Global Begin WB - Print and Work

Bkhc & Kmmrcss

] N B S

;

Lrkhhkr ; Vcluikr piurki bùbs

M`wb

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rm t` e`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs. ; 6 5 = 3

]w` e`ggcc / e`ggccs , picksc. ]w` Hkmrnm kbm ]ày` krc entys / / entncs . ]dc tkxns / / tkxncs krc krc ycii`w. ]w` ] w` f`à / f`às . ]drcc rcm fusncs / / fuscs .

Lrkhhkr 6 \dkt„s

;

5

_ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` hkac qucstn`bs. ;

bkhc0 yùr \dkt„s

6

kmmrcss0 \dkt„s yùr

Wèkfuikr y ;F Wèkfuikr E`hh`b Cblinsd w`rms (6) Hkted w`rms ;―= ;―= t` pneturcs k―m. ;

5

=

6

6

\dkt„ss p`ste`mc yùr0 \dkt„

fkba ekgî

5 =

d`tci fus

buhfcr0 yùr pd`bc \dkt„s

Wèkfuikrr y ;K Wèkfuik E`hh`b Cblinsd w`rms (;)

k

f

e

m

E`hpictc tdc puzzic. ; 6 5

=

3

Wèkfuikr y 6 Wèkfuikr Buhfcrs ;―;?

7

_ut tdc buhfcrs nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr.

Ker`ss

=

3

cnldt

�vc

tdrcc

tw`

gùr

bnbc

;

7

6

<

5

4

=

>

3

;?

`bc

scvcb

snx

tcb

7

Li`fki Fclnbbcr c\`raf`à c\`raf`à

© Hkehniikb _ufinsdcrs Inhntcm 6?;?

Sbnt ;

;

] N B S

;

Bkhc & Kmmrcss

Wèkfuikrr y 5 Wèkfuik Vcvncw

_r`bubenktn`b \`rm \ `rm strcss st rcss

Sbmcrinbc tdc mnggcrcbt w`rm nb cked lrùp. tcb tkxn tw` ekhcrk pd`bc snx ekgî gùr bnbc pkssp`rt e`ggcc �vc f`à scvcb fus enty cnldt `bc

; 6 5 = 3 7

Instcb kbm put tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x nb tdc e`rrcet eìuhb. ekgî

fus

ekhcrk

dcii`

e`ggcc

d`tci

pd`bc

ekgî

Gubetn`bki ikbluklc ; Hcctnbl pc`pic E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x. Dcii`

N„h

Utcvc

Bnec t` Dn,

5 =

Dcii`

3

Bnec

, N„h ]`h. yù. _kh. t` hcct yù. . N„h Inz.

; 6

hcct

Instcbnbl ; Hcctnbl pc`pic Instcb kbm ubmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms. E`bvcrsktn`b ; ; 6

Dn, N„h J`snc / U`pdnc / Iuey. N„h gr`h Iy`b / V`hc / Vùcb.

E`bvcrsktn`b 6

Gubetn`bki ikbluklc 6K D`w krc yù0

5 =

E`hpictc tdc e`bvcrsktn`bs wntd tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x. Kbm yù0

fkm

Lrckt

D`w krc yù0 yù0

Dn, N„h F`ffy / V`ffnc / V`ffy . N„h gr`h Mubmcc / Mkbmy / Mubmnn .

Instcbnbl 6 _`ste`mcs Instcb kbm ubmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet p`ste`mc.

; K: F: K:

;

D`w krc yù0 (;) B`t (6)

. Kbm yù0 !

F: K:

(5) Gnbc tdkbas. (=) @A.

5 =

6 K:

6

3

0

B]> 3LF / H]> 3LF / H]> 3CF _V5 >NC / FV5 >NC / _V5 >NM JU= <
0

Gubetn`bki ikbluklc 6F Hcctnbl pc`pic & D`w krc yù0 Hkted w`rms ;―3 t` k―c t` hkac pdrkscs. pdrkscs. ; 6 5 = 3

B`t Gnbc Kbm Bnec N„h

k

yù0 f t` hcct yù. e tdkbas. m V`f c fkm.



Sbnt ;

6

] N B S

;

Bkhc & Kmmrcss

Vckmnbl _d`bc buhfcrs

5 _ut tdc icttcrs nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` spcii w`rms gr`h tdc tcxt. ;

; Vckm _d`bc Buhfcrs. Kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs. qucstn`bs. ;

6

\dkt„ss tdc nbtcrbktn`bki tcicpd`bc \dkt„ tcicpd`bc e`mc g`r Kustrkink0

5 =

6

\dkt ns tdc krck e`mc e`mc g`r I`bm`b0

5

\dkt„ss tdc pd`bc buhfcr \dkt„ buhfcr g`r tdc pìnec nb tdc SU0

3

= E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc w`rms kbm buhfcrs nb tdc f`x. ?;;

6 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb. Krc Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r G )0 gkisc ( G ;

6

5 = 3

^ù mnki ?6?< kbm ^ù kbm scvcb buhfcrs t` pd`bc k pcrs`b nb I`bm`b. H`fnic pd`bc buhfcrs buhfcrs nb tdc SA dkvc scvcb buhfcrs. ]dc nbtcrbktn`bki nbtcrbktn`bki e`mc g`r tdc SA ns ?6?<. ]dc nbtcrbktn`bki nbtcrbktn`bki e`mc g`r tdc SU ns ;. ]` ] ` pd`bc tdc pìnec nb tdc SA yù pd`bc pd`bc >>>.

b`pdc kinm rckk mce` finh`c rchbuf

;

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

6 5 =

3

==

?<

krck

nbtcrbktn`bki

Hkbedcstcr

Nb tdc SA d`hc pd`bc buhfcrs krc scvcb buhfcrs kbm kb e`mc. ]dc krck e`mc g`r g`r ns ?;7;. SA h`fnic pd`bc buhfcrs stkrt wntd . Eùbtrncs dkvc kb e`mc. G`r tdc SA nt„s ==. ]` ] ` pd`bc tdc SA gr`h tdc SU yù mnki .

_d`bc buhfcrs Nb tdc SA k d`hc pd`bc buhfcr ns scvcb buhfcrs kbm kb krck e`mc. ]dc krck e`mc g`r I`bm`b ns ?6?<, g`r Hkbedcstcr nt„s ?;7; kbm g`r Frnstì nt„s ?;;<. H`fnic pd`bc buhfcrs buhfcrs nb tdc SA stkrt wntd ?< kbm krc ;; buhfcrs buhfcrs nb t`tki. Eùbtrncs dkvc nbtcrbktn`bki e`mcs. ]dc nbtcrbktn`bki nbtcrbktn`bki e`mc g`r Kustrkink ns 7;, g`r tdc SA nt„s == kbm g`r tdc SU nt„s ;. ]` ] ` pd`bc tdc SU gr`h tdc SA yù yù mnki ??; kbm kbm tdcb tdc buhfcr. buhfcr. ]` pd`bc tdc SA gr`h tdc SU yù mnki ?;; ==. Nb tdc SA yù mnki >>> g`r tdc pìnec, fut nb tdc SU tdc buhfcr ns >;;.



Sbnt ;

5

] N B S

;

Bkhc & Kmmrcss

\rntnbl E`hpictnbl k g`rh Vckmnbl ; Vckm tdc g`rh. Hkted qucstn`bs ;―= t` nbg`rhktn`b k―m. ; 6 5 = k f e m

\dkt„s dns kmmrcss0 \dkt„s \dkt„ss dns bkhc0 \dkt„ \dkt„ss dns pd`bc buhfcr0 \dkt„ buhfcr0 \dkt„ss dns p`ste`mc0 \dkt„ Khnr Vk�q 5= Dnld Utrcct, Ckst Dkh, I`bm`b C7 4DL ?6? ==5; ;;6

6 Vckm tdc tcxt kbm e`hpictc tdc g`rh. Hy bkhc ns Ekrhcb Ekrhcb V`mrnlucz. N„h gr`h Hkmrnm Hkmrnm nb Upknb. Hy kmmrcss ns 73F Ekiic _`rtulki, Hkmrnm. ]dc p`ste`mc ns 64?;;. Hy pd`bc buhfcr ns >; 5=< 5;76. Nhhnlrktn`b ekrm Uurbkhc:

V`mrnlucz Gnrst bkhc:

_kssp`rt buhfcr:

(;)

447<7==

Bktn`bkinty:

Ginldt buhfcr:

Upkbnsd

NF 5;74

Kmmrcss:

(6) _`ste`mc:

(5)

Khnr Vk�q Kmmrcss: Kmmrcs s: 5= Dnld Utrcct, Ckst Dkh, I`bm`b _`ste`mc: C7 4DL _d`bc: ?6? ==5; ;;6 Bkhc:

\rntnbl 5 E`hpictc tdns g`rh wntd yùr nbg`rhktn`b.

]dc V`yki V`yki D`tci Uurbkhc: Gnrst bkhc: Kmmrcss: _`ste`mc: _d`bc buhfcr:



Sbnt ;

=

] N B S

6

Hc & ^ ^ù ù

Lrkhhkr ; Uufjcet pr`bùbs, fc E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x. N

Dc

Udc

\c

]dcy

Lrkhhkr = Uufjcet pr`bùbs & p`sscssnvc kmjcetnvcs Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms.

^ù

; ; 6 5 = 3 7

F`rns ns gr`h Lcrhkby. „s Lcrhkb. Hy bkhc„s _kuik. „h gr`h Frkzni. Frkzni. Vkig kbm _ctrk krcb„t gr`h Grkbec. krcb„t Grcbed. Uuskb ns Cblinsd. „s gr`h Hkbedcstcr. „rc gr`h Lcrhkby. N„h H`bnek kbm tdns ns Kiknb. „rc Ekbkmnkb.

Lrkhhkr 6 ycs /b` qucstn`bs qucstn`bs

6 5 = 3 7 < 4

Krc yù hkrrncm0 B`, Ns dc Jkpkbcsc0 ^cs, Krc tdcy Ntkinkb0 ^cs, Ns sdc k stumcbt0 B`, Krc yù gr`h Lcrhkby0 Lcrhkby0 ^cs, Ns sdc gr`h Bcw Bc w ^`ra0 ^`ra0 ^cs, Krc tdcy stumcbts0 B`, B`, Ns dc hkrrncm0 B`,

k f e m c g l d

sdc ns. N kh. dc nsb„t. tdcy krc. N„h b`t. tdcy krcb„t. sdc nsb„t. dc ns.

Lrkhhkr 5 Uufjcet pr`bùbs & ycs & ycs /b` qucstn`bs qucstn`bs E`hpictc tdc e`bvcrsktn`b wntd tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x. krc K: F: K: F: E: F: E:

krc

N„h

ns

5 = 3 7

Wèkfuikr y ;K Wèkfuikr Eùbtrncs kbm bktn`bkintncs (;) \rntc tdc tdc bktn`bkintncs.

Hkted qucstn`bs ;―4 ;―4 t` kbswcrs k―d. k―d. ;

6

b`t

wc

yù

Dn, hy bkhc„s @icl. Dn @icl. \dcrc (;) yù gr`h0 (6) gr`h Vussnk. ]dns (5) Hkrnk. Dn, Hkrnk. Krc (=) Vussnkb0 B`, N„h (3) . N„h gr`h Krlcbtnbk. (7) yù hkrrncm0 B`, (<) krcb„t.

Eùbtry ; Khcrnek 6 Grkbec 5 _ìkbm = Jkpkb 3 Ntkiy 7 Cblikbm < _`rtulki 4 Clypt > Upknb ;? Frkzni


Bktn`bkinty Khcrnekb

Wèkfuikr y ;F Wèkfuikr Eùbtrncs kbm bktn`bkintncs (6) Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms. ; 6 5 = 3 7 < 4


Krc yù / yùr k k stumcbt0 ^cs ^ cs N / hy kh. ]dns ns wc / ùr kmmrcss. kmmrcss. \c / @ur krc krc _ìnsd. ]dns ns N / hy tckedcr. \dkt„ss yù / yùr pd`bc \dkt„ pd`bc buhfcr0

_ìnsd. Kbbk ns gr`h _ìkbm / _ìnsd Hy lnrigrncbm ns Frkzni / Frkzninkb. Grkbec kbec / Grcbed Grcbed0 Krc yù gr`h Gr Jkpkbcsc. B`rna` ns gr`h Jkpkb / Jkpkbcsc ]dcy„rc gr`h Hkmrnm. ]dcy„rc Upknb / Upkbnsd. Ns sdc gr`h Lcrhkby / Lcrhkb 0 Gùr `g tdc stumcbts krc Ednbk / Ednbcsc . Gktnhk ns gr`h Clypt / Clyptnkb.

Sbnt 6

;

] N B S

6

Hc & ^ ^ù ù

Wèkfuikrr y 6 Wèkfuik Buhfcrs ;;―6?

Instcbnbl ; Hc & ^ù

\rntc \r ntc tdc buhfcrs ks w`rms. w`rms. k f e m c

;7 ;6 ;> ;= ;<

g l d n j

G )0 Instcb. Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r gkisc ( G

;3 6? ;5 ;4 ;;

; 6 5 = 3

Wèkfuikrr y 5 Wèkfuik Vcvncw

7 <

Sbmcrinbc tdc mnggcrcbt w`rm nb cked lrùp. ; 6 5 = 3 7

4

Ednbk Grcbed Jkpkbcsc twcivc Upkbnsd snxtccb Clyptnkb Vussnkb Lcrhkby _`rtulucsc cicvcb Frkzninkb Frkzninkb Ntkinkb Jkpkbcsc 6? ;< ;5

Hnedkci ns gr`h Lcrhkby Lcrhkby.. Dc nsb„t k stumcbt. Fctdkby ns Grcbed. Hkre` ns gr`h Upknb. ]dc `tdcr stumcbts stumcbts e`hc gr`h Vussnk kbm Jkpkb. Dnt`hn ns gr`h g r`h ]ày`. ]ày`. ]dc tckedcr„s bkhc ns Juink. Udc„ss Cblinsd. Udc„ C blinsd.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

Instcbnbl 6 Nbtr`muetn`bs Instcb kbm ubmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms.

_r`bubenktn`b Nbt`bktn`b `g ycs `g ycs /b` qucstn`bs qucstn`bs Instcb. M`cs tdc nbt`bktn`b l` up `r m`wb kt tdc cbm `g tdc scbtcbecs0 ]nea (✝) up `r m`wb. up ; 6 5 = 3 7 < 4

m`wb

Krc yù k stumcbt0 ^cs, ^ cs, N kh. kh. Ns dc gr`h Jkpkb0 B`, dc nsb„t. Krc yù Ntkinkb0 B`, wc krcb„t. Ns sdc hkrrncm0 ^cs, ^ cs, sdc ns.

; 6 5

= 3 7



]dc hkb„s bkhc ns V`bby / ]`by. Dc„ss gr`h Dc„ g r`h Ednbk / Jkpkb . Dc ns / nsb„t k k stumcbt.

]dc w`hkb„ w`hkb„s bkhc ns Fcktk / Fkrfkrk. Udc„s _ìnsd / Vussnkb. Udc ns k stumcbt / hkrrncm .

Sbnt 6

6

] N B S

6

Hc & ^ ^ù ù

Vckmnbl Gùr hcb gr`h krùbm tdc w`rim

= E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc e`rrcet g`rh `g fc. ; 6

w`rim . Hkted tdc bkhcs ; Vckm Gùr hcb gr`h krùbm tdc w`rim t` tdc bktn`bkintncs. ; 6 5 =

Kicasn Chrc D`bldun Iuns

k

Ednbcsc f _`rtulucsc e Vussnkb m ]uransd

5 = 3 7

Iuns Dc Iuns kbm Chrc ]dcy Kicasn D`bldun

hkrrncm. gr`h _`rtulki. stumcbts. hkrrncm. k stumcbt. hkrrncm.

Gùr hcb gr`h krùbm tdc w`rim

6 Vckm tdc tcxts klknb kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs. ;

6

Ns Kicasn k stumcbt0 Krc D`bldun kbm Kicasn hkrrncm0 hkrrncm0

5

Ns Iuns gr`h _`rtulki0

=

Ns Chrc k mèt`r0

3

Krc Iuns kbm Chrc hkrrncm0

7

Ns Kicasn gr`h Ut. _ctcrsfurl0

<

Ns D`bldun k stumcbt0

Hy bkhc„s Iuns. N„h k stumcbt gr`h _`rtulki. N„h b`t hkrrncm.

N„h D`bldun. N„h k stumcbt gr`h Fcnjnbl nb Ednbk. N„h hkrrncm.

Hy bkhc„ bkhc„ss Kicasn Kicasn gr`h Ut. _ctcrsfurl nb Vussnk. N„h k mèt`r kbm N„h hkrrncm.

N„h Chrc gr`h ]uracy ] uracy.. N„h k stumcbt kbm N„h b`t hkrrncm.

5 _ut tdc e`bvcrsktn`b nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr. k f e m c g

Dn, N„h Ekrìk. ^ù ^ ù t``. \dcrc krc yù gr`h, gr`h, Ekrìk0 Ekrìk0 Bnec t` hcct yù, Chrc. N„h gr`h Kbakrk Kba krk nb ]uracy. ]uracy. N„h ]uransd. ]uransd. N„h Frkzninkb. N„h gr`h Vn` mc Jkbcnr`. Kbm yù0 Dn Ekrìk, N„h Chrc.


;


Sbnt 6

5

] N B S

6

Hc & ^ ^ù ù

\rntnbl Kfùt yù y` u

5 _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x nb tdc e`rrcet eìuhb. Frkzni

Vckmnbl ; Vckm tdc tcxt kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs. Hy bkhc„ bkhc„ss Cvk kbm N„h gr`h Fumkpcst. Nt„s tdc ekpntki enty `g Dublkry, s` N„h Dublkrnkb. N„h kb Cblinsd stumcbt. N„h b`t hkrrncm.

Ednbcsc

Lcrhkby

mèt`r

Jkpkb

A`rck

Clyptnkb

Grcbed

pìnec `g�ecr

_ìnsd

tckedcr

Eùbtrncs

Bktn`bkintncs

J`fs

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc = Kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs qucstn`bs kfùt yù.

;

\dkt„ss dcr bkhc0 \dkt„

6

\dcrc ns sdc gr`h0 gr`h0

5

\dkt„ss dcr bktn`bkinty0 \dkt„

=

Ns sdc k stumcbt0

3

Ns sdc hkrrncm0

;

\dkt„ss yùr bkhc0 \dkt„

6

\dcrc krc yù gr`h0

5

\dkt„ss yùr bktn`bkinty0 \dkt„ bktn`bkinty0

=

Krc yù hkrrncm0 hkrrncm0

Ikbluklc gèus 6 E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd kh, krc `r ns . ; 6 5 =

Hy bkhc N V`hc N

3 7

B`, N

Kbt`bn`. gr`h V`hc, Ntkiy. tdc ekpntki enty. k stumcbt. yù hkrrncm0 b`t.



Sbnt 6

=

] N B S

6

Hc & ^ ^ù ù

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc k pkrklrkpd kfùt yù.

Sscgui pdrkscs • Hy bkhc„s … • N„h gr`h … • N„h …



Sbnt 6

3

] N B S

5

]dch & Ss

Lrkhhkr ;K _`sscssnvc kmjcetnvcs (;)

Lrkhhkr 5 Vcvncw

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms.

E`hpictc tdc e`bvcrsktn`b wntd tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x.

Dn, N„h Hcinssk kbm tdns ns (;) N / hy snstcr, Jubc, kbm (6) sdc / dcr dusfkbm. dusfkbm. (5) Dc / Dns bkhc bkhc ns Vnedkrm kbm (=) dc„s / dns gr`h gr`h Bcw Zckikbm. (3) ]dcy / ]dcnr dkvc dkvc tw` ednimrcb. (7) ]dcy / ]dcnr bkhcs bkhcs krc Ciicb kbm Vkedci. Ciicb ns tcb kbm (<) sdc / dcr snstcr snstcr ns snx.

Lrkhhkr ;F _`sscssnvc kmjcetnvcs (6) E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc e`rrcet p`sscssnvc N , yù, dc, kmjcetnvc (hy, yùr , dns , cte) `r k sufjcet pr`bùb ( N cte). ; 6 5 = 3 7 < 4

bkhc ns Cmwkrm. ]dns ns hy wngc. ns gr`h _ìkbm. bkhc ns Kbk. ]dns ns dcr fr`tdcr. fr`tdcr. bkhc ns Jkbusz. ns hkrrncm. wngc„ss bkhc ns Cwk. wngc„ dkvc tw` ednimrcb. bkhcs krc Mkbutk kbm Hkrca.

Lrkhhkr 6 [ucstn`bs wntd fc \rntc tdc e`rrcet w`rm t` e`hpictc tdc qucstn`bs kbm \rntc kbm sd`rt kbswcrs. ; 6

B`, sdc

5 =

^cs, ^ cs, tdcy

3 7

^cs, ^ cs, dc

< 4

B`, tdcy

dc K: F: K: F: K: F: K: F: K:

F: K:

dns

Ns

nsb„t

sdc

tdcnr

tdcy

]dns ns k pd`t` `g hy gkhniy. gkhniy. ]dcy i`à bnec. ^cs, ^ cs, (;) krc. ]dns ns hy fr`tdcr. fr`tdcr. \dkt„ss (6) \dkt„ bkhc0 Jcbs. (5) dc hkrrncm0 ^cs, ^ cs, (=) ns. Dns wngc„s bkhc ns _ctrk. Ns (3) Lcrhkb0 B`, sdc (7) . Udc„ Udc„ss gr`h tdc Ezced Vcpufine. ]dcy dkvc tw` ednimrcb. \`w! \ `w! \dkt \dkt krc (<) bkhcs0 @tt` kbm Dcbrna.

Wèkfuikr y ; Wèkfuikr Gkhnincs (;) E`hpictc tdc pdrkscs. ; 6 5 = 3

dusfkbm kbm w pkrcbts kbm e g s`b kbm m f

kbm h`tdcr kbm snstcr

yùr wngc Grcbed0 Grcbed0 . tdcy stumcbts0 . dc yùr fr`tdcr0 . tdcy nb I`bm`b0 .



Sbnt 5

;

]dch & Ss

] N B S

5

Wèkfuikrr y 6 Wèkfuik Gkhnincs (6)

Wèkfuikr y = Wèkfuikr Gkhnincs (5)

I`à kt tdc gkhniy trcc. ]dcb e`hpictc tdc tcxt wntd tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x. f`x.

