MEDIA TERMS RELATING TELEVISION & FILM MEDIA
Submitted by Vaishali.A.Shah 0808148
TELEVISION MEDIA
Ad Hoc Network A group of stations that is formed for a special purpose, such as the showing of a one-time TV program or series. Ad hoc is Latin for "for this." Adjacency A commercial or program that immediately follows or precedes another on the same TV station. Advanced Television (ATV) The FCC’s name for Digital Television (DTV). Affidavit A notarized statement from a television station that confirms the commercial actually ran at the time shown on the station's invoice. Affiliate A TV station, not owned by a network, that grants a network use of specific time periods for network programs and advertising, for compensation. Remainder of broadcast day is programmed locally. Alternate Delivery Systems (ADS) TV homes with unwired cable access are referred to as having Alternate Delivery Systems. The four components of ADS are: •
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Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) : Satellite service delivered directly via household's own small (usually 18") dish; the largest component of ADS. Satellite Master Antenna (SMATV): Serves housing complexes and hotels; signals received via satellite and distributed by coaxial cable. Microwave Multi Distribution System (MMDS), "WIRELESS CABLE": Distributes signals by microwave. Home receiver picks up signal, then distributes via internal wiring. Satellite Dish (C-Band/KU Band), "Big Dish": Household receives transmissions from a satellite(s), via a 1- to 3- meter dish.
American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) An AFL-CIO union of broadcasting workers. Headquartered in N.Y., near the offices of the major networks, it is the primary organization of broadcast talent, with 30 locals. Performers who appear in TV and radio commercials are required to be members of this union and/or other unions. However, spokespersons and others who are retained by public relations practitioners for talk shows and other radio and TV programs are not required to be union members, since they are generally not paid for their services. Audience Composition The distribution of a station's audiences by demographic group.
Audience Duplication The extent to which the audience of one station is exposed to that of another. Audience Flow A measure of the change in audience during and between programs. Audience flow shows the percentages of people or households who turn on or off a program, switch to or from another channel, or remain on the same channel as the previous program.
FILM MEDIA Narrative - An adjective describing a film as being primarily a work of fiction, or a noun that loosely means a fictional story. Documentary - Also an adjective or noun category used to describe a work of nonfiction. Plot - refers to all aspects of the narrative that we see on screen. Story - refers to all aspects of the narrative that we do not see on screen; these aspects may include events before, during, or even after the plot of the film. In Jaws, for instance, Chief Brody had been a police officer in the city prior to the film’s beginning; this information is part of the story but not part of the plot. Diegesis - refers to the narrative that we see on screen. This term is much more specific to film, however, and refers to the world that the characters inhabit as much as the plot of the film Point of view - Most people assume film always has a third-person perspective, but even when it does not use a POV shot , film often has a more subjective perspective through the use of camera placement, voiceover, and other cinema techniques. Mise-en-scène - refers to everything in the frame of the film, which would include lighting, set, props, and the staging and movement of actors. The term derives from the theater, where it is used in a similar way. Setting - like the literary term, this word refers to the time and place of the film. The setting for The Usual Suspects, for instance, is New York and Los Angeles at a time contemporary with the film’s year of release (in this case, 1995). Set - This term refers to the actual construction in which the actors are filmed. Sets are usually built for a film, as opposed to shooting on location, where a scene is shot in the actual place in which it occurs in the film. Set is also used generally, however, as a designation for the place where a film is being shot. (So even in location shooting, the director would be “on the set” of his or her film every time he or she went to the place where the crew was shooting for that day.) Score: The background music of a film: it’s usually instrumental. Plot: The story. Climax: The ‘height’ of the story; what everything has been building up to. Denouement: Occurs after the climax, the concluding scenes of the film. Prop - another term borrowed from theater. A prop is generally any object on a set, though clearly the objects that characters will touch become more important.
