Gateway is a multi-level course for students working towards their school-leaving examinations. By developing language and study skills and promoting learner confidence and independence. Gateway prepares students for their exams and for life beyond the classroom. Key features of the workbook include: • Vocabulary and Grammar extension activities which develop and reinforce students' language skills • Developing speaking and supported writing sections which develop key skills for exam success • Revision units which provide opportunities for self-assessment • Progress tests which enable students to monitor cumulative progress throughout the course Key features of the Gateway dictionary: • Includes all vocabulary from the Student's Book, Workbook and other key vocabulary common in school leaving exam topics. • The most important words are highlighted in red and graded for frequency of use • Real examples show students exactly how words are used in a wide variety of situations Essentiz • Clear, simple definitions make the dictionary fully accessible to Bl learners • All words and definitions taken from the Macmillan Essential Dictionary www.macmillandi
!
A I A2 Bl B2
1EJ -0-230-72345-0
MACMILLAN www.macmillanenglish.com
www.MacmillanPracticeOnline.com/gateway
0"7 2 3 4 5 0'
Workbook David Spencer Contents Unit 1: Family histories
2
Unit 2: Criminal records
10
Revision: Units 1-2
18
Unit 3: Lost in translation
20
Unit 4: Fit and well
28
Revision: Units 3-4
36
Unit 5: TV world
38
Unit 6: Living planet
46
Revision: Units 5-6
54
Unit 7: Odd jobs
56
Unit 8: Good friends
64
Revision: Units 7-8
72
Unit 9: Read on
74
Unit 10: Cyberspace
82
Revision: Units 9-10
90
Progress Tests: 1-10
92
Gateway B1 Dictionary
97
MCMILLAN
Grammar
• Present simple and present continuous
• Articles
Vocabulary • Ages and stages of life > The family • Noun suffixes -ment, -ion, -ence
1 Family matter
Speaking
> Asking for personal information
Writing
• An informal email
Ages and stages of life 1
Read the clues and complete the puzzle. Which word appears in the shaded column? 1
He's 72. He's a senior
2and3
She's 55. She's a.
adult.
4
the period of life when you change from being a child to being a young adult
5
a very young child who can't talk or walk
6
the stage of life when you are 70, for example
7
the opposite of life
8
the beginning of life
9
The family 2
Look at the family tree and complete the sentences. John = Natasha
lan = Susan
Simon
Daniel
Sandra = Graham
Barbara
James
1
John and Natasha are Simon's grandparents
2
Susan is lan's
3
James is Simon's
4
Natasha is Graham's.
5
Graham is lan's
6
Daniel is Simon's
7
Barbara is lan's
8
James is Daniel's
9
Barbara is John's
10
3
Graham is Sandra's
Match the halves of the sentences. 1
I've got a stepfather
a
2
My aunt is 50 and single ...
b
because they don't want to get married at the moment.
3
She's my niece ...
с
because my parents got divorced and I live with my mum.
4
Paul is an only child ...
d
because after my father's death my mum got married again.
e
because she's my sister Elizabeth's daughter.
5
come from a one-parent family ..
because his parents didn't want any more children.
6
Peter is my cousin's partner, not her husband ...
f
because he separated from his wife legally last year.
7
Samuel is divorced ...
g
because she never wants to get married.
Write definitions or explanations of the words in bold from 3. 1
stepfather
2
single
3
niece
4
only child
5
one-parent family
6
partner
7
divorced Unit 1
your
mother's jnew fii^band.m. „._
a later
marriage
_
„. „
_._
_
1
Read this text from a website. What do you think the website does? 1
It gives news about social changes.
2
It's a place where you can buy new products.
Tools
Winoow
3
It gives descriptions of and opinions about new products.
4
It explains the science behind new technology.
Help
©TECHNOWORLD
.
PRODUCT D E S C R I P T I O N : A new high-tech coat for young children A You know that here atTechnoworld our job is to tell you all about new sorts of products that are about to appear in a shop near you. Well, this week we're looking at a coat called the EZ-Find coat. Riley Electronics are working on it and they hope that it will be in the shops by next December. В Losing your child is a terrible experience. This coat can tell you where your young child is by computer or mobile phone. You can receive GPS data from it every 15 seconds.The coat also has an alarm which you can use to tell your child to come home. Some of you are probably thinking that this is spying. Maybe. But remember that this coat is for very young children and the idea is, above all, to protect them. Another nice thing about the coat is that when your child loses it, the G PS can help you to find it again.