_ut tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x nb tdc t dc e`rrcet eìuhb. gktdcr

kubt

fr`tdcr

h`tdcr

pkrcbts

ednimrcb snstcr

eùsnbs

gktdcr

dusfkbm

snstcrs

Dn N„h ]`bn kbm tdns ns hy gkhniy. ]dns ns hy snstcr Ekrhcb kbm tdcsc krc ùr (;) . Hy (6) „s bkhc ns Vkgkci. Dc dks `bc (5) kbm tw` (=) . Hy (3) „s bkhc ns Iunsk kbm sdc dks `bc (7) Eikrk. Eikrk ns hy (<) . Dcr (4) ns ekiicm Chnin`. ]dcy dkvc tdrcc (>) . ]dcy krc hy (;?) . Jkb 8 ]nbk

_kfi` 8 Hkrtk

pkrcbts

kubt

bncec

ubeic

s`b

lrkbmh`tdcr

fr`tdcr-nb-ikw

eùsnbs mkuldtcr

bcpdcw wngc

ednimrcb

Hkic

Gchkic Gch kic

Hkic `r gchkic gchkic

Gubetn`bki ikbluklc Nbtr`muenbl pc`pic _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` hkac scbtcbecs. sc btcbecs.

Uusn Uu sn

Ukrk Ukr k

Uuan Uuan

Ick Ick

Wèkfuikrr y 5 Wèkfuik Gkhnincs & _`sscssnvc „s G )0 Krc tdc stktchcbts truc (] ) `r gkisc ( G 6 5 = 3 7 <

tdns Kbmrc, Dkbs. ns

6

Lcrhkby. gr`h Dc„s

5

hcct Bnec t` yù.

Jukb Ju kb Vkgkci Vkgkci 8 Iu Iunsk nsk Eik Eikrk rk 8 Chn Chnin` in`

Ekrhcb b ]kr krk k ]`bn Ekrhc

;

;

Hy h`tdcr„s snstcr ns hy kubt. Hy snstcr„s snstcr„s mkuldtcr ns hy bcpdcw bcpdcw.. Hy lrkbmh`tdcr„ lrkbmh`tdcr„ss s`b ns hy h`tdcr. h`tdcr. Hy ubeic„s ubeic„s ednimrcb krc hy hy eùsnbs. Hy gktdcr„s gktdcr„s gktdcr ns hy lrkbmgktdcr lrkbmgktdcr.. Hy fr`tdcr„s wngc ns hy h`tdcr-nb-ikw h`tdcr-nb-ikw.. Hy mkuldtcr ns hy hy fr`tdcr„s fr`tdcr„s bncec.


] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G


=

J`db, snstcr hy Chniy. Chniy. ns tdns

3

dusfkbm„s Clypt. gr`h Dcr

_r`bubenktn`b Inbanbl w`rms Instcb. _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc t dc e`rrcet `rmcr. ;

kbm fr`tdcr snstcr

6

kbm kubt ubeic

5

kbm dusfkbm wngc

=

kbm mkuldtcr s`b

3

kbm gktdcr h`tdcr

7

kbm ednimrcb pkrcbts

Sbnt 5

6

]dch & Ss

] N B S

5

Instcbnbl ; Gkhniy buhfcrs (;) Instcb. E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc buhfcrs nb tdc f`x. ]dcrc krc tw` buhfcrs yù m`b„t bccm. 6 ; 6 5 = 3

5

=

]dcrc krc ]dcrc krc ]dcrc krc ]dcrc krc ]dcrc krc

3

7

4

<

pc`pic nb @iinc„s @iinc„s gkhniy. gkhniy. pc`pic nb Chniy„s gkhniy. gkhniy. pc`pic nb Edrnst`pdc„ Edrnst`pdc„ss gkhniy. gkhniy. pc`pic nb Cbrne`„s gkhniy. gkhniy. pc`pic nb B`rkd„ B`rkd„s gkhniy. gkhniy.

Instcbnbl 6 Gkhniy buhfcrs (6) Instcb. Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms. ; 6 5 = 3

Vnea„s fr`tdcr ns / nsb„t hkrrncm. hkrrncm. Kmkh / Hnedkci ns ns Khkbmk„s dusfkbm. Khkbmk ns gr`h Cblikbm / Uùtd Kgrnek. ]dcnr s`b ns ekiicm Kmkh / Hnedkci . ]dcy krc / krcb„t nb nb I`bm`b.



Sbnt 5

5

] N B S

5

]dch & Ss

Vckmnbl Hy gkhniy

5 Vckm mcsernptn`b F klknb kbm e`hpictc tdc gkhniy trcc. Akri 8 ;

; Vckm Hy gkhniy. Hkted mcsernptn`bs K kbm F t` pd`t`s ; kbm 6. 6

;

5

Dkbs 8 =

3

Nbcs

= E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs. ; 6 5 = 3

6

^ùr gktdcr„s ^ùr gktdcr„s fr`tdcr ns yùr ^ùr ^ ùr h`tdcr„s mkuldtcr ns yùr ^ùr ^ ùr fr`tdcr„s s`b ns yùr ^ùr ^ ùr gktdcr ns yùr h`tdcr„ h`tdcr„ss ^ùr ^ ùr s`b„s s`b„s h`tdcr ns yùr

. . . . .

Hy gkhniy K Hy bkhc„s Vkbn kbm N„h gr`h Huhfkn, Nbmnk. ]dns ns k pd`t` `g hy gkhniy. ]dcsc krc hy pkrcbts. Hy h`tdcr„s bkhc ns Lcctk kbm hy gktdcr ns Krub. ]dns ns hy dusfkbm, Ksdrkg, kbm ùr s`b kbm mkuldtcr. ]dcnr bkhcs krc krc ]kj ]kj kbm _kmhk. ]kj ns gùr yckrs ìm.

6 Vckm mcsernptn`b K klknb kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs. ;

6

5

=

3

\dkt ns Vkbn„s gktdcr„s gktdcr„s bkhc0

F N„h Jcbs kbm N„h gr`h Fcrinb, Lcrhkby. ]dns ns k pd`t` `g hy gkhniy. ]dkt„s hc, kbm tdns ns hy fr`tdcr Dkbs kbm hy snstcr Kbak. Dkbs ns hkrrncm kbm dns wngc„s bkhc ns Acrstnb. ]dcy dkvc tw` ednimrcb, Nbcs kbm Utcpdnc. Hy pkrcbts krcb„t nb tdc pd`t` fut hy gktdcr„s bkhc ns Akri kbm hy h`tdcr„s bkhc ns Lcrmc.

Ns Vkbn hkrrncm0 \dkt ns Krub„ Krub„ss wngc„s wngc„s bkhc0 Ns Lcctk ]kj„ ]kj„ss h`tdcr0 h`t dcr0 \dkt ns Vkbn„s dusfkbm„s bkhc0



Sbnt 5

=

] N B S

5

]dch & Ss

\rntnbl Hy gkhniy

Funimnbl vèkfuikry = \r \rntc ntc h`rc gkhniy w`rms. w`rms.

; _ut tdc icttcrs nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` spcii gkhniy w`rms. ; 6 5 = 3 7

knighy lmcutrdk gwnc eiucb f`dctr tdchr`

gktdcr

gkhniy

Vckmnbl 6 Vckm tdc tcxt kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`b. \dned gkhniy gkhniy hchfcr gr`h cxcrensc ; nsb„t nsb„t nb tdc tcxt0 Dn, N„h Cvk kbm tdns ns k pd`t` `g hy gkhniy. ]dns ns hy h`tdcr Nimna` kbm hy gktdcr ]khks. ]khks. ]dns ns hy fr`tdcr Ukbm`r kbm dns wngc Vkedci. Vkedci nsb„t Dublkrnkb, sdc„s gr`h Ekbkmk, sdc„s sdc„ s Ekbkmnkb. ]dcy dkvc k mkuldtcr, dcr bkhc ns _ctrk, sdc„s tcb.

mkuldtcr

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc 3 Hkac b`tcs kfùt yùr yùr gkhniy. gkhniy. Ssc tdc vèkfuikry gr`h cxcrensc =.

5 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs. ;

\d`„ss Nimna`0 \d`„

6

Ns Ukbm`r hkrrncm0

5

Ns Nimna` Cvk„s snstcr0

=

3

\dkt„ss Cvk„s \dkt„ Cvk„s bncec„s bncec„s bkhc0 Ns Vkedci hkrrncm0

7

\dkt bktn`bkinty ns Vkedci0

<

\d`„ss _ctrk0 \d`„



Sbnt 5

3

] N B S

5

]dch & Ss

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc k pkrklrkpd kfùt yùr gkhniy. gkhniy.

Sscgui pdrkscs • N„h … • Hy bkhc„s … • ]dns ns hy gkhniy / h`tdcr / snstcr … • Dcr / Dns bkhc ns … • ]dcy dkvc k s`b / tw` mkuldtcrs … • N„h (b`t) hkrrncm.



Sbnt 5

7

] N B S

=

Fnl & Uhkii

Lrkhhkr ;K ]dcrc ns / / ]dcrc krc (;) (;)

Wèkfuikr y ;K Wèkfuikr Buhfcrs 6?―;?? (;)

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms. ; 6 5 = 3 7 < 4

]dcrc krc / ns k k ekr pkra. Krc / Ns tdcrc tdcrc kby sd`ps0 ]dcrc krc / ns tdrcc tdrcc fkbas. Krc / Ns tdcrc tdcrc k supcrhkract0 ]dcrc ns k / kby enbchk. Krc tdcrc k / kby ekgîs0 ]dcrc krc / ns tw` tw` �``rs. Ns tdcrc k / kby rcstkurkbt0

Instcb. Sbmcrinbc tdc buhfcr yù dckr. k f e m c g l d

5; ;= ;7 4> 6; ;< 3; 6?

5> =? 7? >4 63
75 == 77 44 6> << 33 5?

Lrkhhkr ;F ]dcrc ns / / ]dcrc krc (6) (6)

Wèkfuikr y ;F Wèkfuikr Buhfcrs 6?―;?? (6)

E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc e`rrcet w`rm.

\rntc tdc tdc buhfcrs ks w`rms. w`rms.

; 6 5

]dcrc ]dcrc ]dcrc

= 3

]dcrc

7 <

]dcrc

k fnl sd`ppnbl hkii. gùr fkbas. `bc enbchk. tdcrc kby ekgîs0 hkby pc`pic. tdcrc k supcrhkract0 k f`àsd`p.

Lrkhhkr 6 ]dcrc ns / / ]dcrc krc (5) _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` hkac qucstn`bs kbm scbtcbecs. ;

kby tdcrc sd`ps0 Krc

k f e m c g l d

Wèkfuikr y 6 Wèkfuikr _rnecs Instcb. E`hpictc tdc pdrkscs wntd k prnec gr`h tdc f`x. £>.7?

6

k ekgî. shkii ]dcrc ns

5

f`àsd`ps. tdrcc krc ]dcrc

£7> ; 6

=

k tdcrc Ns enbchk0

5 =

3

bcw k ns ]dcrc supcrhkract.

3 7

7

Krc kby tdcrc rcstkurkbts0 rcstkurkbts0 cxpcbsnvc

< 4

<

>? 7< 53 6= 4; 6? == <<

£6;.=?

£64.5?

£5>.3?

£=;.6?

£3?.5>

£46.5?

Nt„s ]dkt„ss ]dkt„ Nt„s ]dkt„ss ]dkt„ Nt„s ]dkt„ss ]dkt„ Nt„s ]dkt„ss ]dkt„

. . . . . . . .

ekr pkra. ]dcrc ]dcrc fnl ns k



Sbnt =

;

Fnl & Uhkii

] N B S

=

Wèkfuikrr y 5K Wèkfuik Kmjcetnvcs Kmjcetnv cs (;)

Gubetn`bki ikbluklc Nb k sd`p

E`hpictc tdc puzzic.

_ut tdc e`bvcrsktn`b nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr. ;

k f e

6

m c 5

g

L``mfyc. Dcii`. Dcrc yù krc. ]dkbas. Dn. D`w hued ns tdns fkl0 Nt„s £>?. ]dkba yù. L``mfyc.

=

3

7

Ker`ss 6 ]dc `pp`sntc `g bcw. = ]dc `pp`sntc `g nbtcrcstnbl . 3 ]dc `pp`sntc `g cxpcbsnvc. 7 ]dc `pp`sntc `g fnl . M`wb ; ]dc `pp`sntc `g l``m . 6 ]dc `pp`sntc `g ei`scm . 5 ]dc `pp`sntc `g ubgrncbmiy.

Wèkfuikrr y 5F Wèkfuik Kmjcetnvcs Kmjcetnv cs

_r`bubenktn`b Uedwk //

E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc e`rrcet kmjcetnvc. ; 6

5 = 3 7 <

]dc e`ggcc ns vcry l ]dc sd`ppnbl hkii ns vcry f ;?? sd`ps. Dc„s vcry ub . ]dc sd`p ns e . ]dns ekhcrk ns vcry vcry cx Ns tdns b 0 ]dc �ih ns nb .


. . ]dcrc krc

Instcb kbm e`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs. ; 6 5 =

.


3

]dcrc„s ]dcrc„s Ns tdcrc ]dcrc nsb„t nsb„t ]dcrc ns Ns tdcrc

rcstkurkbt. ekr pkra0 fkba. enbchk. f`àsd`p0

Sbnt =

6

] N B S

=

Fnl & Uhkii

Instcbnbl ; K bcw sd`ppnbl sd`pp nbl hkii G )0 Instcb. Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r gkisc ( G ; 6 5 = 3 7 <

]dcrc ns k bcw ekr pkra. ]dc enbchk ns shkii. shkii. ]dcrc krc gùr serccbs nb tdc enbchk. enbchk. ]dcrc krc tw` ekgîs. ekgîs. ]dc rcstkurkbts krc krc edckp. ]dcrc krc tdrcc �``rs �``rs nb tdc fkba. ]dcrc krc grncbmiy grncbmiy pc`pic nb tdc fkba. fkba.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

Instcbnbl 6 D`w hued ns nt0 Instcb. Hkted pneturcs ;―7 t` prnecs k―g.

;

6

5

=

3

7

k f e m c g

₩;.;3 ₩;.6? ₩;.3? ₩=.;3 ₩=.6? ₩=.73



Sbnt =

5

] N B S

=

Fnl & Uhkii

Vckmnbl Hy t`wb

5 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb kbm hkted tdc w`rms t` tdc buhfcrs.

; Vckm Hy t`wb kbm i`à kt tdc pneturcs. \dcrc \dcrc m`cs Acnrkb invc1 nb pneturc ; `r pneturc 60 ;

; 6 5 = 3

fkbas ekr pkra Ednbcsc rcstkurkbt `pcbnbl dùrs sd`ps

k f e m c

; 6 6? 6= 4?

= Gnbm tdcsc tdnbls nb tdc tcxt. Gùr pikecs wdcrc yù ekb fuy tdnbls

Gnvc tdnbls yù ekb fuy

;

;

6

6

5

5

=

= 3

Hy t`wb Dn, hy bkhc„s Acnrkb kbm N invc nb k shkii t`wb nb Nrcikbm. ]dc t`wb ns vcry ìm kbm tdc pc`pic krc vcry grncbmiy. ]dcrc krc tw` fkbas kbm kfùt twcbty sd`ps. ]dcrc krc tw` rcstkurkbts, k Ednbcsc `bc kbm kb Ntkinkb `bc kbm tdcrc ns k shkii ekgî wdcrc yù ekb fuy e`ggcc kbm skbmwnedcs. skbmwnedcs. ]dcrc„ ]dcrc„ss k supcrhkract. Nt dks k fnl ekr pkra g`r kfùt 4? ekrs. N m`b„t invc bckr tdc supcrhkract, fut tdcrc ns k sd`p nb hy strcct ekiicm ]dc Ut`rc. Nt„s `pcb 6= dùrs k mky kbm tdcrc krc i`ts `g tdnbls ― bcwspkpcrs kbm hklkznbcs kbm kis` frckm kbm hnia.

6


\rntc tw` tw` kmjcetnvcs tdkt mcsernfc tdc tdc t`wb.

6

\rntc tdc tdc kmjcetnvc tdkt mcsernfcs tdc pc`pic.

5

Krc tdcrc kby fkbas0 fkbas0

=

Ns tdcrc kb Nbmnkb rcstkurkbt0

3

Ns tdc supcrhkract ekr pkra fnl `r shkii0

7

Krc tdcrc kby hklkznbcs hklkznbcs nb ]dc Ut`rc0



Sbnt =

=

] N B S

=

Fnl & Uhkii

\rntnbl Mcsernfnbl pikecs

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc = ]dnba kfùt k pikec yù ab`w. ab`w. G`r cxkhpic cxkhpic k ekgî, sd`ppnbl hkii, rcstkurkbt `r sd`p. Kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs.

Vckmnbl t cxt. \rntc \rntc tdc kmjcetnvcs. ; Vckm tdc tcxt.

;

Ns nt fnl0

6

Ns tdcrc k ekr pkra0

5

]dcrc„s k shkii ekgî bckr hy dùsc. ]dcrc ns i`ts `g ]dcrc„s l``m g``m kbm tdc e`ggcc ns edckp. ]dc pc`pic krc grncbmiy kbm nbtcrcstnbl. Nt„s `pcb tcb dùrs k mky, gr`h
Krc tdc pc`pic grncbmiy0 grncbmiy0

3 E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs kfùt tdc pikec. ; 6 5

]dcrc krc ]dcrc ns / krc Nt„ss `pcb Nt„

�``rs. . dùrs k mky.

Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r 6 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb. Krc G )0 gkisc ( G ; 6 5 = 3

]dc ekgî ns fnl. ]dc g``m nsb„t nsb„t l``m. ]dc e`ggcc ns cxpcbsnvc. ]dcrc krc nbtcrcstnbl pc`pic. ]dc ekgî ns `pcb kt 7ph.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

Ikbluklc gèus 5 E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd kmjcetnvcs. ; 6 5

= 3

7

]dc hkb ns ub . ]dns f`à ns cx . Nt„s £3?! K: Ns tdns hklkznbc nb 0 F: B`, nt„s f` . Nt„s kfùt ekrs! ]dc e`ggcc ns 6?p. ]dkt„ ]dkt„ss ed . ]dcrc„ss k b ]dcrc„ sd`ppnbl hkii bckr bckr hy dùsc. Nt„s rckiiy f . ]dcrc krc tcb �``rs kbm ;?? sd`ps.



Sbnt =

3

] N B S

=

Fnl & Uhkii

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc kfùt tdc pikec gr`h cxcrenscs = kbm 3.

Sscgui pdrkscs • ]dcrc„s k … • ]dcrc krc … • ]dcrc nsb„t kby … • Nt„s fnl / shkii / ìm. • ]dc pc`pic krc … • Nt„s `pcb tcb dùrs k mky.



Sbnt =

7

] N B S

3

\`ra \ `ra & _iky

Lrkhhkr ; ]dcrc nsb„t / ]dcrc krcb„t

Lrkhhkr = Vcvncw


]nea (✝) tdc e`rrcet scbtcbec `r qucstn`b.

N w`ra g`r WU@. N„h k vìubtccr. ]dc j`f ns vcry mng�euit. ]dcrc (;) krcb„t / nsb„t k k i`t `g tnhc g`r gub, fut N i`vc tdc w`ra. ]dcrc (6) krcb„t / nsb„t kby kby `tdcr vìubtccrs wdcrc N w`ra ― N„h tdc `biy `bc. N w`ra nb k sed`ì nb Kgrnek. ]dcrc (5) krcb„t / nsb„t k k i`t `g h`bcy kbm tdcrc (=) krcb„t / nsb„t hkby hkby f`às. Kfùt 5?? stumcbts stumy nb tdc sed`ì, fut tdcrc (3) krcb„t / nsb„t hkby hkby tckedcrs. WU@ ns vcry nhp`rtkbt dcrc. ]dcrc (7) krcb„t / nsb„t cbùld cbùld vìubtccrs g`r kii tdc w`ra.

yù inac g``tfkii0 . Nt„ Nt„ss f`rnbl. pikynbl sp`rts0 . yù inac rubbnbl0 , N m`. , N m`b„t. Fut N inac swnhhnbl.

F: 6

K: F:

5

K: F:

=

K: F:

3

K: F:

k f

5

k f

=

k f

3

k

k

]dcrc nsb„t nsb„t kby WU@ WU@ vìubtccrs nb Frkzni. ]dcrc krcb„t krcb„t kby WU@ WU@ vìubtccrs nb Frkzni. Frkzni. M` yù inac swnhhnbl0 \dkt m` yù inac swnhhnbl0 swnhhnbl0 ]dcrc nsb„t nsb„t k sed`ì nb tdc vniiklc. vniiklc. ]dcrc krcb„t krcb„t k sed`ì nb tdc vniiklc. vniiklc. M` yùr gkvùrntc g``m0 \dkt„ss yùr gkvùrntc g``m0 \dkt„ M` yù inac yùr j`f0 ^cs, N m`. M` yù inac yùr j`f0 Nt„s nbtcrcstnbl. ]dcrc nsb„t nsb„t kby stumcbts. ]dcrc krcb„t krcb„t kby stumcbts. ]dcrc krcb„t krcb„t k vìubtccr nb hy eùbtry eùbtry.. ]dcrc krcb„t krcb„t kby vìubtccrs nb hy eùbtry. eùbtry.

Wèkfuikr y ; Wèkfuikr J`fs E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc e`rrcet w`rms. ; 6

3


k f

=

M` yù inac yùr j`f0 Nt„ss vcry nbtcrcstnbl. / ^cs, N m`. Nt„ \dkt„ss yùr gkvùrntc sp`rt0 \dkt„ sp`rt0 N inac pikynbl lìg. lìg. / B`, N m`b„t . M` yù inac fksactfkii0 N inac fksactfkii. / B`, N m`b„t m`b„t . M` yù inac Ntkinkb g``m0 N inac pnzzk kbm pkstk. / ^cs, ^cs, N m`. \dkt„ss yùr gkvùrntc g``m0 \dkt„ g``m0 N inac Ednbcsc g``m. / B`, N m`b„t .


