Contents
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BFI Top 100 British films - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1
Bharat Ratna - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
5
Bollywood - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
23
Camera angle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
47
Caméra d'Or - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
49
Cinema of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
53
Cinematic techniques - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
65
Dadasaheb Phalke Award - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
74
Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
86
Film editing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
105
Film festival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
116
Film industry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
125
Filmmaking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
137
Folk dance in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
144
Glossary of dance moves - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
146
Glossary of digital audio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
152
Glossary of graffiti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
155
Glossary of Indian culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
166
Glossary of musical terminology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
173
Glossary of poetry terms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
210
Glossary of theater terms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
213
Glossary of video terms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
215
History of film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
237
Independent film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
262
Indian art - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
278
Indian classical dance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
298
Indian folk music - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
302
Indian martial arts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
306
Indian musical instruments - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
313
Indian painting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
318
Indira Gandhi Award for Best First Film of a Director - Wikipedia, the free en
329
Jnanpith Award - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
332
Kuleshov Effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
338
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1
List of Academy Award Best Actor winners by age - Wikipedia, the free ency
340
List of Academy Award Best Actress winners by age - Wikipedia, the free en
349
List of Academy Award for Best Director winners by age - Wikipedia, the fr
357
List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Fi
366
List of Academy Award-winning films - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
387
List of Best Supporting Actor winners by age - Wikipedia, the free encyclo
423
List of Best Supporting Actress winners by age - Wikipedia, the free encyclo
431
List of films considered the best - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
439
List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes - Wikipedia, the free enc
452
List of genres - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
460
List of Indians who won international beauty pageants - Wikipedia, the free e
490
List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
498
List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards -
512
List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year - Wi
525
List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
534
List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English - Wikipedia, the free ency
545
List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Hindi - Wikipedia, the free encycl
547
L'Œil d'or - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
550
Media of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
552
Mise-en-scène - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
559
Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration - Wikipedia,
562
National Film Award for Best Actor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
565
National Film Award for Best Actress - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
570
National Film Award for Best Animated Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclop
573
National Film Award for Best Audiography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
574
National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema - Wikipedia, the free encyclop
578
National Film Award for Best Child Artist - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
582
National Film Award for Best Children's Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclo
586
National Film Award for Best Choreography - Wikipedia, the free encyclope
591
National Film Award for Best Cinematography - Wikipedia, the free encyclop
594
National Film Award for Best Costume Design - Wikipedia, the free encyclop
605
National Film Award for Best Direction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
608
National Film Award for Best Editing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
614
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National Film Award for Best Feature Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
617
National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Wikipedia, the free e
629
National Film Award for Best Film Critic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
634
National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservatio
637
National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues - Wikipedia, the f
639
National Film Award for Best Lyrics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
642
National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist - Wikipedia, the free encyclop
646
National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Wikipedia, the free enc
648
National Film Award for Best Music Direction - Wikipedia, the free encyclo
655
National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclo
660
National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Direction - Wikipedia, the fr
666
National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainm
668
National Film Award for Best Production Design - Wikipedia, the free encyclo
677
National Film Award for Best Screenplay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
681
National Film Award for Best Special Effects - Wikipedia, the free encyclo
686
National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor - Wikipedia, the free encyclop
689
National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress - Wikipedia, the free encycl
693
Nobel laureates of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
697
Outline of film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
702
Painting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
707
Palme d'Or - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
719
Parallel Cinema - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
728
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
737
Saraswati Samman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
743
Screenwriting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
745
Sport in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
756
The Sight & Sound Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time - Wikipedia, the free e
783
Theatre of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
786
Two shot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
800
Un Certain Regard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
801
Vyas Samman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
807
Aspect ratio (image) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
809
Cut (transition) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
823
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Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
826
National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Feature Film)
831
Shot (filmmaking) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
841
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BFI Top 100 British films From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page
In 1999 the British Film Institute surveyed 1,000 people from the world of British
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film and television to produce the BFI 100 list of the greatest British films of the
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20th century. Voters were asked to choose up to 100 films that were 'culturally
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British'. Some of the selected films were wholly or partly produced by non-UK companies, or made with input from film makers born overseas, but were regarded by voters as having significant British involvement.[1]
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1 List breakdown
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2 Full List 3 See also 4 References
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List breakdown
[ edit ]
The 1960s led the pack with 26 films of merit for the decade; four films for
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each year, 1949, 1963 and 1971; and The earliest film selected was The 39
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Steps (1935). Only two other 1930s films made the list, and after 1935, the
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only years not represented are 1936–1937, 1940–1941, 1950, 1956, 1972
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and 1974–78.