Costumes - what the characters are wearing. Bear in mind that even if a character is wearing contemporary clothing (in some cases, the actors’ own clothing), that clothing is still considered a costume. Lighting - This term refers to the way in which lights are used for a given film. Lighting, in conjunction with the camera, sets the visual look for a film. The key light is the main light used for a scene; back light refers to a secondary source, usually placed behind the actors; and fill refers to a light placed to the side of the actors. This system is called three-point lighting and was very common in classical Hollywood films. You may also run across the term low-key lighting , which means that the film was shot often using only the key light at a very low setting. This low level of lighting creates dark shadows on the faces of actors and is particularly moody when used with black-and-white film. It is most often associated with film noir but is not exclusive to that genre. Trailer: These are also known as the Previews (Coming Attractions). They are called Trailers because they used to be shown at the end of the Newsreels, Cartoons and other shorts that would play before a movie. Legs: A movie is said to have ‘Legs’ if it continues to have great box-office for a long period of time. Product Placement: This is an agreement between a company that produces some sort of consumer product and the film which states that the company will pay the film a certain amount of dollars for the characters in the movie to use their products on screen. Bonus Fact: A film runs through a projector at a rate of 24 frames per second (fps). The human eye can only capture images 18-20 times a second, so to facilitate the appearance of motion, film runs through a camera at 24fps. Blue Screen (Green Screen): You often hear actors talk about working in front of a Blue Screen. It is just what the name says, a giant Blue (or sometimes Green) background that the actors work in front of. In the finished film, various images will be super-imposed over the screen in such a seamless manner that it will appear as if the actor was actually performing in that situation. Angle: The position from which camera photographs action. Camera point of view. High, low. Beat: A smaller dramatic unit within a scene; a scene within a scene; a change in direction of scene content. Shot (and close-up v. long shot ) - generally, the smallest unit of unbroken film. The camera can move within a shot, but the second that the film makes a transition (see below) to another shot, the previous shot has ended. Alternatively, when used with certain adjectives, shot also refers to the distance from the camera to the subject, almost always the actor. In a long shot, one can see the entire body of the actor; in a medium shot, one can see the actor from the waist up; in a close-up , one can see only the actor’s face (there is no such term as the “short shot”). You might also see an extreme close-up in a film, where you can only see part of the actor’s face (just the eyes, for example).
Pan - the movement of a stationary camera on a horizontal axis. A camera on a tripod that moves from left to right (following a parade, for instance), would be panning. Tilt - the movement of a stationary camera on a vertical axis. A camera on a tripod that moves up and down (following a plane landing, for instance), would be performing a tilt. Tracking Shot: Where the camera moves in a parallel path with the object being filmed. (Most common when the camera moves along with an actor as they walk down the street.) Dolly Shot: The camera moves forward or back on a truck or cart. This is different from a Zoom Shot. With a Dolly, the positions and size of the objects on screen do not remain consistent.
Pull-back dolly : A technique used to surprise the viewer by withdrawing from a scene to reveal an object or character that was previously out of the frame. Handheld shot - refers to a shot where the camera is held by the camera operator. Hand-held shots are often associated with a certain look, which is shaky, and most people associate the hand-held shot with a kind of documentary realism. Crane shot - A shot taken from a crane. You often see these shots at the beginning of a scene (using it as an establishing shot) or the end of a scene. The end of a movie, in fact, often uses a crane shot (though sometimes is even more extreme). Point of view (POV) shot A subjective camera angle that becomes the perspective of a character. We look at the world through his or her eyes. High-angle shot , low-angle shot - These terms refer to camera placement. If a camera is looking down on an actor from a high vantage, it is a high-angle shot; if a camera is placed very low to the ground and looks “up” at actors, it is a low-angle shot. High-angle shots might emphasize that characters are being overwhelmed by their circumstances, while low-angle shots might emphasize that characters are somehow larger than life. Aerial Shot: A shot taken from a crane, plane, or helicopter. Not necessarily a moving shot. Take (and short v. long take) - generally, a take refers to the time a shot is begun to the time it stops. On a film set, a director might have to go through several takes before settling on the shot he or she wants. Frame – Literally, a frame of film refers to the smallest unit of film possible. Film frames appear on a film strip, which, when projected, creates the illusion of motion. Film is shown at 24 frames per second (or f.p.s., a common abbreviation).
