wes iat edcg ta gxpcebi
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc •
Hgsorbdgs tkg gcgotrai pasbtbai eih gigrfy tkraufk e letkg letkglet letboe boecc gquet gquetbai bai oecc oeccgh gh
•
Xkg lahgc prgobsgcy hgnbig gigrfy prgobsgcy, tkgrgnarg e cerfg uiogrtebity ai gcgotrai pasbtbai desgh ai tkg Wiogrtebity prbiobpcg
•
Gcgotrai bi ei etal bs hgsorbdgh dy sacutbai ta tkg _okrahbifgr gquetbai oeccgh ϋ .
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc
Xkg her`gr ei erge, tkg frgetgr bs tkg pradedbcbty an nbihbif tkg gcgotrai bi tket erge
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc •
Hgsorbdgs tkg rgfbai an speog erauih tkg iuocgus es oaisbstbif an skgccs ecsa skgccs ecsa prbiobpec prbiobpec ar lebi gigrfy cgvgcs . 5st 4ih ?rh 8tk 7tk >tk
@ C L I A Z
4 ; 5; ?4 7: 64
Xa hgtgrlbig lexblul iuldgr an gcgotrai pgr skgcc, wkgrg i bs i bs tkg nbrst queitul iuldgr
Xkg Uueitul Lgokeiboec Lahgc •
Xkg prbiobpec gigrfy cgvgcs ar skgccs ley kevg aig ar larg sudcgvgcs. Xkgsg sudcgvgcs erg essbfigh wbtk cgttgrs= s, p, h, n, eih f (eih sa ai…)
(spkgrboec) (prbiobpec) (hbnnusg) (nuihelgitec)
4 > 5: 58
5 ? 7 6
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs • • • • •
Cawgst gigrfy ai geok cgvgc Nauih aicy aiog pgr gigrfy cgvgc _pkgrg skepgh _grbgs an oaiogitrbo spkgrgs
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs • • • • •
Kbfkgr gigrfy tket s ardbtec Nauih stertbif et 4ih gigrfy gigrfy cgvgc cgvgc _ud-skgccs an tkrgg p tkrgg p ardbtecs ardbtecs pgr cgvgc Kaurfcess Kaurfcess skepgh ske pgh
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs •
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs •
Kbfkgr gigrfy tket s ar p ar p ardbtec ardbtec • Nauih stertbif et ?rh gigrfy cgvgc h ardbtecs pgr cgvgc • _ud-skgccs an nbvg h ardbtecs • Last 8 cgen ocavgr skepgh •
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs •
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs •
Kbfkgr gigrfy tket s, p ar p ar h ardbtec h ardbtec • Nauih stertbif et 8tk gigrfy cgvgc n ardbtecs • _ud-skgccs an sgvgi n ardbtecs • Leiy hbnngrgit skepgs •
Ardbtec _kepgs eih Gigrfbgs •
Oalperbsai an tkg Dakr eih _okrahbifgr Lahgc •
Hbsorgtg gigrfy cgvgcs wbtk hgnbibtg gigrfy vecug
•
Aicy ogrtebi vecugs erg eccawgh
•
Gigrfy bn cast ar febigh dy gcgotrais hurbif treisbtbai nral aig gigrfy cgvgc ta eiatkgr
Oalperbsai an tkg Dakr eih _okrahbifgr Lahgc
DAKT LAHGC
_OKTAHBIFGT LAHGC •
Vevgnuiotbais hgnbigs gigrfy eih pasbtbai an gcgotrai
@iaws hbsteiog/rehbus an gcgotrai wbtk ogrtebity
•
Okaasg ta hgnbig gigrfy an gcgotrai gcgo trai prgobsgcy prgobsg cy
@iaws gigrfy an gcgotrai
•
Gxeot pasbtbai bs iat `iawi
•
Gcgotrai bi ei erauih tkg iuocgus
•
•
Gcgotraibo Oainbfuretbai •
E wey an hbstrbdutbif gcgotrais bi hbnngrgit ardbtecs erauih tkg iuocgus an ei etal
Zrbiobpec queitul iuldgr, i
5 5s
Iuldgr an gcgotrais
_udskgcc hgsbfietbai
Gcgotraibo Oainbfuretbai •
= dubchbif an gcgotrais aig dy aig nral tkg cawgst gigrfy cgvgc nbrst
•
5s 4s 4p ?s ?p 8s ?h 8p 7s 8h 7p >s 8n 7h >p 6s 7h >p 6s 7n >h 6p ….
Gcgotraibo Oainbfuretbai
5. Hgtgrlbig iuldgr an gcgotrais (gquec ta ]) 4. Ehh gcgotrais ta ardbtec bi biorgesbif ardbtec gigrfy. (cawgst ardbtec nbrst)
Gcgotraibo Oainbfuretbai
is4 (i-5)hx
i bs tkg pgrbah eih x bs tkg pasbtbai
Gxogpt nar tkg Fraup an Ou eih Or
is4 (i-5)h5 (i-4)n x
Gcgotraibo Oainbfuretbai •
_terts wbtk tkg igergst prgoghbif iadcg fes
5>_ 4;Ib
5s4 4s4 4p> ?s4 ?p8 5s4 4s4 4p> ?s4 ?p> 8s4 ?h;
PIg\ ?s4 ?p8 PEr\ 8s4 ?h;
LAHWCG 4
Cgeribif Oalpgtgiobgs •
Gxpcebi tkg narletbai an baibo eih oavecgit daihs.
•
Tgoafibzg hbnngrgit typgs an oalpauihs (baibo ar oavecgit) desgh ai tkgbr prapgrtbgs suok es lgctbif pabit, kerhigss, pacerbty eih gcgotrboec eih tkgrlec oaihuotbvbty.
•
Gxpcebi prapgrtbgs an lgtecs bi tgrls an tkgbr struoturg.
•
Gxpcebi kaw bais erg narlgh.
Tgoecc= Xkg Zgrbahbo Xedcg an Gcglgits Xypgs an Gcglgits=
Tgoecc= Xkg Zgrbahbo Xedcg an Gcglgits vgrtboec oaculis bi tkg pgrbahbo tedcg • Xgccs edaut tkg iuldgr an