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David Lean, with seven films, is the most popular director; followed by
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Michael Powell (five films, of which four were collaborations with Emeric
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Pressburger); Powell and Pressburger ("The Archers") and John Schlesinger
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had four films each while Alexander Mackendrick and Tony Richardson each
Printable version
had three. Seven of the films were produced by Ealing Studios during the
Languages
years 1949–55.
Deutsch
The most represented actor is Alec Guinness, with nine films of merit
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although three appearances were in supporting roles. Michael Caine is the
Français
most represented living actor, starring in seven films.
Italiano Русский
Julie Christie is the most represented actress, with six films on the list.
Türkçe
All of the directors in this list are male.
Українська Edit links
Full List
[ edit ]
Rank
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Title
Year
Director
1
The Third Man
1949 Carol Reed
2
Brief Encounter
1945 David Lean
3
Lawrence of Arabia
1962 David Lean 5
4
The 39 Steps
1935 Alfred Hitchcock
5
Great Expectations
1946 David Lean
6
Kind Hearts and Coronets
1949 Robert Hamer
7
Kes
1969 Ken Loach
8
Don't Look Now
1973 Nicolas Roeg
9
The Red Shoes
1948 Powell and Pressburger
10
Trainspotting
1996 Danny Boyle
11
The Bridge on the River Kwai
1959 David Lean
12
if...
1968 Lindsay Anderson
13
The Ladykillers
1955 Alexander Mackendrick
14
(c) Shashi Bhushan
Saturday Night and Sunday Morning
1960 Karel Reisz
15
Brighton Rock
1947 John Boulting
16
Get Carter
1971 Mike Hodges
17
The Lavender Hill Mob
1951 Charles Crichton
18
Henry V
1944 Laurence Olivier
19
Chariots of Fire
1981 Hugh Hudson
20
A Matter of Life and Death
1946 Powell and Pressburger
21
The Long Good Friday
1980 John Mackenzie
22
The Servant
1963 Joseph Losey
23
Four Weddings and a Funeral
1994 Mike Newell
24
Whisky Galore!
1949 Alexander Mackendrick
25
The Full Monty
1997 Peter Cattaneo
26
The Crying Game
1992 Neil Jordan
27
Doctor Zhivago
1965 David Lean
28
Monty Python's Life of Brian
1979 Terry Jones
29
Withnail and I
1987 Bruce Robinson
30
Gregory's Girl
1980 Bill Forsyth
31
Zulu
1964 Cy Endfield
32
Room at the Top
1959 Jack Clayton
33
Alfie
1966 Lewis Gilbert
34
Gandhi
1982 Richard Attenborough
35
The Lady Vanishes
1938 Alfred Hitchcock
36
The Italian Job
1969 Peter Collinson
37
Local Hero
1983 Bill Forsyth
38
The Commitments
1991 Alan Parker
39
A Fish Called Wanda
1988 Charles Crichton
40
Secrets & Lies
1995 Mike Leigh 6
41
Dr No
1962 Terence Young
42
The Madness of King George
1994 Nicholas Hytner
43
A Man for All Seasons
1966 Fred Zinnemann
44
Black Narcissus
1947 Powell and Pressburger
45
Blimp
1943 Powell and Pressburger
46
Oliver Twist
1948 David Lean
47
I'm All Right Jack
1959 John Boulting
48
Performance
1970
49
Shakespeare in Love
1998 John Madden
50
My Beautiful Laundrette
1985 Stephen Frears
51
Tom Jones
1963 Tony Richardson
52
This Sporting Life
1963 Lindsay Anderson
53
My Left Foot
1989 Jim Sheridan
54
Brazil
1985 Terry Gilliam
55
The English Patient
1996 Anthony Minghella
56
A Taste of Honey
1961 Tony Richardson
57
The Go-Between
1970 Joseph Losey
58
The Man in the White Suit
1951 Alexander Mackendrick
59
The Ipcress File
1965 Sidney J. Furie
60
Blow Up
1966 Michelangelo Antonioni
61
(c) Shashi Bhushan
The Life and Death of Colonel