By Einheit | 0 1 . 2 3 P M | 24/10 This is great news for my family. I have a child with a disability. I think the idea of the coat is to give the children extra independence and help parents to relax. That sounds perfect for us! By Jabber | 0 1 . 4 5 P M | 2 4 / 1 0 What a'great' idea! Put a GPS in the first thing that your son or daughter takes off their coat! By Inkedfusion | 0 3 . 4 5 P M | 24/10 Great for little children but we all know that this doesn't work with teenagers. When they have GPS technology in their mobile phones, they take their phone and leave it in the library. You think they're studying but then they go away and do what they want!
С OK, so now you're waiting for next December to come so that you can run out and buy the coat. But first we need to tell you about one or two problems we had when we tested it. For a start, it's very warm. That means that, except for people who live in Alaska, your child probably won't be able to wear it very often. And then there's the other big problem.The coat is very expensive, especially if you pay for the monthly service to be able to track the GPS signal.
2
3
Who (theTechnoworld website, Einheit, Jabber, Inkedfusion or Stammer) thinks that the coat... 1
is good for people with a bad memory?
2
is ideal for their child?
3
is a bad idea because children always take their coats off first?
4
isn't a good idea when it's warm?
5
is a stupid idea for adolescents?
6
costs a lot?
In your own words, explain what these different people think of the coat. 1
Jabber
2
Einheit
3
Inkedfusion
4
Stammer
4
5
By Stammer | 0 4 . 0 5 P M | 24/10 This is the perfect coat for me. For me, not my children. I always take my coat off and leave it. Then I never remember where it is! With this GPS coat, it's the end of that problem!
Find words in the text which have similar meanings to these words or explanations. 1
types (paragraph A)
2
something that happens to you (paragraph B)
3
principally, most importantly (paragraph B)
4
follow or find someone or something (paragraph Q
5
the ability to take your own decisions (comment by Einheit)
What about you? Write a comment for theTechnoworld website and give your opinion about the coat.
Unit 1
Present simple and present continuous 1
3
Look at these sentences. Choose the correct alternative and explain why we use the present simple or present continuous in each sentence. 1
that's happening 2
1
аи action
now
You never listen to me. Present sjmple/cwtinuous because
3
My dad works at the weekend. Present simple/continuous because.
4
Water turns to ice when it's below 0°C Present simple/continuous because
5
My brother is spending the weekend with my grandparents. Present simple/continuous because
6
4
Ah! Now I understand. Present simple/continuous because.
7
Where you live? Where doyou live? - PS
My friends are listening to the concert at the moment. Present simpiej^'oniinuousjbecause it describes
All the questions are in the present simple (PS) or the present continuous (PC), but one word is missing. Add a word to each question and write PS or PC next to it.
2
What your mother do?
3
What your friends doing now?
4
Does your friend English well
5
Are you your homework at the moment?
6
What sports you do?
7
What is your friend at the moment?
8
Who do you usually next to in English lessons?
Write your own true answers to your questions in 3. 1 2
A: Do you like this programme? B: Yeah, I love it.
3
Present simple/continuous because
4 8
They go swimming twice a week.
5
Present simple/continuous because.
6 7
2
Complete the sentences with the present simple or the present continuous form of the verbs given. 1
A: Why has he got his hand up? B:
2
(want) the teacher to ask him.
He
(know) the answer.
A: Why B:
3
He
you
(study)?
She doesn't have her books with her today?
3
Do you studying for your exam now?
4
Why are you and Joe walking to school today?
(not speak) French.
5
Do your brother plays in the basketball team?
(make) the dinner.
6
My cousin studies at this school.
7
My sister and I are having two bikes at the moment.
8
A: What do you do now?
(read) my notes and then I
(sing) downstairs?
B: That's my sister. She's good, isn't she? 5
A: Bonjour, mademoiselle. B: Sorry, I
6
A: Mmmm. What's that smell? Is it pizza? B: Yes. My dad
7
A: Why isn't your mum here at the moment? B:
8
She
(finish) work late on Thursdays.
A: Can I speak to the director? B:
to
Are these sentences correct? If not, correct them.
2
A: How do you prepare for exams?