<

5

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet kbswcrs. K:

6

f

Lrkhhkr 5 Inac (6) ;

f

7

E`hpictc tdc qucstn`bs kbm sd`rt kbswcrs. (;) F: B`, N (6) K: M` yù (5) F: ^ ^cs, cs, N (=) K: (3) F: (7) E: (<)

k

f

Lrkhhkr 6 Inac (;) K:

;

7 <

N„h k gkrhcr. N w`ra ` . N m`b„t dkvc k j`f. N„h ub . N w`ra nb kb ` . Nt„s f`rnbl. N„h k wkntcr. N w`ra nb k rc . N m`b„t w`ra. N„h k s kt k ubnvcrsnty. N w`ra nb k s . N inac hy j`f. N m`b„t w`ra b`w. N„h 7< kbm N„h r .

Sbnt 3

;

] N B S

3

\`ra \ `ra & _iky

Wèkfuikrr y 6K Wèkfuik Up`rts (;)

Wèkfuikr y 6F Wèkfuikr Up`rts (6)

\rntc \r ntc tdc e`rrcet sp`rt bcxt bcxt t` cked pneturc. Khcrnekb g``tfkii g``tfkii h`t`rfnac rkenbl

mkbenbl

lìg

_ut tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x nb tdc t dc e`rrcet eìuhb.

jum`

Khcrnekb g``tfkii g``tfkii

tcbbns

erneact

jum`

h`t`rfnac rkenbl rkenbl rubbnbl rubbnbl

lìg

fksactfkii

san-juhpnbl

tcbbns tcbbns

swnhhnbl

Up`rts wntd k fkii

;

Up`rts ― b` fkii

6

Wèkfuikr y 5 Wèkfuikr Vcvncw Sbmcrinbc tdc mnggcrcbt w`rm nb cked lrùp. Vckm tdc ektcl`rncs t` dcip yù. 5

=

; 6 5 = 3 7

sp`rts: tkfic tcbbns wdcrc wdcr c pc`pic pc`pic w` w`ra: ra: jum` sp`rts ― b` fkii: ekp`cnrk wdcrc wdcr c pc`pic pc`pic w` w`ra: ra: ub ubch chpi pi` `yc ycm m sp`rts wntd k fkii: lìg wdcrc wdcr c pc`pic pc`pic w` w`ra: ra: `g�ec

rctnrcm kt d`hc mkbenbl ùtm ù tm` ``r `rss swnhhnbl rcstkurkbt

rubbnbl nb k sd`p g``tfkii nb kb `g� g�eec erneact stumcbt

_r`bubenktn`b Inac Instcb. Sbmcrinbc tdc buhfcr `g w`rms yù ekb dckr. 3

7

k f e m c g



5 5 5 5 5 5

= = = = = =

3 3 3 3 3 3

Sbnt 3

6

] N B S

3

\`ra \ `ra & _iky

Instcbnbl ; Mcsernfnbl j`fs

Instcbnbl 6 M` yù inac …0

Instcb. Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet bkhcs.

Instcb. Hkted spckacrs ;―3 t` tdcnr gkvùrntc sp`rt k―c. Upckacr ; Upckacr 6 Upckacr 5 Upckacr = Upckacr 3

Lrcl ; 6 5 = 3 7 <

U`byk

Lrcl / U`byk w`ras g`r WU@. Lrcl / U`byk m`csb„t inac dns/dcr j`f. Lrcl / U`byk w`ras ùtm``rs. K i`t `g Lrcl„s / U`byk„s grncbms grncbms krc ubchpi`ycm. Lrcl„s / U`byk„s w`ra w`ra nsb„t cksy. Lrcl / U`byk w`ras nb k qunct pikec. Lrcl / U`byk w`ras wntd grncbmiy pc`pic.

k

f

e

m

c



Sbnt 3

5

] N B S

3

\`ra \ `ra & _iky

Vckmnbl K sp`rt sp`r t g`r cvcr cvcry`bc y`bc

6 Vckm K sp`rt g`r cvcry`bc. Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r G )0 gkisc ( G ;

; Gnbm tcb sp`rts.

F J

6

U \ N

V S B B

N

H H

N

B L

B L F V

N

L M K C W @ L @ I G C @ U D L U C M N

M ]

N

N

@

@ A _ I ^ @

5 = 3 7

;

N

E A C ]

6

H U B S [

N

J U Z F

5

M K B E

N

B L C @ K

@ T

I L

G

N

V K

I

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

5 E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc e`rrcet w`rm.

^ \ C E V

N

]dcrc krcb„t krcb„t i`ts `g sp`rts kt tdc eiuf. ]dcrc ns tcbbns kbm kbm g``tfkii. ]dcrc krcb„t krcb„t kby fkii lkhcs. ]dcrc krcb„t krcb„t kby mkbec eiksscs. Ekp`cnrk ns f`rnbl. Ekp`cnrk ns gr`h Frkzni. M` yù B`, N \dned sp`rts eùbtry0

= 3

Hy

swnhhnbl0 . p`puikr nb yùr ns yùr gkvùrntc sp`rt0 sp`rt ns tcbbns.

F K U A C ] F K I I

K sp`rt sp`r t g`r cvcr c vcry`bc y`bc M` yù inac sp`rts0 M` yù wkbt t` accp ﬋t0

J`nb yùr ièki sp`rts eiuf. ]dcrc krc hkby sp`rts t` ed``sc gr`h. ]dcrc ns fksactfkii kbm tcbbns ― lrckt gub kbm tdcrc krc i`ts `g pc`pic t` piky wntd. M`b„t inac fkii lkhcs0 lk hcs0 M`b„t w`rry. ]dcrc ns swnhhnbl kbm rubbnbl. M` yù inac mkbenbl0 ]dcrc krc mkbec eiksscs cvcry mky kbm kis` tdc nbtcrcstnbl sp`rt `g ekp`cnrk gr`h Frkzni. ]` j`nb pd`bc: ?4?? ?<>=735 ]` `r chkni: sp`rt=kiiOvnrlnb.bct



Sbnt 3

=

] N B S

3

\`ra \ `ra & _iky

\rntnbl ^ùr ^ ùr gkvùrnt gk vùrntcc sp`rt sp`r t

Ikbluklc gèus 5 _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr.

Vckmnbl ; Vckm kfùt Hkrnk kbm Lc`rlc„s gkvùrntc tdnbls. E`hpictc tdc tkfic. Hkrnk Hy gkvùrntc sp`rt ns tcbbns. Nt„s cksy kbm gub. Hy gkvùrntc g``m ns Ednbcsc ― nb Cblikbm Ednbcsc rcstkurkbts krc edckp kbm tdc pc`pic krc grncbmiy. Hy gkvùrntc typc `g husne ns eikssneki.

Lc`rlc Hy gkvùrntc g``m ns Ntkinkb. ]dcrc„ ]dcrc„ss k fnl Ntkinkb rcstkurkbt bckr hy dùsc. Nt nsb„t cxpcbsnvc kbm tdc g``m ns l``m. Hy gkvùrntc typc `g husne ns `pcrk ― nt„ss nbtcrcstnbl. Hy gkvùrntc sp`rt ns g``tfkii. N inac nt„ fkii lkhcs. Gkvùrntc … sp`rt husne g``m

Hkrnk

;

gkvùrntc / Nbmnkb / hy / ns / g``m

6

tcbbns / N / inac

5

typc / gkvùrntc / `g / hy / husne / Ntkinkb / ns

=

rcstkurkbt / hy / ns / cxpcbsnvc / gkvùrntc

3

gkvùrntc / wdkt„s / �ih0 / yùr

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc \rntc ntc k inst `g yùr gkvùrntc tdnbls tdnbls (g``m, sp`rt, husne). husne). = \r \rntc kmjcetnvcs kmjcetnvcs t` mcsernfc tdch.

Lc`rlc

6 Vckm tdc tcxts klknb. E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs. ; 6 5 = 3 7

gkvùrntc g``m ns Ednbcsc. ]dc Ntkinkb rcstkurkbt rcstkurkbt ns . Ednbcsc g``m ns nb Cblikbm. Lc`rlc„s typc `g husne ns `pcrk. G`r Hkrnk tcbbns ns cksy kbm . gkvùrntc sp`rt ns g``tfkii.



Sbnt 3

3

] N B S

3

\`ra \ `ra & _iky

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc k pkrklrkpd kfùt yùr gkvùrntc tdnbls. tdnbls.

Sscgui cxprcssn`bs • Hy gkvùrntc sp`rt / husne/ g``m ns … • N inac … • Nt„s cksy / mng﬋euit / gub / nbtcrcstnbl / edckp / cxpcbsnvc. • nt nsb„t cxpcbsnvc / edckp edckp / mng﬋euit.



Sbnt 3

7

] N B S

7

Mky & Bnldt

Lrkhhkr ;K _rcscbt snhpic (;)

Lrkhhkr 5 Vcvncw

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet g`rh `g tdc vcrf.

Krc tdcsc scbtcbecs e`rrcet e`rrcet `r nbe`rrcet0

; 6 5 = 3 7 < 4

N dkvc / dks frckagkst frckagkst kt scvcb `„eièa. Udc stkrt / stkrts w`ra w`ra kt dkig pkst cnldt. \dkt tnhc m` yù l` / l`cs t` t` w`ra0 Dc l` / l`cs t` t` tdc lyh cvcry mky. \cc dkvc / dks e`ggcc \ e`ggcc kt tcb `„eièa. Hkra �bnsd / �bnsdcs w`ra w`ra kt tdrcc `„eièa. Kbk l` / l`cs d`hc d`hc kt dkig pkst scvcb. ]dcy dkvc / dks mnbbcr mnbbcr kt bnbc `„eièa.

; 6 5 = 3 7 < 4

Lrkhhkr ;F _rcscbt snhpic (6) �bnsdcs

l`

e`rrcet / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / nbe`rrcet

Wèkfuikr y ;K Wèkfuikr Mkniy rùtnbc / dkvc kbm kbm l`

E`hpictc tdc tcxt wntd tdc vcrfs nb tdc f`x. �bnsd

N stkrts w`ra kt bnbc `„eièa. Dkbbkd m`csb„t w`ra nb kb `g�ec. ]dcy dkvc iubed iubed kt `bc `„eièa. \cc m`csb„t \ m`csb„t l` t` w`ra kt bnldt. bnldt. ^ù ^ ù m`b„t m`b„t l` t` tdc lyh. Hy snstcr �bnsdcs w`ra w`ra kt snx `„eièa. N l`cs t` fcm kt k qukrtcr t` cicvcb. ]dc sd`p ei`sc kt kt �vc `„eièa.

l`cs

dks

dkvc

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms. stkrt

; 6

stkrts

5

Nb tdc h`rbnbl N l` / dkvc k sd`wcr. ]dcb N l` / dkvc frckagkst. Kgtcr frckagkst N l` / dkvc t` w`ra. Kt `bc `„eièa N l` / dkvc iubed. Kgtcr w`ra N l` / dkvc t` tdc lyh. ]dcb N l` / dkvc d`hc. Nb tdc cvcbnbl N l` / dkvc mnbbcr. Kt tcb `„eièa N l` / dkvc t` fcm.

Hy bkhc ns Crne Crne kbm N w`ra nb kb `g�ec. N = (;) frckagkst kt dkig pkst snx nb tdc 3 h`rbnbl. N (6) w`ra kt cnldt `„eièa. N 7 usukiiy (5) w`ra kt tdrcc `„eièa kbm tdcb < (=) t` tdc lyh. Hy fr`tdcr ns ekiicm @ikg 4 ― dc„ dc„ss k stumcbt stumcbt.. Dc (3) frckagkst frckagk st kt kfùt Wèkfuikr W èkfuikr y ;F bnbc `„eièa kbm (7) t` eìiclc. Dc (<) eìiclc kt tcb `„eièa kbm dc Mkniy rùtnbc (4) nb tdc kgtcrb``b kt kfùt gùr `„eièa. \rntc tdc tdc pdrkscs nb tdc f`x f`x bcxt t` tdc e`rrcet pneturcs. pneturcs.

Lrkhhkr 6 _rcscbt snhpic bclktnvc

l` t` fcm

l` t` w`ra

dkvc frckagkst

dkvc iubed

l` t` tdc lyh

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet g`rh `g tdc vcrf. ;

6

5 =

3 7

<

N m`b„t dkvc / m`b„t dks / m`csb„t dkvc k sd`wcr nb tdc h`rbnbl. Chhk m`b„t stkrt / m`b„t stkrts / m`csb„t stkrt w`ra w`ra kt cnldt `„eièa. ]dcy m`csb„t w`ra / m`b„t w`ra / m`b„t w`ras kt kt bnldt. \cc m`b„t dkvc / m`b„t dks / m`csb„t dkvc tnhc t` sd`p nb \ tdc h`rbnbl. Hy snstcr m`b„t dkvc / m`csb„t dkvc / m`csb„t dks frckagkst. frckagkst. ]dc supcrhkract m`b„t ei`sc / m`b„t ei`scs / m`csb„t ei`sc kt bnldt. Dc m`b„t w`ra / m`b„t w`ras / m`csb„t w`ra nb k ekii ecbtrc.

;

6

5

=

3



Sbnt 7

;

] N B S

7

Mky & Bnldt

Wèkfuikrr y 6K Wèkfuik ]nhcs `g mky (;)

Wèkfuikr y 5 Wèkfuikr ]dc tnhc

_ut tdc icttcrs nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` spcii gùr tnhcs `g mky. ; 6 5 =

trcb`k`gb bncblvc lr`hbnb ltnbd

Wèkfuikrr y 6F Wèkfuik ]nhcs `g mky (6)

Hkted eièas ;―4 t` tnhcs k―d.

;

6

5

=

3

7

<

4

\rntc tdc tnhcs `g mky nb cxcrensc 6K nb tdc e`rrcet \rntc e`rrcet tnhc `rmcr. ; 6 5 =

k f e m c g l d

k qukrtcr pkst bnbc k qukrtcr t` tdrcc �vc pkst cicvcb dkig pkst snx snx `„eièa tcb pkst tw` twcbty �vc t` gùr twcbty pkst cnldt

Gubetn`bki ikbluklc Lnvnbl kb `pnbn`b _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x nb tdc t dc e`rrcet eìuhb. fkm

gkbtkstne ✚



l``m

tcrrnfic

lrckt ✔

Sbnt 7

6

] N B S

7

Mky & Bnldt

_r`bubenktn`b ]dc tnhc

Instcbnbl ; ]dc tnhc

Instcb kbm tnea (✝) tdc e`rrcet tnhc.

Instcb. E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc tnhcs nb tdc f`x. ;.;3

5.6?

5.=3

3.53

7.5?

<.=3

4.5?

4.3? ;

k

f ; 6

6

k

f

5

= 3 5

k

f

7

< =

k

f

N„h k tckedcr. N l` t` w`ra kt . K: Cxeusc hc. \dkt„s tdc tnhc0 F: Nt„s . N„h k tkxn mrnvcr mrnvcr.. N w`ra kt bnldt kbm N usukiiy �bnsd kt nb tdc h`rbnbl. ]dc trknb ickvcs kt . N„h k stumcbt kbm N stkrt eìiclc kt . \cc kiwkys st`p w`ra kbm dkvc iubed kt \ . N w`ra nb k sd`p. ]dc ]dc sd`p `pcbs kt kbm ei`scs kt .

Instcbnbl 6 Mkniy rùtnbc 3

k

Instcb. Hkted scbtcbecs ;―7 t` tnhcs k―g.

f ; 6 5

7

k

f

= 3 7

<

k


N dkvc k sd`wcr. N stkrt w`ra. N dkvc frckagkst. N �bnsd w`ra. N dkvc mnbbcr. N l` t` fcm.

k f e m c g

<.??kh 3.5?ph >.??kh 7.;3ph ;;.??ph <.=3kh

f


Sbnt 7

5

] N B S

7

Mky & Bnldt

Vckmnbl ^ùr ^ ùr f`my f` my eièa

5 Gnbm tdcsc w`rms nb icttcrs K kbm F. ;

; Vckm Ksa Mr Dkrry . Hkted dns kbswcrs ; kbm 6 t` tdc icttcrs K kbm F.

6 5 =

; ^ù ^ ù kbm yùr snstcr dkvc mnggcrcbt f`my eièas eièas ― yù dkvc k iktc f`my eièa, kbm sdc dks kb ckriy f`my eièa. ^ù krc f`td b`rhki!

3

= Hkted tdc eièas t` tdc ketnvntncs. ; 6 5

6 ^ùr ^ ùr s`b„s s`b„s f`my eièa ns iktc. ]dns ns b`rhki b`rhki g`r yùbl pc`pic. ]cii yùr s`b t` mrnba mrnba e`ggcc nb tdc h`rbnbl, kbm t` l` t` fcm ckriy. Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet bkhc. 6 Vckm tdc tcxts klknb. Sbmcrinbc ; 6 5 = 3 7 <

Ukh / Dkbk dks frckagkst ckriy nb tdc h`rbnbl. Dkbk / Inz dks frckagkst kt < `„eièa Dkbk / Inz l`cs rubbnbl nb tdc cvcbnbl. Ukh / Inz dks k fnl frckagkst. Dkbk / Inz inacs h`rbnbls. Ukh / Dkbk l`cs t` fcm iktc. Ukh / Dkbk dks k e`ggcc nb tdc cvcbnbl.



tdc `pp`sntc `g h`rbnbl : c tdc `pp`sntc `g fnl : s k sp`rt: r g``m yù ckt nb tdc h`rbnbl: f tdc `pp`sntc `g fr`tdcr : s

= 3

Ukh dks frckagkst kt … Dc l`cs t` fcm kt … Dkbk l`cs rubbnbl kt … Inz stkrts w`ra kt … Dkbk dks k e`ggcc kt …

k

f

e

m

c

Sbnt 7

=

] N B S

7

Mky & Bnldt Ksa Mr Dkrr D krry y

K Hy s`b Ukh ns ;<. Nb tdc h`rbnbl dc siccps vcry iktc. Dc dks k sd`wcr kt ;? `„eièa kbm k fnl frckagkst kt ;; `„eièa. Dc m`csb„t m`csb„t l` t` fcm ckriy. Dc mrnbas e`ggcc kt ;; `„eièa kt bnldt, kbm l`cs t` fcm kt ; `„eièa nb tdc h`rbnbl. N m`b„t ab`w wdkt t` m`! Hrs H Uhntd

F Hy snstcr Dkbk l`cs l`cs t` fcm kt ;? `„eièa. `„eièa. Udc Udc inacs h`rbnbls kbm kbm sdc l`cs rubbnbl rubbnbl kt 7 `„eièa. Kgtcr Kgtcr tdkt sdc dks k shkii frckagkst kbm k e`ggcc kt < `„eièa kbm stkrts w`ra kt 4. N m`b„t inac h`rbnbls h`rbnbls ― N dkvc frckagkst kt > `„eièa, N stkrt w`ra kt ;? `„eièa kbm N l` rubbnbl nb tdc cvcbnbl. N l` t` fcm iktc, kt ;6 `„eièa. \dy krc wc mnggcrcbt0 Inz

Li`sskry ( ) ― k —eièa„ nb yùr f`my1 nt e`btrìs f`my eièa bùb wdcb yù wkbt t` siccp, ckt, cte.



Sbnt 7

3

] N B S

7

Mky & Bnldt

\rntnbl K mky nb hy ingc

Ikbluklc gèus = Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rm t` e`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs.

Vckmnbl ; Vckm tdc tcxt kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`b. \dkt„ss mnggcrcbt kfùt Lrcl`r„ \dkt„ Lrcl`r„ss mky0

; 6 5 = 3 7

Hy bkhc„s Lrcl`r kbm N„h k tkxn mrnvcr. N w`ra nb Bcw ^`ra kbm N inac hy j`f. Hy mky stkrts iktc fcekusc N w`ra kt bnldt. N dkvc frckagkst kt snx `„eièa nb tdc cvcbnbl. N stkrt w`ra kt dkig pkst snx. N dkvc k e`ggcc kt kfùt tcb `„eièa kbm tdcb N dkvc iubed kt `bc `„eièa nb tdc h`rbnbl. N ﬋bnsd w`ra kt ﬋vc `„eièa nb tdc h`rbnbl kbm N l` d`hc. Kgtcr tdkt N dkvc mnbbcr kbm tdcb N tkac hy ednimrcb t` sed`ì. N l` t` fcm kt dkig pkst bnbc nb tdc h`rbnbl.

Lrcl`r l`cs / dks frckagkst frckagkst kt snx `„eièa. N l` / dkvc t` w`ra kt bnbc `„eièa. \cc l` / dkvc e`ggcc nb tdc h`rbnbl. \ Iuey l`cs / dks t` t` tdc lyh kgtcr w`ra. Dc m`csb„t l` / dkvc mnbbcr kt d`hc. \dkt tnhc m` yù yù l` / dkvc t` fcm0

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc 3 E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs kfùt yù. ; 6 5 = 3 7 <

N dkvc frckagkst kt N l` t` w`ra / sed`ì kt N stkrt w`ra / sed`ì kt N dkvc iubed kt N l` d`hc kt N dkvc mnbbcr kt N l` t` fcm kt

. . . . . . .

6 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb. Hkted ketnvntncs ;―3 t` tdc tnhcs k―c. ; 6 5 = 3

Lrcl`r dks frckagkst kt Dc �bnsdcs w`ra kt Dc l`cs t` fcm kt Dc dks iubed kt Dc stkrts w`ra kt

k f e m c

;4.5? ;4.?? ?;.?? ?3.?? ?>.5?


6

\dkt m`cs Lrcl`r Lrcl`r m`0 M`cs dc inac dns j`f0

5

\dkt tnhc m`cs dc dkvc k e`ggcc0

=

\dkt m`cs dc m` kgtcr mnbbcr0

3

M`cs dc siccp kt bnldt0



Sbnt 7

7

] N B S

7

Mky & Bnldt

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc k pkrklrkpd kfùt k mky nb yùr yùr ingc.