The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner
Nicolas Roeg and Donald Cammell
1962 Tony Richardson
62
Sense and Sensibility
1995 Ang Lee
63
Passport to Pimlico
1949 Henry Cornelius
64
The Remains of the Day
1993 James Ivory
65
Sunday, Bloody Sunday
1971 John Schlesinger
66
The Railway Children
1970 Lionel Jeffries
67
Mona Lisa
1986 Neil Jordan
68
The Dam Busters
1955 Michael Anderson
69
Hamlet
1948 Laurence Olivier
70
Goldfinger
1964 Guy Hamilton
71
Elizabeth
1998 Shekhar Kapur
72
Goodbye, Mr Chips
1939 Sam Wood
73
A Room with a View
1985 James Ivory
74
The Day of the Jackal
1973 Fred Zinnemann
75
The Cruel Sea
1953 Charles Frend 7
76
Billy Liar
1963 John Schlesinger
77
Oliver!
1968 Carol Reed
78
Peeping Tom
1960 Michael Powell
79
Far From the Madding Crowd
1967 John Schlesinger
80
The Draughtsman's Contract
1982 Peter Greenaway
81
A Clockwork Orange
1971 Stanley Kubrick
82
Distant Voices, Still Lives
1988 Terence Davies
83
Darling
1965 John Schlesinger
84
Educating Rita
1983 Lewis Gilbert
85
Brassed Off
1996 Mark Herman
86
Genevieve
1953 Henry Cornelius
87
Women in Love
1969 Ken Russell
88
A Hard Day's Night
1964 Richard Lester
89
Fires Were Started
1943 Humphrey Jennings
90
Hope and Glory
1987 John Boorman
91
My Name is Joe
1998 Ken Loach
92
In Which We Serve
1942
93
Caravaggio
1986 Derek Jarman
94
The Belles of St Trinian's
1954 Frank Launder
95
Life Is Sweet
1990 Mike Leigh
96
The Wicker Man
1973 Robin Hardy
97
Nil By Mouth
1997 Gary Oldman
98
Small Faces
1995 Gillies Mackinnon
99
Carry On... Up the Khyber
1968 Gerald Thomas
100
The Killing Fields
1984 Roland Joffé
See also
Noël Coward and David Lean
[ edit ]
Time Out 100 best British films Films considered the greatest ever BFI TV 100 – a list of the best British television programmes BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 In 2004 the BFI compiled a list of the 100 biggest UK cinematic hits of all time based on audience viewing, the list was released as a book. The top 10 are available in this BBC News Online story.
References
[ edit ]
1. ^ BBC. 23 September 1999. Entertainment: Best 100 British films - full list. Accessed 30 January 2014.
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Bharat Ratna From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page
The Bharat Ratna (Hindi
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pronunciation: [bʰaːrt̪ rt̪ n];
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Jewel of India)[1] is the
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highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted in 1954, the award is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the
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highest order", without
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distinction of race,
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occupation, position, or
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sex.[2][3][4] The award was
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originally limited to
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achievements in the arts,
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literature, science, and
Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book
public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavour" in December 2011.[5] The
Awarded by
Government of India Type
Civilian
Category
National
Description Obverse
Bharat Ratna are made by
Printable version
the Prime Minister to the
Reverse
awarded per year.