A: Who
5
Are you writting your essay at the moment?
(write) questions for myself. 4
Grammar extension
1
I've got an exam tomorrow.
В: I
8
No. He
Unit 1
(speak) to someone else.
В: I listen to my MP3 player.
• Developing vocabulary Noun suffixes -ment, -ion, -ence 1
Г
2
Write the noun form of these words.
Match words in 1 with these definitions. Make sure you write the correct form of the word: noun, verb or adjective.
1
equip (v.) equipment
2
invent (v.)
1
facts about someone or something
3
protect (v.)
2
to make something better
4
improve (v.)
3
things and materials that you need to do something
5
adolescent (adj.)
4
to keep someone or something safe
6
retire (v.)
5
something that makes one person or thing not the same as another
7
inform (v.)
8
different (adj.)
9
move (v.)
10
discuss (v.)
3
Write a definition to explain the meaning of these words. 1
invention
11 independent (adj.)
2
movement
12 confident (adj.)
3
retire
Vocabulary extension: noun suffixes -er, -or, -ist 4
5
We can add the suffixes -er, -or, -ist to verbs or nouns to make nouns that describe people. We usually add -erand -or to verbs and -ist to nouns. Write the nouns for these words. Use your dictionary if necessary. 1
art
2
sing
3
drive
4
invent
5
science
6
economy
7
teach
8
play
9
photograph
10
direct
11
write
12
build
6
Who are these people? Use the words in 4.
artist
Complete the sentences with words in 4. 1
He always wins at tennis. He's a very good
2
Steven Spielberg is a very famous film
3
Albert Einstein was a great
4
Is your dad a taxi-
5
I hate that
? All her
songs are the same. 6
I'd like to be an
one day. I love
studying finance and markets. 7
It was his job to discover new things. He was an
Unit 1
International cultural knowledge The origin of British family names
f77ie о/чд{/1 p/ {ftrifis/ifii/itf/f/ names Some people think rhat names aren't important. They're probably right, bur
Answer the questions. 1
they can be very interesting. Take British surnames, for example. A surname
Write down three British family names you know.
is a name that you and your family all have, and thar you pass from one
Jadcspyij
generation to another. When we start to look at the meaning of different surnames, we soon discover
Can you guess the origin of any of these names?
that many of them answer one of these basic questions:
/ think Jackson
a) W h o is this person's father or grandfather?
2
is 'the son of Jack'.
This gives us British surnames like Peters or Peterson. There are many surnames which begin with Mc or Mac, for example McCartney or Macdonald. This has a Scottish origin and also means son of, the same as O' in Ireland, like the surnames O'Connor or O'Brien.
Read this text about the origin of British family names.
b) Where is this person from?
What are the four origins that the text talks about? They explain
1
who the person's
father
orgrandfather
Some people have a country for their surname, for example England. was.
Field, House, Lake and H i l l are all common family names in Britain too. In fact, some experts think that 50% of all surnames come from some type o f geographic description. c) W h a t is this person's job? The very common surname Smith (five million people in the world have got this surname!) comes from'blacksmith', the traditional job of making objects such as horseshoes from metal. Baker (someone who makes bread), Shepherd (someone who looks after sheep) and Carpenter (someone who works with wood) are all common British surnames. d) W h a t is special about this person?
• WORD BOOSTER
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
I f your surname is Small, there's probably a small person in your family's
Match the words and definitions. 1
generation
a
from Scotland
2
Scottish
b
an area of green land, often with
3
field
с
4
seashore
animals a group of people who are bom/live around the same time d
[
land next to the sea
history. If your surname is Armstrong, then somebody in your family's past probably had strong arms. A n d the surname Reid comes from the word red, so you probably had a family member with red hair or a red face. When you start to investigate, you soon find that British surnames can be really interesting. A n d when you discover that there is a book called A Student's Guide to the Seashore by John and Susan Fish, you soon see that they can be funny too!
Read the text again and answer the questions. 1
What is a surname?
4
Write down t w o surnames from your country (but nor your surname!). Then write down a possible origin. Is it one of the four origins from the text?
2
Where is the surname Macdonald from originally and what
1
does it mean?
3
Where does the family name Smith come from?
4
What does a carpenter do?
2
What does it mean if your surname is Reid?
6
What is funny about the surname of the authors of Л Student's
Surname Possible origin
5 5
Surname Possible origin
What about youl Do you like your family name? Why/Why not? Do you know the origin of your family name?
