Field report of Gilgit Baltistan By
Arsalan Khan, Ijaz Ahmad, Waqarullah, Zia ul Islam,and Zakirullah Bechalor of Bs (Hons) Geology
Submitted To
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.une' /012
1
3+#$,%EDGE"E#T4 We have no words to express our deepest sense of gratitude to Almighty Allah, the most merciful, the most beneficent, who bestowed us the courage to complete this Field Report, and cordial gratitude to the prophet Muhammad (SAW! who is forever a torch bearer of light for entire humanity After that we wish to express deepest sense of than"fulness to our honourable #$ of %&' to give us permission for the field We are than"ing full to the department of eology of %niversity of 'aripur for the endless support and encroachment We are extremely than"ful to '&) Sir Muhammad Fawad and Faculty member Sir *aseem+u+Reh *aseem+u+Rehman, man, Sir Aeem shah and Sir %sman Ahar for their hard wor" and grace full efforts $ountless than"s are extended to the geologist of )asu )am pro-ect and also great full to the Senior eologist, )r.hsanullah of /hasha dam to share their precious "nowledge and informative "nowledge about the dam0s and dam areas And also than" full to the 1ohistan and other cities police for their co+operation We express our heartly emotions of gratitude to all our friends Mr 2ard Ali "han, Mr /ilal /ilal 1han, 1han, Mr Mr Mohamm Mohammad ad Shoaib Shoaib,, Mr %mar %mar 1hayam 1hayam,, Mri Mri-a -a 1han, 1han, Mr Mr 3asir 3asir 1han 1han Aeemi 4ast but not the least, we would feel incomplete without than"ing our parents, brothers, loving sisters and all family members who prayed for our brilliant success and bright future and moral support throughout our educational care er
!egards4
Arsalan 1han 5 .-a Ahmad 2ia ul .slam 5 Wa6arullah 2a"irullah
BST!3T4 7he study area of ilgit 8 1ohistan is the 3orthern part of the 9a"istan, we study area along the 11' and .ndus river geologically that area are very complex and highly deformed areas having plats colloid one and triple -unction of the world three largest mountain series eotectonically there are many large and observable tectonics features in the area, main suture one, MM7, M17, 7riple -unction, 1ohistan island arc, syntaxes s yntaxes collision one of .ndian and :urasian plates eom eomor orph phol olog ogica ically lly larg largee numb number er of allu alluvi vial al fans fans,, hot hot spri spring ng,, flysh flysh depo deposit sit,, molla mollase se deposi deposited ted,, point point bar, bar, mid channe channell bar, bar, meande meandering ring stream stream Struct Structural urally ly small small fold, fold, faults faults (ra"aposhi! and fracture in roc"s 7he 7he pro-ect pro-ect of )asu )asu dam and /hasha /hasha dam studie studied d along along inform informativ ativee lecture lecture with respect respect to construction and engineering geology 9etrology of different igneous (plutonic and volcanic!, metamorphic and Meta sedimentary roc"s with their brief mineralogy and petrology Mainly there regionally geology having different types of roc" complexes of igneous bodies and also different grade of metamorphic roc"s;
Mansehra granitic batholiths
Meta sedimentary roc"s of .ndian continent
)ubair granitic complex
1ohistan batholiths and 1ohistan island arc roc"
/esham complex roc"
$halt volcanoes
&rtho = 9aragnesis roc"s
7hilichi group and Augengnesis
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#T!$D3T$#4 7he six days field tour is conducted from @@K@D may B@I to northern 9a"istan (1ohistan+ ilgit! ilgit! areas by the department of eology eology %3.#:RS.7< %3.#:RS.7< &F 'AR.9%R 'AR.9%R 7he amaing amaing and fruit full tour according to the study is arranged by the '&) and Faculty for batch one (semester D7h! eology We started this special field wor" on @; am (@@ may B@I! of Monday from 'aripur %niversity At first day we wor" on different location on ShahraKeKresham and at L;G pm we reached to /esham continental hotel to spend the night, and then next early morning we continued our tour from district Shangla towards $hillas At B 3) day we wor" on D 7' different location along the lecture of )asu )am pro-ect geologist &n that day field wor" done at a t /esham city, lower and upper 1ohistan district along 11' and the end of the day at@@; pm we reached to Shangrilla hotel for to ma"e night rest full 7he next day (G rd! of our field start at L;@Iam at the hotel with the lecture of )r.hsanullah about /hasha)iamir dam and then we start field wor" at @; am at $hillas city /abusar top and aglot area We studied J7' different location roc"s petrology and brief mineralogy
