THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES THEMATIC STUDY
GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION USING NATIVE TREE SPECIES
THE ST S TATE OF THE WORLD’S WORLD ’S FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES – THEMATIC STUDY
GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION USING NATIVE TREE SPECIES
Editors
Michele Bozzano,1 Riina Jalonen,1 Evert Thomas,1 David Boshier,1,2 Leonardo Gallo,1,3 Stephen Cavers,4 Sándor Bordács,5 Paul Smith6 and Judy Loo1 1
Bioversity International, Italy Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom 3 Unidad de Genética Ecológica y Mejoramiento Forestal, INTA INTA Bariloche, Argentina 4 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom 5 Central Agricultural Office, Department of Forest and Biomass Reproductive Material, Hungary 6 Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom 2
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2014
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THE ST S TATE OF THE WORLD’S WORLD ’S FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES – THEMATIC STUDY
GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION USING NATIVE TREE SPECIES
Editors
Michele Bozzano,1 Riina Jalonen,1 Evert Thomas,1 David Boshier,1,2 Leonardo Gallo,1,3 Stephen Cavers,4 Sándor Bordács,5 Paul Smith6 and Judy Loo1 1
Bioversity International, Italy Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom 3 Unidad de Genética Ecológica y Mejoramiento Forestal, INTA INTA Bariloche, Argentina 4 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom 5 Central Agricultural Office, Department of Forest and Biomass Reproductive Material, Hungary 6 Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom 2
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2014
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Recommended citation:
Bozzano, M., Jalonen, Jalo nen, R., Thomas, E., E. , Boshier, D., Gallo, L., Cavers, S., Bordács, Bordá cs, S., Smith, P. & Loo, J., eds. 2014. Genetic considerations in ecosystem restoration using native tree species . State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources – Thematic Study. Rome, FAO and Bioversity International. Photo credits:
p. 47 A. Borovics p. 69 Leonardo Gallo, Paula Marchelli pp. 139-140 Nik Muhamad Majid and team members p. 154 Mauro E. González p. 158 Philip Ashmole p. 162 Dannyel de Sá, Cassiano C. Marmet, Luciana Akemi Deluci p. 163 Luciano Langmantel Eichholz (top photos), Osvaldo Luis de Sousa, Elin Rømo Grande p. 170 Wilmer Toirac Arguelle p. 171 Orlidia Hechavarria Kindelan p. 197 Lewis Environmental Services Inc. pp. 217-218, 220 Luis Gonzalo Moscoso Higuita pp. 231-232 Fulvio Ducci p. 234 Sándor Bordács, István Bach p. 238 Jesús Vargas-Hernández Vargas-Hernández p. 239 Alfonso Aguirre The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or of Bioversity International concerning the legal status of any country, territory, territory, city or area a rea or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these are or have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or Bioversity International International in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. All reasonable precautions have been taken by FAO and Bioversity International to verify the information contained in this publication. However, However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. reader. In no event shall FAO or Bioversity International be liable for damages arising from its use. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of FAO or Bioversity International. ISBN 978-92-5-108469-4 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-108470-0 (PDF) © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate ack nowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to
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Foreword One of the major and growing environmental challenges of the 21st century will be the rehabilitation and restoration of forests and degraded lands. Notwithstanding the largescale restoration projects initiated in Africa and Asia as of the 1970s, the current level of interest in forest and landscape restoration is more recent. With the adoption of the strategic plan of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity for 2011-2020, a strong new impetus has been given not only to halt degradation, but to reverse it. The plan states that, by 2020, 15 percent of all degraded lands should be restored. This target is consistent with the Bonn Challenge, which calls for restoring 150 million hectares of degraded land by 2020. Forests play a crucial part in resilient landscapes at multiple scales. Restoring forest ecosystems is therefore a key strategy not only for tackling climate change, biodiversity loss and desertification, but can also yield products and services that support local people’s livelihoods. Restoration is not only about planting trees. Its success requires careful planning, as painfully demonstrated by numerous past restoration projects that have not attained expected goals. Restoration practices must be based on sci entific knowledge, particularly so in these times of progressive climate change. The trees we plant today and other associated measures for restoration and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems must be able to survive abiotic and biotic pressures, including social ones, in order to be self-sustaining and generate the products and services vital to supporting the world’s population and environment for the years to come. Biodiversity International coordinated this thematic study as an input to FAO’s landmark report on The State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources Resour ces. The report was requested by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, which guided its preparation, and agreed, in response to its findings, on strategic priorities which the FAO Conference adopted in June 2013 as the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation, Sustainable Use and Development of Forest Genetic Resources . The publication of this study is an important step in the implementation of the Global Plan of Action. It provides fundamental information for the achievement of knowledgebased ecosystem restoration using native tree species. It draws attention to the importance of embedding genetic considerations in restoration activities, an aspect which is often overlooked both by restoration scientists and practitioners, but is nonetheless crucial to rebuilding resilient landscapes and ecosystems. We trust that it will contribute to informing future restoration efforts and help to ensure their success.