Guide to the Seashorel
6
Unit 1
• Grammar in context Articles 1
Match these sentences with the rules. 1
2
My friend's dad is an engineer.
2
I love animals.
3
That isn't the problem.
4
The sun is hot today.
.._
a b
We use no article when we talk about things in general, We use the to talk about a specific person or thing or a previously mentioned person or thing,
с
We use a/an to talk about a singular, countable person or thing
5
Parents can be difficult.
for the first time, or to say that the person or thing is one of a
6
They've got a car.
number of people or things,
7
(They've got a car.) The car's blue.
d
We use the to talk about someone or something that is unique,
8
She's the new president.
e
We use a/an to say what somebody's profession is.
3
Complete the famous quotes with a/an, the or 0 (no article).
Complete the sentences with a, an or the.
1
1 have
dream.'
2
'
3
'I paint
4
'To be or not to be, that is
Martin Luther King
earth goes round
sun.'
Copernicus
objects as I think them, not as I see them.' Pablo Picasso question.' William Shakespeare
1
Yes, you're right! He has got
2
walkers in
3
What's
4
He works for
5
mobile phone!
6 7
organisation that helps people with
remote control?
7
She's single. She hasn't got
husband.
8
I have
idea! Why don't we go to see Uncle George
tomorrow? 9
Alexis
name of my nephew.
10
My stepfather is
11
He is
12
My sister wants to be
13
Have you got
carpenter.
director of the film we saw yesterday. economist. new computer? I haven't seen it
before. 14
good old days than
bad memory.'
Franklin Pierce Adams
coat you are wearing looks very warm.
'
(CVo)nly problem with common sense is that it is
not very common.' 8
boy behind you is Paul's cousin. What's on TV? Can you pass
Albert Einstein
'Nothing is more responsible for
title of that song?
6
(l/i)magination is more important than
knowledge.'
picture look very surprised.
no home. 5
'
'
(IVI)ifeis
Voltaire dream.'
Calderon de la Barca
Grammar extension 4
Look at these sentences. Cross out the when you think it is not necessary. 1
I love the Italian food.
2
The English people I know are really nice.
3
All you need is the love.
4
The food in this restaurant is terrible!
5
The money isn't the problem. The problem is not having the money!
6
The problem today is that the families don't spend enough time together.
7
The vegetarians don't eat the meat.
8
The man who lives next door is the headmaster's uncle. Unit 1
Asking for personal information
Describing photos
1
4
You meet an English boy. Use these prompts to write questions to ask him. 1
Find out if he has brothers or sisters. Have you got any brothers
2
3
Look at this photo and answer the questions. If you are not sure of something, use / think and/or / imagine.
or sisters?
2
Find out their ages.
3
Find out if they go to the boy's school.
4
Find out if they all go out together at the weekend.
5
Find out what the boy does on Saturdays.
1
Who can you see in the photo?
2
Where are they?
3
What are they doing?
4
How do you think the people are feeling? Why?
Match these answers to your questions in 1. a
Yes, they do.
b
Yes, I've got two sisters and a brother.
с
I usually go out with my friends on Saturday afternoon or evening. We go to the cinema, or bowling.
d
Not usually. We sometimes go out together on Sundays. We just get in the car and drive out into the country to spend the day there.
e
My sisters are 15 and 13 and my brother is 12.
Write your own true answers to the questions in 1.
Unit 1
5
Use the questions in 4 to think of things to say about this photo. Make notes and then practise orally.
Developing w r i t i n g An informal email 1
Read this student's paragraph plan and email. Then put his
2
Look at the words or expressions in bold in the email. Explain
why they are important in informal emails.
email in the order of his paragraph plan.
Paragraph plan
Hi W? usually start informalemails with this word.
Informal email giving personal information Paragraph 1 : Basic personal information I'm
Paragraph 2: Information about my family Paragraph 3: Hobbies Paragraph 4 : Favourite subject(s) a t school Paragraph 5: Asking for a reply
D
Anyway
Best wishes
In my free time, I like doing s p o r t with my friends. We play
all types of sport - football, basketball, tennis. We aren't very good, but we enjoy ourselves ©. I also enjoy reading and watching TV.