)ay C7' of field tour spend in ilgit'una area along 11' We wor" on I different location along 11' and reached to 'una at B;pm then re turn from their and reached to palace palac e hotel at D;pm 7he I7' day of our field spends spends fre6uently in drive 7he -ourney was very long and tried full but also to much informative 7he location of )iamirbhasha dam seen there 7his day we came bac" from gilgit to /esham and at @;pm we reached to /esham continental hotel district shangla again 7he Dth and last day of field trip at @D of May B@I we start our field wor" from /esham area along with Mansehra granitic batholiths We studied different roc"s at three different locations
on the way we moving toward 'aripur And finally we reached to 'aripur about GG pm evening, and ta"en the bags and went to hostel
3limate and topographic relief of different areas 5hich 5e studied st udied during field tour4 &ver all weather of ilgit/altistan region is very cool and en-oyable during our field tour, /esham area is little hotter than ilgit/altistan ilgit/altistan because of enter marginal marginal basin area located located 7he 'una valley is most beautiful and topographically lies at higher elevated region, and having a large number of mountain pea"s li"e 1B HD@@ m and 3angaparbat massive &verall topography is very high We went toward about BIDm high from the elevation of 'aripur in our field wor" #egetation on mountain is high in between 'aripur and /esham region, while in between /esham and ilgit region the vegetation on mountain is very rarely or may be negligible, which are very helpful with respect to observed different geological features very easily and helpful to observe roc" petrology
General geology4 7he tectonic setting of that area is highly complex and the roc"s are also als o highly deformed We studied roc" of two different plates during this tour .ndian, :urasian and 1ara"orum bloc" (minor plate! mountain series seen 7he suture one MM7 in 1ohistan separates 1.A from .ndian shield roc"s )ifferent metamorphosed roc"s are observed which are due to collision /=W .ndian and :urasian plate about I mya And some are due to igneous intrusions 7he a ge of 1.A is about L to @@ mya M$7 concept in 9a"istan is highly controversial some geologist said it separates lesser 'imalayas from higher 'imalayas M17 thrust is separating point /=W :urasian plate and 1.A Some flysh fl ysh and mollase sediments observed along .ndus River at $hillas city 'ot spring study along 11' near 7hatapaani area, which is due to active Rai"ot fault 7hilichi group of bac" arc basin, and $halt volcanoes, gabbroic roc" r oc" studied at bindindas areas a reas &bserve Aplite roc"s near triple -unction point )iorite roc" along with dy"e intrusion near -utal area
eomorphol eomorphological ogical feature point bar, mid channel channel bar alluvial alluvial fans, pa-ada, meandering meandering stream and other architecture of stream in gilgit area With respect to field geology we wor" on exposure and traverse mapping along road side, mar" overburden of sediment on the roc" and mar" different location on the map with the help of coordinates ta"en in the field
!E*E, $F %TE!T % TE!T!E !E R A 1'A3 7A'.R1':4. et al (eology of "ohistan A3) Ad-oining :%RAS.A3 A3) .3)& 9A1.S7A3 $&37.3:37! conducted that 1ohistan constitutes about GD s6uare "ilometres of territory located between the .ndo+9a"istan and :urasian 9lates, on the north+western tip of the 'imalaya :arlier, )asios (@LDC! has differentiated this part as a tectonic one of 1ara"orum
/ul" of 1ohistan 1ohistan se6uence se6uence consists consists of amphibolit amphibolites, es, diorites, diorites, meta+norite meta+norite (pyroxene+ (pyroxene+ granulites! and associated volcanic roc"s which are considered to be the crust of an ancient calc+al"aline island arc 7his se6uence has been abducted on to the 9alaeooic roc"s of the
