GMAT Verbal Notes READING COMPREHENSION STRATEGY...........................................................................................2
PREPARATION STRATEGY.............................................................................................................................2 General Strategies for Reading Comprehension............... Comprehension......................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...........................2 .................2 Six most important types of RC Questions............... Questions.......................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... ................3 ......3 TEST TAKING STARTEGY..............................................................................................................................6 SENTENCE CORRECTION STRATEGY.................................................................................................7
PREPARATION STRATEGY.............................................................................................................................7 The 8 Major rrors !f GM"T nglish................. nglish............................ ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................8 .........8 #$%ronoun error......................................................................................................................................8 2$Mispla&ed Modifier 'modifiers must stay &lose to home$.................. home$............................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................( ........( 3$%arallel Constru&tion............... Constru&tion......................... .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... ........................( ..............( )$*er+ Tense.................. Tense............................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .........................#, ...............#, -$Su+je&t*er+ agreement errors................. errors............................ ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ....................................## .........................## /$%arallelism '"pples 0 !ranges$................ !ranges$........................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ...................................#) ........................#) 1$Quantity ords..................................................................................................................................#8$dioms............... 8$dioms.......................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... ...................................#.........................# 4!M"TC %R%!ST!5 %R%!ST!5 6S"G................ 6S"G.......................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..............................2, ....................2, CRITICAL
REASONING...........................................................................................................................50
APPENDI A. A!SOL"TE PHRASES# INTROD"CTION..................................................................55 APPENDI !. S"!$ECT%VER! INVERSION........................................................................................57 APPENDI C. PREPOSITIONS................................................................................................................&2
Rea'()* Co+,re-e)s(o) Strate* Pre,arat(o) Strate*
General Strategies for Reading Comre!ension ". Tr to rea' t-e /-ole tet o1 t-e ,assa*e o)e3 (1 ,oss(ble. #an$ eole t!in% $o& s!o&ld '&st s%im t!e assage or read t!e first lines of e(er$ aragra!) and not to read t!e assage. *e +elie(e t!is is an error, if $o& mis&nderstand t!e main idea of t!e assage) $o& -ill ertainl$ get at least some of t!e /&estions -rong. Gi(e t!e assage one good read) ta%ing no more t!an 0 min&tes to read all of t!e te1t. o not read t!e assage more t!an one 3 t!at -astes too m&! time. If $o& !a(e not &nderstood it omletel$) tr$ to ans-er t!e /&estions an$-a$. Note, t!is oint of reading t!e -!ole assage is imortant for test4ta%ers -!ose -!ose first lang&age is not Englis!) ro(ided t!at t!e$ an read t!e assage in 0 min&tes or less. 2. Ma4e br(e1 )otes o) t-e tet o) or sra, ,a,er. As -e -ill see +elo- in greater detail) $o& s!o&ld -rite do-n a o&le of -ords on A5 t!e #ain Idea or Primar$ P&rose) 5 Organiation8Str&t&re of t!e assage) and C5 t!e Tone or Attit&de of t!e a&t!or 9if alia+le5. Yo& '&st need a fe- -ords for ea! of t!ese areas) and a nd altoget!er it s!o&ld not ta%e longer t!an 0: seonds to -rite do-n. 0. Re+e+ber t-at t-e to)e or att(t'e o1 t-e ,assa*e (s sall res,et1l a)' +o'erate3 )e6er *o()* to etre+es o1 ,ra(se )or r(t((s+. ETS o+tains its Reading Comre!ension assages from real artiles a+o&t real aademis and rofessionals. So t!e tone of t!e artiles) e(en -!en t!ere is ritiism ritiism in t!e assage to-ard an aademi or !er -or%) is al-a$s +alaned and moderate. In t!e same (ein) artiles t!at deal -it! minorities or et!ni gro&s are almost al-a$s ositi(e and s$mat!eti. ;. Loo4 ot 1or strtral /or's t-at tell o t-e (+,orta)t ('eas or tra)s(t(o)s () a ,assa*e. Co)t()e t-e I'ea or's
Similarl$ #oreo(er Additionall$ In t!e same -a$
Co)ls(o) or's
T!&s T!erefore =ene So In s&mmar$ In onl&sion
Co)tra'(t(o) 8Y()9Ya)*: or's Ne(ert!less Nonet!eless
=o-e(er &t Alt!o&g! T!o&g! E(en t!o&g! Not-it!standing
Yet esite In site of On t!e one !and>on t!e ot!er !and *!ile ?nli%e Traditional (ie- 8 #odern @ieefore 8After Generall$ #ost eole t!in%>
. Go ba4 to t-e tet o1 t-e ,assa*e 1or t-e a)s/ers. #an$ test4ta%ers fail to ret&rn to t!e te1t of t!e assage to loo% for t!e orret ans-ers. T!e$ rel$ solel$ on t!eir memories and &nderstanding of t!e assage after !a(ing read or s%immed it. *rong. ETS is o&nting on t!at. Go +a% to t!e te1t to loo% for information to ans-er t!e /&estions. Nine times o&t of ten) t!e ans-er lies -it!in t!e assage. Si1 most imortant t$es of RC B&estions T!ere are 6 most imortant t$es of /&estions for Reading Comre!ension, ". Ma() I'ea%Pr(+ar Pr,ose ;est(o)s #an$ eole +elie(e t!ere is no differene +et-een t!e main or entral idea of t!e assage and t!e rimar$ &rose of t!e a&t!or of t!e assage. T!is is siml$ not tr&e.
D*!i! of t!e follo-ing +est states t!e entral idea of o f t!e assageD D*!i! of t!e follo-ing most a&ratel$ states t!e main idea of t!e assageD D*!i! of t!e follo-ing is t!e rinial toi of t!e assageD DT!e main toi of t!e assage is....D
Pr(+ar Pr,ose T!e /&estion mig!t loo% li%e t!is,
DT!e rimar$ &rose of t!is assage is to...D DT!e rimar$ &rose of t!e assage as a -!ole is to...D DT!e rimar$ fo&s of t!is assage is on -!i! of t!e follo-ingD DT!e main onern of t!e assage is to...D DIn t!e assage) t!e a&t!or is rimaril$ interested in....D DT!e assage is !iefl$ onerned -it!...D
Strate*# Ma() I'ea,
Re4read t!e first line of e(er$ assage) and t!e last line of t!e first and last aragra!s. T!is s!o&ld gi(e $o& t!e general str&t&re or o&tline of t!e arg&ment) -it! -!i! $o& an ans-er t!e #ain Idea /&estion. After determining t!e general str&t&re or ontent of t!e arg&ment) eliminate ans-er !oies t!at are too +road or too seifi) i.e. ans-er !oies t!at go +e$ond t!e ontent of t!e assage) or t!at deal -it! ontent onl$ dis&ssed in one aragra! of t!e assage. #a%e +rief notes 3 a o&le of -ords4 regarding t!e #ain Idea on t!e te1t on $o&r sra aer -!ile $o& read. Pr(+ar Pr,ose , *!at is t!e a&t!or tr$ing to do *!at is !is intention If !e is e(al&ating a t!eor$) t!en t!e ans-er o&ld +e somet!ing li%e Dis&ss an interretationD. Note t!at t!e orret ans-er -o&ld deal -it! D an interretationD) +ea&se t!e a&t!or is onl$ dealing -it! o)e t!eor$. If t!e Primar$ P&rose is to ritiie 2 ne- +oo%s) t!en !is intention or !is rimar$ &rose mig!t +e to DCriti/&e ne- st&diesD. Again) as in #ain Idea /&estions) re4read t!e first line of e(er$ assage) and t!e last line of t!e first and last aragra!s. T!is s!o&ld gi(e $o& t!e general str&t&re or o&tline of t!e arg&ment) -it! -!i! $o& an ans-er t!e Primar$ P&rose /&estion. Note, A good main idea or rimar$ &rose does not go +e$ond t!e soe of t!e assage) nor does it limit itself to dis&ssing onl$ one art of t!e assage.
2. T(tle ;est(o)s Title /&estions are (er$ similar to #ain Idea /&estions) t!o&g! are less ommon. T!e assages in t!e real G#AT -ill not !a(e titles. T!e title /&estion mig!t loo% li%e t!is, D*!i! of t!e follo-ing titles +est s&mmaries t!e assage as a -!oleD Strate* , Treat t!is as a #ain Idea /&estion. A good title s&ms & t!e entral idea of a assage. T!erefore) in order to ans-er t!is t$e of /&estion,
".
Idea8Title. T!e orret ans-er -ill sa$ t!e same t!ing as it sa$s in t!e te1t) +&t &sing different -ords. 2. Re4read t!e first line of e(er$ assage) and t!e last line of t!e first and last aragra!s. T!is s!o&ld gi(e $o& t!e general str&t&re or o&tline of t!e arg&ment) -it! -!i! $o& an ans-er t!e Title /&estion. 0. #a%e +rief notes 3 a o&le of -ords4 regarding t!e Title on t!e te1t on $o&r sra aer -!ile $o& read. ;. After determining t!e general str&t&re or ontent of t!e arg&ment) eliminate ans-er !oies t!at are too +road or too seifi) i.e. ans-er !oies t!at go +e$ond t!e ontent of t!e assage) or t!at deal -it! ontent onl$ dis&ssed in one aragra! of t!e assage. 0. S,e(1( Deta(l or Tar*et <est(o)s Seifi etail or Target /&estions are ro+a+l$ t!e most ommon t$es of /&estions) and t!e easiest to ans-er. T!e /&estion mig!t loo% li%e t!is, DAording to t!e assage)....D DT!e assage states t!at ....D Strate* T!e Seifi etail or Target t!at -e are loo%ing for o&ld +e a
;. I)1ere)e or Ass+,t(o) ;est(o)s T!is is ro+a+l$ t!e most diffi< t$e of Reading Comre!ension ro+lem. T!e /&estions mig!t loo% li%e t!is, DIt an +e inferred t!at t!e a&t!or ma%es -!i! of t!e follo-ing ass&mtionsD D*!i! is an ass&mtion &nderl$ing t!e last sentene of t!e assageD D*!i! of t!e follo-ing) if tr&e) -o&ld most strengt!en t!e !$ot!esis mentioned in lines "74"D D*it! -!i! of t!e follo-ing statements regarding !aos t!eor$ -o&ld t!e a&t!or +e most li%el$ to agreeD Strate* , First) treat t!is t$e of ro+lem as a Seifi Target /&estion.
#a%e s&re t!at t!e ans-er !oie $o& deide on does not (iolate or ontradit t!e #ain Idea of t!e assage 4 if it does) t!e ans-er !oie is ro+a+l$ -rong.
. Att(t'e or To)e o1 t-e ,assa*e ;est(o)s T!e /&estion mig!t loo% li%e t!is, DT!e a&t!ors attit&de to-ards #organs t!eor$ o&ld +est +e desri+ed as one of ...D Strate* ,
&. Or*a)(=at(o) o1 t-e ,assa*e <est(o)s T!e /&estion mig!t loo% li%e t!is, D*!i! of t!e follo-ing +est desri+es t!e organiation of t!e assageD D*!i! of t!e follo-ing +est desri+es t!e organiation of t!e first aragra! of t!e assageD DOne f&ntion of t!e t!ird aragra! is to....D Strate* , Re4read t!e first line of e(er$ assage) and t!e last line of t!e first and last aragra!s. T!is s!o&ld gi(e $o& t!e general str&t&re or o&tline of t!e arg&ment) -it! -!i! $o& an ans-er t!e /&estion. Remem+er to ma%e +rief notes a+o&t t!e str&t&re of t!e te1t on $o&r sra aer. If $o& are loo%ing for t!e organiation of one aragra!) read t!e first and seond sentene of t!e aragra!. T!at -ill gi(e $o& a ro&g! idea of -!at is t!e str&t&re or organiation of t!e aragra!. Some tis a+o&t reading assages, a. Read t!e -!ole te1t of t!e assage one. +. #a%e +rief notes a+o&t t!e te1t on $o&r sra aer. . Remem+er t!at t!e tone or attit&de of t!e assage is &s&all$ resetf&l and moderate) ne(er going to e1tremes of raise nor ritiism. d.
Test Ta4()* Starte*
"5 Aggressi(el$ read ea! aragra! for its main idea. If $o& anHt -rite do-n in a fe-ords -!at t!e oint of ea! aragra! is) $o& -erenHt reading ati(el$ eno&g!. Yo& s!o&ld 'ot do-n t!e follo-ing. a. #ain idea or rimar$ &rose +. Organiation8Str&t&re . Tone or attit&de of a&t!or 9if alia+le5 Note, e aref&l to not -rite fats do-n. ItHll +og $o& do-n and &s&all$ res<s in a loss of t!e +ig it&re and mo(es $o& to fo&s too m&! into t!e details.
25 Note an$ trigger -ords) same train of t!o&g!t -ords) $in4$ang arallelism. 05 *eed o&t ossi+le dis&ta+le ans-ers. @ag&e) -im$ ans-ers are often orret o(er stronger statements. ETS doesnHt -ant to get man$ omlaints t!at a arti&lar ans-er t!at -as strongl$ stated) t!at e1etions o&ld arise. ETS -o&ld rat!er la$ it safe. ;5 #inorit$ assages are often ositi(e in tone and ans-ers tend to +e ositi(e in tone as -ell. Again) ETS) -o&ldnHt -ant to loo% re'&died. 5 Al-a$s eliminate +ad !oies first +efore ans-ering. Yo&Hll almost al-a$s +e a+le to narro- do-n to 240 and t!at signifiantl$ imro(es $o&r odds of getting t!e /&estion rig!t. 65 Read t!e entire assage +efore ans-ering t!e /&estions. Ot!er +oo%s sa$ s%im) +&t itHs not al-a$s s&essf&l -it! more diffi< assages -!ere min&te details !ange meanings of t!e assage and o&ld get $o& going do-n t!e -rong at! on inferene or main oint /&estions. Gi(e $o&rself 0 min&tes or less. 75 For Inferene /&estions) 9Note, t!ese are &s&all$ t!e !ardest of all RC /&estions5 go find t!e general area +eing referened. Read a +it a+o(e or +elo- it and t!en ma%e $o&r !oies. onHt go +$ memor$. T!is is going to a&se more ro+lems t!an are !elf&l -it! sa(ing time in t!e long r&n. Yo&r ans-er s!o&ld ne(er ontradit t!e main oint of t!e assage. 5 #ost eole get main oint and inferene /&estions -rong so fo&s more aref&ll$ on t!ese. 5 DAording to t!e assage8a&t!orD /&estion t$e of /&estions. *!ene(er $o& see t!is /&estion) tell $o&rself) DSto and sto t!in%ing. I need to >IND) not t!in%.D ":5 For main oint or entral idea t$e of /&estions) re4read t!e first and last sentenes of ea! aragra! +efore ma%ing elimination !oies and ans-ering. Getting t!e o(erall str&t&re is reall$ !elf&l +efore ans-ering. ""5 In S&mmar$, Consider -eeding o&t ans-ers t!at a. Are disresetf&l to ot!ers8rofessionals. ETS doesnHt li%e to +e disresetf&l. +. Too strong an ans-er. ?se of -ords li%e Jonl$) Jdefinitel$) Jositi(el$ . Condone8aro(e re'&diial attit&des. ETS doesnHt li%e to +e disresetf&l.
Se)te)e Corret(o) Strate* Pre,arat(o) Strate*
T-e ? Ma@or Errors O1 GMAT E)*l(s-
Sotting +ad sentenes is t!e %e$ to doing -ell on sentene str&t&re test /&estions.
: Pro)o) error
T!ere are 0 main t$es of rono&n errors eno&ntered in G#AT. a. Plral a)' S()*lar One $o& start -it! one) $o& need to sta$ in t!e same /&antit$ 9sing&lar or l&ral5.
S()*lar Pro)o)s 8Me+or(=e t-ese: =int, o $o& see t!e ategories I set& ItHs SANE to memorie t!is Some444 An$L NoL E(er$L
E(er$one E(er$+od$ E(er$t!ing An$one An$+od$ An$t!ing
Someone Some+od$ Somet!ing No one Not!ing No+od$
Eit!er Neit!er
One Ea!
*!oe(er *!ome(er
=is
!e a/are t-at *ro,3 @r3 tea+3 o)tr3 1a+(l are s()*lar. So(et to'a ses t-e+ so+et(+es as ,lral . T!is is +ea&se t!ese at as a single &nit -!en t!e$ do somet!ing.