Eduardo Rojas-Briales Assistant Director-General, Director-General, Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Stephan Weise Deputy Director General – Research Bioversity International
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Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to the scientists who contributed to the writing of the scientific overviews presented in Part 2 of this thematic study. We would also like to thank all of the practitioners who shared the experiences collected in Part 3, and who completed the survey, which allowed us to undertake the analysis (Part 4) and to derive the conclusions and recommendations (Part 5) of this study The text was edited by Paul J.H. Neate, who was very helpful in standardizing and simplifying the language. Gérard Prosper carried out the layout. We are grateful for their professional work. This thematic study was prepared thanks to funding from the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry.
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Contents Foreword Acknowledgements
Part 1
Overview Chapter 1
1 Introduction Evert Thomas, Riina Jalonen, Leonardo Gallo, David Boshier and Judy Loo
3
1.1. Objectives and organization of the study
8
Insight 1
Examples illustrating the importance of genetic considerations in ecosystem restoration 13 David Boshier, Evert Thomas, Riina Jalonen, Leonardo Gallo and Judy Loo
Insight 2
The Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative: building resilient landscapes in African drylands Nora Berrahmouni, François Tapsoba and Charles Jacques Berte
Insight 3
Part 2
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Invasive species and the inappropriate use of exotics Philip Ivey
Theoretical and practical issues in ecosystem restoration Chapter 2
19
23
Seed provenance for restoration and management: conserving evolutionary potential and utility 27 Linda Broadhurst and David Boshier
2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. Chapter 3
15
Local versus non-local seed Basic concepts and theory Historical perspective of local adaptation The scale of local adaptation in trees: how local should a seed source be? Are non-local seed sources ever appropriate? Local seed sources may not produce restoration-quality seed Adaptation and climate change Benefits of using larger but more distant seed sources Conclusions
28 28 29 29 30 31 32 33 33
Continuity of local genetic diversity as an alternative to importing foreign provenances Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge
39
3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4.
39 40 40 41
Why should autochthonous diversity be protected? Inventory of autochthonous woody plants Producing autochthonous planting stock Seed orchards
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Insight 4
Insight 5
Chapter 4
3.5. Promotion of use 3.6. Discussion
43 45
Historical genetic contamination in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) may favour adaptation Sandor Bordacs
47
The development of forest tree seed zones in the Pacific Northwest of the United States Brad St Clair
49
Fragmentation, landscape functionalities and connectivity 53 Tonya Lander and David Boshier 4.1. Genetic problems related to fragmentation 53 4.2. Management of fragmented landscapes 55 4.3. The use of native species in ensuring functionality in fragmented landscapes 57 4.4. Conclusions: policy and practice 59
Chapter 5 Gene flow in the restoration of forest ecosystems Leonardo Gallo and Paula Marchelli
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
5.1. Genetic effects at different scales 5.2. Considerations in restoration and management
68 68
The role of hybridization in the restoration of forest ecosystems Leonardo Gallo
75
6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4.
75 76 76 76
The impact of restoration Promoting hybridization Avoiding hybridization Seed sources and seed-zone transfer
Collection of propagation material in the absence of genetic knowledge Gösta Eriksson
79
7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5.
79 80 80 83 84
Evolutionary factors Methods for sampling diversity Genetic variation Avoidance of genetic drift Conclusion
Evaluation of different tree propagation methods in ecological restoration in the neotropics 85 R.A. Zahawi and K.D. Holl
8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4.
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67
Establishing tree seedlings from seed in nurseries Establishment by vegetative propagation Direct seeding Choosing an appropriate restoration strategy
85 88 90 91
Chapter 9
Seed availability for restoration David J. Merritt and Kingsley W. Dixon
9.1. 9.2. 9.3. 9.4. 9.5.
Landscape-scale restoration requires large quantities of seed Seeding rates necessary to delivery restoration outcomes Constraints to seed supply for landscape-scale restoration Approaches to improving seed availability for restoration Conclusion
97 98 99 100 102
Insight 6
Seed availability: a case study Paul P. Smith
105
Insight 7
The role of seed banks in habitat restoration Paul P. Smith
106
Chapter 10 Traditional ecological knowledge, traditional resource management and silviculture in ecocultural restoration of temperate forests Dennis Martinez Chapter 11 Designing landscape mosaics involving plantations of native timber trees David Lamb
11.1. How much reforestation? 11.2. What kind of reforestation? 11.3. Where to undertake reforestation? 11.4. How to plan and implement restoration on a landscape scale? 11.5. Will forest landscape restoration succeed in conserving all biodiversity? 11.6. Conclusion Insight 8
Part 3
97
Identifying and agreeing on reforestation options among stakeholders in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, northern Thailand David Lamb
Methods
109
121
121 122 122 123 124 124
126
129
Chapter 12 Ecological restoration approaches 12.1. Miyawaki method Akira Miyawaki 12.1.1. Tropical rainforest rehabilitation project in Malaysia using the Miyawaki Method
133 133
137
Nik Muhamad Majid 12.1.2. Adapting the Miyawaki method in Mediterranean forest reforestation practices
140
Bartolomeo Schirone and Federico Vessella
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