D
I live with my mum and my little brother. His name is Tom
and he's only nine years old. My mum is an a r t i s t . She does illustrations for books and magazines. She's very good and she loves herjob! My parents are divorced and I don't see my father very often.
3
Look at this personal information. Imagine that you are this person. Write an informal email using the paragraph plan and email in 1 as a model. Add more information and write complete sentences.
Paragraph plan Paragraph 1:
Marianela, 1 6 , Buenos Aires, Argentina
Paragraph 2:
Mother and father, t w o sisters. One sister 2 1 , other 1 9 . Both a t university. Go o u t with them a t weekend. Main hobby - cinema (American films). Go often. Also like books.
19 Anyway, it's time t o do my homework. Write back
Favourite subjects - Geography. Good
soon and tell me about yourself.
teacher. Also History.
Best wishes
•
Ask for a reply
ни
I'm Steve. I'm 1 7 and I'm from Oxford in England. Let me tell you about myself.
U
A t school my favourite subject is English. A t t h e moment
we're studying American literature and I'm really enjoying it. I also like studying a r t . My mum helps me with t h a t , of course!
Ф Reply
Get Mail
1 2 3 4 5
Forward
Delete
Print
Z>
Steve
Unit 1
Grammar
Vocabulary • Crimes
2 Criminal records
• Past continuous
•Criminals
• Phrasal verbs connected with investigating and finding Speaking
• Reporting a past event
Writing
• An informal letter
Crimes
Criminals
l a Find eight crimes in the word search.
3
Put the letters in order to find the names of different criminals.
g
n
m
r
a
a
V
P
s
b
с
1
1
t
1
ruggem mugger
5
redrumer.
a
t
V
e
к
P
r
d
d
n
e
P
r
s
2
fieth
6
boerbr
0
e
i
t
с
s
о
e
m
t
w
i
h
a
3
tripea
7
fitposherl.
r
b
t
n
г
P
b
e
r
e
i
r
о
о
4
lavand
8
blagrur
i
с
w
о
a
d
b
u
r
g
1
a
r
У
w
i
t
m
n
d
e
t
h
с
a
с
0
i
J
h
m
u
t
f
r
r
r
r
m
У
e
s
e
u
g
9
r
t
У
h
a
s
b
г
9
t
s
z
e
g
n
с
a
r
t
h
e
f
t
d
n
r
1
i
h
w
n
1
m
e
r
d
q
r
h
V
a
n
d
a
1
i
s
m
с
t
V
d
t
t
t
g
0
d
h
0
t
e
e
1
e
s
e
n
i
n
w
i
s
m
u
r
d
e
r
i
с
f
У
s
h
0
P
1
i
f
t
i
n
g
e
e
a
h
a
a
t
n
n
f
w
V
s
t
f
s
h
P
0
V
m
r
d
к
e
e
g
r
t
t
e
i
u
q
f
f
1
о
w
V
f
t
l b Write the words from la in column A. Put them in alphabetical order. A: crimes 1
B:verbs
burglary
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2
> Past simple
Complete column В with these verbs. You can repeat verbs if necessary. burgle
Unit О
kill
mug
pirate
rob
steal
vandalise
4
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in 1,2and3. 1 2
The
stole money and objects from our home.
The police arrested a group of
who were
breaking shop windows in Main Street last night. 3
A
attacked an old woman last night and took
her handbag and watch. 4
In my opinion
is a terrible crime because it's
wrong to take someone's life. 5
They make thousands of illegal copies. They software, CDs and DVDs.
6
The
stole CDs and DVDs from the department
store. 7
Those two robbers month in spectacular robberies.
thousands of dollars every
• Reading 1
Look at the photo and the title
К
3
of the text. What do you think B f
A^k.
happened?
Read the text again and choose a, b or с to complete the sentences. 1
I think 2
3
4 2
< y
C / C t m n n
Q h t n e s e 2
0
0
0
s t u d e n t /
p o l i c e
g e n t r - o l d
a
n
d
join the modern Chinese army,
b
be part of an ancient Chinese army,
с
be an expert in Chinese armies.
TheTerracotta Army began their work a
100 years ago.
b
30 years ago.
с
over 2,000 years ago.