Plral Pro)o)s 8Me+or(=e t-ese: ot! T!eir FeOt!ers
Se(eral
S()*lar a)' Plral Pro)o)s B 'e,e)'s o) /-et-er t-e )o) (s s()*lar or ,lral 8Me+or(=e t-ese:
Some
#an$
#ore
#ost
All
T-e ,lral a)' s()*lar lase error *!en t-o no&ns are in t!e sentene doing an ation toget!er +&t t!e$ are lin%ed -it! i5 Along -it! ii5 Toget!er -it! iii5 *it! i(5 As -ell as (5 In addition to
(i5 Aomanied +$ > t!is does not ma%e t!e follo-ing ation t!e$ do l&ral. O)l a)' a) ta4e t-e t/o s()*lars a)' +a4e t-e(r at(o) ,lral. For e1amle Manie) -it! !er oodle liming +e!ind !er) -al%s to t!e dog ar%. E1lanation, Manie is sing&lar. T!e oodle is sing&lar. T!e$ +ot! do t!e ation toget!er) +&t t!e &se of J-it! means t!at -e need to %ee t!e (er+ sing&lar. J*al%s is sing&lar and J*al% is l&ral. Re+e+ber3 a 6erb t-at e)'s /(t- a) Bs (s s()*lar. +. Pro)o) re1ere)e error 4 referring rono&n is not orretl$ laed. For e1amle, In t!e sentene JSamant!a and Mane -ent s!oing) +&t s-e o&ldnHt find an$t!ing s-e li%ed.) t!e rono&n Js!e does not refer to a erson &nam+ig&o&sl$. It is diffi< to &nderstand t!at -!et!er Js!e is referring to Samant!a or Mane. T!e orret form -o&ld +e JSamant!a and Mane -ent s!oing) +&t Sa+a)at-a o&ldnHt find an$t!ing s-e li%ed. . Relat(6e ,ro)o)s are often &sed inorretl$ toda$. "5 Referring to t!ings or animals 3 t!at) -!i! 25 Referring to eoleL-!o) -!om 05 T-e 3 +e aref&l t!at $o& donHt &se t!is &nless $o&Hre ositi(e t!ere is a referring no&n. Toda$ -e often &se Jt!e$ to relae t!e &se of a roer no&n -!i! it is not. ItHs a Prono&n.
2: M(s,lae' Mo'(1(er 8+o'(1(ers +st sta lose to -o+e:
Sentenes t!at +egin -it! a (er+) ad'eti(e(er+) and ad'eti(e !rases need to +e follo-ed +$ t!e no&n or rono&n t!e$ are modif$ing. ?s&all$ end -it! 3ing. E1amle, JComing o&t of t!e deartment store) Mo!nHs -allet -as stolen. JCo+()* is t!e modifier. *as 'o!nHs -allet oming o&t of t!e store I)orret Possi+le sol&tion to loo% for, i5 Corret t!e referene ii5 P&t a no&n or rono&n into t!e "st art of t!e sentene t&rning t!e "st art into an ad(er+ial la&se. T!&s an stand aart -it!o&t needing to -at! t!e modifier.
: Parallel Co)strt(o)
T!ere are t-o %inds of ERS sentenes t!at test t!e arallel onstr&tion. T!e first is a sentene t!at ontains a list) or !as a series of ations set off from one anot!er +$ ommas. T!e seond %ind is a sentene t!atHs di(ided into t-o arts. ot! t$es m&st !a(e arallel t$es of (er+iage, >..to ) to
ate ) slet ) dran% .
ad onstr&tion mig!t loo% li%e, >to ) >ate ) slee ) dran% . T!ere are a fe- more t!ings to +e o+ser(ed in a arallel onstr&tion sentene. a. Co+,ar(so)s +st be lo*(al a)' o+,at(ble Find t!e t-o t!ings +eing omared and see if t!e sentene is str&t&red in +alane. onHt +e afraid to onsider !anging (er+s or ad'eti(es to get t!e +alane.
T!e -ords Dli%e)D D&nli%e)D Dsimilar to)D Das>soD) J-!en and Din ontrast toD are t!e most ommon indiators of omarisons. In omarisons) o+,at(b(l(t (s 'eter+()e' b sb@et +atter . For e1amle, JAs domestiated animals) indoor ats t$iall$ lose t!eir a+ilit$ to !&nt for t!eir o-n food) so too do domestiated dogs ome to rel$ e1l&si(el$ on t!eir o-ners for s&stenane. =ere) domestiated ats are omared to domestiated dogs) and t!e omarison -or%s +ea&se t!e$ are +ot! domestiated animals L t!e$ are li%e terms. *!ene(er $o& see a omarison +eing set & in a sentene) !e% to see t!at t!e terms of t!e omarison are omati+le. b. Parallel(s+ (s )ot @st abot lases3 bt 6erb sa*e E1amle, 4ing and 3ing) to>> to>> ) eit!er >.. or) neit!er >>. nor.
In a series of t-o or more elements) -!at $o& do on 2 determines -!at $o& do on 0. In ot!er -ords) e(er$t!ing after 2 m&st +at- 2, • I li%e to s-im) to r&n) and to dane. • I li%e to s-im) r&n) and dane. are o%a$. I li%e to s-im) r&n) and to dane. • I li%e to s-im) to r&n) and dane. are NOT o%a$. •
F: Verb Te)se
On t!e G#AT) tense ro+lems are often '&st a matter of arallel onstr&tion. In general) if a sentene starts o&t in one tense) it s!o&ld ro+a+l$ remain in t!e same tense. Some ma'or ategories of tense, onHt need to memorie t$es. M&st +e familiar
a. Prese)t te)se e1amle, =e -al%s t!ree miles a da$. +. S(+,le Past e1amle, *!en !e -as $o&nger) !e -al%ed t!ree miles a da$. . Prese)t Per1et e1amle, =e !as -al%ed. d. Past Per1et e1amle, =e !ad -al%ed. e. >tre e1amle, =e -ill -or%. f. Prese)t Per1et 3 esri+es ation t!at +egan in t!e ast +&t ontin&es &ntil t!e resent. Ke$ identifier 3 J!as J!a(e. S('e)ote# Sometimes &sed -!en deadline e1ists. g. Past Per1et 3 esri+es ation t!at started and stoed in t!e ast. Ke$ identifier 3 -a' !. Prese)t Pro*ress(6e 3 ?sed as em!asis +$ t!e sea%er t!at t!e ation is !aening t!is (er$ min&te. Ke$ identifier 3 (er+ Qto +eH a (er+ -it! an 3ing ending. i. Per1et Pro*ress(6e 3 O&ies more t!an one moment in t!e ast. In ot!er -ords) ongoing for a eriod of time. Ke$ identifier 3 J!ad +een One e1etion to t!is r&le is a sentene t!at ontains t!e ast erfet 9in -!i! one ation in t!e ast !aened +efore anot!er ation in t!e ast5. E1amles, =e !ad ridden !is motor$le for t-o !o&rs -!en it ran o&t of gas. T!e dinosa&rs are e1tint no-) +&t t!e$ -ere one resent on t!e eart! in large n&m+ers. T-o e(ents t!at !a(e ta%en lae) are ta%ing lae or -ill ta%e lae at t!e same time m&st !a(e t!e same tense in t!e sentene. Passi(e (er+s +egin -it! t!e form of Jto +e 9E1amle, to +e) -ere) -as5 and end -it! a different (er+ in t!e ast tense.
5: Sb@et9Verb a*ree+e)t errors
A (er+ is s&osed to agree -it! t!e s&+'et. a. S()*lar Plral a*ree+e)t. o t!e t-o agree in l&ralit$ Can +e made (er$ omle1 -!en reositional !rases searate (er+ from no&n8s&+'et +$ or more -ords. Eas$ to o(erloo% ross referened s&+'et4(er+ relations!i. +. To tell (1 a 6erb ,ara'(*+ (s ,lral or s()*lar . #entall$ &t JT!e$ in front of t!e (er+ ß l&ral #entall$ &t J=e in front of t!e (er+ ß sing&lar . Verb ,lral(t# 8T-(s o+es , A LOT o) t-e GMAT: Adding an Js to t!e end of an ad'eti(e ma%es it sing&lar. For e1amle) disli%e ß l&ral disli%es ß sing&lar /&ote, I !ose A) +&t t!e orret ans-er is .
T!e ma'orit$ of t!e tal% -as de(oted to an ao&nt of t!e e1erimental met!ods &sed +$ in(estigators in t!e field. a. ... +. T!e greater art of t!e tal% -as . T!e +&l% of t!e tal% !as +een d. A large amo&nt of t!e tal% !as +een e. A redominane of t!e tal% -as Good one D+a@or(t D s-ol' be se' /(t- o)t )o)s o)l. T!e ma'orit$ of t!e -ater is dirt$. Is D&nidiomati)D +ea&se D-aterD is a non4o&nt no&n. M&st in ase) o&nt no&ns an +e o&nted 9+ottle) idea) erson) +r&s!) et.5 Nono&nt no&ns annot +e o&nted 9-ater) f&rnit&re) information) soa) l&ggage) et.5. T!ere is) !o-e(er) a lot of o(erla +et-een t!e t-o44+eer) o%e) offee) material) lo(e) et. an all +e eit!er o&nt or non4o&nt) deending on o&r meaning) onte1t) or le(el of formalit$. One of t!e most ommon /&estions is somet!ing li%e t!is, o I sa$, D#ost of t!e eole is8are...D D#ost of t!e -ater (s8are...D =eres t!e r&le, /&antifier of NO"N (er+ T!e NO"N determines -!et!er t!e (er+ is sing&lar or l&ral. For e1amle, #ost of t!e eole is8are... +ea&se t!e /&antifier DmostD refers to Deole)D 9a l&ral no&n5 so DmostD is l&ral in t!is sentene. #ost of t!e -ater (s8are... +ea&se t!e /&antifier DmostD refers to D-ater)D 9a non4o&nt no&n5 so DmostD is l&ral in t!is sentene. So) from t!ese e1amles) $o& s!o&ld notie t!at -e are loo%ing mainl$ at -!et!er t!e o+'et of t!e reosition is o&nt or non4o&nt +ea&se t!e /&antifier -ill ta%e on t!is roert$ from t!e o+'et of t!e reosition. In ot!er -ords) in t!ese sentenes, Most of t!e eole are...
D#ostD +eomes a o&nt no&n +ea&se DeoleD is a o&nt no&n. Most of t!e -ater is... D#ostD +eomes a non4o&nt no&n +ea&se D-aterD is a non4o&nt no&n. So) t!is r&le tells &s o)l -!et!er t!e /&antifier is o&nt or non4o&nt. To fig&re o&t -!et!er t!e /&antifier is sing&lar or l&ral) -e need to !e% one more t!ing... Sometimes) a /&antifier refers onl$ to one t!ing) not man$ t!ings. For e1amle) ea-) e6er) and o)e al-a$s refer to one t!ing) +&t 0) -al1 ) all) and +ost -o&ld refer to more t!an one t!ing if t!e o+'et of t!e reosition is o&nt 9-it! one ossi+le e1etion t!at I -ill s!o- $o& in a seond5. Of o&rse) if t!e /&antifier is al-a$s sing&lar) t!en t!e (er+ m&st al-a$s +e sing&lar) too. 9
Of o&rse) -!en I first -rote o&t t!ese r&les) I imagined a sit&ation li%e t!is, "U of t!e ":: eole is8are... +ea&se) of o&rse) "U of ":: is one) and t!ats sing&lar) rig!t And t!eres in(aria+l$ some st&dent in m$ lass -!o -ill tr$ to find an e1etion 9t!ats -!at I do in lass) too #$ tea!ers !ated it 5 An$-a$) I t!in% most eole -o&ld sa$ t!at t!is is siml$ a +ad sentene and s!o&ld +e re-ritten. T!is sentene I(e s!o-n $o& is more of a grammar ,==le t!an a real sentene. &t I %no- t!at some+od$ o&t t!ere -ill -ant to %no- t!e Dans-er.D *ell) $o& ant go -rong if $o& -rite it in t!e sing&lar) an $o& T!e tea-er toget!er -it! t!e st&dent IS 9or ARE5 going to... T!e tea-er a)' t-e st'e)t ARE 9or IS5going to Generall$ sea%ing) -e need a on'&ntion to reate a l&ral s&+'et from more t!an one sing&lar no&n. Dto*et-er /(t-D is NOT a on'&ntion) and t!erefore annot reate a l&ral s&+'et. Da)'D on t!e ot!er !and) IS a on'&ntion and CAN reate a l&ral s&+'et. Im onl&ding, Da n&m+er of ...D al-a$s ta%es l&ral (er+s. Dt!e n&m+er of ...D al-a$s ta%es sing&lar (er+s. Eg, t!e n&m+er of eole !as inreased A n&m+er of eole !a(e gone T!e imortant t!ing !ere is t!at t!e n&m+er in t!e first e1amle 9t!e n&m+er of -omen emlo$ed o&tside t!e !ome5 is an at&al n&m+er440):::) for e1amle. E(en if $o& add more -omen to t!e original n&m+er) t!ere -ill still +e one n&m+er) rig!t T!e seond &sage of Dn&m+ersD is also orret) and means t!at t!ere are man$ eole in t!at gro&. For e1amle) it is orret to sa$, Peo,le are lea6()* Cal(1or)(a () *reater )+bers.
Peo,le are s,e)'()* +ore +o)e o) t-e I)ter)et () *reater )+bers.
Seond) D&rfe-D is a sing&lar o&nt no&n and t!erefore re/&ires a determiner 9t!e5. I agree -it! $o& t!at s%ill an +e +ot! a o&nt no&n as -ell as a non4o&nt no&n. It all deends &on t!e onte1t. =a(e a loo% at t!e e1amle +elo-, ". =arr$ %no-s /&ite a fe- dri(ing s%ills. Con(ersel$) if -ere to as% =arr$ a+o&t !is dri(ing s%ills) I -o&ld as%. 2. =o- m&! s%ill do $o& !a(e in dri(ing a ar) =arr$ So $o& see) t!e -ord Ds%illD remains t!e same +&t deending on t!e onte1t) s%ill an +e a non4o&nt or a o&nt no&n *it! frations) erentages and indefinite /&antifiers) t!e (er+ agrees -it! t!e reeding no&n or la&se. *it! sing&lar or non4o&nt no&ns or la&ses) &se a sing&lar (er+, One t!ird of t!is artile is ta%en & -it! statistial anal$sis. All of t!e +oo% seems rele(ant to t!is st&d$. =alf of -!at !e -rites is &ndo&mented. A+o&t fift$ erent of t!e 'o+ is ro&tine. All t!e information is &rrent. *it! l&ral no&ns) &se l&ral (er+s,
One t!ird of t!e st&dents !a(e grad&ate degrees. Fift$ erent of t!e om&ters !a(e C4RO# dri(es. #an$ resear!ers deend on grants from ind&str$.
*it! olleti(e no&ns) &se eit!er sing&lar or l&ral) deen ding on -!et!er $o& -ant to em!asie t!e single gro& or its indi(id&al mem+ers,
=alf of m$ famil$ li(es8li(e in Canada. All of t!e lass is8are !ere. Ten erent of t!e o&lation is8are +iling&al.
T!is is anot!er reason) and t!is ones a +it !arder to e1lain. In a n&ts!ell) t!o&g!) -e ant &se a that no&n la&se -it! t!e -ord dire&tie ) '&st as -e annot -it! order ) as !ellogmat !as ointed o&t.
&: Parallel(s+ 8A,,les Ora)*es:
T!is error is not a fre/&entl$ eno&ntered error) +&t it is -ort! %no-ing and ratiing s&! errors. In s&! sentenes) generall$ t-o t!ings or items are omared. a. *!en t!e sentene omares t-o items. As% $o&rself) an t!e$ +e reall$ omared
+. *!en t!e sentene omares t-o ations as -ell. ?s&all$) t!e ro+lem is -it! !idden omarison -!ere t-o t!ings or ations are omared) +&t anot!er t-o items or ations are intert-ined and $o& lose t!e omarison relations!i. E1amle, JS$nt!eti oils +&rn less effiientl$ t!an nat&ral oils. T!e sentene is -rong +ea&se -e are tr$ing to omare !o- -ell ea! oil +&rns and not t!e oils t!emsel(es. &t do $o& see !o- t!e at&al t!ing +eing omared is easil$ missed
7: ;a)t(t or's
i.