A platinum Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone
President, with a maximum of three nominees being
An image of the Sun along with the words "Bharat Ratna", inscribed in Devanagari script, on a peepal leaf
recommendations for the
Download as PDF
Languages
Bharat Ratna
triumphs) in Devanagari Script Ribbon
Statistics
Deutsch
Recipients receive a Sanad
Español
(certificate) signed by the
Instituted
1954
ﻓ ﺎ رﺳ ﯽ
President and a peepal-
First awarded
1954
Français
leaf–shaped medallion;
Last awarded
2015
there is no monetary grant
Total awarded
45
associated with the award.
First awardee(s)
Bahasa Indonesia
Bharat Ratna recipients
Italiano
rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.
Kurdî Lëtzebuergesch
(c) Shashi Bhushan
The first recipients of the
C. Rajagopalachari Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan C. V. Raman
Recent awardee(s)
Madan Mohan Malaviya (Posthumous) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Bharat Ratna were 9
politician C.
Award rank
Rajagopalachari,
Nederlands
philosopher Sarvepalli
Padma Vibhushan →
Radhakrishnan, and Norsk bokmål
scientist C. V. Raman, who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has been bestowed on 45 individuals, including 12 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but
ﭘ ﻨﺠ ﺎﺑﯽ
were amended in January 1955 to permit them. The former Prime Minister Lal
Polski
Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously. In
Português
2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest
Русский
recipient; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his
Simple English
100th birthday. Though usually conferred on Indian citizens, the Bharat Ratna
Suomi
has been awarded to one naturalised citizen, Mother Teresa, and to two non-
Svenska
Indians, Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former South African President Nelson Mandela. On 24 December 2014, the Indian government announced the award to independence activist Madan Mohan Malaviya
اردو
(posthumously) and former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Edit links
The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national government; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public-interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards. In 1992, the government's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose met with controversy. Due to the debate surrounding Bose's death, the posthumous mention of Bose was much criticised, and his family refused to accept the award. Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision, the press communiqué announcing Bose's award was cancelled; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred. Several bestowments of the award met with the criticism. The then Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi have been criticised for nominating themselves in 1955 and 1971 respectively. The posthumous awards for K. Kamaraj (1976) and M. G. Ramachandran (1988) were considered to have been aimed at placating the voters for the upcoming assembly elections and posthumous awards of Madan Mohan Malaviya (2015) and Vallabhbhai Patel (1991) drew criticism for they died before the award was instituted. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Regulations 3 Specifications 4 Controversies 5 Criticism 6 Popular demands 7 List of recipients 8 Explanatory notes 9 References 10 Bibliography
(c) Shashi Bhushan
10
11 Further reading
History
[ edit ]
On 2 January 1954, a press communiqué was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards— Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pahela Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[2] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.[3] There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990.[6] Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour.[7] In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday.[8][a] As of 2015, the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations.[10] The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.[11] The first suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977. His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.[12][13] The suspension was again rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[14] The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards.[11] The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[13][15]
Regulations
[ edit ]
The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.[4] The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations.[2] In December 2011, the rules were changed to include "any field of human endeavour".[5] The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966.[3][16] Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year. However, in 1999, four individuals were awarded the honour. The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary (c) Shashi Bhushan
11
grant. Under the terms of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution,[b] the recipients cannot use the award as a prefix or suffix to their name, although recipients may use either the expressions "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honoured with the award.[4] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.[18] As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette, conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their names are struck from the register.[2][3]
Specifications
[ edit ]
The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 13⁄8 inches (35 mm) in diameter with a centred sun burst design on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2] A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf, approximately 25⁄16 inches (59 mm) long, 17⁄8 inches (48 mm) wide and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of 5⁄ 8
inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from 5⁄6 inch (21 mm) to 1⁄2 inch
(13 mm) from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[3][11][19] In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze.[2][20] The Bharat Ratna medals are produced at Alipore Mint, Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Padma Vibushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri, and Param Veer Chakra.[21]
Controversies
[ edit ]
The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PIL) had been filed against the conferral of the award.[13][22][23][24][25] Subhas Chandra Bose (1992) On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's Secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose. The (c) Shashi Bhushan
12
decision triggered much criticism and a PIL was filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the award.[22] The petitioner took objection to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honouring a personality higher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a person with past and future recipients. It said that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945. The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla
In 1992, a press release was published to confer the award posthumously on Bose which was later cancelled by the Supreme Court in 1997.