.ndo+9a"istan continent on the south and subducted under the :urasian 9latform along the northern mega shears
7he northern mega shear along 'ini+$halt+
.n this paper, an attempt has been made to introduce the geology of 1ohistan island arc and the ad-oining :urasian and .ndo+9a"istan continents MA7 MA7':W 9 9 W.44.AMS et al
()ept of eology, eology, .mperial $ollege, 4ondon, 4ondon, SWJ
B/9, %1!observed 7he gneisses, granites and metasediments of the northern exposed margin of the .ndian plate in the /esham antifoam consist of a 9recambrian crystalline basement with younger sedimentary cover 7hese were metamorphosed during the main fabric+forming event of the 'imalayan orogeny, a ductile simple shear dominated deformation of the footwall of the MM7 during during southw southward ard over over thrust thrusting ing of the 1ohista 1ohistan n Arc Arc )eforma )eformatio tion n intens intensity ity and ductility decrease southwards Subse6uent thrusting brought together internally imprecated bloc"s which have different deformational metamorphic histories 'igh grade roc"s thrust over low grade roc"s within each bloc" deine an inverted metamorphic gradient produced by postmetamorphicthrusting Ma-or cross folding producing the /eshamantiform, plus brittle faults are expressions of the later 3+W directed bac" thrusting and :+W compression and uplift of the /esham area
eological survey of 9a"istan reported that 3orthern areas of 9a"istan, comprising )iamir ($hillas!, ilgit,including'una and 3agar! hiar including ( groups of
topographic scenario of the region, .ndus, gilgit and 'una river along with their numerous tributaries drain the area 9opula 9opulatio tion n is spare spare and restrict restricted ed by irrigat irrigated ed plain plain amidst amidst rugged rugged ranges ranges ilgit ilgit,, $hillas, 'una and S"ardu is main district, All area suited on the world famous 1ara"orum 'ighway (11'! 7he 11' is metalled and all weather road, but temporary road bloc" are common due to roc" sliding and mudflow 7he study area from a part of "ohistan terrain which sand witched between the .ndian plate to the south and 1ara"orum (micro continental! and Asian Asian plates to the north
FE%D DES3!PT$#S4 Geography of the rea4 rea4 We start our study tour from 'aripur to 'una We wor" and travel along 11' of total distance is about DC "m approximately on "ora"uram highways We can stay some days to rea ching 'una at different location /esham, $hillas and ilgit Actual distance between 'aripur to Abbotabad GC"m, Abbotabad Abbotabad to /esham @IC"m, /esham to $hillas B"m, $hillas to ilgit @CI"m and ilgit to 'una @I"m So we write our description of each and every stop with details as following;
D& 6 1st 4
.n day first we study along shaheraresham in disttMansehra and batgram and we stay at /esham continental hotel Stop 1
4ocation; Ahal city $oordi rdinate ates; GC GCNG1 IH 3 3 3 GJ N@ 0 IJ 8 8 : :levation; @BDJm
Geotectonically4
According to some people the M$7 mar"ed their, but M$7 is very controversial in 9a"istan 9eoples says that the highly metamorphosed cr ystalline roc" separated by M$7 from deformed roc"s in this area &n the other hand some people said that batal fault and oghi shear one indicate M$7 there Petrology Petrology and "ineralogy4
7his one called oghi shear one or oghi thrust 7he felsic intrusion of granodiorite observed there have highly deformed $bser7ation4
Fine grain roc" compare to granite showing white colour minerals greater than blac" colour minerals 7he roc" we called granodiorite .t lies in between felsic (granite! and intermediate intermediate (diorite! (diorite! 7he blac" colour minerals are present in greater amount amount from granitic roc" 7he granodiorite shows the mafic minerals is @ to BI O, 6uart present about greater than B O, and plagioclase , oligoclase are also present, due to shear one, these are crushed Structurally4
4arge number of fractures are small faults are present in this area 7he roc"s are highly deformed due to high stresses /atal fault are present there Geology4