T!e -ords meas&ring /&antit$ ma$ +e &sed inorretl$. For e1amle) -!en omaring t-o items) it -o&ld +e inaroriate to &se Jamong to omare t!em. =ereHs a !art, 2 (te+s et-een #ore etter
(1 +ore t-a) 2
among most +est least
ii. Items t!at anHt +e o&nted s!o&ld not &se /&antit$ -ords. For e1amle) $o& anHt sa$ Jfe-er so&. =ereHs a !art, No)9o)table /or's
Co)table /or's fe-er n&m+er man$
iii. *!en t-o distint -ords or !rases are 'oined +$ t!e orrelati(es eit!er) or) neit!er) nor) not onl$) +&t also) t!e n&m+er 9sing&lar or l&ral5 of t!e -ord or !rase nearest to t!e (er+ determines t!e n&m+er of t!e (er+. E1amle, Eit!er !is arents or !e is +ringing it 9notie Jis is sing&lar5 T!is an +e a onf&sing sentene +ea&se arents is l&ral) +&t -e a$ attention to !e -!i! is t!e no&n J!e tells &s t!at -e need to %ee Jis sing&lar. E1amle, Eit!er !e or !is arents are +ringing it. Notie Jarents is l&ral and is t!e losest to t!e (er+ so -e &se Jare -!i! is l&ral.
?: I'(o+s
S&! sentenes inororate inorret &sage of idiomati e1ressions. T!ere are no r&les. Reall$ need good Englis! familiarit$.
O(erall r&le, If itHs not one of t!e re(io&s 7) t!en itHs (er$ li%el$ an idiom e1ression test /&estion. *at! for t!e reositions 9to) the) of ) at ) for ) on) in) a+out ) et.)5 !anging among t!e ans-er !oies. T!is &s&all$ imlies an Idiomati ro+lem) if not a Parallel Constr&tion ro+lem #a'or Idioms $o& s!o&ld +e rett$ familiar -it!, "5 a de+ate o(er 25 a lot 05 a resonsi+ilit$ to ;5 a res< of 5 a se/&ene of 65 alaimed as is t!e orret idiom 9Alaimed to +e is -rong5 75 aomanied +$.... 5 adated for 5 Ad(er+ t/(e annot +e an o+'et of roosition Q+$H. QInrease +$ t-ieH is inorret Qdo&+ledH is orret ":5 affet to.. ""5 agree -it! "25 Aid in 9Aid for is inorret5 "05 Allerg$ to 9Allerg$ of) allerg$ for are inorret5 ";5 Alloated to is t!e orret idiom "5 alternati(e to.... "65 as a res< of... "75 as an instane of "5 as good as...or +etter t!an "5 as great as 2:5 as m&! as 2"5 Assoiate V -it! Y 225 ass&me ...to +e of... 205 At least as strong as9At least as great as5 2;5 Attemt to Qdo somet!ingH 9Attemt at doing is inorret5. 25 attend to 9someone5 265 attri+&te V to Y8V is attri+&ted to Y 275 +ased on 25 +elie(e V to +e Y 25 elie(ed to !a(e 0:5 +enefit from... 0"5 +etter ser(ed +$ V t!an Y .. 025 +et-een V and Y 005 ot! V and Y 9ot! V as -ell as Y is inorret5 ot! at V and at Y is orret. ot! on V or on Y is orret. 0;5 &siness et!is 4 Is a sing&lar -ord 05 all...to onsider... 065 enters on 075 Com+ined V -it! Y OR Com+ined V and Y 9ot! are orret5 05 Comensate for
05 Conerned for 4 -orried onerned -it! 4 related8affiliated ;:5 onform to ;"5 Consider V to +e Y 9a little ontro(ersial5 ;25 ontrar$ to... ;05 reated -it! ;;5 Credit V R&ees to YHs ao&nt 9*!en mone$ is in(ol(ed5 ;5 Credit V -it! diso(ering Y 9Credit -it! doing somet!ing5 ;65 deline in.... ;75 defined as ;5 deends on -!et!er ;5 deited as :5 esendent of 9esendent for is inorret5 "5 ifferent from one anot!er 9ifferent one from t!e ot!er is -rong5 25 isting&is! +et-een V and Y 92 (er$ different items) disting&is!ed) sa$ red and green olors5 05 isting&is! +et-een V and Y 9isting&is! V from Y is inorret5 ;5 isting&is! V from Y 9T-o rett$ similar items) sa$ original aintings from fa%e ones5 5 do&+t t!at 65 eit!er...or 75 ena+le to 5 entr&sted -it!... 5 Estimated to +e 9Estimated at is inorret5 6:5 e1eted t!at V -o&ld +e Y ... 6"5 e1eted V to +e Y ... 625 e1tent to ... 605 fasinated +$ 6;5 for 'o+s.. 65 for o(er...VVV $ears... 665 for+id V to do Y idential -it! 675 foring ...to... 65 From V to Y 9Gro- from 2 million to 0 +illion5 9From V & to Y is -rong5 65 Gi(en redit for +eing ones 4 -!o 7:5 !ad +etter9do5 7"5 In an attemt to 9gain ontrol5 725 in ontrast to 705 indeendent from 7;5 indifferent to-ards 75 Intent on 765 interation of ... 775 M&st as 4 So too 75 #a$ +e 9T!is is a -ord5 is idiomati) ma$+e 9T!is means er!as5 is not idiomati 75 #ista%e V for Y :5 modeled after "5 more t!an e(er
25 more V t!an Y ... 05 more...t!an 8 less...t!an ;5 more...t!an e(er... 5 m&st !a(e 9done5 65 Nati(e of 9Nati(e to is also &sed in some ases5 75 Neit!er 4 Nor s!o&ld !a(e arallel forms assoiated to it. 5 no less....t!an 5 No sooner t!an :5 Not in a flas! +&t in a "5 not onl$...+&t also 25 Not so m&! to V as to Y 05 not V ...+&t rat!er Y .. ;5 noted t!at .. 5 one attri+&tes V 9an effet5 to Y 9a a&se5 65 One V for e(er$ WW9 some n&meri n&m+er5 Ys ... 75 Pers&aded V to do Y 5 Plead g&ilt$ for failing 5 Potential for a&sing "::5 otential to ":"5 ro!i+its V from doing Y ":25 range from V to Y ":05 range of ... ":;5 reason>.. t!at inorretl$ seen as reason>.. +ea&se ":5 JRegard as is t!e orret idiom 44 Regarded as !a(ing) Regarded as ones -!o !a(e ":65 regardless ":75 regards V as Y ... ":5 relaing -it!... ":5 Re/&ire t!at V +e Y 9Not re/&ire t!at V is Y5 "":5 resear! to """5 resonsi+le for ""25 restit&tion...for ... ""05 res<ing in "";5 retroati(e to ""5 Same as V..as to Y ""65 same to V as to Y ""75 seem...to...9seem is l&ral5 ""5 so 9ad'eti(e5 t!at ""5 So V as to +e Y 9So &nreal as to +e tr&e5 "2:5 So V t!at Y 9So oor t!at t!e$ steal5 "2"5 s&+sri+e to "225 s&!...as "205 targeted at "2;5 t!at V ...t!at Y ... "25 T!at V is alled for is indiated +ot! +$ Y and +$ W. "265 t!e same to V as to Y
"275 "25 "25 "0:5 "0"5 "025 "005 "0;5 "05 "065 "075 "05 "05 ";:5 ";"5 ";25 ";05 ";;5 ";5 ";65 ";75 ";5 ";5 ":5 ""5 "25 "05 ";5 "5 "65
to .. &sed to 9e1amle to get &sed to or to +eome &sed to5 to ontrast V -it! Y To e1!ange V for Y 9e1!ange V -it! Y or an$ ot!er form is inorret5 to mista%e V for Y to monitor ... to or+it... To ratif$ 9At ratif$ing is inorret5 An attemt to ratif$ is t!e orret &se to res< in to sarifie V for Y to s&r(i(e To tr$ to fi1 is t!e rig!t idiom 9to tr$ and fi1 is inorret5 To -orr$ a+o&t someoneHs ondition 9To %ee -orr$ing o(er an ation5 &sed in t!e onstr&tion... &sed to 9do5 (ie-ed marriage as -a$ to ro(ide 9*a$ for ro(iding is inorret5 *!en QratesH means Qries !argedH it s!o&ld +e follo-ed -it! QforH -idel$ antiiated t!at.... *orried a+o&t 9*!en tal%ing a+o&t someoneHs ondition5 V Xis e1eted to Y V as Y .. V for+ids Y to do W ... V is attri+&ted to Y V is different from Y 9different t!an Y is inorret5 V is to -!at Y is to V is &n%no-n) nor it is %no-n 4 is a orret idiom 9Neit!er is not re/&ired5 V ordered t!at Y +e Wed... V ordered Y to +e Wed.. V ordered Y to do W V ro!o+its Y from doing W ...
T!ere are t!ree t$es of idioms t!at $o&ll see on t!e G#AT, ". -ord airs t!at go toget!er 2. reositions and t!e (er+s t!at &se t!em 0. standard e1ressions. or' Pa(rs
As>as
T!e mo(ie -as as long as it -as +oring.
more>t!an T!e -or%s!o -as +ore t!rilling t-a) an$t!ing Id e(er less>t!an done. greater>.t!an not onl$>+&t S!e -as )ot o)l e1!a&sted bt 8also: famis!ed as -ell. 9also5 So>t!at
T!e aartment -as so e1ensi(e t-at no self4s&orting
st&dent o&ld afford it. 9'&st5 as>so
8$st: as it is t!e d&t$ of emlo$ees to ontri+&te to t!e -ell4+eing of t!e oman$) so it is t!e d&t$ of t!e oman$ to ontri+&te to t!e -ell4+eing of its emlo$ees.
neit!er>nor Ne(t-er a +orro-er )or a lender +e. eit!er>or
IDIOMATIC PREPOSITION "SAGE
#an$ idiomati e1ressions tested on t!e e1am in(ol(e reositions. T!eres no o(erar!ing grammatial r&le t!at tells $o& -!i! reositions go -it! -!i! (er+s. Again) t!e r&les are determined +$ &sage) so $o&ll !a(e to DlistenD to t!e e1ression and determine if t!e (er+ is follo-ed +$ t!e orret reosition. e on t!e loo%o&t for ommonl$ tested reositions li%e Dof)D Dat)D D+$)D Din)D Dfrom)D Dto)D and DforD. If $o& !a(e diffi<$ determining -!et!er a &sage is orret) tr$ testing o&t t!e idiom in a simler (ersion of t!e sentene. E1amle, Alt-o*- -e /as o)s('ere' as a lea'()* ,ro,o)e)t 1or t-e o)tro6ers(al )e/ ()(t(at(6e3 t-e ,ro1essor )e6ert-eless so*-t re1*e 1ro+ t-e +e'(a ,roar . T!e sentene a+o(e +eomes, T!e rofessor -as onsidered as a roonent. oes an$t!ing so&nd &n&s&al Co&ld t!is sentene +e -orded differentl$ In fat) to be) not as) is t!e orret idiom, The professor 7as &onsidered to be a proponent. *o&ld rat!er ß resent tense if referring to m$self and ast tense if someone ot!er t!an t!e s&+'et is doing t!e ation E1amle, *o&ld rat!er I sea% ß resent tense E1amle, *o&ld rat!er $o& so%e ß ast tense General Grammar definitions So Z t!erefore So t!at Z in order to8in order t!at T!at Z t!e fat t!at Con'&ntions t!at an 'oin t-o indeendent la&ses are, and) +&t) $et) for) or) nor Do)t start se)te)es /(t- !ease
*ords re/&iring J!o- 9e1amle, %no- !o-5 KnoTea!
Anot!er fre/&entl$ tested grammatial error is &nneessar$ &se of t!e assi(e (oie. Its a good idea to +eome familiar -it! t!is t$e of error it aears /&ite often in t!e ans-er !oies of sentene orretion /&estions. As a reminder) t!e assi(e (oie is in &se -!en t!e ation of t!e sentene is erformed on t!e s&+'et. T!e ati(e (oie is in &se -!en t!e s&+'et itself erforms t!e ation. E1amle, At(6e , Allison 9s&+'et5 -ent 9ation5 to t!e store to +&$ a a%e 9o+'et5. Pass(6e , T!e a%e 9s&+'et5 -as +o&g!t 9ation5 +$ Allison 9o+'et5. Preosition &se JTo or JOf needs s&+'et (er+ NOT o+'et (er+ E1amles of s&+'et, s!e) !e) -!oe(er) -!o) I E1amles of o+'et, !er) !im) -!ome(er) its) it Eit!er side of a form Jto +e 9-ere) -as5 m&st !a(e s&+'ets not o+'ets on eit!er side to agree. A (er+ t!at ends in 3ing is a ger&nd -!i! is a (er+ ating li%e a no&n. Tr$ not to &se ger&nds if $o& an !el it. Ad(er+s) not ad'eti(es modif$ (er+s Ke$ identifier, Ad(er+s end in 3l$ Corret e1amle, I s&re -is! I -ere ri! Inorret e1amle, I s&rel$ -is! I -ere ri! or' "sa*e Some airs of -ords) li%e 1e/er and less) are often &sed inorretl$ +ea&se t!e$re treated as s$non$ms. In fat) t!ere is a solid r&le t!at determines -!i! one $o& s!o&ld &se) and t!e e1am -ill test $o&r a+ilit$ to deide -!i! is t!e orret otion. T!e e1am tests fo&r s&! -ord airs -it! arti&lar fre/&en$) so memorie t!e r&les ertaining to t!em if $o& dont %no- t!em alread$. ". >e/er%Less *!i! of t!e t-o follo-ing sentenes is orret T!e oman$ fired no less t!an fift$ emlo$ees. T!e oman$ fired no fe-er t!an fift$ emlo$ees. T!e seond sentene is orret. *!$ ea&se $o& &se less -!en $o&re tal%ing a+o&t t!ings $o& ant o&nt 9less oll&tion) less (iolene5 +&t 1e/er
-!en $o&re tal%ing a+o&t t!ings $o& an o&nt 9fe-er oll&tants) fe-er (iolent ats5. 2. N+ber%A+o)t T!ese -ords follo- t!e same r&le as less and fe-er. N+ber is orret -!en $o& an o&nt t!e t!ing +eing desri+ed 9a n&m+er of ars) a n&m+er of eole5 and a+o)t is orret -!en $o& annot 9amo&nt of lo(e) amo&nt of ain5. 0. A+o)*%!et/ee) ?se bet/ee) -!en onl$ t-o otions are a(aila+le 9+et-een t!e red ar and t!e +l&e ar5 and a+o)* -!en more t!an t-o otions are a(aila+le 9among t!e fi(e ans-er !oies) among t!e man$ +oo%s5. ;. I1%-et-er -et-er is orret -!en $o&re dis&ssing t-o otions 9-!et!er to get !oolate or stra-+err$ ie ream5 and (1 is orret for more t!an t-o otions 9if s!e s!o&ld get ie ream) froen $og&rt) or a oo%ie5. O) t-e GMAT3 /-et-er /(ll 8al+ost: al/as beat (1 Inorret, =er lient didnHt tell !er if !e !ad sent !is a$ment $et. Corret, =er lient didnHt tell !er -!et!er !e !ad sent !is a$ment $et.
. Co+,are' to 6%s. Co+,are' /(t-# To s!o- omarison +et-een &nli%e t!ings) Qomare toH is &sed. To s!o- omarison +et-een li%e t!ings) Qomare -it!H is &sed. e.g. =e omared !er to a s&mmer da$. Sientists omare t!e !&man +rain to a om&ter. 9?nli%e t!ing5 T!e olie omared t!e forged signat&re -it! t!e original. 9
T!e olie o+,are' t!e forged signat&re /(t- t!e original. T!e ommittee -ill !a(e to o+,are t!e Senates (ersion of t!e +ill /(t- t!e (ersion t!at -as assed +$ t!e =o&se.
*!en o+,are is &sed to mean to l(4e) 9one5 /(t- anot!er) /(t- is traditionall$ !eld to +e t!e orret reosition, T!at little +a&+le is not to +e o+,are' /(t- 9)ot to5 t!is enormo&s 'e-el. !t to (s 1re<e)tl se' () t-(s o)tet a)' (s )ot ()orret. Rle , Co+,are to omares )l(4e t-()*s ) -!ereas o+,are /(tomares l(4e t-()*s. Rle 2, Co+,are to is &sed to stress t-e rese+bla)e . Co+,are /(t- an +e &sed to s!o- e(t-er s(+(lar(t or '(11ere)e bt (s sall se' to stress t-e '(11ere)e . T-ere (s a '(11ere)e bet/ee) o+,are to a)' o+,are /(t-J t-e 1(rst (s to l(4e) o)e t-()* to a)ot-erJ t-e seo)' (s to )ote t-e rese+bla)es a)' '(11ere)es bet/ee) t/o t-()*s.
6. Ea! T!is /&estion tests one &se of Dea!D -!i! most of &s ignore. T!e traditional r&le still !olds tr&e i.e. D t-e sb@et o1 a se)te)e be*())()* /(t- ea- (s *ra++at(all s()*lar D. &t t!ere is anot!er r&le -!i! sa$s t!at, -e) ea- 1ollo/s a ,lral sb@et3 t-e 6erb a)' sbse<e)t ,ro)o)s re+a() () t-e ,lral , e.g. t!e aartments ea- !a(e t!eir o-n ri(ate entranes 9not !as its o-n ri(ate entrane5 T!ree ats ea! eat ... T!ree ats) ea! of -!i! eats ...)