Commission. Bose's family members expressed their unwillingness to accept the award.[26][27] To deliver the judgement, the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench with Judge Sujata V. Manohar and G. B. Pattanaik. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communiqué, but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register. Furthermore, the then presidents, R. Venkataraman (1987–92) and Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992– 97), had not conferred a Sanad (certificate) with their signature and seal.[26] On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press communiqué be treated as cancelled. The court declined to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death.[26][28] Civilian awards as "Titles" (1992) In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.[b] On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.[13] A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court was formed comprising five judges; A. M. Ahmadi C. J., Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution".[15] C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar (2013) (c) Shashi Bhushan
13
Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple PILs were filed challenging the conferring of the award. The PIL filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was "physically impossible". The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, he should not be presented with the award but rather should be annulled.[23] The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna was a violation of the model code of conduct. The petitioner noted that as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha, the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influence the voters of Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Mizoram where the election process was underway at the time.[24] Another PIL was filed against Tendulkar and a few ministers, "alleging a conspiracy to ignore" an Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand."[25][c] On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code.[29] Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar.[30]
Criticism
[ edit ]
Several presentations of the Bharat Ratna have spurred criticism as they have been considered "political awards" to persons who have not necessarily merited the honour. As the recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President, the then Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–64) and Indira Gandhi (1966–77, 1980–84) have been criticised for honouring themselves with the awards in 1955 and 1971 respectively.[31][32] While Nehru was awarded by the then President Rajendra Prasad, another President V. V. Giri decided to honour Gandhi. Both of these presidents were awarded the Bharat Ratna immediately after their respective presidential terms ended. Prasad was awarded in 1962 while Nehru was still in the office of Prime Minister. Similarly, Gandhi was Prime Minister when Giri was conferred the award in 1975. When the recommendations for awarding Nehru, Gandhi, Prasad, and Giri were requested through the Right to Information Act, the Prime minister's Office and Rashtrapati Bhavan could not provide the records and file notings relating to information or achievements as not available.[33] In 1988, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on film actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran, in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[34][35] The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[36] While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award,[31] the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at (c) Shashi Bhushan
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placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. The seventh Prime Minister V. P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B. R. Ambedkar to please Dalits.[32][34] The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who passed away before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians.[37] It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka,[38] Mughal Emperor Akbar, Maratha Emperor Shivaji, Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore,[39] Hindu monk Swami Vivekananda,[40] and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[41] The then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who went missing since 18 August 1945.[41][42] Similarly in 2015, the incumbent Prime Minister Narendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, met with the criticism.[41] Janardan Dwivedi, politician of the Indian National Congress, said that Malaviya, who worked predominantly in Varanasi, was "deliberately chosen" by the Prime Minister Modi, who is the incumbent Member of Parliament from Varanasi.[43] A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition.[44] The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.[45][46] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The award was proposed by President K. R. Narayanan to Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee who agreed to the proposal.[47][48]
Popular demands
[ edit ]
Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President,[4] there have been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders. In January 2008, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award.[49][50] This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu, former Chief Minister of West Bengal.[51] Basu, India's longest-serving chief minister, said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded.[52] Similar such demands were made by Telugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao, Kanshi Ram, and Parkash Singh Badal.[53] In September 2015, a regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous governments" but their family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition.[54] (c) Shashi Bhushan