7he shear one having foliated minerals because of metamorphism which have highly deformation And And form different grade of metamorphic roc"s
Stop /4
4ocation; 3ear Ahal city &ghiMansehra After some distance travels from Ahal city we study the main &ghi shear one or thrust along road saide Tectonically4
7his area is also highly deformed and having high vegetation above the roc", that area called the main shear thrust Petrology Petrology and "ineralogy4
7hese 7hese areas areas mainly mainly contain contain granit granitic ic roc", roc", which which are highly highly crushe crushed d We studie studied d granodiorite in this region 7he granitic batholiths formed different types of roc"s at different temperature and pressure at different places in the area
Stop 684
4ocation; shaipur chatter near charcoal 11' $oor $oordi dina nate tes; s; GCN GCN GJPG GJPG4Q3 JGNI JGNIPI PIDQ DQ: : Petrolog Petrology y and "ineralogy4
We observed mostly metamorphic roc"s mineral in this region 7he minerals are found in elongated form in the roc" due to the high grade of metamorphism 7he segregation found in these roc"s 7he dar" and light band of minerals is separated with their colour 7he 6uart and and felds feldspa parr ma"e ma"e ligh lightt band band,, whil whilee biot biotit itee or othe otherr mafic mafic mine mineral ralss havi having ng dar" dar" band band alternatively Muscovite mica is present ,so we called it gnesis but when we observed the roc"s on the basis of texture texture,, shape, shape, colour colour and composit composition ion,, it explain explain that the host host roc"s are igneous(felsic!or granitic roc" .f a roc" is igneous basically and recrystallied and developed gniesosity we called it orthogenesis
D& 6 /nd4
&n this day we study different roc" in /esham city and district lower and upper 1ohistan area along 11' Six different places we studied on this day, and the lecture about )asu dam also conducted
Stop 6 14
4ocation; near /esham continental hotel /esham district Shangla
$oor $oordi dina nate tes; s; GNI GNII IʹGLL GLLʹʹ 3 JBNI JBNIB B ʹGCL GCL ʹʹ:
:4:#A7.&3; @CLC m
Geology of the area4
Mainly the area covered by medium to high grade metamorphic roc" have some patches of Aplite also observed in the roc", all roc" of area usually @H Mya age of 9recambrian 7he most roc" is metamorphosed due to the 'imalayas 'imala yas orogeny
Petrology and "ineralogy4
Mainly dominated 6uart mineral and some feldspar exist in veins at right side of area having creamish color mainly cover by weather surface, other roc" mentioned below
Schist4
(Medium grade metamorphic roc"! schist observe at near 6uart veins have schistosity developed and mineralogy having 6uart, feldspar, micas with some blac" color mafic mineral which indicate high grade schist Schist has graphitic because of large number of graphite mineral And show /lac"ish color
Paragnesis roc94
'igh grade metamorphosed roc" genesis found the area which have light and dar" color banding, due to high temperature no foliation present in the roc" 7he host roc" of genesis is sedimentary so we called it 9aragnesis
$rthogenesis4
At Some places our group member observed at have Aplite or granitic roc" which was metamorphosed to orthogenesis
plite4
.gneous felsic roc" aplite existed at left side nearest side to /$ hotel Which have li"e granitic composition but have fine grain texture compare to granite our teacher told us the properties indicate that it is Aplite
Tectonics4
&ver all /esham complex have very complex roc" lithology granitic, Aplite, amphibole, genesis, schist or other metasedimentaryroc"
Metamorphism is caused by 'imalaya orogeny contact observed at different roc"
Stop 6 /4
4ocation; near to /esham Area 1ohistan
$oor $oordi dina nate tes; s; GCNI GCNIJ JʹGCG GCG ʹʹʹʹ3JBN 3JBNIB IBʹCH@ CH@ ʹʹʹʹ:
:levation; JIH m
.n this Stop we studied some roc" petrology, mineralogy and also some wor" on mapping of the area related with field geology
Petrology and "ineralogy4
7he characteristic observe in the roc" are mostly high grade metamorphosed having crystalline and coarse grains minerals genisosity founded in the roc" Mineral observed 6uarts in large amount with micas 7hat roc" is called 9aragnesis intruded by some 6uart veins