In ") ea- is ostositi(e Ad') -!ereas in 2) it is distri+&ti(e determiner. e.g.
Tele(ision an +e s,er1((al ) as -!en t!ree ma'or net-or%s ea! +roadast e1atl$ t!e same.
Ad(er+ la&se of manner -it! temoral ad(er+ la&se,
Tele(ision an +e s,er1((al ) as XT@ is s&erfiial -!en t!ree net-or%s ea! +road ast t!e same. 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444 /&ote, Alt!o&g! it laims to del(e into olitial iss&es) tele(ision an +e s&erfiial s&! as -!en ea! of t!e t!ree ma'or net-or%s +roadast e1atl$ t!e same statement from a olitial andidate.
9A5 s&erfiial s&! as -!en ea! of t!e t!ree ma'or net-or%s 95 s&erfiial) as an sometimes o&r if all of t!e t!ree ma'or net-or%s 9C5 s&erfiial if t!e t!ree ma'or net-or%s all 95 s&erfiial -!ene(er ea! of t!e t!ree ma'or net-or%s 9E5 s&erfiial) as -!en t!e t!ree ma'or net-or%s ea! First of all) each) if its a rono&n 9as it is in A5) is sing&lar. In fat) ea&h is almost al-a$s sing&lar) +&t t!eres at least one e1etion) -!i! -e -ill see in '&st a min&te. So) A an +e fa<ed for &sing a l&ral (er+) +road&ast ) -it! a sing&lar s&+'et) ea&h. *!at I reall$ li%e a+o&t A is t!at it &ses su&h as) -!i! -e &se to gi(e e1amles. All t!e ot!er inorret ans-er !oies &se -ords t!at example. mean somet!ing different from for example T!e +est ans-er) E) maintains t!e same meaning as A) and orrets t!e s&+'et8(er+ agreement ro+lem. Please note t!at one of t!e aeted meanings of as is for instan&e instan&e) and -it! t!is meaning) as is an ad(er+ and an t!erefore +e follo-ed +$ arts of see! ot!er t!an siml$ no&ns. is not onl$ a-%-ard) it also inorretl$ &ses if in t!e s&+ordinate la&se onneted -it! &an in t!e main la&se. I t!in% t!is is t!e art t!at is onf&sing eole 9it ertainl$ is -!at !as onf&sed Test#agi st&dents in t!e ast5) so lets fli t!e sentene aro&nd to see a +it more learl$ t!at its not orret to &se if -it! &an, f all of the three major major net7or9s net7or9s +road&ast +road&ast the same same statement: statement: teleision teleision &an +e superfi&ial. superfi&ial. T!is sentene s!o&ld read, f all of the three three major major net7or9s net7or9s +road&ast +road&ast the same statement statement:: teleision teleision 7ill +e superfi&ial. In ot!er -ords) its not orret to &se an a n after if 9in t!e onte1t of -!at -e(e +een tal%ing a+o&t5.
7. T-at T-at Vs Vs -( -(#ost often t!an not) in G#AT) -!i! -o&ld +e reeded +$ a omma in t!e sentene. e.g. Get me t!e +oo%) -!i! is mine. *!i! is &sed to /&alif$ t!e +oo% i.e. -!i! is mine. T!ere ma$ +e man$ +oo%s in t!e room) +&t I -ant m$ +oo%. Q*!i!H s!o&ld al-a$s refer to a no&n. E.g. Get me t!e +oo%) -!i! is mine. So) Q-!i!H !ere refers to t!e no&n Q+oo%H.
• •
*!i! s!o&ld al$ to t!ings T!e ot!er t!ing447hi&h m&st relae a no&n) not a sentene or idea.
e.g. Sales of ?nited States man&fat&red goods to non4ind&strialied o&ntries rose to ["67 +illion in "2) -!i! is "; erent more t!an t!e re(io&s $ear and largel$ offsets -ea% demand from E&roe and Maan. -!i! is "; erent more t!an t!e re(io&s $ear -!i! is "; erent !ig!er t!an it -as t!e re(io&s $ear "; erent !ig!er t!an t!e re(io&s $ears fig&re an amo&nt t!at is "; erent more t!an t!e re(io&s $ear -as an amo&nt t!at is "; erent !ig!er t!an t!e re(io&s $ears fig&re is inorret) +ea&se -!i! s!o&ld refer to a seifi no&n in t!e reeding la&se. T!at no&n does not e1ist 9 Rise of sales5. So) it is relaed +$ an amo&nt t!at is "; erent !ig!er > So) E is t!e orret ans-er 9Similar to t!e ?FO e1amle in rineton5 T!at is a restriti(e la&se -!ile -!i! is a non no n restriti(e la&se. After eole st&d$ G#AT sentene orretion for a -!ile) t!e$ ma$ as% a+o&t t!e differene +et-een that and and 7hi&h. &t first) a testmagi ti, G#AT almost al-a$s 9I sa$ almost al-a$s +ea&se I(e seen t/o /&estions t!at did not follo- t!is r&le) +&t t!e r&le -as (iolated in all fi(e ans-er !oies5 -ants $o& to &t a o++a be1ore which. In ot!er -ords) if $o& see 7hi&h -it!o&t a omma +efore it) its ro+a+l$ -rong. After t!is e1lanation) $o& s!o&ld &nderstand -!$) +&t for t!ose of $o& -!o -ant onl$ t!e most imortant information) t!is is -!at $o& need to %no-. An E1amle ot! of t!ese sentenes are orret in G#AT land, Please go into t!e room and get me t!e +ig +oo%) -!i! is mine. • Please go into t!e room and get me t!e +ig +oo% t!at is mine. • Yes) in G#ATland) t!ese t-o sentenes !a(e t-o different meanings. ot! of t!e follo-ing sentenes -o&ld +e + e inorret in G#AT land, V Please go into t!e room and get me t!e +ig +oo% -!i! is mine. V • V Please go into t!e room and get me t!e +ig +oo%) t!at is mine. V • Notie t!e ommas44t!ats -!at ma%es all t!e differene. T!e E1lanation O%a$) -e !a(e in Englis! t!is -eird idea t!at -e need to &se different grammar in an ad'eti(e la&se 9a.%.a. relati(e la&se5 deending on -!et!er t!e information in t!e ad'eti(e la&se is neessar$ to seifiall$ identif$ -!i! no&n -e are referring to.
For e1amle) imagine $o& !a(e one sister) and $o& are telling a friend t!at $o&r sister is oming to (isit $o&. Sine t!is erson is $o&r friend) -e an res&me t!at !e %no-s t!at $o& !a(e onl$ one sister. Yo& &tter a sentene li%e t!is to $o&r friend in G#ATland, • D#$ sister) -!o '&st grad&ated from ollege) is oming to see me.D In G#ATland) sine $o&r friend 9-e res&me5 %no-s $o& $o & -ell and %no-s t!at $o& !a(e onl$ one sister) t!is e1tra +it of information is onsidered &nneessar$ to identif$ -!i! sister it is $o& are tal%ing a +o&t. It is a sort of D+$ t!e -a$D information44D#$ sister is oming to see me) and o!) +$ t!e -a$) s!e '&st grad&ated from ollege.D No- imagine $o& !a(e t-o) t!ree) or e(en more sisters.
ro+a+l$ t!e ase t!at t!ere are se(eral +ig +oo%s in t!e room) so I need to add t!e information Dt!at is mineD to identif$ -!i! +oo% it is t!at I -ant. #ore E1amles A fe- more e1amles ma$ !el, • I met -it! ill Clinton) -!o is a la-$er. T!e name
=o-e(er) G#AT is (er$ tri%$ at times) and an of o&rse reate a /&estion in -!i! t!is r&le does NOT al$. In fat) I(e seen a /&estion t!at &sed 7hi&h -it!o&t a omma) +&t A<< t!e ans-er !oies (iolated t!e r&le. I.e.) none of t!e ans-er !oies &sed that t!e$ all &sed 7hi&h -it!o&t a omma.
=eres an e1amle of -!at I mean, <&ise in San Franiso is a lae -!i! an$+od$ an (isit. 9A5 -!i! an$+od$ an (isit 95 -!i! an$ erson o&ld (isit 9C5 -!i! no erson o&ld not (isit 95 -!i!) if t!e$ -anted to) an$ erson o&ld (isit 9E5 -!i! an$ erson o&ld (isit if t!e$ so desired I %no- some of $o& -ill t!in% t!at t!is sentene is terri+le) +&t t!e -!ole oint of G#AT sentene orretion is t!at -e m&st !oose t!e best ans-er) NOT t!e erfet ans-er.
8. T-e se o1 be()* Peole -!o st&d$ for G#AT for a -!ile /&i%l$ learn t!at +eing is &s&all$ -rong.
So Im g&essing $o& alread$ %no- t!at +eing in an ans-er !oie is -rong more often t!an it is rig!t.
T!is is a good strateg$ to get $o& started) +&t to get o(er 7:: on t!e G#AT) $o& reall$ need to %no- some of t!e finer oints of G#AT Sentene Corretion t!at relate to t!e &se of t!e -ord +eing . T!ere are at least t-o different sit&ations in -!i!
+eing is often t!e rig!t ans-er.
=ere is t!e first e1amle of -!en +eing is orret, a. -e) t-e *ra++ar re<(res (t. Yes) Im tr$ing to simlif$ t!ings !ere) +&t t!e idea is t!is44man$ ideas an +e e1ressed in more t!an one -a$. For e1amle) I an sa$, Im afraid of be()* late. Im afraid t-at Ill be late. Ea! !as its o-n em!asis) +&t t!e oint is t!at t!ese t-o str&t&res e1ist. 9If I %no- m$ mem+ers !ere) I %no- t!at t!e$ -ill !a(e /&estions a+o&t t!e differene) +&t lease) lets start a searate t!read for t!is.5 *!et!er -e an e1ress ideas in one or more str&t&res is reall$ related to t!e -ord &sed in ot!er -ords) it is idiomati. &t some idioms allo- onl$ one str&t&re. For e1amle, In addition to be()* one of t!e first resta&rants to om+ine #editerranean and Amerian tastes) C!e Panisse in er%ele$ is also one of t!e a$ Areas most esta+lis!ed resta&rants.
T!e idiomati str&t&re in addition to does not !a(e a o&nterart t!at &ses a s&+'et and a (er+) so o&r onl$ otion !ere is to &se +eing ) -!i! is grammatiall$ a no&n) +&t is deri(ed from a (er+.
b.
with NO"N being NO"N COMPLEMENT
T!e seond e1amle of -!en +eing is orret is s!o-n in t!is e1amle, T!ere are man$ reasons to get an #A) 7ith in&reased &areer prospe&ts +eing t!e most imortant for man$ #A aliants.
Te!niall$ t!is art !ere, 7ith in&reased &areer prospe&ts +eing
t!e most imortant for man$ #A aliants
is an a+sol&te !rase) +&t I t!in% its also !elf&l '&st to memorie t!e attern,
Framed +$ traitoro&s olleag&es) Alfred re$f&s -as imrisoned for t-el(e $ears +efore t!ere -as e1oneration and !is freedom. 9A5 t!ere -as e1oneration and !is freedom 95 !e -as to +e e1onerated -it! freedom 9C5 +eing e1onerated and freed 95 e1oneration and !is freedom 9E5 +eing freed) !a(ing +een e1onerated C is orret. T!e main t!ing !ere is t!at -e do )ot !a(e t!e +est otion a(aila+le to &s,
+efore !e -as e1onerated and freed T!e seond +est otion -o&ld +e,
+efore +eing e1onerated and freed
. !ease 6%s. I) T-at# *!en ETS &ts Q+ea&seH and Qin t!atH in a sentene) more often t!an not) Qin t!atH -o&ld +e orret. QIn t!at /&alifiesH t!e re(io&s sentene) -!ile Q+ea&seH is '&st &sed to s!o- a simle a&sal relations!i. Teratomas are &n&s&al forms of aner +ea&se t!e$ are omosed of tiss&es s&! as toot! and +one not normall$ fo&nd in t!e organ in -!i! t!e t&mor aears. • • • • •
+ea&se t!e$ are omosed of tiss&es s&! as toot! and +one +ea&se t!e$ are omosed of tiss&es li%e toot! and +one t!at are +ea&se t!e$ are omosed of tiss&es) li%e toot! and +one) tiss&es in t!at t!eir omosition ) tiss&es s&! as toot! and +one) is in t!at t!e$ are omosed of tiss&es s&! as toot! and +one) tiss&es
E (s t-e orret a)s/er.
":. "sal 6%s. Is "sal# =e is faster t!an is &s&al for an$ !&man +eing 3 Is orret. =e is faster t!an &s&al toda$ 3 is orret A #eredes is more e1ensi(e t!an &s&al for a ar 3 Inorret A #eredes is more e1ensi(e t!an is &s&al for a ar 3 Corret *!en somet!ing is omared to a s&+gro& to -!i! it +elongs) is &s&al s!o&ld +e &sed. *!en somet!ing is omared to itself) &s&al is fine. e.g. =e is nier t!an &s&al. "". Ca) 6%s. Col'# If $o& are '&st ass&ming somet!ing) Qo&ldH s!o&ld +e &sed.
e.g. Artifiial intelligene emerged d&ring t!e late ":s as an aademi disiline +ased on t!e ass&mtion t!at om&ters are a+le to +e rogrammed to t!in% li%e eole.
9A5 are a+le to +e rogrammed to t!in% li%e eole 95 -ere a+le to +e rogrammed to t!in% as eole 9C5 an +e rogrammed to t!in% as eole an 95 o&ld +e rogrammed to t!in% li%e eole 9E5 are aa+le of +eing rogrammed to t!in% li%e eole do Co&ld is &sed for, ossi+ilit$ 9Mo!n o&ld +e t!e one -!o stole t!e mone$5) ondition 9If I !ad more time) I o&ld tra(el aro&nd t!e -orld5) s&ggestion 9Yo& o&ld send $o&r (aation !ere5) olite re/&est 9Co&ld I !a(e somet!ing to drin%5 "2.
=o- a+o&t some e1amles P&i is not a dog +ut a cat . 5ot Todd +ut Taka 7ill +e studying 7ith us today. not 7as sad +ut happy to learn that Megumi 7as moing to %aris for a +etter jo+.
Yo& s!o&ld notie t!at t!e -ords in bol' are Dling&istiall$ e/&i(alent)D or) as -e sa$ in lass) Darallel.D No- omare one of t!ese sentenes if I tr$ to &se rather than ,
P&i is a &at rather than a dog .
oesnt t!is sentene so&nd ra$ It s!o&ld t!e meaning is all -rong. No-) lets loo% at a similar sentene) one in -!i! rather than is o%a$,
7ant a &at rather than a dog .
T!is sentene is o%a$ +ea&se -e are e1ressing a ,re1ere)e for one t!ing o(er anot!er t!ing. I need V) not Y Z I need V +&t not Y Z I need not Y +&t V DI need V rat!er t!an YD does not onnote DI need not YD) it '&st tells $o&r referene. ". "se o1 Co)s('er , *!en QonsiderH means Qregard asH) QasH s!o&ld not +e resent -it! QonsiderH in t!e sentene. Consider m&st diretl$ +e follo-ed +$ t!e sentene -it!o&t an infiniti(e li%e Qto +eH et. E1amle, Some st&dents of literar$ ritiism onsider t!e t!eories of laine to +e a !&ge ad(ane in modern ritial t!in%ing and /&estion t!e need to st&d$ t!e diso&nted t!eories of Ra&t!e and *ilson.
to +e a !&ge ad(ane in modern ritial t!in%ing and /&estion as a !&ge ad(ane in modern ritial t!in%ing and /&estion as +eing a !&ge ad(ane in modern ritial t!in%ing and /&estioned a -*e a'6a)e () r(t(al t-()4()* a)' <est(o) 8-e) o)s('er +ea)s re*ar' as3 )o )ee' o1 as: are a !&ge ad(ane in modern ritial t!in%ing and /&estioned
E1amle 2, Critis onsider orretion failities to be a) ()te*ral ,art o1 omm&nal s$stem. 4 Inorret Critis onsider orretion failities a) ()te*ral ,art of omm&nal s$stem. 3 Corret "6. !ECA"SE 6%s. ON ACCO"NT O># On G#AT) Qea&seH is referred o(er Qon ao&nt ofH. T!is is +ea&se Q+ea&seH an introd&e an entire s&+ordinate la&se in t!e sentene 9Golden ra+ is not fis!ed) on ao&nt of li(ing> 4 is not orret5. Golden ra+ is not fis!ed) +ea&se it li(es> 4 is orret "7. CHIE> o1 HICH 6%s. C=IEF among -!i!, Mamiesons roosal -as re'eted for se(eral reasons) t!e !ief among -!i! -as ost.