Screen - often used with on or off to refer to what we see within the frame. Onscreen action, for instance, is something we can see, whereas off-screen action might be something we hear but which takes place outside the frame. Screen also refers to the actual physical screen on which we project a film. Shallow/soft focus - refers to how much of the shot is in focus. With shallow or soft focus, generally we can only see the actor’s face in focus. The background appears blurry. Shallow focus is achieved with a long lens (this can be confusing, since one would assume a shallow focus would require a short lens). Deep focus - refers to a shot in which everything, including the background, is in focus. This type of shot is much more difficult to achieve, since the entire set must be adequately lit, designed, etc. Also, the danger is that the viewer’s attention will shift from subject to backdrop, but some directors use this “danger” to their advantage. Rack focus - Shifting the focus from one object to another within a single shot. Sometimes, directors will use a rack focus when two characters are on screen at once but are positioned at different distances from the camera. Editing - refers to the way that individual shots are connected to one another to make the film. Montage - this word has two meanings. First, montage can simply be another word for editing, which is often the way you will see it in film theory or when we study the Soviet filmmakers of the early twentieth century. Second, and more commonly in contemporary usage, montage refers to a series of shots edited together to show a longer activity evolving in a shorter amount of time or to show a series of related activities Transition - refers to the way a shot moves from one to the next. Films use several different kinds of transitions, including: •
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Dissolve: Images of one shot are slowly replaced with the images of the next shot. Fade: A smooth move in to an image from black or out of an image into black. Cut: A move from one shot to the next. Jump Cut : A cut that involves an abrupt change of time and place. Montage: A collection of shots edited together to create a specific look and feel.
Continuity editing - also called invisible editing or Classic Hollywood editing. This system of editing is the system that Classic Hollywood established (though it had been in use before that period) and is essentially the system that exists today. Understanding this system is crucial to understanding cinema, since even those directors who break with this system are in a sense defining themselves against it. This system is associated with the following other terms: •
Establishing shot - This term has two meanings. In one context, establishing shot refers to the shot at a beginning of a film or scene that established location. Establishing shot is also used in continuity editing to describe a shot that establishes the spatial relationships in a given scene.
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Shot/reverse shot - After an establishing shot, the shot-reverse shot refers to the close-ups used when two characters are in conversation. (Because we have already used an establishing shot, we now know where the characters are in relation to one another.) Match-on-action - connects two shots cut together by having a character finish an action in the second shot begun in the first shot. For instance, if a character lights a match in the first shot, the same character will draw it up to a cigarette in the second. Eyeline match - The directions that actors look affect the way we perceive their spatial relationships to one another. Eyeline matches are important for establishing who a character is talking to or what a character is looking at. For instance, if a character is talking to two people on either side of him or her, then the character will look to the left of the camera to connote that he or she is talking to the person in that direction. The 180-degree rule - This term refers to the rule that once a spatial relationship has been confirmed with the establishing shot, no close-up will cross the imaginary line drawn between those two actors until a new line (or axis) has been established, usually through another establishing shot.
Zoom-in, Zoom-out - using certain lenses, the camera can move more closely into a subject (the zoom-in) or pull back (the zoom-out). The zoom-in is sometimes called a push-in, and the zoom-out is sometimes called the pull-back. Sound - everything we hear from the audio track of the film. Music - any music that comes from the audio track. Music might be diegetic (a song on the radio of a car a character is driving) or nondiegetic (scary music when a villain appears on screen). Diegetic sound - sound that other characters would be able to hear. A song on a radio, for instance, as a character drives down the highway, would be a diegetic sound, as would someone coughing audibly during a scene. It is important to note that diegetic sound is a sound that characters could hear, even if they are not present when that sound occurs. The sound of a radio playing in an apartment, for instance, is a diegetic sound, even if no character is present in the apartment during the scene. Nondiegetic sound - sound that characters cannot hear. The two most common types of nondiegetic sound are voiceovers, which is a character’s narration that plays over any given scene, and nondiegetic music, which is music used to inflect the mood of a given scene Ambient sound - This term generally refers to any sounds that are used to establish location. The ambient sound of a scene in a park, for instance, might include birds chirping, children laughing, or a dog barking. The Credits: Something interesting to watch when you see a film are the credits. Often part of an actor or actress' contract is how they will receive credit for the film, or what their ‘Billing’ will be. If they have Top Billing, you will see their name (alone) before the title (it is even negotiated out as to how big the
type will be on the movie poster and how long their name will appear onscreen). If there is more than one major star in a picture, then there will usually be Equal Billing agreed to. This places both stars names above the title. If one star is ‘larger’ than the other, their name may appear first onscreen and they will be given the top left position on the poster. If the stars are of equal stature, the positioning of their names may change throughout regions of the country (With equal billing Star A may get the top billed position West of the Mississippi River while Star B will receive the top billed position in all points east.) Although it may sound extreme, this is just one of the many concession that a studio will offer to an actor to get them to choose one of their movies next.