Field geology (tra7erse and e:posure mapping)4
We have base map having contour lines of the area we practice to mar"s our own location through 9S data we seen or observe the over burden existed on the roc" along road side
Stop 6 8
4ocation; )ubairi-al complex 1ohistan
$oor $oordi dina nate te;; GCN GCNB Bʹ@LD @LDʹʹ 3JBNIC ICʹG@ G@ ʹʹ: ʹ ʹ 3JBN
:levation; J@D m 7he felsic and intermediate roc" existed their which is called granodiorite
Petrology and "ineralogy4
/iotite, 6uart and feldspar minerals are observed in the roc" Amphibole minerals start to developed the development of amphibole indicate the roc" type granodiorite .ts contain 6uart and feldspar near I +II O that roc" give named diorite
Tectonic4
Main mantle thrust or suture one existed in these area which separate granodiorite from ultramafic roc" the main mantle thrust located between our stop G and stop C in day Bwhich we cant observe observe but sir told us us about it Age; 9recambrian
Stop 6 ;4
4ocation; starting of 1ohistan island arc
$oor $oordi dina nate te;; GINB GINBʹCI CIʹʹ 3JBN 3JBNID IDʹGJL GJL ʹʹ:
:levation; LGDm
Tectonic4
7he i-al complex and 1.A start from that stop the MM7 located beside the stop toward /esham
Petrology and "ineralogy4
7he mineral observed light green giving vitreous color olivine or dar" green pyroxene in the roc" roc" mainl mainly y the i-al complex complex covered covered by ultram ultramafic aficss roc" roc" but but these these area covered covered by peridotite peridotite have coarse grain intrusive igneous roc" 7eacher 7eacher said us that roc" is mafic but actual name give after thin section studied
Stop 6 24
4ocat 4ocatio ion; n; 9atten 9atten vall valley ey 1ohist 1ohistan an GINC GINCʹGJQ GJQ3 3 JBN JBNIJ IJʹGG@ GG@ʹʹ:
$oor $oordi dina nate te;;
Petrology and "ineralogy4
7he mineral observed pyroxene pyroxene , olivine , plagioclase (ca! , garnet in the roc" mostly showing host roc" peridotite and the mineral show recrystalliation at very high grade which have ave most ost of miner ineral al are are mafic afic and and alte altera rati tion on occu ccur due to
weat weathe heri ring ng caus causee
serpent serpentini iniati ation on the the overall overall textur texturee and mineral mineralogy ogy indicat indicatee that that it was granul granulites ites roc" roc" metamorphosed from ultra mafic roc"
Tectonics and Petrology of +--4
1ohistan island arc was formed due to the collision of two plate closing the 7ethys ocean now it is existed between .ndian plate and :urasian the age of 1.A are approximately L+@I Mya it is located in 1ohistan extent to $hillas district the roc" existed is mainly ultramafics ultramafics roc" of peridotitegabbro peridotitegabbros, s, gabbroic gabbroic norite, and having having metamorphism metamorphism is occur at some places forming genesis granulites, diapsoide occurring in the surface
ABOVE PIC HOST ROCK ULTRAMA ULTRAMAFIC FIC HAVE HAVE META METAMORPHO MORPHOSED SED INTO GRANULITE
Stop 6 <
4ocation; 3ear )asu village Area %pper 1ohistan
Petrology Petrology and "ineralogy4
Mainly the roc" in this area around the dam is granulites and amphibolites existed in surrounding area
Structure ;
3ear 1amila amphibolites"hushi fault is studied
Engineering geology;
)asu power pro-ect is runoff river scheme located J"m upstream from )asu village and JC "m downstream from bhasha dam and GI"m from .slamabad
.ts fully concrete R$$ dam to generate CG MW electricity it is not storage dam it0s a running water pro-ect -ust for electric purpose dam height is HIJ and after storage its reached to @ m two power tunnels constructed on left side and two power tunnels is right side also while two flushing tunnel one right side and other is left side 7he time re6uire is H+@L years two audit tunnels one side is closed and other side is open have @,H m in length
D& 6 8 rd 4
Stop 6 14
4ocat 4ocatio ion; n; at Shan Shangr grill illaa hotel hotel lectu lecturer rer cond conduc ucte ted d by senio seniorr geol geolog ogis istt )r.h )r.hsa sanu nulla llah h abou aboutt /hasha)iamir dam
Geology and Petrology4
Mainly roc"s are norite, diorite, dunite, tonalite, some lacustrine deposit famous in area and some moraine deposit existed also on dam site area