Sscgui pdrkscs • stkrt / ﬋bnsd w`ra kt kt … • kt snx `„eièa / dkig pkst pkst scvcb N … • nb tdc h`rbnbl / kgtcrb``b kgtcrb``b / cvcbnbl … • kt bnldt … • N lct up kt … kbm tdcb N … • Kgtcr tdkt, N …



Sbnt 7

<

] N B S

<

_ikecs & _c`pic

Lrkhhkr ;K [ucstn`b w`rms (;)

Lrkhhkr 6K _rcscbt snhpic qucstn`bs (;) _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr. ;

m` w`ra0 \dcrc tdcy

6

m`cs t` fcm0 \dcb l` dc

5

sdc w`ra0 m`cs tnhc stkrt \dkt

=

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet qucstn`b w`rms. ; 6 5 = 3 7

\dkt / \dcb ns tdc bkhc `g tdc sntc0 \dkt / \dcb ns k l``m tnhc t` vnsnt0 D`w hued / \dcb \dcb ns nt0 \dkt / \dcb ns nt `pcb0 \dcb / \dcrc ns nt0 \dkt / \dcb krc tdc hknb kttrketn`bs0

Lrkhhkr ;F [ucstn`b w`rms (6) Hkted qucstn`bs ;―7 ;―7 t` kbswcrs k―g. ; 6 5 = 3 7 k

f e m

c g

\dkt ns tdc bkhc bkhc `g tdc sntc0 \dcrc ns nt0 D`w hued ns nt0 \dcb ns nt `pcb0 \dcb ns k l``m l``m tnhc t` vnsnt0 \dkt krc tdc hknb hknb kttrketn`bs0 Nt ns fusy nb tdc suhhcr. Uprnbl ns k l``m scks`b t` l` tdcrc. Cvcry mky gr`h >.??kh t` 3.??ph. Ednedcb Ntzk. ]dc Auauiakb _yrkhnm, _yrkhnm, tdc ]chpic `g tdc \krrn`rs. ]dcrc ns kis` k tùrnst tùrnst hkract. Nt„s >4 pcs`s. @b tdc ûektkb _cbnbsuik nb Hcxne`.



wntd0 yù \d` invc m`

3

frckagkst0 snstcr yùr \dcb dkvc m`cs

7

Cblinsd0 yù \dcrc stumy m`

<

w`ra dc m`cs wntd0 wntd0 \d` \d`

4

`pcb0 nt m`cs \dkt tnhc

Lrkhhkr 6F _rcscbt snhpic qucstn`bs (6) \rntc tdc tdc qucstn`b g`r tdc kbswcrs. kbswcrs. ;

N invc wntd hy pkrcbts. 6

Udc dks frckagkst kt dkig pkst scvcb nb tdc h`rbnbl. 5

N w`ra nb k shkii ekgî nb tdc t dc bktn`bki pkra. =

Dc„s k tùr lunmc nb Hkmrnm. 3

N w`ra wntd tdrcc eìicklucs nb k shkii `g�ec. 7

Udc pikys tdc luntkr kbm l`cs swnhhnbl nb dcr grcc tnhc.

Sbnt <

;

] N B S

<

_ikecs & _c`pic

Lrkhhkr 5 Vcvncw Krc tdcsc scbtcbecs e`rrcet e`rrcet `r nbe`rrcet0 ; 6 5 = 3 7 < 4

\dcrc m` yù w`ra0 w`ra0 \dkt ns nt `pcb0 \d` m`cs sdc w`ra w`ra wntd0 \dkt m`cs tdc bkhc bkhc `g tdc pikec0 \dkt tnhc m` yù l` t` w`ra0 \dcb m`cs yù dkvc frckagkst0 \dkt m`cs tdc hknb hknb kttrketn`bs0 D`w hued ns nt0


Wèkfuikrr y ;K Wèkfuik _ikecs nb bkturc (;)

3

7

Wèkfuikr y 6K Wèkfuikr _c`pic yù ab`w (;) _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x nb tdc t dc e`rrcet eìuhb. f`ss

eiksshktc

lnrigrncbm/f`ygrncbm

stumy

eìickluc bcnldfùr

w`ra

�kthktc

grncbm

tckedcr

pcrs`bki ingc

_ut tdc icttcrs nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` spcii pikecs nb bkturc. ; 6 5 = 3 7 <

mcctrs vrcnr msinbk icak stc`gr bukbtn`h inbtk`kb arkp

Wèkfuikr y 6F Wèkfuikr _c`pic yù ab`w (6) E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc e`rrcet w`rm.

Wèkfuikrr y ;F Wèkfuik _ikecs nb bkturc (6)

; 6

\rntc \r ntc tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x f`x ubmcr tdc pneturcs. pneturcs. 5

mcscrt

g`rcst

nsikbm

ikac

hùbtknb

rnvcr = 3

7

;

6

5

=



<

N„h k stumcbt. ]dcsc krc hy e . N w`ra nb kb `g�ec. Hy f ns vcry grncbmiy. Ukh invcs nb k �kt. Dc m`csb„t ab`w dns b . ]dns ns Hklmk. Hklmk. Udc„s hy l . Grcm kbm @sekr krc g . ]dcy invc t`lctdcr. N stumy Grcbed. ]dns ns hy t . Udc„s gr`h _krns. Kgtcr w`ra Vkvn l`cs l`cs ùt g`r k mrnba wntd wntd dns e .

Sbnt <

6

] N B S

<

_ikecs & _c`pic

Instcbnbl ; SBCUE@ \`rim Dcrntklc Untcs G )0 Instcb. Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r gkisc ( G ; 6 5 = 3

7 < 4

]dc bkhc `g tdc tdc sntc ns tdc \ct \ct ]r`pnes. ]r`pnes. Nt„s nb tdc b`rtd wcst `g Kustrkink. Nt„s $5 k mky. Nt„s `pcb cvcry mky. ^ù ^ ù ekb„t ekb„t wkia nb tdc pkra, pkra, fcekusc tdcrc tdcrc krc mkblcrùs kbnhkis. ^ù ^ ù ekb vnsnt k fnl wktcrgkii. wktcrgkii. Nt„s l``m t` l` nb tdc mry scks`b. Nt nsb„t vcry d`t nb tdc wct scks`b.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

Instcbnbl 6 K tùr lunmc Instcb. ]nea (✝) tdc qucstn`bs Hktt kbswcrs. ; 6 5 = 3 7 < 4

\dkt„s yùr bkhc0 \dkt„s \dcrc m` yù invc0 \dcrc m` yù w`ra0 w`ra0 \dkt tnhc m` yù dkvc frckagkst0 \dkt m` yù m`0 m`0 \d` m` yù w`ra w`ra wntd0 \dcb m` yù w`ra0 \dkt m` yù m` nb yùr grcc tnhc0



Sbnt <

5

] N B S

<

_ikecs & _c`pic

Vckmnbl ]drcc \`rim Dcrntklc sntcs

]drcc \`rim Dcrntklc sntcs K Lrckt Fkrrncr Vccg, Vccg, Kustrkink ]dns \`rim \`rim Dcrntklc sntc ns nb tdc tdc sck, b`t `b ikbm. ]dcrc krc ;,3?? ;,3?? mnggcrcbt typcs `g �sd kbm kis` turtics kbm sdkras. I`ts `g tùrnsts l` mnvnbl tdcrc cvcry yckr.

; Vckm ]drcc \`rim Dcrntklc sntcs . Hkted tdc pd`t`s t` tw` `g tdc mcsernptn`bs. ;

F ]àkj krck, Dublkry ]dns pikec ns nb tdc b`rtd-ckst `g tdc eùbtry eùbtry,, kfùt 6?? ah gr`h tdc ekpntki enty ― Fumkpcst. ]dc krck ns gkhùs g`r nts swcct wnbc. ]dcrc krc i`ts `g ìm gkrhs, vniiklcs kbm shkii t`wbs. E ]nhfuatu, Kgrnek ]dns ns kb ìm enty nb Kgrnek. Kgrnek. Nt ns gkhùs gkhùs g`r nts ubnvcrsnty. Nt ns k i`bl wky gr`h `tdcr pikecs bckr tdc mcscrt kbm ns mng�euit t` lct t`. ]`mky tdc p`puiktn`b `g tdc enty ns kfùt 5?,???. 6

5 Gnbm tdcsc w`rms kbm pdrkscs nb tdc tcxts. ;

6 5

kbnhkis wntd gùr icls tdkt invc nb tdc sck (bùb) tdcsc pc`pic krc `b dìnmky (bùb) yù swnh ubmcr wktcr nb tdns sp`rt (bùb) (bùb)

=

pc`pic lr`w g``m kbm accp kbnhkis dcrc (bùb)

3 7

stumcbts ickrb nb tdns pikec (bùb) tdns ns k vcry mry pikec ― b`tdnbl lr`ws dcrc (bùb)

<

tdc buhfcr `g pc`pic nb k pikec (bùb)


\dned sntc nsb„t nsb„t `b ikbm0

6

\dkt ns tdc ]àkj krck gkhùs gkhùs g`r0

5

\dcrc ns ]nhfuatu0

=

\dkt krc tdc hknb hknb kttrketn`bs `g tdc Lrckt Fkrrncr Vccg0

3

\dcrc ns tdc ]àkj krck0

7

D`w hkby pc`pic invc inv c nb ]nhfuatu0



Sbnt <

=

] N B S

<

_ikecs & _c`pic

\rntnbl Mcsernfnbl pc`pic

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc = ]dnba `g s`hc`bc s`hc`bc yù ab`w. ab`w. Kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs kfùt tdch.

Vckmnbl ; Vckm tdc tcxt. \d` ns nt kfùt0 k f e

k bcnldfùr k �kthktc k eìickluc ]dns ns Hnedciic hy hy grncbm. Udc„s k bursc kbm wc w`ra kt tdc d`spntki nb hy t`wb. Udc„s gr`h Bcw Zckikbm fut sdc invcs nb I`bm`b. Udc invcs wntd dcr f`ygrncbm, f`ygrncbm, dc„s k tckedcr. Udc stkrts w`ra kt scvcb `„eièa nb tdc h`rbnbl kbm �bnsdcs kt tdrcc `„eièa nb tdc kgtcrb``b. U`hctnhcs U`hctnhcs sdc w`ras kt tdc wccacbm. Nb dcr grcc tnhc sdc l`cs swnhhnbl, l`cs l`cs t` tdc t dc enbchk `r sdc mkbecs.

;

\dcrc m`cs dc/sdc dc/sdc w`ra0

6

\dkt m`cs dc/sdc m`0

5

\dcrc ns dc/sdc gr`h0 gr`h0

=

\d` m`cs dc/sdc dc/sdc invc wntd0

3

\dcb m`cs dc/sdc dc/sdc stkrt w`ra0

7

\dkt m`cs dc/sdc m` nb dcr grcc tnhc0

Ikbluklc gèus 6 E`hpictc tdc qucstn`bs wntd tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x.

; 6 5 = 3 7 <

\d`

\dcrc

\dkt

\dkt

\dcrc

\dcb

\dkt tnhc

m`cs Hnedciic w`ra0 m`cs sdc m`0 ns sdc gr`h0 m`cs sdc invc wntd0 m`cs sdc stkrt w`ra0 m`cs sdc �bnsd0 m`cs sdc m` nb dcr grcc tnhc0 t nhc0

5 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs nb cxcrensc 6. ; 6 5 = 3 7 <



Sbnt <

3

] N B S

<

_ikecs & _c`pic

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc kfùt tdc pcrs`b nb cxcrensc =.

Sscgui pdrkscs • ]dns ns … • Dc / Udc ns … • Dc / Udc ns gr`h … • Dc / Udc w`ras kt … • Dc / Udc invcs wntd … • Nb dns / dcr grcc tnhc dc / sdc ...



Sbnt <

7

] N B S

4

Nb & @ut

Lrkhhkr ;K Kmvcrfs `g ` g grcqucbey grcqu cbey (;)

Lrkhhkr 6 Vcvncw

Hkted tdc kmvcrfs kmvcrfs `g grcqucbey ;―= t` tdc pcrecbtklcs k―m.

_ut tdc kmvcrfs `g grcqucbey nb tdc e`rrcet p`sntn`b nb tdc scbtcbecs.

; 6 5 =

usukiiy bcvcr kiwkys s`hctnhcs

k f e m

;??% 73% 5?% ?%

Lrkhhkr ;F Kmvcrfs `g ` g grcqucbey grcqu cbey (6) _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` hkac scbtcbecs kbm qucstn`bs. ;

6

5

;

N ckt Ednbcsc g``m `b Grnmkys. (kiwkys)

6

M` yù l` t` tdc enbchk `b Ukturmky cvcbnbl0 (usukiiy)

5

Udc l`cs ùt Ukturmky bnldt. (cvcry)

=

\cc dkvc iubed kt d`hc. \ d`hc. (s`hctnhcs) (s`hctnhcs)

3

N ckt hckt. (bcvcr)

7

Inbmk ns `b tnhc g`r dcr skisk eikss. (kiwkys)

<

Dc mrnbas e`ggcc nb tdc h`rbnbl. (s`hctnhcs)

4

Udc ckts edneacb g`r mnbbcr H`bmky. (cvcry)

kiwkys / Ukh / Grnmky bnldts. / `b / l`cs ùt gkst g``m / N / ckt / g`r iubed. / usukiiy tdc wccacbm0 / yù / M` / kt / kiwkys / l` ùt

=

ns / Jurlcb / iktc / s`hctnhcs / g`r eikss.

3

bcvcr / tdc tdcktrc. / l`cs / Iuey / t`

7

ckt / \c \c / s`hctnhcs / Ednbcsc g``m.

<

Fcb / m`cs / t` tdc lyh / l` / usukiiy / tdc cvcbnbl0 / nb

4

`b / kt d`hc / tdcy / Uubmky bnldt. / krc / kiwkys



Sbnt 4

;

Nb & @ut

] N B S

4

Wèkfuikrr y ;K Wèkfuik G``m (;)

Wèkfuikr y ;F Wèkfuikr G``m (6)

E`hpictc tdc puzzic. ;

_ut tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x nb tdc t dc e`rrcet eìuhb.

6

ekacs

vclctkfics

nec erckh 5 =

rnec

hknb

junec

wktcr

e`ggcc p`tkt`cs

mrnbas

hckt

tck

grunt

mcsscrt

]

3

7

<

Wèkfuikr y 6K Wèkfuikr Mkys `g tdc wcca (;) E`hpictc tdc mkys `g tdc wcca wntd tdc hnssnbl v`wcis (k, c, n , `, u).

Ker`ss

; 6 5 = ;

=

3 7 <

H bm y Gr m y U t rm y U bm y ]d rsm y ] sm y \ mb sm y

Wèkfuikr y 6F Wèkfuikr Mkys `g tdc wcca (6) _ut tdc mkys `g tdc wcca nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr. Grnmky 3

H`bmky

]ucsmky

<

M`wb ;

Ukturmky

Uubmky

]dursmky

\cmbcsmky

H`bmky

6 5 = 3 6

5

7 <

3


7


Sbnt 4

6

] N B S

4

Nb & @ut

Wèkfuikrr y 5 Wèkfuik Cxtcbm yùr vèkfuikry: eiksscs

Instcbnbl ;K G``m kbm mrnba (;)

Hkted w`rms kbm pdrkscs ;―3 t` tdc e`rrcet eikss k―c.

Instcb. \d` \d` tkias kfùt tdc g``m kbm mrnba nb tdc f`x0 _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet eìuhb.

; 6 5 = 3

Ednbcsc wcf mcsnlb g``m kbm mrnba pknbtnbl pnkb`

husne eikss ikbluklc eikss e`àcry eikss e`hputcr eikss krt eikss

k f e m c

ekacs tck

clls vclctkfics

�sd

grunt

junec

hckt

pkstk

e`ggcc

Upckacr ;: hkb

Upckacr 6: w`hkb

Gubetn`bki ikbluklc @ggcrnbl _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr. ;

ckt0 / s`hctdnbl / yù / \ùim \ùim / inac / t`

6

`rkblc junec0 / M` / kby / dkvc / yù

5

krc. / Dcrc / yù

=

ekac. / Nt„s / typc / k / `g

3

s`hc0 / \ùim \ùim / t` try / inac / yù

Instcbnbl ;F G``m kbm mrnba (6) G )0 Instcb. Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r gkisc ( G ;

6 5

_r`bubenktn`b Mkys `g tdc wcca Instcb. ]nea (✝) tdc w`rm wntd tdc e`rrcet strcss. ; 6 5 = 3 7 <

H`bmky ]ucsmky ] ucsmky \cmbcsmky \ cmbcsmky ]dursmky Grnmky Ukturmky Uubmky


H`bmky ]ucsmky \cmbcsmky ]dursmky Grnmky Ukturmky Uubmky


= 3 7

<

4

>

]dc hkb `gtcb `gtcb dks clls kbm fke`b g`r frckagkst. Dc mrnbas tck kt iubedtnhc. Dns fnl hcki ns mnbbcr. Dc kiwkys dks p`tkt`cs g`r mnbbcr. Dc bcvcr dks mcsscrt. ]dc w`hkb s`hctnhcs dks k eup `g e`ggcc kt frckagkst. ]dc hkb kbm kbm tdc w`hkb dkvc k skbmwned g`r iubed. G`r mnbbcr tdc w`hkb usukiiy ckts hckt `r �sd. Udc bcvcr ckts ekac.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

Sbnt 4

5

] N B S

4

Nb & @ut

Vckmnbl ]drcc rcstkurkbts

5 _ut tdc icttcrs nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` spcii w`rms gr`h tdc tcxt.

; Vckm ]drcc rcstkurkbts . Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r G )0 gkisc ( G ; 6 5 =

3 7

]dc Inhc ]rcc i`às vcry l``m. ^ù ^ ù m`b„t m`b„t ckt pkstk kt Lnuscppc„s. s. K hknb eùrsc ns £7? £7? kt Hy _iknec. @b H`bmkys, Hy _iknec ns `pcb ubtni ;; `„eièa. ]dc Inhc ]rcc nsb„t nsb„t vcry fusy kt tdc wccacbm. wccacbm. ]dc pnzzks krc edckp edckp kt Lnuscppc„s. Lnuscppc„s.

] / G ] / G ] / G

; 6 5 = 3 7

seimnncu` tchk psxccvncb sfuy bideu pdkec

] / G ] / G ] / G


\dned rcstkurkbt rcstkurkbt m`csb„t m`csb„t e`à hckt0

6

D`w hued ns k hcki g`r tw` pc`pic kt Hy _iknec0

5

Ns ]dc Inhc ]rcc fusy `b Grnmkys0

=

\dkt ns tdc bkhc bkhc `g tdc Ntkinkb rcstkurkbt0 rcstkurkbt0

3

\dkt g``m m` yù yù ckt kt Hy _iknec0

7

\dcb ns Lnuscppc„s fusy0

]drcc rcstkurkbts ]dc Inhc ]rcc ]dns rcstkurkbt m`csb„t m`csb„t i`à vcry l``m, fut tdc g``m ns mcinenùs. L` tdcrc murnbl tdc wcca ― H`bmky `r `r ]ucsmky ]ucsmky.. Kt tdc cbm `g tdc wcca wcca kbm kt tdc wccacbm nt„ nt„ss rckiiy fusy. fusy. ]dcy m`b„t m`b„t e`à hckt `r �sd. �sd. Hy _iknec ]dns ns k �sd rcstkurkbt rcstkurkbt fy tdc sck, s` yù ab`w tdc �sd ns vcry l``m. Nt ns k fnt cxpcbsnvc ― k hknb eùrsc ns kfùt £6?. U` k hcki g`r tw` pc`pic ns kfùt £7?―£


Sbnt 4

=

] N B S

4

Nb & @ut

\rntnbl K lrckt rcstkurk rcstkurkbt bt Vckmnbl ; Vckm tdc tcxt kbm tnea (✝) tdc g``m Bktksdk tkias kfùt.

6 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb. Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r G )0 gkisc ( G ; 6 5 = 3

Bktksdk m`csb„t inac g``m. Udc inacs cktnbl i`ts `g mnggcrcbt g``m. Udc invcs bckr k Jkpkbcsc rcstkurkbt. Udc m`csb„t inac �sd. Udc m`csb„t m`csb„t inac tdc pc`pic nb tdc t dc rcstkurkbt.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

fci`w. 5 Kmm w`rms gr`h tdc tcxt t` tdc tkfic fci`w. Bktn`bkintncs Bktn`bkintncs Ednbcsc

Kmjcetnvcs Kmjcetnvcs gkbtkstne

Kmvcrfs `g grcqucbey Kmvcrfs kiwkys

k―g t` hkac pdrkscs. = Hkted ;―7 t` k―g ; 6 5 = 3 7

N i`vc N usukiiy l` Hy gkvùrntc g``m ]dcrc„ss k bnec Upkbnsd rcstkurkbt ]dcrc„ ]dcy dkvc lrckt lrckt Nt„s k lrckt pikec

t` ckt. f t` kb Ntkinkb rcstkurkbt. e ]kpks. m ns pnzzk. c nb hy t`wb. g rcstkurkbts. k

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc 3 Kbswcr tdcsc qucstn`bs kfùt cktnbl ùt. ;

M` yù inac cktnbl ùt0

6

D`w `gtcb m` yù l` ùt t` ckt0

5

N i`vc g``m kbm N kiwkys l` t` t ` rcstkurkbts wntd hy grncbms grncbms kt tdc wccacbm. N usukiiy inac t` ckt Ednbcsc g``m, s`hctnhcs Nbmnkb kbm s`hctnhcs N try s`hctdnbl bcw. ]dcrc„ss k lrckt Jkpkbcsc rcstkurkbt ]dcrc„ rcstkurkbt bckr hy dùsc. ]dcy dkvc gkbtkstne susdn. Uusdn ns rnec kbm �sd, fut tdc �sd nsb„t e`àcm ― N i`vc nt. ]dc pc`pic nb tdc rcstkurkbt krc rckiiy grncbmiy kbm nt„s k l``m pikec t` ckt. Bktksdk



=

\dcrc m` yù l`0 M` yù dkvc k gkvùrntc rcstkurkbt0

3

\dy m` yù inac nt0

7

\dkt ns yùr gkvùrntc gkvùrntc g``m0

Sbnt 4

3

] N B S

4

Nb & @ut

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc kfùt k rcstkurkbt yù yù inac.

Sscgui pdrkscs • N kiwkys / usukiiy / s`hctnhcs s`hctnhcs / bcvcr • N inac … • ]dcrc„s k … • N s`hctnhcs l` tdcrc … • ]dc g``m ns … • Nt„s lrckt / gkbtkstne / l``m.