9A5 t!e !ief among -!i! -as ost 95 among -!i! t!e !ief -as its ost 9C5 t!e main one -as ost 95 t!e !ief reason of -!i! -as its ost 9E5 t!e !ief of -!i! -as ost &hief means main or prin&ipal ) and all t!ree -ords mean t!e to one. And -!en -e refer to a mem+er of a gro&) -e &se of . For e1amle) if -e -ant to name o&r +est friend) -ed sa$ =e is the +est of my friends) +&t not =e is the +est among my friends .
No-) r&n t!ese t!ro&g! $o&r !ead to see !o- t!e$ so&nd, T!e main reason of all t!e reasons. T!e main reason among all t!e reasons. I t!in% t!e first so&nds +etter and is more reise. ?. PRACTICE 6%s. PRACTISE# Pratise is a (er+ and ratie is a no&n. I ratise iano is orret. Also) I !ad m$ iano ratie for t!e da$ is orret. T!e dotor ratised for 2: $ears !is +rot!er a la-$er !ad a 2 $ear ratie. . EACH 6%s. EVERY# Ea! refers to Q2 t(+es) e(er$ refers to QMore t-a) 2 t(+es
T!e dog !as +itten m$ $o&nger son t-ie) and ea! time) !e !as !ad to +e sent to !is %ennel. ea! time) !e !as !ad to +e sent to !is e(er$ time) it !as !ad to +e sent to !is ea- t(+e3 (t -as -a' to be se)t to (ts e(er$ time) it !as !ad to +e sent to its ea! time) !e !as !ad to +e sent to its QEa! timeH +ea&se it !as +itten onl$ t-ie. T!e &se of t!e rono&n D!eD is &nlear !ere 4 does it refer to t!e dog or to t!e son In fat) traing o&r -a$ +a% along t!e sentene) -e find t!at -e ome aross t!e -ord DsonD +efore -e ome aross t!e -ord DdogD) -!i! rat!er imlies t!at it is t!e son -!o o-ns) and is sent to) t!e %ennel. T!e -a$ to get ro&nd t!is am+ig&it$ is to &se DitD follo-ed +$ DitsD 9no aostro!e5. T!is limits t!e !oies to 9C5 and 95. T!e onl$ differene +et-een t!ese otions is t!e fat t!at one &ses t!e -ord De(er$D and t!e ot!er &ses t!e -ord Dea!D. Sine t!ese refer to t!e t-o times t!at t!e dog +it t!e son) -e s!o&ldnt se Ke6erK 8t-at re1ers to t-ree or +ore t(+es: . T!e orret otion is t!erefore 9C5.
20. Eo)o+( 6%s. Eo)o+(al# Eo)o+( means D!a(ing to do -it! t!e eonom$ or t!e st&d$ of eonomis.D Eo)o+(al means Daref&l or r&dent in managing finanes) mone$4 sa(ing.D
T!e s&l$ of oil +eing finite !as +eome an eonomial and olitial onsideration of t!e first magnit&de for all modern ind&strial nations. 9A5 T!e s&l$ of oil +eing finite !as +eome an eonomial 95 T!e finite s&l$ of oil !as +eome an eonomial 9C5 T!at t!e s&l$ of oil is finite !as +eome an eonomial 95 T!e s&l$ of oil +eing finite !as +eome an eonomi 9E5 T-at t-e s,,l o1 o(l (s 1()(te -as beo+e a) eo)o+( 9 OA 2". &e To JDe to means Dase' bD It s!o&ld onl$ +e &sed if it an +e s&+stit&ted -it! Dase' bD. It 'oes )ot +ea) t-e sa+e t-()* as Kbease o1.K I)orret# T!e game -as ostoned d&e to rain. Corret# T!e game -as ostoned +ea&se of rain. Corret# T!e games ostonement -as d&e to rain. 22. Neit!er > Nor Ne(t-er t!e rose&torHs elo/&ent losing arg&ment )or t!e +o)ta()s of inriminating e(idene /ere a+le to on(ine t!e '&r$ to find t!e defendant g&ilt$. In )e(t-er )or sentenes) t!e (er+ !as to agree -it! t!e s&+'et follo-ing )or 4 in t!is ase +o)ta()s ) -!i! is l&ral.
20. So Xad'eti(e as to X(er+ Corret, =er de+ts are so e1treme as to t!reaten t!e f&t&re of t!e oman$ JSo as is ne(er orret on t!e G#AT Inorret, =e e1erises e(er$da$ so as to +&ild !is stamina Corret, =e e1erises e(er$da$ () a) e11ort to +&ild !is stamina
Not To "se#
"5 An$ Sentene onstr&tion -it! Q,re,os(t(o) )o) ,art((,le H
e.g. *it! !ild4are failities inl&ded 9-it! 3 reosition) !ild4are 3 no&n) inl&ded 3 artiile5 Infiniti(es li%e Qto inl&deH) Qto imlementH et. are -rong on G#AT. Instead & se) QimlementingH) Qinl&dingH 9*!i! are %no-n as Ger&nds5 et. A Ger&nd is a no&n formed from a (er+ i.e. O6ero+()* t!e G#AT is a great a!ie(ement. infiniti(es are &s&all$ formed to retain t!e integrit$ of t!e idiom -!i! is &sed or to %ee a sentene in arallel 25 =oef&ll$) is almost al-a$s -rong. C!arlotte Per%ins Gilman) a late nineteent!4ent&r$ feminist) alled for &r+an aartment !o&ses inl&ding !ild4are failities and l&stered s&+&r+an !o&ses inl&ding omm&nal eating and soial failities. A5 inl&ding !ild4are failities and l&stered s&+&r+an !o&ses inl&ding omm&nal eating and soial failities 5 t!at inl&ded !ild4are failities) and for l&stered s&+&r+an !o &ses to inl&de omm&nal eating and soial failities C5 -it! !ild4are failities inl&ded and for l&stered s&+&r+an ! o&ses to inl&de omm&nal eating and soial failities 5 t!at inl&ded !ild4are failities and for l&stered s&+&r+an !o&ses -it! omm&nal eating and soial failities E5 to inl&de !ild4are failities and for l&stered s&+&r+an !o&ses -it! omm&nal eating and soial failities inl&ded
First) -e an eliminate all t!e ans-er !oies t!at &se -it! omm&nal eating and soial failities inl&ded or an$ ot!er str&t&re t!at follo-s t!is attern, reosition no&n artiile T!is attern is almost al-a$s -rong on t!e G#AT) and is ertainl$ -rong in t!is /&estion. T!is eliminates C5 and E5. A5 is am+ig&o&s44is l&stered s&+&r+an !o&ses arallel -it! !ild4are failities or -it! &r+an aartment !o&ses *e need to reeat for to +e s&re t!at l&stered s&+&r+an !o&ses is arallel -it! &r+an aartment !o&ses. No- -ere left -it! 5 and 5. No-) t!e onl$ differene +et-een and is t!e infiniti(e to inl&de) -!i! G#AT onsiders &nidiomati. T!at lea(es &s -it! 5.
". *at! for t!e reositions 9to) the) of ) at ) for ) on) in) a+out ) et.)5 !anging among t!e ans-er !oies. T!is &s&all$ imlies an Idiomati ro+lem) if not a Parallel Constr&tion ro+lem. 2. Note t!at Idiomati ro+lems are often s!orter t!an man$ of t!e ot!er t$es of /&estions. Not in all ases) +&t as a general r&le) if t!e ro+lem seems m&! s!orter t!an ot!er ro+lems) it is ro+a+l$ Idiomati. 0. C!e% o&t t!e (er+ immediatel$ +efore t!e !anging reosition. *!i! (er+4 reosition om+ination so&nds -orst Eliminate ans-er !oies t!at so&nd '&st a-f&l) e1. =e for+ids me of going . T!e orret ans-er -o&ld +e =e for+ids me to go. ;. *!i! (er+4reosition om+ination so&nds +est C!oose t!at as $o&r ans-er.
>e/ I+,orta)t Po()ts to re+e+ber# 1) 9less referred5 +eing \ sine \ +ea&se 2) As S-
s- Z nominal e/&i(alent to t!e foregoing la&se.
Cla&se" and as s&!) Cla&se2 Z la&se") and as la&se") la&se2. Caesarea -as =erodHs it$) fo&nded as a Romanied o&nter-eig!t to =e+rai Mer&salem) and as s- it -as regarded -it! loat!ing +$ t!e de(o&t. T!e meaning of t!e a+o(e sentene is similar to t!e follo-ing, ea&se Caesarea -as =erodHs it$) fo&nded as a Romanied o&nter-eig!t to =e+rai Mer&salem) it -as regarded -it! loat!ing +$ t!e de(o&t. 3) Red&ed Costs Re't(o) IN osts 8reslt o1 re't(o):
KRe't(o) o1K is &sed -!en red&ing +$ a ertain amo&nt. e.g. red&tion of 2:U.
Seond) for all means despite ) and along 7ith means in addition to . Im s&re $o&ll agree t!at t!e meanings are different) rig!t For e1amle, I !a(ent (isited ora ora) and neit!er !as Kerr$ X(isited ora ora. In t!is ase) I an omit isited t isited
T!is is -rong) at least on t!e G#AT) sine isited and isit are different. 4) It
/&ote, =i) an someone e1lain t!e follo-ing /&estions to me T!an%s. "5 *!$ t!e ans-er is E I !ose A S!liemann determined at t!e age of se(en to find t!e site of anient Tro$ and de(oted !is s&+se/&ent areer to do it. a5... +5 !as de(oted !is s&+se/&ent areer to do t!at 5 de(oted !is s&+se/&ent areer to s&! an end d5 !as de(oted !is s&+se/&ent areer for t!at e5 de(oted !is s&+se/&ent areer to t!at end Otion E !ere is -rong sine it &ses t!e rono&n QitH relaes Qfind t!e site of anientH First off) and $o&ll get &sed to t!is rett$ /&i%l$) e6er s()*le t(+e o see a ,ro)o)3 es,e(all t-e /or' K(t3K o M"ST CHEC THE ANTECEDENT. T!is /&estion is a fa(orite one44&sing DitD to relae a sentene. In G#ATland) DitD m&st al-a$s relae a no&n. For e1amle) t!is sentene -o&ld +e -rong in G#ATland, #$ little +rot!er said I too% !is oo%ies) +&t I didnt do it. DitD doesnt relae an$ no&n it DtriesD to relae a sentene, DI too% !is oo%ies.D T-e orret ,-rase (s J!elf&l in demonstrating a)' )ot !el to demonstrate. 5) D)t(lD is &sed to e1ress a oint of time in t!e f&t&re. So) 9A5 -o&ld mean t!at t!e
sale -ill ontin&e &ntil a ertain oint in time) and t!at oint in time is -!en t!e sale Dlasts.D T!at doesnt ma%e sense if -e -anted to &se D)t(lD in t!at sentene) -e s!o&ld sa$ somet!ing li%e Dt!e sale -ill ontin&e &ntil &stomers sto oming in.D 6) Das long asD (+,l(es t-at o)e t-()* /(ll or /-(le a)ot-er t-()* (s st(ll treJ
for e1amle) D-e -ill sta$ o&tside as long as its lig!t o&t.D 7) Se+(olo)# An$ sentene after a semiolon 95) s!o&ld +e an indeendent la&se. 8) O)e o1 t-e# T!e attern to remem+er is Qone of t!e NO?N 9t!is no&n -ill al-a$s +e
l&ral5 t!at8-!o P
9) Res+,t(6e +o'(1(ers
Sine t!e "0:Hs airraft man&fat&rers !a(e tried to +&ild airlanes -it! fritionless -ings) s!aed so smoot!l$ and erfetl$ t!at t!e air assing o( er t!em -o&ld not +eome t&r+&lent.
-ings) s!aed so smoot!l$ and erfetl$
/()*s3 /()*s so s+oot- a)' so ,er1etl s-a,e'
-ings t!at are s!aed so smoot! and erfet
-ings) s!aed in s&! a smoot! and erfet manner
-ings) -ings !a(ing +een s!aed smoot!l$ and erfetl$ so is t!e orret ans-er. *ings is re/&ired to &nam+ig&o&sl$ on(e$ t!e meaning of t!e sentene. A res+,t(6e +o'(1(er i%s & a -ord or !rase from a sentene t!at seems to +e finis!ed and t!en adds information and ta%es t!e reader into ne- territor$ of t!o&g!t. In a ro-ded) a/&isiti(e -orld) t!e disaerane of lifest$les s&! as t!ose one follo-ed +$ so&t!ern Afrias &s!men and A&stralias a+origines) re/&iring (ast -ild saes and ermitting little a&m&lation of goods) seem ine(ita+l$ doomed.
re/&iring (ast -ild saes and ermitting little a&m&lation of goods) seem ine(ita+l$ doomed re/&iring (ast -ild saes and ermitting little a&m&lation of goods) seems to +e ine(ita+l$ doomed -!i! re/&ire (ast -ild saes and ermit little a&m&lation of goods) seems to +e ine(ita+l$ doomed life4st$les t!at re/&ire (ast -ild saes and ermit little a&m&lation of goods) seem ine(ita+le life4stl$es re/&iring (ast -ild saes and ermitting little a&m&lation of goods) seems ine(ita+le
E is t!e orret ans-er. •
T!e S-iss -at!ma%ers fail&re to aitalie on t!e in(ention of t!e digital timeiee -as +ot! asto)(s-()* and alar+()* L asto)(s-()* in t!at t!e S-iss !ad) sine t!e +eginnings of t!e ind&strial re(ol&tion in E&roe) +een among t!e first to aitalie on te!nial inno(ations) alar+()* in t!at a tremendo&s ind&strial otential !ad +een lost to t!eir !ief ometitors) t!e -at!ma%ers of Maan.
•
T!e defensi(e oa!es ta&g!t ris%4ta%ing) +all4!a-%ing) and eret&al mo(ement L t-ree strate*(es t!at +e-ildered t!e oosition and res<ed in man$ +ad asses) steals) and eas$ fast+rea% +as%ets.
Anot!er e1amle in t!e same leag&e> Proonents of artifiial intelligene sa$ t!e$ -ill +e a+le to ma%e om&ters t!at an &nderstand Englis! and ot!er !&man lang&ages) reognie o+'ets) and reason as an e1ert doesLom&ters t!at -ill +e &sed to diagnose e/&iment +rea%do-ns) deiding -!et!er to a&t!orie a loan) or ot!er &roses s&! as t!ese. 9A5 as an e1ert doesLom&ters t!at -ill +e &sed to diagnose e/&iment +rea%do-ns) deiding -!et!er to a&t!orie a loan) or ot!er &roses s&! as t!ese 95 as an e1ert does) -!i! ma$ +e &sed for &roses s&! as diagnosing e/&iment +rea%do-ns or deiding -!et!er to a&t!orie a loan 8C: l(4e a) e,erto+,ters t-at /(ll be se' 1or s- ,r,oses as '(a*)os()* e<(,+e)t brea4'o/)s or 'e('()* /-et-er to at-or(=e a loa) 95 li%e an e1ert) t!e &se of -!i! -o&ld +e for &roses li%e t!e diagnosis of e/&iment +rea%do-ns or t!e deision -!et!er or not a loan s!o&ld +e a&t!oried 9E5 li%e an e1ert) to +e &sed to diagnose e/&iment +rea%do-ns) deiding -!et!er to a&t!orie a loan or not) or t!e li%e C is t!e ans-er.
e.*. : =is fat!er demanded t!at !e ret&rn !ome +$ P#. Retr) B Simle resent tense
De+a)'e'9 reedes Qt!atH in t!e sentene.
i. ii.
T!e manager demanded t!at t!e staff sta$ late to finis! t!e -or%. Ma% s&ggested t!at S$l(ia s-ol' +&$ a ne- -at! 3 Inorret 9S!o&ld m&st +e remo(ed5 Ma% s&ggested t!at S$l(ia +&$ a ne- -at!.
L(st o1 6erbs )or+all 1ollo/e' b I)1()(t(6es
afford ] agree ] aear ] arrange ] as% ] attemt ] are ] !oose ] laim ] ome ] onsent dare ] deide ] demand ] deser(e ] determine ] elet ] endea(o&r ] e1et ] fail ] get ]
g&arentee !ate ] !el ] !esitate ] !oe ] !&rr$ ] inline ] intend ] learn ] long ] manage ] mean ] need offer ] lan ] reare ] retend ] romise ] ref&se ] resol(e ] sa$ ] seem ] tend ] t!reaten ] -ant ] -is!