9ro9ro-ec ectt occu occurs rs on .ndu .nduss Rive Riverr G@I G@I "m upst upstrea ream m from from 7arbel rbelaa dam dam and and @I @I m downs downstre tream am from from gilgit gilgitC C "m downst downstream ream from $hillas $hillas 'eight 'eight of dam is BJB m the dive diversi rsion on syste system m is two two tunn tunnels els and and one one canal canal Reser Reservo voir ir leve levell is @@D @@D m cap capaci acity ty of electricity is ID MW
Main purpose the dam is storage of water, irrigation and power generation $ontrolling flood damages along .ndus River )uring construction G@ villages will be effected and C@ houses
Stop 6 /4
4ocation; near Shangrilla hotel $hillas city
$oor $oordi dina nate te;; GINBI GINBIʹCBJ CBJʹʹ3JCN 3JCND D ʹG@B G@Bʹʹ:
:levation; @DCm
Geology and Geomorphology4 Geomorphology4
9leistocene moraine deposit of ice age found on the mountain along .ndus river that moraine deposit of ice age covered in some part of "ohistan batholiths roc" in the area the age of "ohistan batholiths batholiths is 3eogene (@I Mya! and moraine moraine sediment or deposit deposit called alipur sediment
#on conformity ;
eomorphologically the beneath roc" is igneous and above is recent sediment deposit which indicated the nonconformity along .ndus . ndus River
Stop 6 84
4ocation; /abusar top road $hillas city
$oordi $oordinat nate; e; GINBC GINBCʹBCQ 3 JCNH JCNH ʹCHD CHD ʹʹ:
:levation; @I@ m
Geology4
7his area is the part of $hillas complex having complex roc" mainly ultramafics to mafic roc" (gabbroic, dunite, hornblendite, diorite, and dunite! at some places Also present dy"e intrusion of pegmatite and 6uart
Petrology and "ineralogy4
Some great amount of pyroxene and plagioclase existed in the roc" near /abusar top area the amount of clinopyroxene is greater than orthopyroxene showing dar"er color called gabbros 7he same composition roc" of gabbros but some changes in composition li"e
clinop clinopyr yroxe oxene ne is less theno thenortho rthopyr pyrox oxene ene and the amount amount of plagio plagioclas clasee greater greater called called gabbronorite- .n near /abusar top we observe greenish light mineral along pyroxene pyroxene called
dunite but some called it peridotite- At some places the amount of hornblende is greater in
amount troc" called hornblenditeshowing light and dar" color )y"e or veins of pegmatite existed in the area which large crystals white and blac" color of hornblende, 6uart, and plagioclasePigmititedeposite existed at babosar top area near chillas city have very larg crystal slowly crystalliation of magma
Stop 6 ;
4ocation; near 7attapaani$hillas 1ara"orum highway
$oor $oordi dina nate te;; GINB GINBH Hʹʹʹ3JCN 3JCNGG GGʹD D ʹʹ:
:levation; @@Lm
7here are we observe hot spring water in 7atta area 7wo 7wo concepts is suggested for that hot spring water
@! $ld concept; the spring is hot due to hot body (magma! existed here at 3angaparbat side which can heated it
B! #e5 concept; the active fault gives heat to the spring water and the fault is Rai"ot And geothermal gradient is also the factor of heating of water
Structure geology of the area4
Rai"ot Rai"ot fault existed in 7hataarearay fault is the combination combination of two thrusting thrusting with stri"e slip fault the 7hata location fault is dip slip component of thrust disturbed by stri"e slip fault
Stop 6 24
4ocation; 3ear 7hilichi village
Geotectonic;
.t is the se6uence of meta sediment deposited by turbidity current in the bac" arc basin called 7hilichi group sediments 7hilichi group also include in
@! Meta Meta sed sedim imen entt B! $hal $haltt vol volca cano noes es G! ilg ilgit it form format atio ion n
Petrology Petrology and mineralogy4 m ineralogy4
Fine Fine to medium medium grain metamo metamorph rphic ic roc" roc" existed existed in the area having having large amount of garnet minerals mafic and felsic se6uence existed in the surrounding area
Phylite4
Fine grain metamorphosed roc" give us shiny surface and cant observe the grains or crystals in the roc"
Schist4
Schist also existed there having mica and garnet etc minerals minerals and schistosity schistosity seen by na"ed eyes Mainly that was sedimentary roc" which is metamorphosed