Complication: The section of a story in which a conflict begins and grows in clarity, intensity, and importance. Composition (visual): A harmonious arrangement of two or more elements, one of which dominates all others in interest. Coverage: The camera angles a director needs for dramatizing values in a scene and for effective editing. For example, a full shot, over-shoulder shots, closeups. Cutaway: A cut to a person or action that is not the central focus of attention, perhaps to a spectator. Sometimes used by editors to delete unwanted footage. Exposition: Inf ormation that the audience needs to know to understand a story. Introduction of a conflict, character(s), theme(s) Identification: The viewer's emotional involvement with (usually) the protagonist in drama; the viewer becomes the protagonist (IDin acting). Internal Conflict: A psychological conflict within the central character. The primary struggle is between different aspects of a single personality. Leitmotif :A motif or theme associated with specific person, situation, or idea; usually reprised for dramatic effect. Leitmotif is some intentionally repeated element (sound, shot, dialogue, music, etc.) that helps unify a film by reminding the viewer of its earlier appearance. Polyphony: The combination of two or more melodic lines (horizontal vectors), which, when played together, forms a harmonic whole (Vertical vectors). Progression: The traditional climbing action of drama, a growth in dramatic tension. Increasingly close camera angels represent camera progression. Primary Motion: (Event) motion in front of the camera. Reaction Shot: A shot that shows a character "reacting" rather than acting. The reaction shot is usually a close-up of the emotional reaction registered on the face of the person most affected by the dialogue or action. Rhythm: In visual composition, the pleasing repetition of images. In drama: repetition of phrases, actions, or musical themes for increased dramatic effect.
Screen Direction: The consistent pattern of movement from angle to angle: left to right or right to left. Style: A director's personal pattern of treating material, including staging of camera and performers, script elements, and music. Secondary Motion: Camera motion, including pan, tilt, pedestrian, crane or boom, dolly, truck, arc and zoom. Scene A clearly identifiable, organic part of an event. It is a small structural (action) or thematic (story) unit, usually consisting of several shots. Sequence: The sum of several scenes (or shots) that compose an organic whole. Stock Characters: Minor characters whose actions are completely predictable or typical of their job or profession. Subjective Time: The duration we feel; also called psychological time. A qualitative measure. Timing: The control of objective and subjective time. Visualization: The mental visual image of an event in a single shot. (see Conceptualization) Action match cut Cut made between two different angels of the same action using the subject's movement as the transition. Aspect ratio The size of a screen format expressed as the ratio of the width in relation to the height. Films made for television are photographed at a ratio of 1.33:1. Attack (sound) The beginning portion of any sound. Camera motivation A shot or a camera movement must be motivated within the terms of the scene or story if it is not look alien and imposed. (see POV). Complementary shot A shot compositionally designed to intercut with another. Continuity Consistency of physical detail between shots intended to match. Contrast ratio Ratio of lightest to darkest areas in an image. Controlling point of view The psychological perspective (a character's or the storyteller's) from which a particular scene is shown. CS Close shot. CU Closeup. DP Director of photography.
Dissolve The gradual merging of the end of one shot with the beginning of the next, produced by superimposing a fade-out onto a fade-in of equal length or by imposing one scene over another. Dynamic composition Pictorial composition as it changes within a moving shot. Establishing shot A shot that establishes a scene's geographical and human contents. Eye-line shot A shot that shows us what a character is seeing. Ext. Exterior. External composition The composition between two images at the point of cutting between them. FG Foreground. Final cut A film in its finished form. A guarantee of final cut assures the filmmaker of producer that the film will not be tampered with after they approve it. Flash forward Moving temporarily forward in time, the cinematic equivalent of the future tense. This quickly becomes a new form of present. Flashback Moving temporarily backwards in time; a cinematic past tense that soon becomes an ongoing present. FO Fade out. Genre A kind or type of film (horror, sitcom, drama, etc.) Headroom Compositional space left above heads. High angle Camera mounted high, looking down. High contrast Image with large range of brightness. Insert A close shot of detail to be inserted in a shot containing more comprehensive action. Int. Interior. LA Low angle. Camera looking up at subject. Line of tension Invisible dramatic axis, or line of awareness, that can be drawn between protagonists and important elements in a scene. Master shot Shot that shows most or all of the scene and most or all of the characters. MCS Medium close shot.