L(st o1 6erbs t-at a) o)l -a6e *er)'s a1ter t-e+
a%no-ledge ] admit ] adore ] antiiate ] areiate ] a(oid ] ele+rate ] onfess ] ontemlate dela$ ] den$ ] desri+e ] detest ] dis&ss ] disli%e ] dread ] end&re ] en'o$ fan$ ] finis! ] imagine ] in(ol(e ] %ee ] '&stif$ ] mention ] mind ] miss ] omit ] ostone ] ratise /&it ] reall ] reommend ] regret ] reort ] resent ] res&me ] ris% ] s&ggest ] tolerate ] &nderstand
e.g. antiiate imlementing is orret 9Antiiate to imlement is -rong5. E(en t!o&g! s!e didnt antiiate \to imlement it) t!e ad(ertising manager agreed -it! t!e ersonal^ managers roosal to strengt!en !er deartment. A5 to imlement it) t!e ad(ertising manager agreed -it! t!e ersonal 5 imlementing it) t!e ad(ertising manager agreed -it! t!e ersonal C5 imlementing it) t!e ad(ertising manager agreed -it! t!e ersonnel 5 to imlement it) t!e ad(ertising manager agreed -it! t!e ersonnel E5 imlementing it) t!e ad(ertising manager agreed to t!e ersonnel 9E5 NOTE, all ans-er !oies are indeed different !ere. Personal deals -it! a ersons o-n seial t!ings Personnel deals -it! a lot of eole. @er+s li%e antiiate m&st +e follo-ed +$ a ger&nd) t!e (er+ form in 4ing. T!e orret idiom &sage s!o&ld read, a erson agrees -it! anot!er erson) not -it! an inanimate t!ing s&! as a roosal. T!erefore) s!e agrees to t!e roosal. 9E5 is orret. 10) THE EPLETIVE QIT a)' 2 <est(o)s3 test()* t-e sa+e 1)'a+e)tals#
"5 For man$ tra(elers) !arter (aations often t&rn o&t to ost onsidera+l$ more t!an t!e$ originall$ seemed.
a. t!e$ originall$ seemed +. t!e$ originall$ seem to . t!e$ seemingl$ -o&ld ost originall$ d. it seemed originall$ e. (t or(*()all see+e' t-e /ol' .
25 Resear!ers are finding o&t t!at lastis are ta%ing more time to deteriorate t!an t!e$ originall$ seemed. A5 T!e$ originall$ seemed. 5 t!e$ seemed originall$ C5 it seemed t!at t!e$ -o&ld originall$ 5 it originall$ seemed E5 it originall$ seemed t!e$ -o&ld From Kalan, T!e Kalan t!ing sa$s a+o&t t!is. 9A+o&t lastis5 T!e tri%$ art is to !oose +et-een it and t!e$. T!e$ -o&ld iml$ t!at t!e lastis t!emsel(es first seemed to do one t!ing and t!en ended & doing anot!er. T-e e,let(6e (t ) t!e rono&n -it! no lear antedeent 4 ma%es more sense) it siml$ s&ggests t!at initial indiations -ere misleading. ?sing it) it is neessar$ to inl&de t!e !rase t!e$ -o&ld to ma%e it lear -!at seemed to +e t!e ase. So E is t!e +est ans-er. Erin sa$s, 9A+o&t !arter (aations5 -o&ld need to +e in ast tense) seemed . In fat) I often tea! G#AT and TOEF< st&dents t!at t!e -ords original 9and its deri(ations5 and first &s&all$ re/&ire ast tense. F&rt!ermore) t!e Dast f&t&reD of 7ould in E is more reise t!an t!e simle ast in A 9or t!at is la%ing) in ase $o&re going to as% if -o&ld +e orret if -e !anged seem to seemed 5. Sine -ere tal%ing a+o&t somet!ing -ed learn after a ertain oint in t!e ast) 7ould is +etter. For e1amle, • T!is A&ra is a lot +etter t!an I t!o&g!t it -o&ld +e. is +etter t!an T!is A&ra is a lot +etter t!an I t!o&g!t it -as. •
In t!e first e1amle) -e are sa$ing t!at somet!ing t&rned o&t to +e tr&e. In t!e seond e1amle) -e are sa$ing t!at -e -ere not a-are of a fat t!at -as tr&e at t!at time. And in t!e !arter (aations /&estion) t!ere is no fat t!at t!e tra(elers -ere &na-are of -!en t!e$ &r!ased t!e !arter (aation44after t!e original &r!ase of t!e !arter (aation 9and ro+a+l$ to-ard t!e end of t!e (aation5) t!e !arter (aation t&rned o&t to +e more ostl$ t!an t!e$ !ad at first +elie(ed it -o&ld +e.
It is as diffi< to re(ent rimes against roert$ as t!ose t!at are against a erson. 9A5 t!ose t!at are against a 95 t!ose against a 9C5 it is against a 95 re(enting t!ose against a 9E5 it is to re(ent t!ose against a Ans-er is E) for t!e e1leti(e it. 11) Dr()*
Dd&ringD time eriod is *RONG. For e1amle, &ring t-o !o&rs) I felt slee$. +&t &ring t!e last t-o !o&rs) I !a(e felt slee$. To ma%e o&r sentene orret -it! Dd&ring)D -ed need to add some information t!at -o&ld identif$ -!i! t-o deade4eriod -e are tal%ing a+o&t. For e1amle, en though its per &apita food supply hardly in&reased during the t7o de&ades +et7een #(), and #(/,...
T-()4 o1 as 99999 orret ('(o+ 8)ot Qto be: So is &sed to relae a @er+ in a Sentene -!ereas It is &sed to relae a No&n.
First) memorie t!e attern, )o soo)er ()6ers(o) t-a) se)te)e B&ote, T!is -as a /&estion t!at -as osted a little -!ile ago. T!e ans-er -as said to +e ) +&t it seems t!at it s!o&ld +e E.
T!e domestiated amel) -!i! some s!olars date aro&nd t!e t-elft! ent&r$ .C.) -as t!e %e$ to t!e de(eloment of t!e sie trade in t!e anient -orld. a. T!e domestiated amel) -!i! some s!olars date +. T!e domestiated amel) -!i! some s!olars !a(e t!o&g!t to o&r . omestiating t!e amel) dated +$ some s!olars at d. T!e domestiation of t!e amel) t!o&g!t +$ some s!olars to !a(e o&rred e. T!e amels domestiation) dated +$ some s!olars to !a(e +een In ) it seems t!at Dt!o&g!t +$ some s!olars...D modifies amel) rat!er t!an domestiation O%a$) I !e%ed o&t t!e ot!er toi) and t!ere -as no e1lanation of t!e ans-er. O%a$) to +e !onest) I didnt at! t!e mista%e in E t!e (er$ first time I read t!e /&estion) eit!er. I i%ed ) +ea&se some!o- it so&nded +etter) +&t I -asnt s&re -!$.
T-e *reatest -a)*e () + l(1e orre'%-a,,e)e' /-e) I (++(*rate' to t-e "S.
9o $o& see -!ere Im !eading no-5. So) in o&r original /&estion) E sa$s, T-e a+els 'o+est(at(o) /as aro)' t-e t/el1t- e)tr !.C.... G#AT le(erl$ !ides t!is mista%e +$ &sing Dto !a(e +eenD instead of a simle +e (er+) +&t Dto !a(e +eenD is one of t!e man$ (ariants of -as) -ere) is) are) am) et. T!e f&nn$ t!ing is t!at G#AT &ses t!e lassi orretion as -ell, domestiation... o&rred... -!en...
Finall$) I '&st !a(e to omment, I imagine t!at if G#AT !ad to e1lain t!is grammar oint) t!e$ -o&ld sa$ in t!eir t$ial) r$ti fas!ion somet!ing li%e t!is, E inorretl$ &ses an ad(er+ la&se as t!e no&n omlement of t!e s&+'et Ddomestiation.D O%a$) -!at !a(e -e learned T!is, NO"N !E9VER! NO"N%AD$ECTIVE For e1amle, T!e -a)*e /as *oo' for me. T!e -a)*e /as a *oo' o)e for me. T!e -a)*e /as a) (+,orta)t ste, for me in m$ life. ?T NE@ER T-e -a)*e /as /-e) I a+e to t-e "S. In ot!er -ords) no&n omlements 9t!e -ords t!at ome after a +e4(er+ and modif$ no&ns5 s!o&ld onl$ +e no&ns or ad'eti(es 9alt!o&g! -e often &se ad(er+s -!en -e -ant to desri+e loation) +&t more on t!at later) if $o& li%e t!is e1lanation is getting rett$ long5.
B&ote, 6. *!$ t!e ans-er is A I i%ed E T!e entral iss&e +efore t!e o&rt -as !o- far t!e reg&lator$ agenies s!o&ld go in re/&iring +etter -or%ing onditions in fatories. a. in re/&iring +etter -or%ing onditions in fatories +. as far as re/&iring +etter -or%ing onditions in fatories . in t!eir re/&irement t!at fatories s!o&ld !a(e +etter -or%ing onditions d. as far as re/&iring t!at fatories s!o&ld !a(e +etter -or%ing onditions e. to re/&ire fatories to !a(e +etter -or%ing onditons T!an%s *!e- *!at a tri%$ /&estion ot! A and E are grammatiall$ orret) +&t t!e$ !a(e a (er$ slig!t differene in meaning. For t!is /&estion) -e most li%el$ -ant t!e meaning in
A) not t!e meaning in E. And) /-e)e6er -e !a(e t-o otions t!at are +ot! grammatiall$ orret) and t!e onl$ differene is one of meaning) -e #?ST go -it! t!e original meaning. In ot!er -ords) if A is grammatiall$ orret) not -ord$) red&ndant) a-%-ard) et.) and anot!er ans-er !oie is also grammatiall$ orret) not -ord$) red&ndant) a-%-ard) et.) -e m&st go -it! A. &t Im s&re $o& -ant to %no- t!e meaning differene and t!e r&le) rig!t O%a$) !ere $o& go, I %no- $o& -ont li%e t!is) +&t -it! t!is meaning) -e &se Din.D For e1amle, I /a)t to 4)o/ -o/ 1ar o /(ll *o () -el,()* +e.
I t!in% $o& remem+er from lass t!at -e tal%ed a+o&t D!elf&lD Din)D rig!t *ell) t!is is (er$ similar44D!eling meD is a roess. In t!is sentene) I am -ondering !o- long $o& -o&ld sta$ -it! me -!ile $o& are !eling me) !o- man$ different t!ings $o& -o&ld do to !el me. For e1amle) -o&ld $o& +rea% t!e la- -!ile $o& are !eling me if $o& t!o&g!t I -o&ld +enefit *o&ld $o& ignore $o&r friends and famil$ -!ile $o& are !eling me Again, &ring t!e roess) !o- m&! -o&ld $o& do 9A5 !as a similar meaning in t!is sentene.
/&ote, 0. *!$ A is orret I !ose C Alt!o&g! a+o&t erent of t!e more t!an : million T&r%s are #&slims) t!e re&+li fo&nded +$ #&stafa Kemal Atat&r% in "20 is resol&tel$ se&lar. a... +. Alt!o&g! a+o&t erent of o(er : million of t!e . Alt!o&g! a+o&t erent of more t!an : million d. esite t!e fat t!at a+o&t erent of more t!an : million e. esite t!e fat t!at a+o&t erent of o(er : million *!e- T!is is one of t!e most ommonl$ as%ed /&estions... I t!in% its going to ta%e a -!ile to e1lain) and I dont t!in% I an do it tonig!t sine I(e got lass in t!e morning. =eres t!e s!ort ans-er, if -e &se Dt!e)D -e are sa$ing t!at t!ere are onl$ : million T&r%s in t!e -!ole -orld if -e dont &se Dt!e)D -e are sa$ing t!at t!ere are ossi+l$ more t!an : million T&r%s in t!e -orld.
T!is ones similar to t!e one in t!e Offiial G&ide) t!e one a+o&t t!e DT!omas Mefferson... setting free t!e more t!an :: sla(es...D All t!ings +eing e/&al) Id !a(e to sa$ t!at Din(est inD is slig!tl$ refera+le to Din(est into.D I t!in% t!eres also a (er$ slig!t differene in meaning44Din(est inD -o&ld +e t!e +etter !oie for s&! traditional in(estments as sto%s and +onds) -!ile Din(est intoD &ould +e &sed in more meta!orial in(estments) s&! as t!e time) energ$) and lo(e $o& mig!t s!o-er &on $o&r !ildren.
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 /&ote, T!e (isiting dotors onl&ded t!at t!e resent amalgram is ro+a+l$ as good as or +etter t!an) an$ ot!er s$stem t!at mig!t +e de(ised for t!e atients. T!is is orret. One of t!e ans-er !oies &sed mig!t instead of ma$... -!ats t!e differene +et-een may and might *!e-) !ard /&estion. In general) may !as more of a onrete meaning) so s!o&ld t!erefore +e &sed more in statements of fat) -!ereas might is a +it less tangi+le) and tends to +e &sed more in e1ressions of t!ings t!at dont $et e1ist 9!$ot!etial sit&ations5. Also) a +it more siml$) sine might is t!e ast tense form of may) -e &se mig!t more in t!e ast tense. All t!at said) -e often &se t!em inter!angea+l$ in man$ onstr&tions44t!ere is a lot of o(erla +et-een may and might . re'(t S! /(t- STH 9(er+5, gi(e resonsi+ilit$ for. Thomas dison is &redited 7ith inenting the light +ul+. re'(t to Y 9(er+5, gi(e mone$ or redit to. The +an9 &redited ?# million to tre+la>s a&&ount. re'(t 1or 9no&n5, mone$ reei(ed for or in e1!ange for somet!ing. The &ustomer re&eied a ?2, &redit for the interruption in seri&e. So t!ere are a fe- t!ings $o& need to %no- !ere for G#AT Sentene Corretion. First is t!is44$o& s!o&ld %no- t!at G#AT li%es to test $o& on Dt!in%ing -ords.D T!ese are -ords t!at indiate some sort of mental roess) s&! as +eliee: +elief: idea: theory: notion: &on&ept ) et. Please note t!at +ot! (er+s and no&ns an +e onsidered Dt!in%ing -ords.D G#AT t$iall$ li%es to follo- t!ese -ords -it! that and a sentene. For e1amle) on t!e G#AT its +etter to sa$,
<&ises +elief t!at t!e Eart! is flat -as easil$ aeted. t!an to sa$, <&ises +elief of t!e Eart! +eing flat -as easil$ aeted. It is o%a$ to &se Q of@ if -e -ant to indiate onl$ a no&n. T!ats -!$) for e1amle) -e sa$ theory of relatiity . In t!is ase) if -e !oose ans-er !oies t!at &se of instead of that ) -e seem to +e tal%ing more a+o&t t!eories of land mammals -e are not identif$ing t!e ation of t!ose land mammals. In ot!er -ords) -it! t!e Qthat @ ) -e are lea(ing o&t -!at it is t!at t!e t!eor$ &rorts t!e +a++als did. Cr(ses (s t-e ,lral o1 r(s(s Data (s ,lral o1 'at+
In SAE) -e generall$ &se do to relae Dreg&larD (er+s) i.e.) (er+s t!at are not lin%ing (er+s) (er+s t!at &se modals) et. For e1amle, Megumi speaks Japanese better than I do. &t $o& alread$ %ne- t!at) Im s&re.