Gneiss;
Some group member observe gnesosity in the out crop which loo" li"e sna"e meander light and dar" band
Stop 6 <
4ocation; /enindaas area aglot city
$oor $oordi dina nate te;; GING GINGL LʹIIH IIHʹʹʹʹ3 JCNG JCNGJ J ʹD D ʹʹ:
:levation; @GI m
Geology and petrology4
:xposed the part of 1ohistan batholiths mainly mainly roc" are gabbroic or gabbronorite at the place and intruded by diorite dy"e 7he dy"e y li"e exposed there in the area
Stop 6 =4
4ocation; triple -unction point "ora"uram highway
$oor $oordi dina nate; te; GINC GINCC CᶦL L ᶦᶦ3 JCNG JCNGI I ᶦBᶦᶦ:
:levation; @GJ m
Petrology and "ineralogy ;
We study their the roc"s of hindu"ush series &n 11'7he similar mineralogy to granite but very fine grain grain not seen with na"ed eyes lens dy"es and veins intruded in "ohistan "ohistan batholiths batholiths
roc"s aplites aplites age is less from "ohistan "ohistan batholiths batholiths roc"s because because
"ohistan batholiths have age @@ +L mya the vein or dy"es are intruded after some time Mainly in this this area firstly "ohistan "ohistan batholit batholiths hs occur about about @@mya @@mya
then some some igneous igneous roc"s
intruded after some time and lastly some dy"es intruded
Tectonic of the area4>
.n the world there there are three largest mountain mountain series combine combine in the area called triple -unction the 'imalayas ,1ara"oram and 'indu"ush are the three mountain series in this
area At this area .ndus .ndus river called lion river river meet with gilgit river river the .ndus .ndus river excited before the mountain formed 7he afghan a fghan bloc" and indian plate collide and form hindu"ush When "ora"uram bloc" collide with .ndian plate created 1ara"orum series and the collision of .ndian :urasian plate formed formed 'imalaya0s series
D& 6 ; th4
Stop 6 14
4ocation; utal Area ilgit""h
$oor $oordi dina nate; te; GINI GINIL LᶦBJI BJIᶦᶦ 3 JCN@ JCN@L L ᶦ GBL GBL ᶦᶦᶦᶦ:
:levation
@IBB m
)ue to cutting for road we found fresh surface of roc" observed there and in this area the diorite intruded into gabbroic roc"s and some veins also observed
Petrology Petrology and mineralogy4 m ineralogy4
Gabbros4 the characteristic characteristic was mentioned mentioned in other stop have
the part
of "ohistanbat "ohistanbatholot holoth h
existed in surrounding area
Diorite4
)iorite pitches or dy"es mainly observe there &livine mineral existed in small amount 6uart not existed, amphibole existed in that roc"s Mica present in silver
colour, small amount of
feldspar existed in diorite *uart veins observes having 6uart feldspar
Geology4
@st 1ohistan batholiths magmatised @@mya @@mya B nd .ntruded batholiths by roc"s JI mya G rd 7he intrusion of veins or dy"es BI+G mya
Geomorphology4
Along road side 11' large number of alluvial fans and the combination combination of fans ba-ada observed in the area
Stop 6 0/4
4ocation; 3ear 3omal city Along 11'
Geomorphology4
eomorphology of of the gilgit river in the area observed observed at this location, river little slow which create create some some mid channel channel bars and point point bars We We observes observes the the meandering meandering stream forming curves, point bars observes at low velocity ban" side, mid mid channel bars bars was observes in the middle of of stream channel 7he gold gold and havier metals deposited at mid of channel bar of river 7he sediment of mid channel bar is mainly have coarse grains
Alluvial fan deposits observed there and the ba-ada of alluvial fans observed at which there have high high vegetation vegetation on it, and now nomal city developed developed on ba-ada fans Moraines Moraines deposited observed at the front of some gorge in this mountain region
Engineering geology4
With With respect to engineering engineering geology the housing housing on alluvial fans are dangerous And And the slope on mountain is very high and it may cause damage to the residential area
Stop684
4ocation; aglotilgit
$oor $oordi dina nate; te; GDN@ GDN@ ᶦ BD BDᶦᶦ3 JCN JCN@J @Jᶦ DCᶦᶦ :
:levation; @DJ@m
Petrology and "ineralogy4
7he series of $halt volcanoes start from there 7he basaltic roc"s observed at this location Some places the green schist farcies developed due to low grade metamorphism their