Sbnt 4

7

] N B S

>

Dcrc & ]dcrc

Lrkhhkr ;K _rcp`sntn`bs `g pikec (;)

; 6 5 = 3 7

]dc ikhp ns bcxt bcxt t` tdc wnbm`w. wnbm`w. ]dc fkl ns ubmcr ubmcr tdc fcm. ]dc pneturcs krc nb tdc wkii. ]dc �`wcrs krc krc nb tdc vksc. ]dc tkfic ns `b tdc tdc ikhp. ]dc tkfic ns ubmcr tdc fcm.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

Lrkhhkr 6 Nhpcrktnvcs E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc vcrfs nb tdc f`x. M`b„t g`rlct

L`

Dkvc

Vcbt

]kac

Wnsnt

k fnac. Nt„s k l``m wky t` lct krùbm

;

tdc enty. I`à kt tdc pneturc. Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet prcp`sntn`bs. ; 6 5 = 3

]dc s`gk ns nb / bcxt t` / ubmcr tdc tdc r``h. ]dc eusdn`bs krc krc nb / `b / ubmcr tdc tdc s`gk. ]dc ikhp ns nb / `b / bcxt t` tdc ]W. ]dc ]W ]W ns nb / `b / ubmcr tdc tdc wnbm`w. ]dc eups krc nb / `b / bcxt t` tdc e`ggcc tkfic.

Lrkhhkr ;F _rcp`sntn`bs `g pikec (6) I`à kt tdc pneturc. Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r G )0 gkisc ( G



iubed kt `bc `g tdc gkbtkstne

6

rcstkurkbts. sd`ppnbl nb tdc `pcb-knr hkract. t` tkac yùr ekhcrk. tdc pkra `b Hkrlkrct Nsikbm. tdc fus t` tdc huscuh.

5 = 3 7

Wèkfuikr y ;K Wèkfuikr V``hs kbm gurbnturc (;) _ut tdc dckmnbls nb tdc f`x nb tdc e`rrcet eìuhb. fktdr``h

fcmr``h

antedcb

invnbl r``h

; ]W

6 grnmlc

5 ikhp

= sd`wcr

s`gk

e`àcr

fcm

t`nict

f`àsdcig

snba

wksdfksnb

Sbnt >

;

] N B S

>

Dcrc & ]dcrc

Wèkfuikrr y ;F Wèkfuik V``hs kbm gurbnturc (6)

Wèkfuikr y 6 Wèkfuikr ]ypcs `g trkbsp`rt trkbsp`r t

\rntc \r ntc tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x f`x ubmcr tdc e`rrcet e`rrcet pneturcs.

Hkted pneturcs ;―7 t` tdc typcs `g trkbsp`rt trkbsp`rt k―g.

krhedknr

f`àsdcig

;

5

grnmlc

ikhp

fktd

tkfic

;

6

5

=

3

7

6

=

k f e m c g 3

fy fnac fy fus fy ekr fy pikbc fy trknb `b g``t

7

Wèkfuikr y 5 Wèkfuikr Vcvncw Sbmcrinbc tdc mnggcrcbt w`rm nb cked lrùp. ; 6 5 = 3 7



antedcb pikbc krhedknr wksdfksnb fktdr``h ekr

fcmr``h wkrmr`fc grnmlc f`àsdcig ikhp g``t

snba fnac e`àcr trknb edknr fus

Sbnt >

6

] N B S

>

Dcrc & ]dcrc

Gubetn`bki ikbluklc Hkanbl rce`hhcbmktn`bs

Instcbnbl Mcsernfnbl k dùsc

_ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr. ;

tdc / Wnsnt / hùbtknb. / gkbtkstne. / Nt„s

Instcb kbm ubmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms. ; 6

6

tdc vncw. / I`à / kt / rckiiy / Nt„s / fckutngui.

5 =

5

tdc pkra. / Ckt / tdc rcstkurkbt / nb / kt / mcinenùs. / g``m / ]dc ]dc / ns

3

7 =

3

M`b„t g`rlct / V`ffcb Nsikbm. / t` vnsnt / nbtcrcstnbl. M`b„t / vcry / Nt„s Nt„s

<

]dcrc krc gùr / �vc r``hs nb tdc dùsc. ]dcrc krc tdrcc / tw` fcmr``hs. ]dc fktdr``h / invnbl r``h ns bcxt t` tdc t dc fcmr``h. ]dcrc ns / nsb„t k k sd`wcr nb tdc fktdr``h. ]dcrc„ss k vncw `g tdc fcked gr`h tdc fcmr``h / invnbl ]dcrc„ r``h wnbm` wnbm`w w. ]dcrc„ss k ikhp `b tdc ]dcrc„ tdc tkfic / f`àsdcig . ]dcrc krc tdrcc / gùr krhedknrs krhedknrs nb tdc invnbl r``h.

nb / sd`ppnbl / L` / tdc hkract. / nsb„t / Nt / cxpcbsnvc.

_r`bubenktn`b Ucbtcbec strcss Instcb. Sbmcrinbc tdc strcsscm w`rm nb tdc pdrkscs. ; 6 5 = 3

dkvc iubed l` sd`ppnbl vnsnt k huscuh rcbt k fnac tkac k trknb



Sbnt >

5

] N B S

>

Dcrc & ]dcrc

Vckmnbl K pikec t` t ` invc

5 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb kbm ubmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet bkhc. ;

; _ut tdc icttcrs nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` spcii r``hs nb k dùsc. ; 6 5 =

6

5 =

ntedbca td`rhkf` h`rcm`f linvbn `h`r

3 7

= E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tw` `r tdrcc w`rms.

6 Vckm K pikec t` invc kbm i`à kt tdc pneturc. \d` invcs nb tdns dùsc0 ;

6

^`tnh` / Kblus m`csb„t m`csb„t invc wntd kbyf`my. ^`tnh` / Kblus invcs invcs bckr `tdcr pc`pic. ^`tnh`„s / Kblus„ dùsc dùsc dks `biy tdrcc r``hs. ^`tnh`„s / Kblus„ dùsc dùsc m`csb„t dkvc k invnbl r``h. ^`tnh` / Kblus m`csb„t m`csb„t invc nb tdc hùbtknbs. ^`tnh` / Kblus inacs inacs invnbl nb dns dùsc.

; 6 5

Kblus ^`tnh` ^ `tnh`

= 3 7 < 4

Nt„s Nt„s wdcrc ^`tnh` kbm Anrnhk invc. Nqkiunt ns k . ]dcnr gkvùrntc r``h r``h nb tdc dùsc ns . ^`tnh` ^ `tnh` tdnbas tdc . Kblus invcs nb . Dns dùsc m`csb„t dkvc . Dc wksdcs . Nt„ss eìm Nt„ .

K pikec t` invc nt„ss vcry eìm. ]dcy invc nb k shkii enty ^`tnh` ^ `tnh` kbm dns wngc Anrnhk invc nb Ekbkmk kbm nt„ ekiicm Nqkiunt nb k dùsc bckr tdc sck. ]dcrc„s k antedcb, tw` fcmr``hs kbm k fktdr``h. ]dcrc„s k st`vc nb tdc antedcb s` tdc dùsc ns vcry wkrh. ]dcrc„s wkrh. ]dcrc„ ]dcrc„ss k fnl tkfic kbm snx edknrs nb tdc antedcb. Nt„s tdcnr gkvùrntc r``h nb tdc dùsc. ^`tnh` m`csb„t inac invnbl tdcrc fcekusc tdc wcktdcr ns tcrrnfic.

Kblus invcs ki`bc nb k e`ttklc nb tdc hùbtknbs `g Ue`tikbm. ]dcrc krcb„t krcb„t k i`t `g pc`pic wdcrc dc invcs. ]dc e`ttklc ns shkii. ]dcrc„s `bc fcmr``h, k invnbl r``h, k shkii antedcb fut b` fktdr``h. Dc wksdcs nb tdc rnvcr bcxt t` tdc t dc dùsc. Nb tdc wnbtcr nt„s eìm. Dc i`vcs invnbl tdcrc fcekusc dc inacs bkturc. Li`sskry st`vc (bùb) ― kb `fjcet tdkt pr`vnmcs dckt g`r k r``h



Sbnt >

=

] N B S

>

Dcrc & ]dcrc

\rntnbl Hy gkvùrntc r``h Wèkfuikry Wèkfuikry ; _ut tdc icttcrs nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` hkac w`rms g`r tdnbls nb dùscs. ; 6 5 = 3 7

`gks lrc�m iktcf basn kredn rèac`

Vckmnbl t cxt. ]nea ]nea (✝) tdc e`rrcet pneturc. 6 Vckm tdc tcxt.

Nt„s hy gkvùrntc r``h nb tdc dùsc. Nt„s wkrh kbm N inac t` snt nb nt. ]dcrc ns k shkii tkfic kbm k ikhp. ]dcrc krc tw` fnl s`gks kbm tdcrc krc s`hc f`àsdcivcs nb tdc e`rbcr, fut tdcrc nsb„t k ]W. ;


\dy m`cs tdc wrntcr wrntcr inac tdc r``h0

6

D`w hkby s`gks krc tdcrc0

5

\dcrc krc tdc f`àsdcivcs0 f`àsdcivcs0

=

Ns tdcrc k tkfic nb tdc t dc r``h0

3

Ns tdcrc k ]W nb tdc r``h0

Ikbluklc gèus = I`à kt pneturc ; kbm e`hpictc tdc tcxt. Ssc tdc vcrf fc kbm prcp`sntn`bs `g pikec. Nt„s hy gkvùrntc r``h nb tdc dùsc. ]dcrc (;) k shkii tkfic kbm tdcrc (6) tw` edknrs. ]dcrc„ ]dcrc„ss k e`àcr kbm tdcrc ns k ]W (5) tdc e`rbcr. ]dcrc ns k snba (=) tdc wnbm`w kbm tdcrc ns k eièa (3) tdc wkii. ]dcrc (7) k s`gk. qucstn`bs kbm kbswcrs. 3 Hkted tdc qucstn`bs ; 6 5 = k f

e m

\dkt ns yùr gkvùrntc gkvùrntc r``h nb yùr yùr dùsc0 \dy m` yù inac nt0 \dkt gurbnturc ns tdcrc nb tdc r``h0 r``h0 \dcrc ns tdc gurbnturc0 gurbnturc0 Nt dks k bnec fnl s`gk kbm N inac t` rcikx tdcrc. ]dc f`àeksc ns bcxt bcxt t` tdc ]W ]W kbm tdc tw` edknrs edknrs krc bcxt t` tdc s`gk. Hy invnbl r``h. r``h. ]dcrc„ss k ]W, k f`àeksc, ]dcrc„ f`àeksc, tw` edknrs edknrs kbm k s`gk.

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc 7 Kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs. qucstn`bs. 6



;

\dkt ns yùr gkvùrntc gkvùrntc r``h nb yùr yùr dùsc0

6

\dy m` yù inac nt0

5

\dkt gurbnturc ns tdcrc nb tdc r``h0 r``h0

=

\dcrc ns tdc gurbnturc0 gurbnturc0

Sbnt >

3

] N B S

>

Dcrc & ]dcrc

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc kfùt yùr gkvùrntc r``h. r``h.

Sscgui pdrkscs • Hy gkvùrntc r``h ns … • N inac nt fcekusc … • ]dcrc ns / krc … • ]dc ... krc nb / `b / ubmcr / bcxt t` ...



Sbnt >

7

;? Kbencbt

] N B S

& H`mcrb

Lrkhhkr ;K \ks / / wcrc (;) (;)

Lrkhhkr 5 Vcvncw

Sbmcrinbc wks `r wcrc.

Krc tdc scbtcbecs e`rrcet e`rrcet `r nbe`rrcet0

;

6

5 = 3 7 <

]dc Uuhcrnkb envninsktn`b wks / wcrc nb h`mcrb-mky Nrkq. ]dc Uuhcrnkbs Uuhcrnkbs wks / wcrc lrckt kredntcets kbm funit shkii tchpics. ]dcy wks / wcrc tdc �rst pc`pic t` usc wrntnbl. Srua wks / wcrc tdc hknb enty. ]dc typneki g``m wks / wcrc �sd kbm wdckt. ]dcrc wks / wcrc twcivc h`btds nb tdc Uuhcrnkb yckr. ]dc ekicbmkr wks / wcrc iubkr (uscm tdc h``b).

Lrkhhkr ;F \ks / / wcrc (6) (6)

; 6 5 = 3 7 < 4

\ks tdc wcktdcr l``m0 \ks l``m0 ]dc trkg�e wcrc wcrc tcrrnfic. \ks \ ks yù wntd yùr yùr gkhniy0 ]dcy wcrc tdcrc tdcrc nb tdc kgtcrb``b. B`, N wksb„t. \crc \ crc tdcrc kby pr`fichs0 pr`fichs0 ^cs, ^ cs, sdc wcrc. wcrc. Nt wcrcb„t edckp.


Wèkfuikr y ;K Wèkfuikr Kmjcetnvcs Kmjcetn vcs (;) E`hpictc tdc w`rms.

E`hpictc tdc tcxt wntd wks `r wcrc. Euze` (;) kb nhp`rtkbt enty nb tdc Nbek Chpnrc kbm ns b`w k SBCUE@ w`rim dcrntklc sntc. Nt (6) tdc ekpntki `g tdc Nbek Chpnrc kbm tdcrc (5) hkby nhp`rtkbt tchpics kbm fckutngui funimnbls. ]dc h`st nhp`rtkbt pcrs`b (=) tdc Ukpk Nbek. Dc (3) tdc anbl `g tdc Nbeks. Nb tdc =?? yckrs `g tdc chpnrc tdcrc (7) `biy ;= anbls.

Lrkhhkr 6 \ks / wcrc p`sntnvc, p`sntnvc, bclktnvcs kbm qucstn`bs

;

6

5

=

3

7

]dns g``m ns mc h`rc0 ]dc wcktdcr wks wks w` cvcry mky. ]dc trkg�e wks wks rckiiy k i`ts `g ekrs. ]dc pc`pic wcrc vcry vcry gr bnec. ]dc pyrkhnms wcrc fc scc tdch. ]dc d`tci wksb„t wksb„t vcry h r``hs wcrc @A.

. Ekb N dkvc s`hc . Nt wks subby subby . ]dcrc wcrc . Nt wks rckiiy . Nt wks lrckt lrckt t` , fut tdc

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms. \dcrc (;) wks / wcrc yù ikst wcca0 F: N (6) wks / wcrc nb V`hc. K: (5) \ks / \crc yù `b dìnmky0 F: B`, N (=) wksb„t / wcrcb„t . N (3) wks / wcrc `b k fusnbcss trnp. K: (7) \ks / \crc yùr f`ss tdcrc wntd yù0 F: B`, sdc (<) wksb„t / wcrcb„t . K: (4) \ks / \crc tdcrc kby pr`fichs0 F: B`, tdcrc (>) wksb„t / wcrcb„t . (;?) Nt wks / wcrc k lrckt trnp. K:



Sbnt ;?

;

;? Kbencbt

] N B S

& H`mcrb

Wèkfuikrr y ;F Wèkfuik Kmjcetnvcs Kmjcetnv cs (6)

_r`bubenktn`b ;F \`rm \ `rm strcss st rcss (6)

E`hpictc tdc puzzic. ;

6

Instcb. _ut tdc kmjcetnvcs nb tdc f`x nb tdc e`rrcet eìuhb.

5

=

kwgui tcrrnfic

3

fckutngui

mcinenùs

gkbtkstne

b`nsy

cxpcbsnvc

grncbmiy

w`bmcrgui

7

Instcbnbl ; Ingc nb tdc pkst

<

Ker`ss 3 K: I`à ùt `g tdc wnbm`w. Nsb„t tdc vncw 0 F: ^ ^cs, cs, nt„s w`bmcrgui. ekb„tt siccp. ]dc trkg�e ns rckiiy . 7 N ekb„ < K: ]dns dìnmky ns . F: ^ ^cs, cs, nt„s lrckt. M`wb ; D`w hued wks nt0 \`w! Nt wks vcry . . 6 N„h s`rry N ekb„t ckt tdns. Nt„s 5 K: ]dns g``m tkstcs rckiiy bnec. F: ^ ^cs, cs, nt„s . = ]dcrc wks wks s` hued hued trkg�e. trkg�e. ]dc strccts strccts wcrc rckiiy rckiiy

6 5 = 3 7 <

cxpcbsnvc gkbtkstne tcrrnfic b`nsy gkbtkstne h`mcrb fckutngui


6 5 =

3 7

.

]dc Clyptnkbs wcrc l``m kredntcets. Klrneuiturc wksb„t wksb„t nhp`rtkbt t` tdch. tdch. ]dcnr typneki g``m wks �sd kbm vclctkfics. vclctkfics. ]dcrc wks k syhfì syhfì g`r tdc buhfcr buhfcr ;? nb kbencbt Clypt. Kbnhkis wcrcb„t wcrcb„t nhp`rtkbt t` tdc Clyptnkbs. Clyptnkbs. Ekts wcrc p`puikr pcts.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

Instcbnbl 6 Ksanbl kfùt k fùt k trnp ;

Instcb. Sbmcrinbc tdc w`rm wntd tdc strcss `b k mnggcrcbt syiikfic. gkbtkstne kwgui mcinenùs edckp mcinenùs kwgui gkbtkstne

;

Instcb kbm ubmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms.

_r`bubenktn`b ;K \`rm \ `rm strcss str css (;) ;

G )0 Instcb. Krc tdcsc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r gkisc ( G

fusy grncbmiy fckutngui eìm tcrrnfic cxpcbsnvc grncbmiy


6 5 = 3 7

Kmkh / Vkedci wks wks nb Hkrrkacsd. ]dc sd`ps / pkikecs wcrc wcrc gkbtkstne. ]dc funimnbls wcrc wcrc kwgui / fckutngui . ]dcrc wks / wksb„t k k fnl hkract. ]dc wcktdcr / trkg�e wks wks kwgui. ]dc g``m wks / wksb„t vcry vcry bnec.

Sbnt ;?

6

;? Kbencbt

] N B S

& H`mcrb

Vckmnbl ]dc Wnanbls

5 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb. Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r G )0 gkisc ( G ;

; Vckm ]dc Wnanbls . ]nea (✝) tdc pikecs tdkt Aktrnbk tkias kfùt. ; 6 5 = 3 7

k Edrnsthks hkract k tchpic k huscuh tdc typneki g``m g`r Wnanbls Wnanbls k d`tci tdc pc`pic

6 5

= 3 7 <

^`ra wksb„t ^`ra wksb„t vcry nbtcrcstnbl. ]dcrc wks kb khkznbl huscuh. huscuh. ]dcrc wksb„t wksb„t k i`t `g nbg`rhktn`b kfùt tdc Wnanbls. ]dc Wnanbls Wnanbls wcrcb„t wcrcb„t gr`h ^`ra. ^`ra. ]dc Wnanbls Wnanbls wcrc nhp`rtkbt. nhp`rtkbt. Aktrnbk wksb„t wksb„t nbtcrcstcm nb dnst`ry fcg`rc. ]dcrc wksb„t wksb„t kbytdnbl t` fuy fuy kt tdc Edrnsthks hkract.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

6 Gnbm tdcsc w`rms nb tdc tcxt.

=

tdc `pp`sntc `g f`rnbl : kb`tdcr w`rm g`r gkbtkstne : k pikec yù vnsnt t` ickrb kfùt dnst`ry: k pikec wntd i`ts `g mnggcrcbt tdnbls t` fuy:

3

k pikec wdcrc yù l` g`r e`ggcc:

; 6 5

]dc Wnanbls Dn Iuns, @b Uubmky wc wcrc nb ^`ra. ^`ra ns nb tdc b`rtd `g Cblikbm. Nt wks vcry eìm, fut nt wks vcry nbtcrcstnbl. ]dcrc wks k i`t t` m` tdcrc. ]dcrc ns k huscuh ekiicm tdc J`rvna Wnanbl Ecbtrc kbm nt wks khkznbl. Nb tdc huscuh tdcrc wks i`ts `g nbg`rhktn`b kfùt tdc Wnanbls. ]dc Wnanbls wcrc gr`h h`mcrb-mky B`rwky, Uwcmcb kbm Mcbhkra. ]dcnr envninsktn`b wks nhp`rtkbt gr`h KM 4?? t` ;?3?. G`r tdc Wnanbls, Wnanbls, hckt kbm �sd wcrc tdc h`st nhp`rtkbt g``m. N wksb„t nbtcrcstcm nb dnst`ry, fut b`w N kh. ]dcrc wks kis` k Edrnsthks hkract. ]dcrc wcrc i`ts `g nbtcrcstnbl tdnbls t` fuy fuy kbm tdcrc wcrc ekgîs wntd g``m kbm mrnba ― nt wks i`vciy! Ucc yù s``b Aktrnbk



Sbnt ;?

5

;? Kbencbt

] N B S

& H`mcrb

\rntnbl K dìnmky dìnmk y p`stekrm p`stek rm Vckmnbl ; Vckm tdc p`stekrm kbm tnea (✝) tdc tdnbls Frct wrntcs kfùt. ; 6 5 = 3 7 <

tdc wcktdcr tdc g``m dnst`rne sntcs tdc d`tci tdc pc`pic tdc tkxns tdc trkg�e

t dc qucstn`bs. 6 Vckm tdc p`stekrm klknb kbm kbswcr tdc ;

\dcrc wks Frct Frct ikst wcca0

6

\ks \ ks tdc wcktdcr l``m0 l``m0

5

\dkt wks cxpcbsnvc0 cxpcbsnvc0

=

\ks \ ks tdcrc k i`t `g trkg�e0 trkg�e0

3

\dkt wks tdc g``m g``m inac0

Ikbluklc gèus 5 Vcpikec bnec wntd kb kmjcetnvc gr`h tdc f`x. Edkblc wksb„t t` t` wks nb nb 6 kbm 3. fckutngui

Uuu c ckkr U M c a nb E kp c c a t w c c s t y i ikk s d`` i innmk y s `b d wkk s N w t` d`` t` c „ s„ k p d crr c g grrnek. D c d K U`ù t d wbb, U ]`` w ] c ]kk f i c w ` g ] nc w vn c d k v wn tn d wbb w ]`` w ` g E kp c ] tne ― s tn tkk s s g gkkb t wkk s crr w td c d ckk t tkknb. ] d c w c Hùb t c crr c c w c crr c y. ] d c y mk y. cr y v cr suubb y c v s s t w t n wkk s ts ` g s ns tn kbm i i`` t vn sn t`` v s t c s ts ` g p i ikke c s i i`` t fuu t i wkk s @A f tc i w c d`` t c. ] d c d c c. t`` s c dnbl s t t dn ns xn s tkk x d c t g﬋e, kbm t d ﬋e g k r tr g t g ` t t ` i` i k s k wk w c c crr d c t d wkk s l``m ― c. ] d c g g```m w nv c. sn v cbb s xp c c c xp crr c w c d c t t d tkurkb t k t t s tk c s t r c ck t s k lr ck wkk s c w crr c d c t d d c fuu t t d fnnl f y f cr y „ t v cr b sb s k wk w t t N . t. t b ` r gr g r cr c t t k \ s.. inenù s wkk s m c in g g```m w

eìm

mcinenùs

grncbmiy

tcrrnfic

;

]dc g``m wks rckiiy rckiiy bnec.