J#odeled After is t!e orret idiom Hopefully is almost always wrong on GMAT sage !ote" *riters -!o &se hopefully as a sentene ad(er+) as in =opefully the measures 7ill +e adopted: s!o&ld +e a-are t!at t!e &sage is &naeta+le to man$ ritis)
inl&ding a large ma'orit$ of t!e ?sage Panel. It is not eas$ to e1lain -!$ ritis disli%e t!is &se of hopefully. T!e &se is '&stified +$ analog$ to similar &ses of man$ ot!er ad(er+s) as in Mer&ifully: the play 7as +rief or Aran9ly: hae no use for your friend. And t!o&g! t!is &se of hopefully ma$ !a(e +een a (og&e -ord -!en it first gained &rren$ +a% in t!e earl$ "6:s) it !as long sine lost an$ !int of 'argon or retentio&sness for t!e general reader. T!e -ide aetane of t!e &sage reflets o&lar reognition of its &sef&lness t!ere is no reise s&+stit&te. Someone -!o sa$s =opefully: the treaty 7ill +e ratified ma%es a !oef&l redition a+o&t t!e fate of t!e treat$) -!ereas someone -!o sa$s hope 'or e hope or t is hoped$ the treaty 7ill +e ratified e1resses a +ald statement a+o&t -!at is desired. Onl$ t!e latter o&ld +e ontin&ed -it! a la&se s&! as +ut it isn>t li9ely. _It mig!t !a(e +een e1eted) t!en) t!at t!e initial fl&rr$ of o+'etions to hopefully -o&ld !a(e s&+sided one t!e &sage +eame -ell esta+lis!ed. Instead) ritis aear to !a(e +eome more adamant in t!eir oosition. In t!e "6 ?sage Panel s&r(e$) ;; erent of t!e Panel aro(ed t!e &sage) +&t t!is droed to 27 erent in o&r "6 s&r(e$. 9$ ontrast) 6: erent in t!e latter s&r(e$ aeted t!e omara+le &se of mer&ifully in t!e sentene Mer&ifully: the game ended +efore the opponents &ould add another tou&hdo7n to the lopsided s&ore. 5 It is not t!e &se of sentene ad(er+s er se t!at +ot!ers t!e Panel rat!er) t!e seifi &se of hopefully in t!is -a$ !as +eome a s!i++olet!. None is one of t!e indefinite rono&ns t!at is sing&lar or l&ral. T!ere &sed to +e a old r&le t!at defined t!at none is less t!an ero so it in!erits a sing&lar (er+. =o-e(er it is &sed in different onte1t man$ times) and I -o&ld agree -it! $o& t!at sine regnanies is l&ral) it s!o&ld ta%e a l&ral (er+) +&t -it! t!e !oies gi(en... is definitel$ t!e +est ans-er) and t!at is -!at ETS -ill loo% for. E1amle, In t!is /&estion I t!in% )o)e of t!e ans-ers are orret. Jo#o had so little money when she was in college that she couldn$t even afford to bu y new clothes% much less take a vacation. /&ote, ":. =o-e(er m&! ?nited States (oters ma$ agree t!at t!ere is -aste in go(ernment and t!at t!e go(ernment as a -!ole sends +e$ond its means) it is diffi< to find +road s&ort for a mo(ement to-ard a minimal state. 9A5 =o-e(er m&! ?nited States (oters ma$ agree t!at 95 esite t!e agreement among ?nited States (oters to t!e fat 9C5 Alt!o&g! ?nited States (oters agree 95 E(en t!o&g! ?nited States (oters ma$ agree
9E5 T!ere is agreement among ?nited States (oters t!at T!is is a (er$ ommonl$ as%ed /&estion. T!e reason C is not t!e ans-er is t!at C !anges t!e meaning.
;. *!at does Dt!at -!i!D refer to in t!is sentene. 9orret ans-er is 5 T!e in!a+itants of Somalia greeted t!e meas&res o&tla-ing ol$gam$ -it! a similar defiane t!at -elomed t!e ro!i+ition of alo!ol in t!e ?nited States in t!e nineteen4 t-enties. a... +. a similar defiane -!i! -elomed . a similar defiane to -!at -elomed d. a defiane similar to t!at -!i! -elomed e. t!e same defiane -eloming In Englis!) instead of sa$ing somet!ing li%e Dt!at t!atD -e sa$ Dt!at -!i!.D For e1amle, T!e n&m+er -e reorded t!is -ee% is greater t!an t!at -!i! -e reorded last -ee%. (s ,re1erable to T!e n&m+er -e reorded t!is -ee% is greater t!an t!at t!at -e reorded last -ee%. In t!is sentene T!e n&m+er -e reorded t!is -ee% is greater t!an t!at -!i! -e reorded last -ee%. t!at Z n&m+er and -!i! Z n&m+er Notie t!at t!is sentene e/&als
T!e n&m+er -e reorded t!is -ee% is greater t!an t!e n&m+er t!at -e reorded last -ee%. So in o&r sentene !ere) -e -ant to sa$, T!e in!a+itants of Somalia greeted t!e meas&res o&tla-ing ol$gam$ -it! a 'e1(a)e t-at /as s(+(lar to t-e 'e1(a)e t!at -elomed t!e ro!i+ition of alo!ol in t!e ?nited States in t!e nineteen4t-enties. T!is is a great SC tri% Ad'eti(es modif$ no&ns ad(er+s modif$ (er+s) ad'eti(es) and ot!er ad(er+s. Sometimes in SC -e m&st !oose -!i! to &se aording to t!e meaning. s&osed #editerranean ,re'eessors . T!is sentene means t!at -e are not s&re -!et!er t!ese t!ings are at&all$ ,re'eessors . s&osedl$ Me'(terra)ea) redeessors. T!is sentene means t!at -e are not s&re -!et!er t!ese t!ings are at&all$ Me'(terra)ea) . T!e ans-er is ) not .
Test Ta4()* Strate*
Cr(t(al Reaso)()*
On (er+al art of t!e G#AT) $o& -ill eno&nter a+o&t "; Critial Reasoning /&estions of (ario&s lengt!s 9sometimes $o& -ill e(en need to sroll to read all t!e ans-er !oies5. In er ent of ases) $o& -ill !a(e a s!ort assage -it! one /&estion rig!t &nder it. T!e arg&ment $o& meet an +e an$t!ing from a lassial arg&ment to an ad(ertisement or a dialog. T!e /&estions -ill as% $o& to mani&late t!e arg&ment to -ea%en8strengt!en it) find t!e onl&sion) ass&mtion) e1lanation) do an inferene) s&lement a statement) or e(en tell !o- its arts are related to ea! ot!er. On a(erage) $o& -ill !a(e ",: for ea! /&estion) +&t it is reommended t!at $o& tr$ to sta$ -it!in ",0: on CR 9Critial Reasoning5 /&estions sine $o& -ill need to sa(e some time for Reading Comre!ension. It is reommended t!at $o& read t!ro&g! Kalans @er+al -or%+oo% or t!e Setion of CR in t!e Kalan G#AT +oo% -it! C) t! edition. ot! of t!e +oo%s are good for +&ilding a solid +a%gro&nd in o&r sessions) -e -ill de(elo f&rt!er t!e te!ni/&es desri+ed in t!ese +oo%s) $et -ill not rel$ on t!em for e1erises or an$t!ing else. First of all) Critial Reasoning is a+ilit$ to reason learl$ to e(al&ate and '&dge arg&ments. Yo& are &sing t!is s%ill a lot d&ring $o& e(er$da$ life -!ile reading ne-saers or -at!ing mo(ies. *!en $o& t!in% t!at t!e mo(ie is &s!ing t!e limit of t!e Reasona+le or t!e ne-s so&nds less reasona+le t!an t!e mo(ie t!at -as &s!ing t!e limit) $o& are &sing $o&r CR s%ills to rod&e t!ese onl&sions. esides t!e @er+al art on t!e G#AT) $o& -ill also need good arg&mentati(e s%ills to +eat t!e essa$s sine one of t!em is to onstr&t an arg&ment) and t!e ot!er is to e(al&ate one. As a r&le) G#AT CR /&estions -ill as% $o& to mani&late t!e arg&ment to -ea%en8strengt!en it) find t!e onl&sion) ass&mtion) e1lanation) do an inferene or s&lement a statement) et.
*!ate(er it is t!at $o& !a(e to do) $o& -ill need 2 t!ings to s&eed, %no- t!e +asi str&t&re of arg&ments and learl$ &nderstand t!e arg&ment. In general) a+o&t :U of G#AT arg&ments onsist of e(idene) &s&all$ 2 iees) a onl&sion 4 t!e main oint of an arg&ment) and an ass&mtion 4 t!e +ridge +et-een t!e e(idene and onl&sion. T!e ma'orit$ of t!e arg&ments $o& eno&nter on t!e test -ill +e 0 ste arg&ments, E6('e)e E6('e)e2 Co)ls(o).
Ea+,le .
less time per &orre&t ans7er. The +ottom line is that it 7on>t +e easy to follo7 this strategy +ut if you do: it 7ill re7ard youD ". Read t!e /&estion 9t!is needed so t!at $o& -o&ld %no- -!at to loo% for and -!at to do, find an ass&mtion) -ea%en) infer somet!ing or else do not -orr$ a+o&t t!e details in t!e /&estion) read for %e$-ords) s&! as strengt!en) den$) or e1lain. Sometimes at t!e end of t!e @er+al setion on t!e test) $o&r +rain -ont e(en !old a %e$-ord) so $o& ma$ -ant to -rite it do-n s$m+oliall$ e.g. for strengt!en or 4 for -ea%en. 2. Read t!e assage 9Read it (er$ attenti(el$ +ea&se in ontrast to Reading Comre!ension) t!ere is (er$ little te1t !ere and mostl$ e(er$t!ing is imortant tr$ to read onl$ one. Reread onl$ !ard te1ts5. 0. As $o& read) loo% for t!e ro+lem in t!e assage 9e(al&ate !o- on(ining it is5 ;. Para!rase t!e assage 9t!is a (er$ imortant ste +ea&se -!en $o& do a ara!rase) $o& !e% -!et!er $o& &nderstood t!e assage and at t!e same time $o& e1trat t!e s%eleton of t!e arg&ment) ma%ing it easier to identif$ t!e onl&sion and t!e ass&mtion. @er$ often) t!e ara!rase of t!e assage -ill +e rett$ lose to t!e onl&sion. It is not s&rrising) sine t!e onl&sion is t!e main oint and e(idene '&st s&orts it.5 Yo&r ara!rase s!o&ld +e as lose to t!e te1t and as simle as ossi+le so t!at $o& -o&ld &nderstand it easil$ and at t!e same time o&ld f&ll$ tr&st it. o not ma%e it too general nor too detail oriented. *!en $o& do a ara!rase) do it in t!ree stes, E(idene") E(idene2) and Conl&sion &t Dt!ereforeD -ord +efore $o& start $o&r onl&sion) t!is -ill !el $o& to set it off. . Read t!e /&estion again 9no- -it! more &nderstanding of -!at is +eing as%ed reading t!e /&estion 2 times) -ill also !el $o& to ma%e s&re $o& ans-er e1atl$ -!at is stated and t!at $o& &nderstand t!e /&estion.5 6. Ans-er +efore reading t!e ans-er !oies 9*!$ do t!is T-o reasons, one) if $o& an t!in% of t!e orret ans-er or at least t!e general diretion t!at t!e ans-er !oie needs to +e) $o& -ill identif$ it among t!e -rong !oies m&! faster) t!&s send less time reading t!e ans-ers) -!i! &s&all$ ta%e 0: seonds to o(er. T!e seond reason is t!at often test ta%ers are sed&ed +$ t!e a&t!ors -ording. One reads a fe- -ords t!at -ere &sed in t!e assage and t!e +rain identifies t!is !oie -it! t!e assage) t!&s ma%ing it seem more rig!t t!at it needs to +e. T!e more ro+lems $o& ratie -it!) t!e more !ane is $o& -ill g&ess t!e rig!t ans-er e(en +efore reading it. And t!ere is not!ing more leasant t!an seeing YO?R ans-er !oies among t!e listed. 5 7. Go t!ro&g! t!e ans-ers) first time san t!em for YO?R ans-er !oie 9&s&all$ $o& -ill g&ess orretl$ in 6:47:U of ases5) if $o& did not find it) reread t!em more attenti(el$. . ra- a grid to eliminate t!e -rong ans-ers easier. ?se DD for a s&re ans-er) D4D for a definitel$ -rong ans-er !oie) and D`D or DD for an ans-er t!at ma$ +e rig!t or /&estiona+le. T!is -ill !el to onentrate onl$ on a fe- ans-er !oies and -ill re(ent $o& from reading same ans-ers se(eral times if $o& get onf&sed or %ee !a(ing tro&+les loating t!e rig!t ans-er. A 4 4
C 4 4 4 4 E 4 . Al-a$s remem+er to t!in% !o- t!e ans-er !oie relates EVACT
+etter) s&! as a diagram) for e1amle. Ot!er t!an t!at) dont -rite do-n an$t!ing else) t!e assage t!at $o& read -ill +e so s!ort t!at $o& s!o&ld +e a+le to remem+er all t!e details -it!o&t -riting do-n an$t!ing. Toda$ -e -ere s&osed to learn t!at t-e ass+,t(o) of an arg&ment is a +ridge 9lin%5 +et-een t!e e(idene and t!e onl&sion of an arg&ment • • ne(er stated in t!e te1t is t!e most (&lnera+le element of an arg&ment • is t!e onl$ element in t!e arg&ment t!at an +e infl&ened • s!o&ld +e eas$ for $o& to find +$ no• Para,-rase S!o&ld +e +rief and ta%e 4": seonds • *ill state t!e main idea of t!e assage and +e lose to t!e onl&sion • *ill !el $o& to &nderstand t!e assage +etter • *ill re(eal t!e onl&sion) e(idene) and e(ent&all$) t!e ass&mtion • Start $o&r onl&sion -it! T!erefore •
APPENDI A. Absolte P-rases# I)tro't(o)
An a+sol&te !rase is a modifier 9/&ite often a artiile5) or a modifier and a feot!er -ords) t!at atta!es to a sentene or a no&n) -it! )o o)@)t(o) . An a+sol&te !rase a))ot ontain a finite (er+. A+sol&te !rases &s&all$ onsist of a no&n and a modifier t!at modifies t!is no&n) NOT anot!er no&n in t!e sentene. Absolte ,-rases are o,t(o)al () se)te)es3 (.e.3 t-e a) be re+o6e' /(t-ot 'a+a*()* t-e *ra++at(al ()te*r(t o1 t-e se)te)e . Sine a+sol&te !rases are otional in t!e sentene) t!e$ are often set off from t!e sentene -it! ommas or) less often) -it! das!es. *e normall$ e1lain a+sol&te !rases +$ sa$ing t!at t!e$ modif$ entire sentenes) rat!er t!an one -ord. T!is is an imortant onet) sine man$ similar !rases t!at -e -or% -it! modif$ ot!er -ords. For e1amle) ad'eti(es modif$ no&ns) and ad(er+s an modif$ (er+s) ad'eti(es) and ot!er ad(er+s. T!at said) !o-e(er) in some ases) it seems to ma%e more sense to sa$ t!at a+sol&te !rases modif$ no&ns. *e -ill loo% at some of t!ese e1amles a +it later. First) lets loo% at some e1amles of a+sol&te !rases, Her 'eter+()at(o) stro)*er t-a) e6er ) Ne1isa resol(ed not to gi(e & &ntil s!e • !ad a!ie(ed !er dreams. • T-e s) s-()()* br(*-t a)' t-e ,ale ble s4 1or+()* a ba4'ro, o1 t-e Sare Coer ) Carl steed into !is f&t&re as a tra(eler and o+ser(er. St(ll o)* bos ) #att and Erin ill$ a-o%e earl$ one C!ristmas morning -it! • slee$ e$es) omletel$ &na-are t!at t!e$ -ere sleeing not in t!e +eds t!e$ !ad gone to slee in) +&t in one of t!eir resents t!at $ear 44 a ne- set of +&n% +eds. *e finis!ed t!e !eart$ meal /&i%l$) or a,,et(tes sat(s1(e'3 or +()'s at • ,eae. • All t-()*s be()* e<al ) t!e ati(e (oie tends to +e orret more often t!an t!e assi(e on standardied tests. Please notie t!at in e(er$ ase t!e a+sol&te !rase ro(ides some sort of information t!at -or%s to &t t!e -!ole sentene or idea in onte1t. Please also )ot(e t-at t-e absolte ,-rases t-e+sel6es 'o NOT o)ta() 6erbs3 )or are t-e o))ete' to t-e +a() se)te)e /(t- a o)@)t(o) . Finall$) lease notie t!at t!e rimar$ omonents of most 9+&t not all5 of t!ese a+sol&te !rases are a no&n a modifier) alt!o&g! it is ossi+le to &se onl$ a modifier. =ere is t!e ne1t attern -e s!o&ld %no-, a. )o) ,art((,le ,-rases T!is is one of t!e most ommon -a$s to form an a+sol&te !rase. It mig!t +e !elf&l for some eole to imagine t!is attern -it! a (er+ +et-een t!e no&n and t!e artiile. For e1amle) if $o& sa$ JThe uestion -as still unans7eredE ) $o& !a(e a omlete sentene if) on t!e ot!er !and) $o& sa$ JThe uestion
unans7eredE and $o& t!en atta! t!at !rase to a main sentene) t!en $o& !a(e an a+sol&te !rase.