chlorite mineral developed CO dar" minerals existed in this roc"s some amount of mica, 6uart, feldspar *uart amount is low
Stop 6;4
4ocation; Si"andarabadilgit
Tectonics4
7he plates collision point is located there, about CI+II mya ago the .ndian plate colloid with :urasian :urasian plate plate and created created 'imalayas 'imalayas series series mainly developed developed on .ndian .ndian plate plate at this both plates roc" existed
Petrology and "ineralogy4
7he metamorphic roc"s observed their but not not chec"ed with with hcl , to chec" its origin its 6uartite or marble formed from sedimentary roc"s of dolomite or limestone 7heir existed contacts between $halt volcano and
Stop 6 24
4ocation; 11' Si"andarabad
$oor $oordi dina nate; te; GDN GDN @Cᶦ @ID @ID ᶦᶦ3 JBN@ JBN@L L ᶦ GICᶦᶦ:
:levation; @HGGm
Tectonic4
M17 boundary boundary pointed pointed there by some people between
plutonic roc"s and
mete+sediment
Petrology and "ineralogy ;
At this location location the the fine grains grains texture texture 9hylite
having having clay and mica mica minerals minerals gives shiny shiny surface surface called called
D& 6 2 th
Stop 614
4ocation; )iamirbhasha dam
7he lecture about this location was conducted in shangrila hotel by )r.hsanullah We observe the site of dam and their feature D&6
Stop 6 14
4ocation; 3ear /esham city /eshamshangla
$oordi $oordinat nate; e; GCNIB GCNIBᶦ @@G @@Gᶦᶦ3 JBNI JBNII I ᶦ BCI BCI ᶦᶦ:
:levation; D@Jm
Petrology Petrology and "ineralogy4
Metasedimentary roc"s covered by vegetation in /esham area the outcrop 7he roc" surface is highly weathered 7he roc"s of /esham complex 6uartite observed in the area intruded by granite or some other veins
Stop 6 /4
4ocation; Ma"i mas-id Mewa
$oor $oordi dina nate; te; GCN GCN Iᶦ CJD CJDᶦᶦ3 JBNI JBNIH H ᶦ BH BH ᶦᶦ:
:levation; J@@m
Petrology Petrology and "ineralogy4
Sedimentary Sedimentary roc"s metamorphosed metamorphosed at some places gnesis developed developed 6uart veins intruded it formed complex lithology 7he schist in area exist in three different form 7here may observe graphic schist, carbonate schist, and 6uartite schist from outcrop and samples
Structure geology4
7ha"ot fault existed in this area
Stop 6 84
4ocation; shin-ibala
$oordinate; $oordinate; GCNC@ GCNC@ʹJ@Q3 JBNIL JBNILʹBGCQ: BGCQ:
:levation; LDBm
Petrology Petrology and mineralogy4 m ineralogy4
Roc"s give homogeneous loo" overall &riginally it is part of Mansehra batholiths which are metamo metamorph rphose osed d
.t was high high grade metamorp metamorphic hic roc"s roc"s gnesis gnesis develop developed ed and is due to
minerals minerals elongation elongation 7he lens li"e structure developed developed in this roc"s texture and the genesisty genesisty or segregation also developed we give it name orthogenesis or special named augenesis
3$#3%S$#4 .t was very special field for us studying tectonic of the /esham, $hillas, and 1ohistan+ ilgit area
9etrol 9etrology ogy of Mansehr Mansehra, a, &ghi, &ghi, /atgram /atgram,, /esham /esham81o 81ohis histan tan (upper (upper lower! lower! $hilla $hillas, s, ilgit roc" and wor" on it 7he main roc" were peridotite, dunite, gabbros, gabbronorite, pegmatite, 6uart vein, basalt, diorite, granodiorite, hornblendite and granite
Meta Metam morph orphic ic
roc" roc"
obse observ rved ed
ther theree
were were
9hy 9hylite lite,,
schi schist st,,
gnes gnesis is,,
6uar 6uart tit itee
and and
granolitestructurally observe different faults, folds features
eomorphologically observed stream morphology alluvial fans, land sliding eotectonically if the area different thrusting passed from this area MM7, M$7, M$7, M17 M17 triple -unction, plate collision one etc
Mapping can do at different area location of 1ohistan along roadside
7wo lectures about )asu dam pro-ect and/asha dam with the senior geologist and mainly some some roc"s roc"s intrud intruded ed some some megmat megmatied ied some some metamo metamorph rphose osed d and chec" chec" all texture texture,, and composition
Mineralogy we observed there were 6uart feldspar, garnet, micas, chlorite, diapsoide, hornblende, olivine, pyroxene, amphibole and plagioclase