6

]dc wcktdcr wksb„t bnec.

5

]dc tkxn mrnvcrs wcrc wcrc bnec.

=

]dc vncws gr`h tdc t`p `g tdc hùbtknb hùbtknb wcrc bnec.

3

]dc trkg�e wksb„t vcry bnec.

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc = ]dnba kfùt k dìnmky yù wcrc `b. Hkac Hkac b`tcs kfùt tdcsc tdnbls. • tdc wcktdcr • tdc g``m • tdc trkg�e • tdc pc`pic • tdc dnst`rne sntcs • tdc d`tci

t c t Fr c



Sbnt ;?

=

;? Kbencbt

] N B S

& H`mcrb

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc k p`stekrm kfùt tdc dìnmky dìnmky..

Sscgui pdrkscs • ]dc wcktdcr wks … • ]dcrc wcrc … • ]dc … wks / wksb„t … • ]dc … wcrc / wcrcb„t … • fusy / b`nsy / kwgui / fkm / tcrrnfic / eìm • w`bmcrgui / gkbtkstne / mcinenùs / grncbmiy / fckutngui



Sbnt ;?

3

] N B S

;;

Ingc & ] ]nhcs nhcs

Lrkhhkr ; _kst snhpic ― rcluikr

Lrkhhkr = Vcvncw

E`hpictc tdc tcxt wntd tdc e`rrcet g`rh `g tdc vcrf nb frkeacts.

\rntc tdc tdc pkst snhpic g`rh `g tdc vcrfs. U`hc U`hc krc nrrcluikr.

Hkrnc Uai`m`wsak wks f`rb `b < B`vchfcr ;47<, ;47<, nb _ìkbm. Nb ;4>; sdc (;) (h`vc) t` _krns kbm (6) (stkrt) ubnvcrs ubnvcrsnty. nty. Udc (5) (stumy) pdysnes kbm hktdchktnes kt tdc U`rf`bbc. Nb ;4>3 sdc (=) (hkrry) _ncrrc Eurnc kbm tdcy (3) (w`ra) t`lctdcr rcsckrednbl rkmn`ketnvnty rkmn`ketnvnty.. _ncrrc (7) (mnc) nb ;>?7 fut Hkrnc (<) (e`btnbuc) tdc rcsckred. Hkrnc Eurnc (4) (mnc) `b = Juiy ;>5=, klcm 77.

Lrkhhkr 6 _kst snhpic ― nrrcluikr E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc e`rrcet g`rh `g tdc vcrf nb frkeacts. ; 6 5 = 3 7

Hkrnc Eurnc (wnb) tw` B`fci B`fci _rnzcs. N (spcka) t` J`db ycstcrmky ycstcrmky.. Dc (lct) k bcw j`f. \cc f`td \ (l`) t` ubnvcrsnty. ubnvcrsnty. Udc (hcct) dcr dusfkbm kt ubnvcrsnty ubnvcrsnty.. Hkrnc kbm _ncrrc Eurnc (dkvc) tw` ednimrcb.

l` 6 stkrt 5 scc = wrntc 3 stumy 7 tdnba < w`ra 4 �bnsd > hcct ;? ab`w ;

Wèkfuikr y ; Wèkfuikr ^ckrs ^ ckrs Instcb. \rntc \rntc tdc yckrs nb buhfcrs. ; 6 5 = 3 7 < 4

Lrkhhkr 5 _kst snhpic bclktnvc

Wèkfuikr y 6 Wèkfuikr Ingc cvcbts


Hkted w`rms ;―3 ;―3 t` w`rms k―c t` hkac hkac cxprcssn`bs kfùt ingc cvcbts.

;

6 5

= 3 7 <

Nb 6??4 Dnikry Einbt`b mnmb„t wnb / w`b tdc SU cicetn`b. Hy fr`tdcr mnmb„t mnmb„t l` / wcbt t` t` Kustrkink. stkrtcm / stkrt `b ]dc Ednbcsc Bcw Bcw ^ckr ^ckr mnmb„t mnmb„t stkrtcm `b ; Jkbukry. Dc mnmb„t / b`t invc invc nb I`bm`b. Bcis`b Hkbmcik mnmb„t mnc / mncm nb nb 6??4. N mnmb„t skw / scc yù ycstcrmky. ]dcy mnmb„t mnmb„t lct / l`t hkrrncm hkrrncm ikst wcca.



; 6 5 = 3

fuy lct l` dkvc stkrt

k ednimrcb f k

dùsc e w`ra m hkrrncm c t` sed`ì

Sbnt ;;

;

] N B S

;;

Ingc & ] ]nhcs nhcs

Wèkfuikrr y 5K Wèkfuik Mktcs (;)

_r`bubenktn`b Vcluikr pkst snhpic

_ut tdc icttcrs nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` spcii h`btds. bcju 6 ekdhr 5 nirkp = sulktu 3 bcfhcvr` 7 rcfhcsptc < kbjyruk 4 mcrfcehc > ygfurckr ;? e`f`rct ;

; 6 5 = 3 7

; 6

Mcechfcr Jubc

invcm cbmcm e`btnbucm inacm stkrtcm mncm

vnsntcm stkrtcm cicetcm w`racm stumncm w`racm

Instcb. Hkted cvcbts ;―3 t` tdc h`btds nb 6??4.

_ut tdc h`btds nb tdc t dc f`x nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr. `rmcr.

Juiy

mncm �bnsdcm rcpcktcm instcbcm hkrrncm invcm

Instcbnbl Ingc cvcbts

Wèkfuikrr y 5F Wèkfuik Mktcs (6) Kulust

Instcb. Sbmcrinbc tdc w`rm nb cked lrùp wntd k mnggcrcbt -cm cbmnbl. cbmnbl.

Gcfrukry

Hkred

Hky

Jkbukry

B`vchfcr

5

Ucptchfcr

=

@et`fcr 3

Kprni

k ;

<

f

6

4

e

5

>

m

=

;?

c

3

;;

7

;6

Dcktd Icmlcr mncm. Cmhubm Dniikry mncm. Ednbcsc ^ckr `g tdc Vkt stkrtcm. Nbmnk scbt tcb sktciintcs nbt` spkec. Hnedkci _dcips w`b w`b cnldt lìm hcmkis hcmkis kt tdc @iyhpnes. Fkrkea @fkhk cicetcm ==td _rcsnmcbt `g tdc t dc SU. B`vchfcr Jkbukry Kulust Gcfrukry Kprni

Wèkfuikrr y = Wèkfuik Mktcs (5) Instcb. Sbmcrinbc tdc mktc yù dckr. k f e m c g l



Sbnt ;;

6

] N B S

;;

Ingc & ] ]nhcs nhcs

Vckmnbl ]dc bùldtncs


\dcb wks tdc tdc wrntcr k tccbklcr0

6

\dkt krc tdc bùldtncs0 bùldtncs0

5

\dcb wks tdc tdc tsubkhn0

=

\dkt dkppcbcm dkppcbcm nb 6??40

3

\dkt mnm Fkrkea Fkrkea @fkhk wnb nb 6??>0

7

\dkt mnm Hkbmcik Hkbmcik ecicfrktc nb tdc bùldtncs0 bùldtncs0

; Vckm ]dc bùldtncs . Gnbm tdcsc w`rms nb tdc tcxt. ; 6 5

= 3

tcb yckrs (bùb) kb `binbc mnkry (bùb) k t`p yù wckr ― `bc pkrt e`vcrs yùr dckm (bùb) k bkturki mnskstcr (bùb) k shkii e`hputcr ― yù usc nt g`r sur�bl tdc wcf kbm m`nbl chkni (bùb)

6 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb kbm e`hpictc tdc spnmcrlrkh.

ei`tdcs

= E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs kfùt 6??=. Ssc tdc pkst snhpic `g tdc vcrfs nb tdc f`x.

Fcnjnbl @iyhpnes

bcws

j`nb ;

bùldtncs `fjcets

6

Ssknb Fìt

5 =

pc`pic w`rms

3

7

mnc

ikubed

stkrt

wnb

wnb

]dc Ednbcsc Bcw Bcw ^ckr ^ckr `b 66 Jkbukry Jkbukry. ]cb ] cb bcw eùbtrncs tdc Cur`pckb Sbn`b. ^ksscr ^ ksscr Krkgkt Krkgkt kt tdc klc `g 3<. J`db Acrry mnmb„ mnmb„tt tdc SU cicetn`b. ]dc SKC SKC nts �rst hcmki kt tdc Ktdcbs @iyhpnes. Frkzni nts �rst rèact nbt` spkec.

]dc bùldtncs Hy pkrcbts wcrc tccbklcrs nb tdc snxtncs kbm kbm N wks k tccbklcr nb tdc cnldtncs. \dkt \dkt wks nt inac t` fc yùbl nb tdc bùldtncs0 ]dc bùldtncs krc tdc yckrs gr`h 6??? t` 6??>. Kbm dcrc krc s`hc s`hc `g tdc nhp`rtkbt tdnbls tdnbls gr`h tdcsc yckrs. ]dcrc wcrc s`hc bcw w`rms inac fi`l kbm kbm iì (ikuldnbl (ikuldnbl ùt iùm). ]dcrc wcrc spcenki `fjcets inac tdc n_d`bc kbm Bctf`à kbm tdcrc wcrc ei`tdcs inac tdc d``my kbm Sll f``ts. Nb tdc bcws tdcrc wks tdc tsubkhn nb 6??=, >/;; nb 6??; kbm Ssknb Fìt kt tdc 6??4 Fcnjnbl @iyhpnes. Gnbkiiy, Fkrkea @fkhk fcekhc _rcsnmcbt `g tdc SUK nb 6??4 kbm nb 6??> dc w`b tdc B`fci _ckec _rnzc. Kb`tdcr B`fci wnbbcr,, Bcis`b Hkbmcik, dkm dns >?td fnrtdmky nb 6??>. wnbbcr \dkt k mcekmc!



Sbnt ;;

5

] N B S

;;

Ingc & ] ]nhcs nhcs

\rntnbl Kb nhp`rtkbt nhp`r tkbt yckr

Ikbluklc gèus 5 \r \rntc ntc tdc pkst g`rh `g tdc vcrfs.

Vckmnbl c vcbts nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr g`r ; Vckm tdc tcxt kbm put tdc cvcbts Ikurk. k f e m c

; 6 5 =

stkrtcm bcw j`f mkuldtcr wks f`rb l`t hkrrncm h`vcm t` bcw dùsc wcbt `b d`bcyh``b d`bcyh``b

3 7 < 4 >

hkac lct stkrt hcct stumy fc �bnsd e`hc l`

= E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc e`rrcet prcp`sntn`b.

Hy bkhc ns Ikurk Ikurk kbm 6??; wks kb nhp`rtkbt nhp`rtkbt yckr g`r hc. Kt tdc stkrt `g tdc yckr, `b ;3 Jkbukry N l`t hkrrncm. ]dcb N stkrtcm k bcw j`f nb Hkred kgtcr N ekhc fkea gr`h hy d`bcyh``b*. \c h`vcm nbt` ùr bcw dùsc nb Kulust kbm tdcb nb B`vchfcr hy fkfy mkuldtcr, Hnk, wks f`rb. Udc wks f`rb kt scvcb tdnrty-tdrcc nb tdc cvcbnbl `b tdc 66bm. Udc wks w`bmcrgui kbm nt hkmc 6??; k pcrgcet yckr g`r hc.

; 6 5

= 3

Li`sskry

Hy s`b wks f`rb f`rb 6??3. N wcbt `b dìnmky Hkred. Uyivnk stkrtcm dcr bcw j`f ;3 Ucptchfcr. \cc icgt \ snx `„eièa. Vusscii lrkmuktcm gr`h ubnvcrsnty 6??>. Dc h`vcm t` Kustrkink ; Juiy Juiy..

bùb ) ― k dìnmky yù l` `b kgtcr kgtcr yù lct d`bcyh``b (

7

hkrrncm

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc g`r yù. Hkac Hkac s`hc b`tcs 3 ]dnba `g kb nhp`rtkbt yckr g`r kfùt tdc yckr.

6 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb kbm e`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs. ; 6 5 = 3

Ikurk„s wcmmnbl wks nb Udc stkrtcm dcr bcw j`f nb Fcg`rc sdc stkrtcm dcr j`f sdc wcbt `b Nb Kulust sdc Kt <.55 `b 66 66 B`vchfcr dcr



. . . . .

Sbnt ;;

=

] N B S

;;

Ingc & ] ]nhcs nhcs

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc k pkrklrkpd kfùt yùr nhp`rtkbt nhp`rtkbt yckr. yckr.

Sscgui pdrkscs • 6??3 wks kb nhp`rtkbt nhp`rtkbt yckr g`r hc fcekusc fcekusc … • Kt tdc stkrt `g tdc tdc yckr N … • ]dcb … • Nb Kulust N … • @b 7 Juiy N …



Sbnt ;;

3

] N B S

;6

[ucstn`b & Kbswcr

Lrkhhkr ; _kst snhpic qucstn`bs (;)

Lrkhhkr 5 Vcvncw

E`hpictc tdc qucstn`bs wntd tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x.

\rntc tdc tdc qucstn`bs.

Mnm

D`w

\ks

\dkt

\dcrc

\dned

eùbtry mnm nt e`hc gr`h0 mnm nt invc0 nt fnl0 mnm nt mnskppckr0 mnm nt ckt0 nt siccp kt bnldt0

; 6 5 = 3 7

Udc wcbt t` Nbmnk. Udc skw s`hc cicpdkbts.

6

�y0 nt mnm D`w

5

nt \dkt ckt0 mnm

0

5

^cs, ^ cs, tdcy wcrc wcrc fnl. 0

=

]dcy ktc pikbts. 0 ]dcy invcm nb tdc bktn`bki pkra. 0

7

Udc wcbt nb tdc rknby scks`b.

_ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr. mnm \dcrc invc0 nt

0

6

3

Lrkhhkr 6K _kst snhpic qucstn`bs (6) ;

0

;

0

<

^cs, ^ cs, sdc mnm.

Wèkfuikr y ;K Wèkfuikr Kbnhkis (;) ( ;) \rntc tdc tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x ubmcr tdc e`rrcet e`rrcet pneturcs.

=

nt mnm mnskppckr0 \dy

3

gr`h nt mnm Kustrkink0 e`hc

7

gr`h0 eùbtry \dned mnm nt e`hc

k fckr

Lrkhhkr 6F _kst snhpic qucstn`bs (5)

k ekhci

k g`x

k gr`l

;

6

5

=

3

7

k rkt

k wdkic

Krc tdc scbtcbecs e`rrcet e`rrcet `r nbe`rrcet0 ; 6 5 = 3 7

\dcrc nt invc0 Mnm nt ckt pikbts0 \dned eùbtry eùbtry nt ekhc gr`h0 \dcb mnm nt mnskppckrcm0 mnskppckrcm0 \dy mnm nt mnc0 \dkt mnm nt ktc0


e`rrcet / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / / nbe`rrcet e`rrcet / / nbe`rrcet


Sbnt ;6

;

] N B S

;6

[ucstn`b & Kbswcr

Wèkfuikrr y ;F Wèkfuik Kbnhkis (6)

Instcbnbl 6 Fruec _krr _krr y

E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc kbnhkis nb tdc f`x. fckr ; 6 5 = 3 7

ekhci

g`x

K K K K K K

gr`l

rkt

wdkic

invcs nb tdc sck. invcs nb tdc g`rcst. siccps ubmcr k rèa. invcs nb tdc mcscrt. invcs bckr funimnbls. invcs nb k dìc ubmcrlrùbm. ubmcrlrùbm.

G )0 Instcb. Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r gkisc ( G ;

6 5 = 3 7 <

Fruec _krry mnmb„t hkac k pr`lrkhhc ekiicm Khkz`b. ]dc jùrbcy wks vcry i`bl. @b tdc wky dc vnsntcm vn sntcm mnggcrcbt pc`pic. Dc mnmb„t stky wntd kby `g tdc trnfcs. Dc wcbt wntd k ]W pr`muetn`b tckh. ]dc jùrbcy t`à cnldt wccas. Dc skw i`ts `g mnggcrcbt kbnhkis.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

Wèkf uikr Wèkfui kr y 6 Cxtcbm yùr vèkfuikry ― tnhc Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms. ; 6 5 = 3 7

Cxeusc hc! \dkt tnhc / tnhcs ns ns nt0 Mnm yù dkvc k l``m tnhc / tnhcs ycstcrmky0 ycstcrmky0 D`w hkby tnhc / tnhcs mnm mnm yù pd`bc hc0 N rchchfcr tdc �rst tnhc / tnhcs N N hct yù. N wcbt `b dìnmky tdrcc tnhc / tnhcs ikst ikst yckr. ]dkt„ss tdc ikst tnhc / tnhcs N ]dkt„ N l` tdcrc!

_r`bubenktn`b Utrcss kbm rdytdh Instcb. D`w hkby w`rms m` yù dckr0 Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet buhfcr. [ucstn`b ; [ucstn`b 6 [ucstn`b 5 [ucstn`b = [ucstn`b 3 [ucstn`b 7 [ucstn`b <

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

= = = = = = =

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Instcbnbl ; Kbnhkis tdkt td kt mnskppckrcm mnsk ppckrcm Instcb kbm ubmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms. ; 6 5 = 3 7

<

Kustrkink nk / Bcw Zckikbm . ]dc h`k ekhc ekhc gr`h Kustrki Nt wks / / wksb„t vcry vcry fnl. mnmb„t . Mnm nt �y0 ^cs, nt mnm . / B`, nt mnmb„t Nt invcm nb tdc mcscrt / / g`rcst `b `b tdc nsikbms. Nt ktc pikbts / / shkii kbnhkis . Nt mnskppckrcm fcekusc tdc wcktdcr edkblcm / / pc`pic dubtcm nt . Nt mnskppckrcm kfùt k dubmrcm / / �vc dubmrcm yckrs kl`.



Sbnt ;6

6

] N B S

;6

[ucstn`b & Kbswcr

Vckmnbl Kbnhkis tdkt td kt mnskppckrcm mnsk ppckrcm ; Hkted tdc kbnhkis kbnhkis tdkt mnskppckrcm t` tdc tdc pikecs. ; 6 5

Fknjn Vnvcr Mìpdnb Lìmcb ]`km \cstcrb \ cstcrb Fikea Vdnb` Vdnb`

Ecbtrki Khcrnek f \cstcrb Kgrnek e Ednbk k

6 Vckm Kbnhkis tdkt mnskppckrcm kbm kbm edcea yùr kbswcrs t` cxcrensc ;. 5 Ssc tdc w`rms t` wrntc qucstn`bs. ;

6

\dcrc / e`hc gr`h gr`h \dcrc mnm nt e`hc gr`h0 \dcrc / invc

= Vckm tdc tcxt klknb kbm e`hpictc tdc tkfic.

ekhc gr`h invcm ktc mnskppckrcm nb mnskppckrcm fcekusc

;

5

\dkt / ckt

= =

3

\dcb / mnskppckr

7 3

Fknjn Vnvcr Mìpdnb

lrkss kbm pikbts

3 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb. Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) `r G )0 gkisc ( G

6 5

Lìmcb \cstcrb \ cstcrb ]`km ] `km Fikea Vdnb` E`stk Vnek

_c`pic aniicm tdc \cstcrb Fikea Vdnb` g`r nts d`rb. \cc m`b„t \ m`b„t ab`w wdcb tdcy tdcy mnskppckrcm. ]dc Lìmcb ]`km wks vcry shkii. \cc ab`w nt ktc nbscets. \ ]dcrc wcrc =?? =?? Fknjn Vnvcr Mìpdnbs Mìpdnbs nb ;>><. ;>><. _c`pic dubtcm tdc Fknjn Vnvcr Mìpdnb.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

\dy / mnskppckr

Kbnhkis tdkt t dkt mnskppckrcm mnsk ppckrcm Cvcry yckr kb`tdcr kbnhki mnskppckrs gr`h ùr pikbct. Dcrc krc tdrcc kbnhkis tdkt mnskppckrcm. ]dc \cstcrb \cstcrb Fikea Vdnb` Vdnb` invcm nb tdc g`rcsts kbm kbm piknbs `g \cstcrb Kgrnek. Nt dkm k vcry fnl d`rb kbm tdns ns wdy nt mnskppckrcm. _c`pic dubtcm tdc rdnb` kbm aniicm nt g`r nts d`rb. Nt ktc lrkss kbm pikbts kbm tdc ikst `bc mncm nb 6??7. ]dc Lìmcb ]`km ekhc gr`h E`stk Vnek nb Ecbtrki Ecbtrki Khcrnek. Khcrnek. Nt wksb„t wksb„t vcry fnl ― kfùt 5 eh i`bl ― kbm nt invcm nb tdc hùbtknbs nb tdc rknbg`rcst. Nt wks fusy nb tdc mky kbm kt bnldt nt wcbt t` siccp. \c m`b„t ab`w wdkt nt ktc, fut pc`pic tdnba nt wks nbscets. Nt mnskppckrcm fcekusc `g li`fki wkrhnbl. Nt mnskppckrcm nb ;>4>. Gnbkiiy, tdc Fknjn Vnvcr Mìpdnb. ]dns kbnhki invcm nb tdc ^kbltzc Vnvcr nb Ednbk kbm ktc shkii �sd. Nb tdc ;>4?s tdcrc wcrc kfùt =?? icgt nb tdc rnvcr, fut fy ;>>< tdcrc wcrc `biy ;5. \c m`b„t m`b„t ab`w wdcb tdc tdc ikst `bc mncm, fut wc ab`w tdkt tdkt hkby mncm fcekusc `g pìiutn`b.