It was difficult to find Pablo Wendel because
a
t h e
5
я
nvmy
In 1974 t w o l o c a l farmers accidentally d i s c o v e r e d t h e w o r l d - f a m o u s T e r r a c o t t a Army near t h e a n c i e n t c i t y o f x i a n i n C h i n a . T h e r e were thousands o f brown t e r r a c o t t a s o l d i e r s . They were t h e r e t o g u a r d t h e a n c i e n t emperor x i a n Shi Huang, a j o b t h e y began 2200 y e a r s ago. A r c h e o l o g i s t s immediately called the T e r r a c o t t a Army t h e f i n d o f t h e c e n t u r y . Thousands o f people visit the Terracotta Army each day i n t h e museum i n x i a n . on 1 8 September 2006 one o f t h o s e v i s i t o r s was a German a r t s t u d e n t c a l l e d P a b l o w e n d e l . P a b l o , 26, l o o k e d l i k e a normal t o u r i s t when he walked i n t o t h e museum. B u t he was c a r r y i n g a bag w i t h s o m e t h i n g s p e c i a l i n i t . i n s i d e was a brown costume t h a t l o o k e d v e r y o l d . I t was an exact copy o f t h e u n i f o r m t h a t t h e t e r r a c o t t a s o l d i e r s were w e a r i n g .
4
he was a good statue.
b
he was behind the soldiers.
с
the police weren't paying attention.
When the police found him, Pablo a
Read the text. Were your predictions in 1 correct?
Z\
Pablo Wendel wanted to a
started running.
b
didn't do anything.
с
attacked the police officers.
The police
a
said Pablo could stay in Xian.
b
carried Pablo away and questioned him.
с
thought the incident was funny and unimportant.
Answer the questions. 1
What did Pablo Wendel do on 18 September 2006?
2
Why did he do it?
3
Why did the police decide not to arrest him?
th
t h
5
necessary. 1
accidentally (paragraph 1) withoutplanning
or wanting to
do something
Pablo q u i c k l y p u t on h i s s o l d i e r ' s u n i f o r m , covered h i s f a c e i n brown p a i n t and jumped down i n t o t h e a r e a where t h e T e r r a c o t t a Army was s t a n d i n g , s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s saw h i m , b u t P a b l o was w e l l p r e p a r e d and knew e x a c t l y what t o d o . He f o u n d a space i n t h e l i n e s o f s o l d i e r s and stood c o m p l e t e l y s t i l l . The p o l i c e a r r i v e d , but now t h a t he w a s n ' t m o v i n g , t h e o f f i c e r s d i d n ' t know w h i c h was t h e r e a l p e r s o n and which were t h e s t a t u e s . However, a f t e r two m i n u t e s , one o f t h e p o l i c e m e n f i n a l l y f o u n d h i m . s t i l l P a b l o d i d n ' t move a muscle, i n t h e e n d , t h e p o l i c e o f f i c e r s had t o p i c k him up l i k e a s t a t u e and c a r r y h i m away. The o f f i c e r s asked P a b l o a l o t o f q u e s t i o n s t o f i n d o u t why he was t h e r e , не t o l d them t h a t he l o v e d t h e T e r r a c o t t a Army and w a n t e d t o be p a r t o f i t f o r j u s t one d a y .
What is the meaning of these words from the text? Write a definition, explanation or synonym. Use your dictionary if
6
2
century (paragraph 1)
3
costume (paragraph 2)
4
muscle (paragraph 4)
5
pick up (paragraph 4)
6
arrest (paragraph 5)
What about you? Do you think that what Pablo did was right or wrong? Why?
The p o l i c e d e c i d e d n o t t o a r r e s t h i m , p r o b a b l y because Pablo d i d n ' t a c t u a l l y t o u c h o r b r e a k any o f t h e t e r r a c o t t a s o l d i e r s . B u t t h e y t o o k away h i s u n i f o r m , t o l d h i m n o t t o do i t a g a i n and s e n t him back t o t h e e a s t e r n C h i n e s e c i t y o f Hangzhou where he was s t u d y i n g .
Unit 2
P
Past simple 1
Match the puzzle pieces to make irregular forms of the past simple. How many irregular forms can you make? Write the present form of each verb in brackets. bought
3
1
(buy)
-aught I
br p
ft" -old 1 N
•"" -ook I
sh jo
h
dr |o
2
What crime/commit?
3
How much/steal?
4
police/catch him?
5
Where/go in 1970?
6
Why/fly to Brazil?
7
sing with/the Rolling Stones?