=ere are some e1amles. T!e a+sol&te !rases loo% li%e t!is. T!e /&estion still &nans-ered) t!e tea!er deided to address t!e onf&sion of • !er st&dents more losel$. T!e train r&nning late) -e deided to get off at t!e ne1t sto and ta%e a ta1i • !ome. T!ere are man$ ind&stries in California (ital to its eonom$) -it! te!nolog$ • +eing one of t!e most imortant. Comare t!ese sentenes -it! t!e (er+s and on'&ntions in t!em, • T!e /&estion -as still &nans-ered) and t!e tea!er deided to address t!e onf&sion of !er st&dents more losel$. T!e train -as r&nning late) so -e deided to get off at t!e ne1t sto and ta%e a • ta1i !ome. • T!ere are man$ ind&stries in California (ital to its eonom$) and te!nolog$ is one of t!e most imortant. Imortant Alt!o&g! man$ of t!ese a+sol&te !rases o&ld +e -ritten -it! t!e -ord +eing in t!em) +ore 1or+al E)*l(s- a)' ETS te)' )ot to se being /-e) being (s o,t(o)al . If $o&(e st&died G#AT Sentene Corretion for a -!ile) t!en $o& %no- t!at t!e -ord +eing raises a +ig red flag on t!e test =ere are some e1amles, T!e mo(ie +eing o(er) -e left t!e t!eater. • T!is sentene o&ld +e re-ritten li%e t!is, T!e mo(ie o(er) -e left t!e t!eater. • Similarl$) haing ast artiile is often so semantiall$ similar to t!e sentene -it!o&t it t!at man$ sentenes are -ritten -it!o&t haing ast artiile. An e1amle -o&ld +e (er$ good !ere, =a(ing +een !osen to !ead t!e ommittee) Ang&s Ng t!o&g!t a+o&t !o- !e • o&ld !el raise mone$ for !is !ess l&+ at =ar(ard. T!is sentene o&ld loo% li%e t!is, C!osen to !ead t!e ommittee) Ang&s Ng t!o&g!t a+o&t !o- !e o&ld !el • raise mone$ for !is !ess l&+ at =ar(ard. T!is onet is imortant for t!e Sentene Corretion setion of t!e G#AT) so if $o&re rearing for t!at test) a$ attention to t!is +. )o) a'@et(6e Anot!er attern is to &se an ad'eti(e after t!e no&n it modifies.
•
•
=is !at in !and and ride in !e%) =orae as%ed !is former +oss for !is 'o+ +a%. T!e re(ie-s still s!o-ing) Kell$ and C!ris deided to lea(e t!e t!eater and en'o$ t!e s&nn$ da$.
APPENDI !. Sb@et%Verb I)6ers(o)
So $o& alread$ %no- t!at t!e G#AT test is an adati(e test) meaning t!at $o&r sore goes & or do-n deending on t!e diffi<$ of t!e /&estions t!at $o& ans-er orretl$ or inorretl$. On t!e sentene orretion setion of t!e G#AT) t!e /&estions t!at test $o& on s&+'et8(er+ in(ersion tend to +e t!e !arder /&estions) and are t!erefore -ort! more oints. So) to raise $o&r G#AT sore) $o& s!o&ld +e (er$ familiar -it! most or all of t!e items on t!is list. T!ere are at least eig!teen t$es of in(ersion as listed in t!e e +elo-, T$e
E1amles
Notes
". neg intro
Ne(er do I slee. Onl$ at nig!t an I st&d$. In no -a$ o&ld I !el $o& -it! $o&r Maanese grammar /&estion. I +elie(e t!at onl$ rarel$ -ill I need $o&r !el. Not &ntil I got !ome did I realie t!at m$ s!oes -ere &ntied.
B&estion form is o+ligator$. ?sed -it! all (er+s. T!is one is (er$ ommon on t!e TOEF< and some-!at ommon on t!e G#AT and GRE. *e need to learn t!e (ario&s t$es of -ords and !rases t!at re/&ire t!is t$e of in(ersion. Notie t!at sometimes t!e in(ersion o&rs rig!t after t!e neg intro form and sometimes it o&rs in t!e ne1t s&+'et and (er+. See Neg Intro for more info.
2. intro ad(er+ial
Into t!e room ran t!e lad$. First omes lo(e) t!en omes marriage. After A omes ) t!en omes C) ne1t omes . o-n ame t!e rain and -as!ed t!e sider o&t.
In(ersion is otional. ?sed -it! +e4(er+s) lin%ing (er+s) and (er+s of diretion. T!is one is less ommon on t!e TOEF<) +&t more ommon on t!e G#AT and GRE. Notie t!at sometimes -e !a(e an ad(er+) li%e first and do-n and sometimes -e !a(e an
T$e
E1amles
Notes ad(er+ !rase li%e into t!e room or after A. T!ese ad(er+s and ad(er+ !rases &s&all$ s!oloation or diretion. T!is t$e of in(ersion &s&all$ onl$ o&rs -it! +e4(er+s) lin%ing (er+s and (er+s t!at s!odiretion or mo(ement) li%e ome) go) r&n) et.
0. intro 3ed
Fo&nd in San Franiso is In(ersion is o+ligator$.
;. omarati(es
C!eeta!s r&n faster t!an do anteloes. Yo& sea% C!inese +etter t!an do I. Messia is more interested in Com&ter Siene t!an is en'amin.
In(ersion is otional. ?sed -it! all (er+s. T!is form of in(ersion is ommon on t!e TOEF<) G#AT) and GRE. *e normall$ onl$ !a(e in(ersion !ere if -e are omaring s&+'ets of t!e (er+) not o+'ets. For e1amle) in t!e follo-ing t-o sentenes) -e are omaring o+'ets) arrots and otatoes) not t!e s&+'et I., ϑ ϑI li%e arrots more t!an I do otatoes. Λ ΛI li%e arrots more t!an do I li%e otatoes. No-) in t!is sentene) -e are omaring s&+'ets) I and m$ friend Carl, ϑ ϑI li%e arrots more t!an does m$ friend Carl.
T$e
E1amles
Notes
. intro omarati(e
igger t!an an aatosa&r is t!e +l&e -!ale. #ore imortant t!an $o&r ersonal statement is $o&r GPA. No less imressi(e t!an t!e in(ention of t!e laser -as t!e de(eloment of t!e -!eel.
In(ersion is o+ligator$. ?sed -it! +e4(er+s. T!is form is more ommon on t!e G#AT and GRE t!an it is on t!e TOEF<. Notie t!at -e an onl$ &se t!is form of in(ersion -!en t!e (er+ is a +e4(er+ sine in e(er$ ase) t!e omarati(e is t!e omlement of t!e +e4(er+. Remem+er t!at less t!an is also a omarati(e.
6. as
#eg&mi is from Maan) as is Sato. So4e&n -ants to lea(e earl$ toda$) as does Oi. If t!ro-n into t!e -ater) amels an s-im) as an ats.
In(ersion is o+ligator$. ?sed -it! all (er+s. *e an onl$ &se in(ersion if -e are &sing as for omarisons. as is one of t!e tri%iest -ords in Englis! it an !a(e man$ different meanings.
7. so> t!at>
So !a$ -as I t!at I +o&g!t B&estion form is o+ligator$. flo-ers for e(er$+od$ in ?sed -it! all (er+s. lass. T!is is not so ommon on t!e So /&i%l$ did s!e lea(e t!at TOEF<) +&t is fairl$ ommon on -e did not e(en realie -as t!e G#AT and GRE. gone. T!e so> t!at> la&se m&st So rarel$ does a omet aear +efore t!e (er+ in for t!is t$e of (isi+le to t!e na%ed e$e t!at in(ersion. -!en one does) it is onsidered a ma'or e(ent.
. had: should: 7ere for if 4 la&ses
=ad I remem+ered TomomiHs +irt!da$) s!e -o&ldnHt +e mad at me no-. S!o&ld $o& need a !and) I -ill +e more t!an !a$ to !el $o&. *ere I $o&) I t!in% I -o&ld st&d$ more for $o&r e1am tomorro-.
In(ersion is o+ligator$. ?sed -it! all (er+s. T!is is some-!at ommon on t!e TOEF< and more ommon on t!e G#AT and GRE. T!is t$e of in(ersion is %ind of seial. Notie t!at -e an onl$ &se t!is t$e of in(ersion -!en -e are &sing an if4la&se. In ot!er -ords) if is omitted, e(en t!o&g! t!e -ord if does not
T$e
E1amles
Notes aear in t!e la&se) -e still !a(e t!e meaning of an if4la&se. For more information) see !ad) s!o&ld) -ere.
. t!ere is) t!ere are) t!ere e1ists) t!ere omes) et.
T!ere is a good resta&rant near+$. T!ere omes a time in e(er$ ersonHs life -!en s!e realies t!at s!e is resonsi+le for !er o-n !ainess) not ot!er eole. Sientists !$ot!esie t!at t!ere e1ists a ertain t$e of artile t!at an tra(el faster t!an t!e seed of lig!t.
In(ersion is o+ligator$. ?s&all$ &sed onl$ -it! t!ese (er+s. T!is form of in(ersion is ommon on t!e TOEF<) G#AT) and GRE) as -ell as in so%en and -ritten Englis!. #ost eole remem+er t!ere is and t!ere are. ?T -e m&st also remem+er t!at t!ere are ot!er (er+s t!at -e an &se instead of is and are. T!e most ommon ones are e1ist) ome) and go.
":. !ere is) !ere are) !ere omes) !ere ome
=ere is some good food for $o& to tr$. =ere are t!e +oo%s t!at I donHt need an$more. =ere omes t!e +&s
In(ersion is o+ligator$. ?s&all$ &sed onl$ -it! t!ese (er+s. Yo& -ill ro+a+l$ not see t!is on t!e grammar setion of t!e TOEF< or on t!e G#AT or GRE. It o&ld) !o-e(er) aear on t!e
"". intro 4ing
&rning o&t of ontrol -as t!e forest loated in t!e foot!ills of t!e Sierra Ne(ada mo&ntains. Coming in last in t!e rae -as Moe JEle!ant
In(ersion is o+ligator$. ?sed onl$ -it! +e4(er+s. T!is form is not ommon on t!e TOEF<) +&t mig!t s!o- & on t!e G#AT or GRE. Notie t!e intro 3ing !rase is t!e omlement of t!e +e4(er+.
T$e
E1amles
Notes
"2. em!asis
o$ am I !&ngr$. Is it e(er !ot in !ere o $o& %no- !o- to oo%
In(ersion is otional. ?sed -it! all (er+s. Yo& -ill ro+a+l$ not see t!is on t!e grammar setion of t!e TOEF< or on t!e G#AT or GRE. It o&ld) !o-e(er) aear on t!e
"0. t!e +igger) t!e +etter
T!e loser an o+'et is to anot!er o+'et) t!e greater is t!e gra(it$ +et-een t!e t-o o+'ets.
B&estion form is otional. ?sed -it! all (er+s.
";. /&estions
Is t!is t!e last e1amle o $o& en'o$ reading t!ese lists Are -e finis!ed $et
In(ersion is o+ligator$. ?sed -it! all (er+s. Yo& -ill ro+a+l$ not see t!is on t!e grammar setion of t!e TOEF< 9TOEF< doesnHt test /&estions an$more5 or on t!e G#AT or GRE. It -o&ld) !o-e(er) aear on t!e
". Dstor$ see!D
JI t!in% itHs time to go) said S&san. JItHs time for $o&) +&t not for me) relied Gar$. J#a$+e -e s!o&ld ollet o&r t!o&g!ts for a moment) ommented
In(ersion is otional. ?sed -it! (er+s t!at reort see!. Yo& -ill ro+a+l$ not see t!is on t!e grammar setion of t!e TOEF< or on t!e G#AT or GRE.
"6. nor
No one !as (ol&nteered for t!e 'o+) nor do -e e1et an$one to (ol&nteer in t!e f&t&re. =o%4ming annot sea% Port&g&ese) nor an Mos sea% Cantonese.
In(ersion is o+ligator$. ?sed -it! all (er+s. Yo& mig!t see t!is on t!e adati(e TOEF< if $o& are soring !ig! and it o&ld aear on t!e G#AT or GRE. Remem+er t!at nor is onsidered
T$e
E1amles
Notes
T!e oo reg&lations -ill not ermit $o& to to&! t!e animals) nor -o&ld most eole ad(ise $o& to do so.
a on'&ntion) +&t -e &se it +et-een t-o sentenes 9not +et-een an$ t-o elements li%e t!e ot!er on'&ntions5.
"7. Dso do ID8 Dneit!er do I.D
JSo do I. JSo an Terr$. JNeit!er do most eole I %no-.
In(ersion is o+ligator$. ?sed -it! all (er+s. Yo& -ill ro+a+l$ not see t!is on t!e grammar setion of t!e TOEF< or on t!e G#AT or GRE.
". intro ad'eti(e
ea&tif&l +e$ond +elief -as m$ +a+$ da&g!ter. =a$ a+o&t t!eir aetane into t!eir dream s!ools -ere
In(ersion is o+ligator$ in most ases. ?sed -it! +e4(er+s. T!is one is fairl$ rare and ro+a+l$ -o&ld not aear on t!e TOEF<) +&t $o& mig!t see it on t!e G#AT or GRE. In(ersion is sometimes not &sed in oeti lang&age.
*!at does Question form is o+ligatory mean T!is siml$ means t!at $o& #?ST in(ert t!e s&+'et and t!e (er+ in t!is onstr&tion. In ot!er onstr&tions) in(ersion is otional) +&t in t!ese onstr&tions) it is re/&ired. For e1amle) $o& ma$ sa$, • S!e r&ns faster t!an 'o most of !er lassmates. 96erb omes +efore t!e s&+'et5 or • S!e r&ns faster t!an most of !er lassmates 'o. 9s&+'et omes +efore t!e 6erb5 ?T • Ne(er -a6e I -ear' s&! a t!ing CANNOT +eome • VV Ne(er I -a6e -ear' s&! a t!ing VV
APPENDI C. Pre,os(t(o)s
Rle t!e most imortant r&le for reositions is, ,re,os(t(o) )o) T!is is t!e Test#agi list of most of t!e reositions $o& -ill e(er see on t!e TOEF<. T!ere are a fe- more reositions in Englis! t!at are not listed !ere) +&t $o& -ill ro+a+l$ not see t!em on t!e TOEF< sine t!e$ are fairl$ &nommon. T!is list is (er$ imortant4$o& s!o&ld %no- at least :U of t!is list. And dont forget) after e(er$ reosition) -e m&st !a(e a no&n) and onl$ a no&n NE@ER an -e !a(e a (e r+ after a reosition. !e are1l Si1 965 of t!ese reositions an also +e s&+ordinating on'&ntions. In ot!er -ords) t!e$ an +e follo-ed +$ a no&n or +$ a sentene) deending on t!e meaning. =&! Can $o& s!o- me some e1amles
S&re) no ro+lem.
"7. as of ". as to ". as A@ER OF TI#E as 2:. as earl$ as 2". as late as 22. as often as 20. as m&! as 2;. as man$ as) et. 2. aside 26. astride 27. at 2. a-a$ from 2. +ar 0:. +arring 0". +ea&se of 2. be1ore 8T-(s o)e a) also be a sbor'()at()* o)@)t(o) . I) ot-er /or's3 (t a) be 1ollo/e' b a )o) or a se)te)e3 'e,e)'()* o) t-e +ea)()*:. 00. +e!ind 0;. +elo0. +eneat! 06. +eside 07. +esides 0. +et-een 0. +e$ond ;:. +&t ;". +$ ;2. +$ t!e time of ;0. ira ;;. lose +$ ;. lose to ;6. onerning ;7. onsidering ;. desite ;. do-n :. d&e to ". d&ring 2. e1et 0. e1et for ;. e1eting . e1l&ding 6. failing 57. 1or 8T-(s o)e a) also be a sbor'()at()* o)@)t(o) . I) ot-er /or's3 (t a) be 1ollo/e' b a )o) or a se)te)e3 'e,e)'()* o) t-e +ea)()*:. . for all 9t!is means despite 5 . from 6:. gi(en
6". in 62. in +et-een 60. in front of 6;. in %eeing -it! 6. in lae of 66. in site of 67. in (ie- of 6. inl&ding 6. inside 7:. instead of 7". into 72. less 70. li%e 7;. min&s 7. near 76. near to 77. ne1t to 7. not-it!standing 7. of :. off ". on 2. on to of 0. onto ;. oosite . ot!er t!an 6. o&t 7. o&t of . o&tside . o(er :. ast ". ending 2. er 0. l&s ;. regarding . reseting 6. ro&nd 7. sa(e . sa(ing . similar to 00. s()e 8T-(s o)e a) also be a sbor'()at()* o)@)t(o) . I) ot-er /or's3 (t a) be 1ollo/e' b a )o) or a se)te)e3 'e,e)'()* o) t-e +ea)()*:. ":". t!an ":2. t!an%s to 9t!is means +e&ause of 5 ":0. t!ro&g! ":;. t!ro&g!o&t ":. till