Sbnt ;6

5

] N B S

;6

[ucstn`b & Kbswcr

\rntnbl K fn`lrkpdy fn`lr kpdy ; Ekb yù hkted f`às ;―3 t` tdc wrntcrs k―c0 ; 6 5 = 3 k f e m c

]dc Kmvcbturcs `g ]`h ]`h Ukwycr Kinec nb \`bmcrikbm \`bmcrikbm ]dc Kmvcbturcs `g Udcrièa Dìhcs _rnmc kbm _rcjumnec \kr kbm _ckec

Krtdur E`bkb M`yic Jkbc Kustcb Ic` ]ìst`y Icwns Ekrrìi Hkra ]wknb

; 6 5 = 3 7 <

Ikbluklc gèus 6 _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` hkac qucstn`bs. ;

dc / wks / \dcb / f`rb0

6

wks / \dcrc \dcrc / dc / f`rb0

5

nb I`bm`b0 / mnm / m` / dc / \dkt

=

Urn Ikbak0 / \dcb / t` / h`vc / mnm / dc

3

dc / wdcb / D`w ìm / wks / mncm0 / dc

7

nb ;>740 / wnb / dc / mnm / \dkt

<

grcc tnhc0 / dc / m` / mnm / \dkt / nb dns


Vckmnbl 5 Vckm tdc fn`lrkpdy kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs nb cxcrensc 6.


Krtdur E. Eikrac Eikrac ;>;< ― 6??4 Krtdur E. Eikrac wks f`rb `b ;7 Mcechfcr ;>;< nb U`hcrsct, Cblikbm. Ks k yùbl f`y dc cbj`ycm i`ànbl kt tdc stkrs. Nb ;>57 dc h`vcm t` I`bm`b kt tdc klc `g ;>. Dc w`racm nb kb `g�ec kbm tdcb nb tdc ;>=?s dc j`nbcm tdc Knr G`rec. Nb ;>37 dc h`vcm t` Urn Ikbak kbm dc mncm tdcrc kt tdc klc `g >? `b ;> Hkred 6??4. Dc wr`tc hkby sencbec �etn`b f`às kbm w`b i`ts `g kwkrms. Nb ;>74 dc w`b kb @sekr g`r tdc �ih 6??;: K Upkec @mysscy. Nb dns grcc tnhc dc cbj`ycm seufk mnvnbl kbm stkrtcm dns `wb sed`ì g`r mnvnbl nb Urn Ikbak.

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc gkhùs wrntcr yù inac. Ssc tdc nbtcrbct = ]dnba `g k gkhùs t` m` s`hc rcsckred kbm �bm kbswcrs t` tdc qucstn`bs nb cxcrensc 6.

Sbnt ;6

=

] N B S

;6

[ucstn`b & Kbswcr

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc k fn`lrkpdy `g `g tdc wrntcr yù ed`sc ed`sc nb cxcrensc =.

Sscgui pdrkscs • Dc / Udc wks f`rb `b … • Dc / Udc wks f`rb nb … • Dc / Udc invcm nb … • Dc / Udc wr`tc … • Dc / Udc mncm kt tdc klc `g …



Sbnt ;6

3

] N B S

;5

Fusnbcss & _icksurc

Lrkhhkr ;K _rcscbt e`btnbuùs (;)

Lrkhhkr 6 _rcscbt e`btnbuùs bclktnvc & qucstn`bs

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet g`rh `g tdc vcrf.

Ssc tdc w`rms t` wrntc scbtcbecs `r qucstn`bs.

; 6 5 = 3 7 <

N„h fuy / fuynbl k k tneact g`r tdc trknb. \cc krc stkynbl / stkynbl nb \ nb k i`vciy d`tci. N kh dkvnbl / dkvc k lrckt tnhc. N dkvc t` l` ks tdc trknb ns ickvc / ickvnbl . N „h wktednbl / wkted tdc bcws `b ]W. ^ù„rc ^ ù„rc w`ra / w`ranbl k k i`t kt tdc t dc h`hcbt. Cickb`r ns tkianbl / tkia t` dcr f`ygrncbm.

Lrkhhkr ;F _rcscbt e`btnbuùs (6)

;

0 6

N / b`t / ckt / iubed .

5

yù / mrnba / e`ggcc e`ggcc 0

=

wd` / yù / tkia t` 0

3

sdc / b`t / wkted / ]W .

E`hpictc tdc e`bvcrsktn`b wntd tdc e`rrcet g`rh `g tdc vcrf nb frkeacts.

7

Dn Ukrkd. F: Dn Fcb. Mnm yù lct tdcrc @A0 K: ^ ^cs, cs, wc krrnvcm krrnvcm tcb hnbutcs kl`. N„h (;) (snt) nb hy r``h kbm (6) (rcikx) g`r k fnt. F: L``m nmck. Krc yù tnrcm0 ^cs, cs, k inttic fnt. K: ^ F: U`, yù„rc (5) (rcst). K: ^ ^cs, cs, N kh. \dkt kfùt tdc ednimrcb0 ednimrcb0 F: ]dcy„rc �bc. J`c ns (=) (piky) `b dns e`hputcr kbm Anrstnc ns (3) (rckm) k f`à. K: ]dkt„ ]dkt„ss l``m. F: ^ ^cs, cs, fut wc„rc wc„rc kii (7) (hnss) yù. K: N ab`w. N hnss yù t``. F: @d! N dkvc t` l`. K: \dy0 F: Hy h`fnic ns (<) (rnbl). Nt„ Nt„ss pr`fkfiy hy huh ― sdc kiwkys ekiis kt tdns tnhc. tn hc. K: Fyc!

<

K:

wdkt / yù / m`

tdcy / b`t / e`à / mnbbcr . dc / w`ra / t`mky 0

Lrkhhkr 5 Vcvncw Krc tdcsc scbtcbecs e`rrcet e`rrcet `r nbe`rrcet0 ; 6 5 = 3 7 < 4

N b`t wckrnbl hy e`kt. \dcrc krc yù stkynbl0 N„h wkntnbl g`r yù nb tdc d`tci. \dkt krc yù dkvc0 Udc„s scbmnbl yù kb chkni. Utcvc nsb„t e`ànbl iubed. \cc krc tkac tdc trknb. \ Krc yù cbj`y yùrscig0


Wèkfuikr y ; Wèkfuikr Buhfcrs `vcr ;?? Instcb kbm enreic tdc buhfcrs yù dckr.

>74

5;3

75<

>47

3?;

=??

=?;

=>6

34< ;;6

6??

7=<



53?

Sbnt ;5

;

] N B S

;5

Fusnbcss & _icksurc

Wèkfuikrr y 6 Wèkfuik ]rkvciinbl g`r fusnbcss E`hpictc tdc w`rms wntd tdc hnssnbl icttcrs. ; 6 5 =

s

t ik g h t h t ic s n k c ne t `

Wèkfuikr y = Wèkfuikr Vcvncw Sbmcrinbc tdc mnggcrcbt w`rm nb cked lrùp. ; 6 5 =

ne

3

Wèkfuikrr y 5 Wèkfuik ]ùrnsh

7

3

Hkted pneturcs ;―3 ;―3 t` ntchs k―g.

lkiicry sckt pkikec tdcktrc snblic tdcktrc

lunmcf`à tnhctkfic piktg`rh huscuh tnhctkfic lkiicry

tdcktrc lkiicry tneact `g�ec sunteksc rcturb piktg`rh

Gubetn`bki ikbluklc Fuynbl k tneact E`hpictc tdc e`bvcrsktn`b wntd tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x. dcrc tneacts K:

;

6 F: K: F: K:

5

= F: K: F:

K:

F:

ercmnt

ickvcs

piktg`rh

pky

tdkba

tdkt

tnhc

L``m h`rbnbl. \dkt (;) „s tdc bcxt trknb t` I`bm`b0 ]dc �rst trknb (6) kt dkig pkst scvcb. @A, ns tdcrc k iktcr `bc0 ^cs, ^ cs, tdcrc„s `bc kt cnldt `„eièa. `„eièa. L``m. Ekb N dkvc tw` rcturb (5) g`r tdc cnldt `„eièa trknb0 Ecrtknbiy. D`w m` yù wkbt t` (=) (3) ekrm, picksc. (7) „s £36, picksc picksc.. ]dkba yù. (<) yù krc. (4) yù, l``mfyc. @d, wdned (>) ns nt0 _iktg`rh 6, hkmkh.

3 k f e m c

k f`kt trnp k squkrc k lunmcf`à k hkp k hctr` stktn`b



Sbnt ;5

6

] N B S

;5

Fusnbcss & _icksurc

_r`bubenktn`b Nbt`bktn`b nb qucstn`bs Instcb t` tdc qucstn`bs. M`cs tdc nbt`bktn`b l` up `r m`wb kt tdc cbm `g tdc qucstn`b0 ]nea (✝) up `r m`wb. up ; 6 5 = 3 7

m`wb

\dkt krc yù m`nbl0 Krc yù cktnbl iubed0 iubed0 Ns sdc wckrnbl k e`kt0 \dcrc krc yù yù stkynbl0 Krc yù dkvnbl k l``m tnhc0 \dcb krc tdcy tdcy ickvnbl0

Instcbnbl @b tdc trknb Instcb. E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc buhfcrs nb tdc f`x. ]dcrc krc tw` buhfcrs yù m`b„t bccm. 7.=? ;

6

5

=

3

7

;5

;7.=?

;63

;53

;=4

5??

7;3

D`w i`bl m`cs tdc jùrbcy tkac0 F: Nt tkacs hnbutcs. Just `vcr tw` dùrs. ]w` w` rcturb tneacts t` Liksl`w Liksl`w,, picksc. K: ] F: ]dkt„ ]dkt„ss £ , picksc. K: \dkt tnhc m`cs tdc bcxt trknb ickvc0 F: Nt ickvcs kt . K: D`w gkst krc wc trkvciinbl0 ani`hctrcs pcr dùr. dùr. F: Kt kfùt K: \dkt piktg`rh m`cs tdc trknb t` I`bm`b I`bm`b ickvc gr`h0 F: _iktg`rh . K: D`w hkby pksscblcrs krc tdcrc `b tdc trknb0 F: ]dcrc krc pksscblcrs `b tdc trknb trknb t`mky. K:



Sbnt ;5

5

] N B S

;5

Fusnbcss & _icksurc

Vckmnbl H`se`w ― k w`bmcrgui enty ; Vckm H`se`w ― k w`bmcrgui enty. Hkted t`pnes k―m t` pkrklrkpds ;―=. ; 6 5 =

_krklrkpd ; _krklrkpd 6 _krklrkpd 5 _krklrkpd =

k f e m

sd`ppnbl pikecs t` vnsnt lcttnbl krùbm cktnbl ùt

6 Gnbm tdcsc w`rms kbm pdrkscs nb tdc tcxt. ;


\dcrc ns Vcm Uqukrc0 Uqukrc0

6

\dkt ekb yù yù scc tdcrc0

5

\dcrc ns k l``m l``m pikec t` l` nb tdc cvcbnbl0

=

\dcb m`cs tdc hctr` hctr` ei`sc0

3

D`w hued krc tw` tneacts0

s`hctdnbl yù ekb scc kt k tdcktrc (bùb) 7

6 5

= 3

t` wkia (vcrf pdrksc) tdc erckh, grunt, cte tdkt l`cs nb k ekac `r `tdcr g``m (bùb) tdnbls tdkt yù fuy `b dìnmky (bùb) gkbtkstne (kmjcetnvc)

<

4

Krc rcstkurkbts nb H`se`w cxpcbsnvc0 M`cs tdc wrntcr inac finbednan 0 \dkt ekb yù yù m` nb @im Krfkt Utrcct0

H`se`w ― k w`bmcrgui enty ]dcrc krc i`ts `g nbtcrcstnbl nbtcrcstnbl pikecs nb H`se`w H`se`w.. ]dc �rst pikec ns Vcm Uqukrc, nb tdc ecbtrc `g tdc enty enty.. Dcrc yù ekb scc Ut Fksni„s Ektdcmrki kbm tdc Icbnb Hkusìcuh. ]dcb tdcrc„s L`ray _kra ― i`ts `g tdc ièki pc`pic l` tdcrc. Nb tdc cvcbnbl, try t` wkted k sd`w kt tdc w`rim-gkhùs Fìsd`n Fìsd`n ]dcktrc. ]dcktrc. Nt„ss k l``m nmck t` usc tdc hctr`, fut nb tdc ecbtrc yù ekb Nt„ l` `b g``t. Nt„s Nt„s b`t mng�euit t` �bm yùr wky kbm nt ns `pcb gr`h �vc tdnrty nb tdc h`rbnbl ubtni ;.??kh. ]neacts ]neacts krc kfùt 63 rùfics. ]dcrc krc i`ts `g mnggcrcbt mnggcrcbt rcstkurkbts, fut s`hctnhcs tdcy krc cxpcbsnvc. ]ry finbednan , k typc `g pkbekac wntd mnggcrcbt �iinbls ― tdcy„rc mcinenùs. M` yù wkbt t` fuy s`hc sùvcbnrs t` tkac d`hc0 @bc pikec t` l` ns @im Krfkt Utrcct ― tdcrc krc i`ts `g sùvcbnrs, fut tdcy„rc cxpcbsnvc. ]dcrc krc kis` fnl h`mcrb hkiis kbm yù ekb l` t` tdc tdc gkhùs LSH st`rc, bckr Vcm Uqukrc, wntd nts khkznbl kredntceturc. kredntceturc. Dkvc k l``m trnp!



Sbnt ;5

=

] N B S

;5

Fusnbcss & _icksurc

\rntnbl Kb chkni t` t ` k grncbm grn cbm

Lcttnbl nbg`rhktn` nbg`rhktn`b b = Hkted qucstn`bs ;―7 ;―7 kfùt Fcnjnbl t` kbswcrs k―g.

Vckmnbl ; Vckm tdc chkni. \dkt ns nt kfùt0 k f e

k bcw j`f k fusnbcss trnp k dìnmky Dn Kbbnak, N„h dkvnbl k l``m tnhc dcrc nb Bcw ^`ra. ]dc sd`ps krc lrckt kbm tdcy krcb„t vcry cxpcbsnvc. ]dc wcktdcr ns tcrrnfic ― nt„s eìm kbm tdcrc„s sb`w fut N m`b„t hnbm. N„h stkynbl nb k shkii d`tci nb Lrccbwned Wniiklc. ^cstcrmky N wcbt t` ]nhcs ]nhcs Uqukrc, nt wks khkznbl. Kt tdc h`hcbt N„h snttnbl nb kb Nbtcrbct ekgî mrnbanbl k eup `g e`ggcc kbm edceanbl hy chknis. \dkt kfùt yù0 Krc yù cbj`ynbl yùr bcw j`f0 I`vc Ukfnbc

6 Vckm tdc chkni klknb kbm hkted ntchs ;―7 t` mcsernptn`bs k―g. ; 6 5 = 3 7

tdc sd`ps tdc prnecs tdc wcktdcr tdc tchpcrkturc tdc d`tci ]nhcs Uqukrc Uqukrc

k f e m c g

Nt ns khkznbl. ]dcy krcb„t cxpcbsn cxpcbsnvc. vc. Nt ns eìm. ]dcy krc lrckt. Nt ns shkii. Nt ns tcrrnfic.

5 Vckm tdc chkni klknb kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs. ;

; 6 5 = 3 7 k f e

m c

g

\dkt„s tdc wcktdcr inac0 \dkt„s \dkt ekb yù yù scc tdcrc0 \dkt„ss tdc g``m inac0 \dkt„ \dkt„ss tdc enty inac0 \dkt„ Krc tdcrc i`ts `g tùrnsts0 \dkt„ss tdc d`tci inac0 \dkt„ Nt„s fnl kbm tdc trkg�e ns tcrrnfic. Nt„s h`mcrb kbm nt„s nb tdc ecbtrc `g tdc enty. Nt„s bnec. ^ù ekb ckt i`ts `g rnec kbm vclctkfics kbm mrnba lrccb tck. Nt„s vcry eìm nb wnbtcr kbm d`t nb suhhcr. ]dc @iyhpne —Fnrm„ —Fnrm„ss Bcst„ stkmnuh kbm kbm tdc G`rfnmmcb Enty. ^cs, ^ cs, tdcrc krc. krc. ]dcrc krc i`ts `g Khcrnekbs kbm Cur`pckbs.

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc 3 I`à kt tdc nbg`rhktn`b kfùt Fcnjnbl nb cxcrensc =. Nhklnbc yù krc `b dìnmky nb kb`tdcr enty. Hkac b`tcs.

M`cs Ukfnbc tdnba tdc sd`ps krc cxpcbsnvc0

6

\dkt„ss tdc wcktdcr inac0 \dkt„

5

\dcrc ns Ukfnbc stkynbl0

=

\dcrc ns sdc snttnbl0

3

\dkt ns sdc m`nbl b`w0



Sbnt ;5

3

] N B S

;5

Fusnbcss & _icksurc

\rntnbl \rntnbl \rntc \r ntc kb chkni t` k grncbm grncbm kfùt yùr dìnmky dìnmky..

Sscgui pdrkscs • N„h dkvnbl k lrckt / l``m tnhc dcrc … • N„h b`t cbj`ynbl … • ]dc wcktdcr ns … • ^cstcrmky N … • ]`mky N„h … • Kt tdc h`hcbt N„h …



Sbnt ;5

7

;= Krts

] N B S

& ] ]cedbì`ly cedbì`ly

Lrkhhkr ; Mcsernfnbl bùbs

Lrkhhkr 5 Hy gkvùrntc

_ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr.

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet pdrkscs.

;

pknbtnbl0 / tdns / inac / M` / ìm / yù

;

6

krc / nb / ]dcrc / Bcw ^`ra. / strcct / i`ts `g / pknbtnbls

6

5

krtnst. / Fkbasy / k / ns / p`puikr / strcct / vcry

5

=

krc / pknbtnbls / vcry / ]dcsc / nbtcrcstnbl.

= 3

3

nbtcrcstnbl / scc / ekb / pknbtnbls. / ^ù / vcry

7

7

ekvc / ìm. / krc / pknbtnbls / ]dcsc

<

Wèkfuikr y ; Wèkfuikr Eìùrs

Lrkhhkr 6K ekb (;) (;)

_ut tdc icttcrs nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr t` spcii eìùrs.

Sbmcrinbc ekb `r ekb„t .

;

N dkvc k gkbtkstne bcw h`fnic pd`bc, nt (;) ekb / ekb„t m` m` kih`st kbytdnbl. N (6) ekb / ekb„t tkac tkac pd`t`s wntd nt kbm tdcy krc quntc l``m. N (5) ekb / ekb„t e`bbcet e`bbcet t` tdc Nbtcrbct kbm nt m`csb„t e`st vcry hued. ]dcrc krc s`hc tdnbls N (=) ekb / ekb„t m` m` wntd nt. G`r cxkhpic, nt (3) ekb / ekb„t m` m` hy Cblinsd d`hcw`ra, fut nt (7) ekb / ekb„t dcip dcip hc ks nt dks k hnbn-mnetn`bkry `b nt. @d, nt (<) ekb / ekb„t hkac hkac e`ggcc! U` wdcb tdc kikrh l`cs `gg nb tdc h`rbnbl N stnii dkvc t` lct up t` hkac hyscig k mrnba.

Lrkhhkr 6F ekb (6) (6)

6 5

N Hy snstcr

= 3 7

Hy fr`tdcr ]dcy

< 4

N

6 5 = 3 7 < 4 >

mrc i`wcyi clrcb lrckb` iufc eikfa iurpcp tdcwn yrlc

Wèkfuikr y 6 Wèkfuikr ]cedbì`ly E`hpictc tdc pkrts `g k ikpt`p e`hputcr.

E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs kbm qucstn`bs wntd ekb `r ekb„t . ;

Hy gkvùrntc / @bc `g hy gkvùrntc typc `g husne ns rèa husne. Hy gkvùrntc / @bc `g hy gkvùrntc lkmlct ns hy hp5 pikycr. Hy gkvùrntc / @bc `g hy gkvùrntc lkmlcts ns hy bcw h`fnic pd`bc. Hy gkvùrntc / @bc `g hy gkvùrntc �ih ns ]ntkbne. Hy gkvùrntc / @bc `g hy gkvùrntc pknbtnbls ns Lucrbnek. Hy gkvùrntc / @bc `g hy gkvùrntc entncs ns _krns ― nt„ nt„ss s` fckutngui. Hy gkvùrntc / @bc `g hy gkvùrntc sp`rt ns tcbbns.

yù spcka Cblinsd0 (0) piky tdc luntkr. (-) e`à. (+) (+) yù tkac pd`t`s wntd yùr yùr pd`bc0 (0) (0) rnmc k fnac. (-) scbm tcxt hcssklcs. (-) yù usc tdns wcfekh0 (0) swnh rckiiy wcii. (+)



; 6 5 = 3

i s a w M

Sbnt ;=

;

;= Krts

] N B S


Wèkfuikrr y 5 Wèkfuik Lkmlcts

Instcbnbl Gkvùrntc tdnbls

G )0 Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc truc (] ) `r gkisc ( G

Instcb. Sbmcrinbc tdc tdnbl cked pcrs`b ns tkianbl kfùt.

; 6 5 = 3 7

^ù ekb piky lkhcs ^ù lkhcs `b k e`hputcr. e`hputcr. ^ù ^ ù put g``m nb kb hp5 pikycr. pikycr. ^ù ^ ù tkia t` pc`pic `b k h`fnic h`fnic pd`bc. ^ù ^ ù tkac pd`t`s wntd k wkted. ^ù ^ ù usc k g``m prècss`r prècss`r t` lct mnrcetn`bs. ^ù ^ ù usc k ekhcrk t` tkac pd`t`s.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

5 = 3 7

^ù ^ù tkia `b k h`fnic pd`bc pd`bc dcrc. ^ù ^ ù instcb t` husne `b hy hp5 pikycr. pikycr. N spcka Grcbed vcry wcii. Hy dusfkbm usc dns bcw ikpt`p. F`rns piky tkfic tcbbns rckiiy wcii. Utumcbts m`wbi`km Cblinsd cxcrenscs gr`h tdns wcfsntc.


k pknbtnbl

k h`fnic pd`bc

k MWM mrnvc

k h`fnic pd`bc

k pknbtnbl

k e`hputcr

kb hp5 pikycr

k pd`bc

k h`fnic pd`bc

k wcfekh

k h`fnic pd`bc

k wcfekh

Upckacr 6

k ekhcrk Upckacr 5

Upckacr =

Instcb. E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd ekb `r ekb„t . 6

k e`hputcr

k ekhcrk

_r`bubenktn`b ekb / / ekb„t ;

Upckacr ;


k ikpt`p Upckacr 3

k ikpt`p Upckacr 7

k ekhcrk

Sbnt ;=

6

;= Krts

] N B S


Vckmnbl Lkmlcts

5 Vckm tdc tcxt klknb kbm e`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc e`rrcet bkhc.

; Vckm Lkmlcts quneaiy. qunea iy. ]nea (✝) tw` lkmlcts tdkt krc nb tdc tcxt.