-ank -ought
_h_Jo
-ew
-ut th p
ft
-оке
Complete the text with the past simple form of these verbs. be
When/be born? When was he horn?
b j o
2
1
Use the question words and the verbs to write questions about Ronnie Biggs.
become
catch
go
not do
When/come back to England?
steal 4
These statements are incorrect. Write one negative sentence and one correct sentence for each statement. 1
Ronnie Biggs was born in 1919.
Ronnie Biaas wasn't born in Iftl. He was born in 1121.
Ronald, or Ronnie, Biggs (a) He (b)
born in England in 1929.
2
Ronnie Biggs committed a murder.
3
Biggs stole 2.6 million dollars.
4
He ran away to Madrid.
5
A police officer saw him in Australia.
6
After Australia, Biggs flew to the USA.
famous in 1963 for his part in the Great Train
Robbery. In this robbery, a gang of criminals (c) 2.6 million pounds from a train. Biggs (d)
much in the
crime, he only had a small part in it, but the police (e)
him and he (f) change
escape
to prison. leave
Two years later he (g) (h)
see
work
He ran away to Paris and
his appearance thanks to plastic surgery. In 1970
he (i)
France. Then, in Australia, he (j)
a television studio but a reporter (k)
him and
recognised him. come
5
Use the answers to the questions in 3 to write a short text about Ronnie Biggs. He was born in 1121.
fly
Because of this, Biggs (I)
live
make
sing
to Brazil, where he
(m)
with his new family for many years. He
(n)
a film with the Sex Pistols in 1980 and he
(o)
some songs with them. He (p)
back to England in 2001 and had to go back to prison. Unit 2
in
1
Grammar extension
—J
• Phrasal 1
verbs connected with investigating and finding
Complete the phrasal verbs with these words. come
find
look
look
turn
work
Vocabulary extension: more phrasal verbs with
Use your dictionary to match these phrasal verbs with look
with their meanings. 1
.out = discover . into = investigate . for = try to find
2
a
look after--. look ahead
up = arrive or appear unexpectedly
5
across = find by accident
6
out = solve a problem by considering the facts
b
\
feel happy or excited that something is going to happen
с
walk around a room, building or place and see what is there
d
look forward to
look carefully at people or things around you to find a particular person or thing
look out for
Choose the correct alternative.
plan what you are going to do in the future
look back
4
look
e
think about a time or event in the
\ look round
P "-•f
ast
take care of someone or something
Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. after ahead back forward out round 1
Let's look
this museum slowly. I think it will be
interesting. 2
I'm looking
to the football match tomorrow. I'm
really excited about it. 3
We need to look
and see what problems there
could be in the next few years. 4
Mum and I are going out now. Look
your little
sister until we get back. 5
Stop spending your time looking
The past is the
past. It's time to carry on with your life. 6
When you go to the party, look
for Helen and Kate
because they said they were going too. Answer the questions. Write complete sentences.
1
Do you ever look after anybody? If so, who?
2
Do you spend more time looking ahead or looking back?
3
What are you looking forward to doing this weekend?
4
Is there a house, building or museum that you would like to
Sir Isaac Newton saw an apple falling from a tree. He thought about it and worked out/turned up his theory of gravity.
2
1
When I lost a contact lens, I looked for/lopked into it everywhere.
3
The maths problem was really difficult but after thinking hard, they workedout/cqme
4
the answer.
Nobody usually went to her house but one Saturday one of her friends turned up/carneacrqss,.
5
look round? Which one(s)?
He wanted an original name for his new dog but he couldn't think of one. Then he cgmgMf.Qss/lwM.UJDtQ. the name Torak in a novel and he liked it.
6
When she looked into/found out that he was lying, it was a terrible shock.
7
5
When you go to a party, who is the first person you look out for?
They can't take a decision about this question yet. They need to look for/look into the facts in more detail. Unit 2
Private investigators
" Л
Cross-curricular-History The first private detective 1
Look at the logo above the text. What do you think the agency did every day?
Read the text and choose the correct alternative. 1 The first detective, Allan Pinkerton, was born in England/ Scotland/America. From 1842 he lived in England/Scotland/America. Pinkerton's National Detective Agency investigated bank robberies/train robberies/murders at the beginning. Pinkerton's National Detective Agency worked before the FBI/ worked with the FBI/copied the FBI. Pinkerton's National Detective Agency was very small/small/ big.