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Per the original statutes, sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible "any field of human endeavour".[5] Subsequently, several sportspersons' names were discussed; among the most talked-about of these was field-hockey player Dhyan Chand, who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous honour.[55] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay.[56] Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India.[57] In July 2013, the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand.[56][58] However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government.[7][59] A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider their representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H. Waghela and Justice B.V. Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government.[60][61]
List of recipients
[ edit ]
Key + Naturalized citizen recipient
* Non-citizen recipient
# Posthumous recipient
List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna[10] Year
Laureates
Notes An Indian independence activist, statesman, and lawyer, Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor-
C. Rajagopalachari
General of independent India. He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (1937–39) and Madras State (1952–54); and founder of Indian political party Swatantra Party.[62]
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Philosopher Radhakrishnan served as India's first Vice1954
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
President (1952–62) and second President (1962– 67).[63][64] Since 1962, his birthday on 5 September is observed as "Teachers' Day" in India.[65] Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect, better known as "Raman scattering",
C. V. Raman
Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.[66] Independence activist, philosopher, and educationist, Das is a co-founder of
–
Bhagwan Das
Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University.[67] Civil engineer, statesman, and Diwan of Mysore (1912–18),
1955
Visvesvaraya was a Knight M. Visvesvaraya
Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. His birthday, 15 September, is observed as "Engineer's Day" in India.[68] Independence activist and author, Nehru is the first and
Jawaharlal Nehru
the longest-serving Prime Minister of India (1947– 64).[49][69] Independence activist Pant was premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and first
1957
Govind Ballabh Pant Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1950–54). He served as Union Home Minister from 1955– 61.[70]
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Social reformer and educator, Karve is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of 1958
Dhondo Keshav
Hindu widows. He established
Karve
the Widow Marriage Association (1983), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.[8][71] A physician, political leader, philanthropist, educationist, and social worker, Roy is often considered as "Maker of
–
Bidhan Chandra
Modern West Bengal".[72] He
Roy
was second Chief Minister of West Bengal (1948–62) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as National Doctors' Day in
1961
India.[51] Often titled as "Rajarshi", Tandon was an independence activist and served as speaker –
Purushottam Das
of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative
Tandon
Assembly (1937–50). He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.[73] Independence activist, lawyer, statesman, and scholar,[74] Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the
1962
Rajendra Prasad
non-cooperation movement for Indian independence.[75] He was later elected as the first President of India (1950– 62).[63] Independence activist and education philosopher, Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of
–
Zakir Husain
Bihar (1957–62).[76] Later, he was elected as second VicePresident of India (1962–67)
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and went on to become the third President of India (1967– 69).[63][64]
1963
Indologist and Sanskrit scholar,[77] Kane is best known for his five volume literary work, History of Dharmaśāstra: –
Pandurang Vaman
Ancient and Medieval Religious
Kane
and Civil Law in India; the "monumental" work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962.[78] Known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer"),[79]
1966
Lal Bahadur
Independence activist Shastri
Shastri[i]#
served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the IndoPakistani War of 1965.[49][80] Known as the "Iron Lady of India",[81] Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84.[49]
1971
Indira Gandhi
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country, Bangladesh.[82] Trade unionist Giri was the first Acting President of India and
1975
–
V. V. Giri
later elected as the fourth President of India (1969– 74)[63][83] Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was a
1976
K. Kamaraj[ii]#
former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1954–57, 1957–62, and 1962–63.[84][85] "Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta" was a catholic nun
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and the founder of the 1980
Mother Teresa
+
Missionaries of Charity. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II.[86] Independence activist, social reformer, and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Bhave is best known for his Bhoodan movement, "Land-Gift
1983
Vinoba Bhave[iii]#
Movement".[87] He was given the honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.[88] Widely known as "Frontier Gandhi", independence activist and Pashtun leader Khan was
1987
Khan Abdul Ghaffar
a follower of Mahatma Gandhi.
Khan*
He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.[89] Actor turned politician
1988
Ramachandran served as
M. G. Ramachandran[iv][d]#
Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1977–80, 1980–84, 1985–87.[84] Social reformer and leader of the Dalits ("Untouchables"),[91] Ambedkar was the Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India.[92] Ambedkar predominantly campaigned
B. R.
Ambedkar[v]#
against the social discrimination with Dalits, the Hindu varna system.[93] He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement and
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