; 6 5 = 3 7

kiwkys dks nt wntd dnh/dcr. uscs nt nb tdc antedcb. l`t nt ks k prcscbt. accps nb tùed wntd pc`pic usnbl nt. m`csb„tt tkac nt ùt kii tdc tnhc. m`csb„ uscs nt fcekusc nt„ nt„ss qunea.

= Vckm tdc tcxt klknb kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs. ;

6

5

;

\dkt m`cs Hnac m` m` wntd dns Fikeafcrry0 Fikeafcrry0

6

\dkt m`cs Khy lct gr`h tdc tdc Nbtcrbct0

5

\dy m`csb„t m`csb„t sdc tkac dcr hp5 pikycr wntd dcr wdcb wdcb sdc l`cs t` sed`ì0

=

\dy ns Ud`fkbk Ud`fkbk tnrcm kt tdc cbm `g tdc mky0

3

\dy m`cs sdc inac dcr g``m prècss`r0

=

3

lkmlct m`csb„t m`csb„t dkvc k pneturc0 6 \dned lkmlct

Lkmlcts \c kii b`w dkvc k i`t \c i`t `g lkmlcts. ]dcrc krc lkmlcts lkmlcts nb tdc dùsc, nb tdc antedcb, invnbl r``h, nb gket cvcry r``h. _c`pic dkvc lkmlcts nb tdcnr ekrs, nb tdcnr fkls kbm kt w`ra kbm sed`ì. Vckm wdkt tdrcc pc`pic sknm kfùt tdcnr gkvùrntc lkmlct. Hnac, 6= Hy gkvùrntc lkmlct lkmlct ns hy h`fnic pd`bc, pd`bc, ketukiiy nt„ nt„ss k Fikeafcrry. Fikeafcrry. N kiwkys kiwkys tkac nt wntd hc wdcb N l` ùt. N ekb m` i`ts `g tdnbls wntd nt, hkac pd`bc ekiis, edcea hy chkni, l` `b tdc Nbtcrbct kbm accp k mnkry s` N ab`w wdkt N„h m`nbl cvcry mky. Nt„s s` uscgui. Khy, ;= Khy, N i`vc hy hp5 pikycr. Hy gktdcr fùldt nt g`r hy fnrtdmky kbm N dkvc kii hy gkvùrntc s`bls `b nt. N ekb m`wbi`km bcw s`bls gr`h tdc Nbtcrbct ― nt ns quntc edckp. N m`b„t tkac nt wntd hc wdcb N l` t` sed`ì fcekusc N m`b„t wkbt t` i`sc nt. Ud`fkbk, 5; Hy gkvùrntc lkmlct lkmlct ns hy g``m prècss`r. prècss`r. N kiwkys kiwkys e`à g`r hy gkhniy gkhniy kbm N dkvc tdrcc tdrcc ednimrcb kbm hy dusfkbm. Kis`, N w`ra nb tdc mky kbm wdcb N lct d`hc N„h tnrcm kbm wkbt t` rcst. ]dc g``m prècss`r prècss`r ns qunea kbm nt dcips hc hkac bnec g``m.



Sbnt ;=

5

;= Krts

] N B S


\rntnbl Mcsernfnbl k pneturc

Vckmnbl ; Vckm tdc mcsernptn`b. ]nea (✝) tdc e`rrcet pneturc.

;

]dns ns k pneturc gr`h k ednimrcb„s ednimrcb„s f`à ― nt wks `bc `g hy gkvùrntc f`às wdcb N wks k ednim. ]dcrc ]dcrc krc tdrcc ednimrcb nb tdc pneturc kbm tdcy krc hkanbl k fckr ùt `g sb`w. ]dc ednimrcb krc wckrnbl e`kts kbm dkts. ]dcrc krc tw` trccs nb tdc pneturc. N inac nt fcekusc nt i`às eìm, fut tdc ednimrcb krc dkvnbl gub.

6 Vckm tdc mcsernptn`b klknb. Krc tdc scbtcbecs truc (] ) G )0 `r gkisc ( G ; 6 5 = 3 7

]dc wrntcr m`csb„t m`csb„t inac tdc tdc pneturc. ]dcrc„ss k dùsc nb tdc pneturc. ]dcrc„ pneturc. ]dc ednimrcb krc wckrnbl i`ts `g ei`tdcs. ]dcy krc hkanbl hkanbl k sb`whkb. sb`whkb. Nt ns gr`h k tcxtf`à. ]dcrc krc s`hc trccs nb tdc pneturc.

] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G ] / G

scbtcbecs t` tdc `tdcr tw` pneturcs. pneturcs. 5 Hkted tdc scbtcbecs 6

;

6 5 =

3

7 <

5 4

]dcrc krc snx pc`pic pc`pic nb tdc pneturc. N tdnba tdcy krc lnris. ]dcrc krc �vc pc`pic pc`pic nb tdc pneturc. ]dcy„rc snttnbl fy fy k rnvcr. rnvcr. Nt i`às inac tdcrc„s tdcrc„s k shkii vniiklc ― tdcrc krc tw` `r tdrcc funimnbls nb tdc pneturc. Nt i`às inac k gkhniy ― tdcrc krc pkrcbts kbm tdrcc ednimrcb. ]dcrc„ss k f`kt. ]dcrc„ N tdnba nt„s k subby mky fcekusc `g tdc inldt `b tdc rnvcr. ]dcy krc wckrnbl wckrnbl ìm-gksdn`bcm ei`tdcs ― tdc h`tdcr ns wckrnbl k dkt kbm k i`bl sanrt.

Ikbluklc w`ra = _ut tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x nb tdc e`rrcet eìuhb. fiuc

eìùrgui

p`puikr

eìùrs

lrccb

nbtcrcstnbl

h`mcrb

ycii`w

kmjcetnvcs mcsernfnbl k pknbtnbl

3 Kmm tw` h`rc w`rms w`rms t` cked eìuhb eìuhb nb tdc tkfic nb cxcrensc =. Li`fki Fclnbbcr c\`raf`à c\`raf`à


Sbnt ;=

=

;= Krts

] N B S


_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc 7 Ed``sc `bc `g tdcsc pneturcs kbm wrntc �vc scbtcbecs kfùt nt.

\rntnbl Ssc yùr scbtcbecs gr`h cxcrensc 7 kbm wrntc k mcsernptn`b `g tdc pknbtnbl.

Sscgui pdrkscs • Nt„s k pknbtnbl / pneturc `g … • ]dcrc ns / krc … • Nt i`às inac … • Dc ns dìmnbl … • Dc ns snttnbl … • N inac nt fcekusc …



Sbnt ;=

3

] N B S

;3

Ikbluklc & Ickrbnbl

Lrkhhkr ;K Fc l`nbl t` (guturc) (guturc) (;) Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms.

<

4

Hkx ns l`nbl t` bcxt wcca. Iktnb nb tdc pkst.

(stkrt) Upkbnsd icss`bs icss`bs (fc) k vcry nhp`rtkbt ikbluklc

Bcxt yckr hy gkhniy (;) kh / ns l`nbl l`nbl t` h`vc t` Uùtd Lrkhhkr 5 Kgrnek. \c (6) krc / ns l`nbl l`nbl t` invc nb Ekpc ]`wb. Hy mkuldtcr (5) krc / ns l`nbl l`nbl t` stkrt sed`ì tdcrc, kbm N Ikbluklc rcvncw (=) kh / ns l`nbl l`nbl t` stkrt cvcbnbl eiksscs kbm N (3) kh / ns Hkted tdc lrkhhkr lrkhhkr t`pnes nb tdc f`x t` scbtcbecs ;―;?. ;―;?. l`nbl t` try t` ickrb `bc `g tdc ièki ikbluklcs. Hy Hy wngc tdcrc ns / tdcrc krc pkst snhpic (7) krcb„t / nsb„t l`nbl l`nbl t` w`ra g`r tdc �rst tdrcc h`btds ks prcscbt snhpic bclktnvc ycs/b` ycs/b` qucstn`bs qucstn`bs wc (<) krc / ns l`nbl l`nbl t` fc fusy hkanbl k bcw ingc. Nt (4) krc / prcscbt e`btnbuùs bclktnvc fc l`nbl t` (guturc) t` (guturc) ns l`nbl l`nbl t` fc vcry mnggcrcbt gr`h invnbl nb Cblikbm. prcscbt snhpic

Lrkhhkr ;F Fc l`nbl t` (guturc) (guturc) (6)

pkst snhpic bclktnvc

prcscbt e`btnbuùs

wd-- qucstn`bs wd

;

N„h l`nbl t` stkrt Cblinsd Cblinsd eiksscs bcxt wcca

_ut tdc w`rms nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr. ;

l`nbl t` / ns / Bcw ^`ra. / vnsnt / ]kbyk

6

Dc mnmb„t ickrb Grcbed kt sed`ì.

6

nb _krns / N„h / invc / Grcbed. / kbm ickrb / l`nbl t`

5

Hy snstcr wcbt t` t` Kbla`r \ktt `b dìnmky.

5

dkvc / krc / k pr`fich. / l`nbl t` / tdcy

=

]dcy krcb„t instcbnbl t` t` yù.

=

nsb„t / �bnsd / Uuskb / ubnvcrsnty. / l`nbl t`

3

Udc„s wkntnbl g`r g`r dcr f`ygrncbm.

7

M` yù spcka Ntkinkb0

3

^ù ^ ù / Jkpkbcsc / l`nbl l`nbl t` / krc / vcry mng�euit. mng�euit. / �bm

7

l`nbl t` / klknb! / fc / \c / krc / iktc

<

\dcrc krc yù gr`h0

<

stkrt / bcw j`f0 / l`nbl t` / \dcb / yùr / krc / yù

4

]dcrc krc kfùt 5<3 hniin`b bktnvc spckacrs `g Cblinsd nb tdc w`rim.

>

\c stkrt st krt ùr ùr cvcbnbl eiksscs kt dkig pkst scvcb.

;?

Mkvnm m`csb„t Mkvnm m`csb„t spcka \cisd.

Lrkhhkr 6 Ikbluklc rcvncw E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc e`rrcet g`rh `g tdc vcrf nb frkeacts. ; 6 5 =

3

7

\c \c (h`vc) t` I`bm`b tw` tw` yckrs kl`. Wèkfuikr èkfuikr y ;K Hy snstcr (invc) nb Hkmrnm kt tdc h`hcbt. W \kys kys `g skynbl buhfcrs buhf crs N mnmb„t (m`) hy d`hcw`ra ycstcrm ycstcrmky. ky. \ ]dc tckedcr ns l`nbl l`nbl t` (fc) kblry Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet buhfcr. wntd yù. ; `bc kbm k dkig M` yù ab`w d`w hkby pc`pic 6 tcb pcr ecbt (spcka) Lcrhkb nb Uwntzcrikbm0 5 tw` tdùskbm kbm twcivc Nb tdc ;>7?s \cisd kih`st (fce`hc) = tdrcc qukrtcrs kb cxtnbet ikbluklc. 3 tw` dubmrcm kbm tw` 7 `bc tdùskbm tw` dubmrcm



(;) ¸ ;?.? 6?;6 ² 6?6 ;??6

;¸ ;?% 6;;6 5¹ 6??6 ;6??

Sbnt ;3

;

] N B S

;3

Ikbluklc & Ickrbnbl

Wèkfuikrr y ;F Wèkfuik \kys \ kys `g skynbl s kynbl buhfcrs buhf crs (6)

Instcbnbl ]dc Vcpufine `g Nrcikbm

\rntc \r ntc tdc w`rms.

Instcb. Hkted tdc buhfcrs nb tdc f`x t` tdc qucstn`bs. ]dcrc krc tdrcc buhfcrs buhfcrs yù m`b„t m`b„t bccm. bccm.

k f e m c g

% ¸ 6?? 6??4 ¹ <6 ns

;>66

dkig k hniin`b

Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms. 6 5 = 3

7

�gty tdùskbm twcivc

`bc

gùr hniin`b tw`

tcb hniin`b

tw` hniin`b

;

D`w hkby `g�enki ikbluklcs krc tdcrc nb Nrcikbm0

6

D`w hkby pc`pic ekb spcka Lkcine0 D`w hkby pc`pic ekb ubmcrstkbm Lkcine0

57

Wèkfuikrr y 6 Wèkfuik Cxtcbm yùr vèkfuikry ― ièki ;

6??<

Ekb yù spcka tdc ièki eurrcbey / ikbluklc 0 M` yù instcb t` tdc ièki ikbluklc / rkmn` stktn`b0 N fuy kii `g hy g``m kt tdc ièki hkract / tnhc . N m`b„t hkac hkby ièki ekiis / ikbluklcs `b `b hy pd`bc. \dcb yù trkvci nt„ nt„ss nhp`rtkbt t` edkblc edkblc yùr wkted t` tdc ièki eurrcbey / tnhc. ]dc Vkbm ns tdc tdc ièki eurrcbey / hkract nb nb Uùtd Kgrnek.

5

= 3

7

<

\dkt„s tdc p`puiktn`b `g Nrcikbm0 \dkt„s Nrcikbm0 \dkt„ss tdc pcrecbtklc `g pc`pic wd` ekb spcka \dkt„ spcka Lkcine nb tdc Vcpufine `g Nrcikbm0 D`w hkby bktnvc Lkcine spckacrs krc tdcrc0 \dcb mnm Lkcine Lkcine fce`hc kb `g�enki `g�enki ikbluklc nb Nrcikbm0

Wèkfuikrr y 5 Wèkfuik Li`fki Vckmnbl vèkfuikry Sbmcrinbc tdc e`rrcet w`rms. ; 6

5

=

3

7

<

\dcb yù ekb„t ekb„t dckr yù krc mckg / / cxtnbet / / ièki. Kbnhkis inac mnb`skurs mnb`skurs kbm tdc m`m` krc krc cxtnbet / / ièki / / bktnvc. K pcrs`b wd` spckas spckas k ikbluklc ks tdcnr �rst ikbluklc ikbluklc ns k nsikbm / / ièki / / bktnvc spckacr. K: M` yù ab`w wdkt tdc nsikbm / / p`puiktn`b / pcr ecbt `g `g Ednbk ns0 F: B`t cxketiy, fut nt„s `vcr k fniin`b. ]kshkbnk ] kshkbnk ns kb nsikbm / / k p`puiktn`b / ièki `gg `gg tdc e`kst `g Kustrkink. \cc invc nb k shkii vniiklc kbm \ kbm hy mkuldtcrs mkuldtcrs l` t` tdc cxtnbet / / ièki / / bktnvc sed`ì. Kfùt ;6 ièki / / bktnvc / pcr ecbt `g `g tdc SU p`puiktn`b spcka Upkbnsd.



Sbnt ;3

6

] N B S

;3

Ikbluklc & Ickrbnbl

Vckmnbl K w`rim `g ` g ikbluklcs ikbluk lcs

kbm edcea yùr kbswcrs t` 5 Vckm K w`rim `g ikbluklcs kbm cxcrensc 6.

; M` yù ab`w tdcsc ikbluklcs0 Hkted tdc ikbluklcs nb tdc f`x t` tdc w`rms g`r dcii` ;―=. Krkfne

Ednbcsc

_`rtulucsc

Dnbmn

Vussnkb

Upkbnsd ; 6 5 =

Bn dk` Dìk Bkhkstc Ki skikkh k„kikyauh

t dc buhfcrs nb tdc f`x. 6 E`hpictc tdc scbtcbecs wntd tdc ]dcrc krc tdrcc tdrcc buhfcrs yù m`b„t m`b„t bccm. bccm. ;.6 ; 6

5

=

3

7

5

3

7.3

;?

=?

35

<4

= Vckm tdc tcxt klknb kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs. ;

\dkt krc tdc �vc �vc h`st p`puikr ikbluklcs ikbluklcs nb tdc w`rim0

6

Ns Ednbcsc mng�euit t` ickrb0

5

D`w hkby ikbluklcs `biy dkvc kfùt tcb spckacrs0

=

\dcrc ns \nbtu-B \nbtu-B`hikan `hikan gr`h0

3

\dy m` s`hc s`hc pc`pic wkbt t` ickrb nt0

7

\dkt ns tdc bkhc bkhc `g tdc ikbluklc ikbluklc gr`h Ednic0

;>>

Krùbm fniin`b pc`pic spcka Ednbcsc. Ednbcsc. Cblinsd ns tdc `g�enki ikbluklc nb eùbtrncs. ]dcrc krc kfùt tdùskbm ikbluklcs ikbluklcs nb tdc w`rim. pcr ecbt `g tdc w`rim„s ikbluklcs krc nb mkblcr. ikbluklcs dkvc `biy `bc pcrs`b wd` ekb spcka tdch. ]dc ikst spckacr `g Aknxbk Aknxbk ns yckrs ìm.

K w`rim `g ikbluklcs ikblu klcs ]dc �vc h`st p`puikr p`puikr ikbluklcs nb tdc tdc w`rim krc Ednbcsc, Cblinsd, Upkbnsd, Dnbmn kbm Krkfne. ;.6 fniin`b pc`pic spcka Ednbcsc fut nt nsb„t kb cksy ikbluklc t` ickrb. Cblinsd ns tdc `g�enki ikbluklc nb 35 eùbtrncs. _c`pic kis` usc nt k i`t nb fusnbcss. ]dcrc krc kfùt 7,3?? 7,3?? spàcb ikbluklcs ikbluklcs nb tdc w`rim kbm kfùt kfùt =?% krc nb mkblcr `g mnskppckrnbl. mnskppckrnbl. ]dcrc krc ;>> wdcrc `biy kfùt kfùt tcb pc`pic ekb spcka tdc ikbluklc! Krc tdcsc ikbluklcs l`nbl t` mnskppckr nb tdc bcxt mcekmc0 _r`fkfiy. \nbtu-B`hikan, \nbtu-B `hikan, ^kdlkb kbm Aknxbk Aknxbk `g�enkiiy `biy `biy dkvc `bc spckacr icgt, fut tdcrc ns s`hc d`pc g`r tw` `g tdch. \nbtu-B`hikan \nbtu-B`hikan ns gr`h b`rtdcrb Eking`rbnk kbm s`hc yùbl pc`pic krc l`nbl t` ickrb nt fcekusc nt ns l``m g`r tciinbl trkmntn`bki st`rncs. ]dc ]dc skhc ns dkppcbnbl t` ^kdlkb, k ikbluklc gr`h Ednic. Sbg`rtubktciy, g`r Aknxbk nt ns pr`fkfiy t`` iktc ks tdc `biy spckacr ns <4 yckrs ìm.



Sbnt ;3

5

] N B S

;3

Ikbluklc & Ickrbnbl

\rntnbl Ukynbl tdkba yù

6 Vckm tdc tdkba-yù b`tcs klknb kbm kbswcr tdc qucstn`bs.

Vckmnbl ; Vckm tdc tdkba-yù b`tcs kbm e`hpictc tdch wntd tdc w`rms nb tdc f`x. f`x. fikea

f`à

rckmnbl

icss`bs

hnia

h`bcy

prcscbt

;

\d` wr`tc tdc b`tc t` Hnac0

6

M` Inz kbm Hnac ab`w cked `tdcr0

5

\dkt mnm Inz lct g`r g`r dcr fnrtdmky0

=

\dy mnm _ctrk wrntc t` dcr tckedcr0

3

\dkt ns _ctrk l`nbl l`nbl t` m` bcxt yckr0 yckr0

7

\d` mnm Kmkh wrntc k b`tc b`tc t`0

<

\dy wks Kmkh dkppy wdcb dc `pcbcm tdc grnmlc0

stumy

Mckr Hnac ]dkba yù g`r tdc (;) kutd`r s` nt wks k lrckt (6) g`r hc. N„h l`nbl t` stkrt (5) t`bnldt.

. N i`vc tdns t` fuy nt

I`vc Inz

Ikbluklc gèus 5 Hkted tdc scbtcbecs scbtcbecs ;―3 t` tdc lrkhhkr lrkhhkr krcks k―c.

Mckr ]ckedcr

;

]dkba yù g`r tdc (=) . N rckiiy cbj`ycm tdch kbm N„h l`nbl t` e`hc fkea bcxt yckr kbm (3) klknb. N inacm tdc f`à ― Li`fki. N tdnba nt„s vcry nbtcrcstnbl kbm yùr icss`bs wcrc gub. _ctrk

6 5 = 3 k f e

Ukh,

m

]dkbas ]dkb as g`r fuynbl tdc (7)

c

. N m`b„t inac e`ggcc, s` N wks vcry dkppy wdcb N (<) `pcbcm tdc grnmlc kbm skw tdc hnia. N ekb lnvc yù s`hc iktcr. (4)

N i`vc tdns kutd`r. N m`b„t inac fikea e`ggcc. N„h l`nbl t` e`hc fkea bcxt yckr. N rckiiy cbj`ycm tdch. tdch. Nt„s vcry nbtcrcstnbl . kmjcetnvc l`nbl t` guturc pkst snhpic prcscbt snhpic kg�rhktnvc prcscbt snhpic bclktnvc

Kmkh



Sbnt ;3

=

] N B S

;3

Ikbluklc & Ickrbnbl

_rcpkrnbl t` wrntc = _ut tdc scbtcbecs nb tdc e`rrcet `rmcr. K k N„h s`rry N ekb„t e`hc. f Mckr ]`h, e ]nbk m ]dkba yù g`r g`r tdc nbvntktn`b t` yùr yùr pkrty. pkrty. F k f e m

]dcy i`à rckiiy bnec. I`vc kbm ansscs Ekrhcb ]dkbas g`r tdc tdc �`wcrs. Dn J`kqunb,



\rntnbl \rntc k icttcr skynbl tdkba yù t` s`hcf`my. s`hcf`my.

Sscgui pdrkscs • ]dkba yù g`r … • ]dkbas. • Nt wks vcry / rckiiy bnec … • N rckiiy cbj`ycm … • N„h l`nbl t` …

Sbnt ;3

3

Global Begin WB - Print and Work

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