MLS Medium long shot. MS Medium shot. Overlap cut Any cut in which picture and sound transitions are staggered instead of level-cut. Rising action The plot developments, including complication and conflict, that lead to a plot's climax. Rushes Unedited raw footage as it appears after shooting. Scene axis The invisible line in a scene representing the scene's dramatic polarization. Coverage is shot from one side of this line to preserve consistent screen directions for all participants. Complex scenes involving multiple characters and physical regrouping may have more than one axis (Crossing the line). Scene breakdown A crossplot that displays the locations, characters, and script pages necessary to each scene. SFX Sound effects. Shooting ratio The ratio of material shot for a scene in relation to its eventual edited length. 8:1 is a not unusual ratio for dramatic film. Shooting script Screenplay with scenes numbered and amended to show intended camera coverage and editing. Single shot A shot containing only one character. Slow Motion The effect of slowed action created by exposing frames in the camera at greater-than-normal speed and then projecting that footage at normal speed (twenty-four frames per second). Split page format A script format that places action on the left hand side of the page and its accompanying sound on the right. Storyboard Series of key images sketched to suggest what a series of shots will look like. Theme A dominant idea made concrete through its representation by the characters, action, and imagery of the film. Three-shot/3S Shot containing three people. Treatment Usually a synopsis in present tense, short story form of a screenplay summarizing dialogue and describing only what an audience would see and hear. Can also be a puff piece designed to sell the script rather than give comprehensive information about content. Two-shot/2S Shot of two people.
VO Voice over. WA Wide angle. Whip pan Very fast panning movement. White balance Video camera setup procedure in which circuitry is adjusted to the color temperature of the lighting source so that a white object is rendered as white on screen. WS Wide shot. See -- LS (long shot) XLS Extra long shot. Zoom ratio The ratio of the longest to the widest focal lengths. (A 10 to 100 mm zoom would be a 10:1 zoom). Director: The director is responsible for the storytelling (with the writer), creative decisions and acting of the film. Assistant Director: The assistant director (AD) manages the shooting schedule and logistics of the production, among other tasks. There are several types of AD, each with different responsibilities. Casting Director: The casting director finds actors to fill the parts in the script. This normally requires that actors audition. Location Manager: The location manager finds and manages film locations. Most pictures are shot in the controllable environment of a studio sound stage but occasionally, outdoor sequences call for filming on location. Production Manager: The production manager manages the production budget and production schedule. They also report, on behalf of the production office, to the studio executives or financiers of the film. Director of Photography: The director of photography (DoP) is the cinematographer who supervises the photography of the entire film. Director of Audiography: The director of audiography (DoA) is the audiographer who supervises the audiography of the entire film. For productions in the Western world this role is also known as either sound designer or supervising sound editor. Production Sound Mixer: The production sound mixer is the head of the sound department during the production stage of filmmaking. They record and mix the audio on set - dial ogue, presence and sound effects in mono and ambience in stereo [3][4]. They work with the boom operator, Director, DoA, DoP, and First AD . Sound Designer: The sound designer creates the aural conception of the film [5], working with the supervising sound editor. On some productions the sound designer plays the role of a director of audiography. Composer: The composer creates new music for the film (usually not until postproduction).
Production Designer: The production designer creates the visual conception of the film, working with the art director. Art Director: The art director manages the art department, which makes production sets. Costume Designer: The costume designer creates the clothing for the characters in the film working closely with the actors, as well as other departments. The make up and hair designer works closely with the costume designer in addition to create a certain look for a character. Storyboard Artist: The storyboard artist creates visual images to help the director and production designer communicate their ideas to the production team. Choreographer: The choreographer creates and coordinates the movement and dance - typically for musicals. Some films also credit a fight choreographer.