• WORD BOOSTER •
Match the words and definitions.
•
1 gang
•
2 logo
1 1
3 paid 4 assassinate
1
5 follow
a
kill an important person
b с
gave money for something group of criminals
d e
walk behind somebody symbol to represent a company or
W e all love films and books about private detectives. But who was the first private detective? I n fact, his name was Allan Pinkerton and his story is as interesting as a detective novel. Pinkerton was born in Scotland in 181!) \ but he went to live in America in 1812. ^М^» He and his wile lived in Chicago. One day / " ^ ' A when he was walking by a river, he came across a small island. He saw that people were living there and he worked out that they were a gang of criminals. He went and told the police and they caught all the criminals except their leader. Pinkerton helped the police to look lor the leader and he found him. Pinkerton became a local hero and the next year he became Chicago's first private detective. A
organisation
In 1852 Allan Pinkerton and his brother Robert started their own detective agency. At the time, there were many Complete the sentences with information from the text. train robbers because trains carried lots ol money and gold. People usually paid the Pinkertons to find and catch train 1 Allan Pinkerton became a local hero because he helped robbers. They were good at their job and soon criminals the police to find the leader of a gang of criminals. hated the name Pinkerton. 2
because there was money and gold on trains. 3
The Pinkertons'usual job was to.. and they were very good at it.
4
Pinkerton's National Detective Agency became famous because the Pinkertons
because Pinkerton's National Detective Agency had an eye for their logo. What about youl Who is your favourite famous detective from a book, TV series, film or cartoon? Why do you like him/her?
14
Unit 2
In 1861 the Pinkertons were investigating a train robbery when they discovered a plan to assassinate the American president, Abraham Lincoln. W i t h this information, the Pinkertons saved Lincoln's life, and soon everybody knew about their agency, Pinkerton's National Detective Agency. In the American Civil War, Lincoln paid Pinkerton's National Detective Agency to organise a secret intelligence sen ice. Before the creation of the FBI or the C I A in America, Pinkerton's National Detective Agency did exactly this type of work. The Pinkertons soon had many men and women working lor them. Allan Pinkerton taught them how to investigate crimes and how to follow people without them knowing about it. He was also the first person to keep a bank ol information about different criminals, including their photos. O n the side of Pinkerton's National Detective Agency's headquarters in Chicago they had a famous logo. It was a big black and white eve with the words ' W e never sleep'. Private detectives are often called 'Private Lyes'. The Pinkerton eve was the origin of this name.
Past continuous 1
Complete the dialogue with the past continuous form of these verbs. do
do
HELEN:
feel
have
not feel
sit
talk
3
Write questions for these answers. 1
What (a)
2
you
My family was watching a film at 7pm. ?
My mum and I (b)
3 Later I took the dog out for a walk.
my
grandmother in hospital. HELEN:
Why was she in hospital?
LUKE:
Yesterday morning she (c)
4 No, I wasn't sleeping at 9pm. well
5
so we called the doctor and he said that she needed to
At 11 pm I was reading.
go to hospital. HELEN:
6
What(d)
I went to sleep at about 12pm.
she
last night when you visited her? LUKE:
She(e)
on a chair, not lying in
bed. All the patients (f)
dinner and
they (g) this morning, she (h)
2
4
Write your own true answers to the questions in 3. 1
and laughing.
She looked OK. When my mum phoned the hospital HELEN:
doing at 7pm last night?
I was listening to my MP3 player at 7pm last night.
visit
I rang you at 8pm last night but there was no answer.
LUKE:
What were yen
2
much better. 3
That's good news.
Complete the text with the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs given.
4 5 6
Grammar extension Read the text. There are ten extra words in it. Find them and cross them out. The last night we were watching a film on TV when suddenly we did heard a sound like an explosion. At first we thought that it was came from the TV but then we realised the noise came from One Saturday afternoon, a team of police officers (a)
the kitchen.
(play) football against a
group of local people in Yorkshire, England. The police officers (b)
(lose) 0-2 when suddenly
an officer (c)
(recognise) one of the
men who (d) He (e)
(play) in the other team. (know) that the man was a criminal. The police
officers (f)
(look) for him for
several burglaries.The police officers (g) playing and (h) Then they (i) In the end, the police officers (j) And the man (k)
(stop) (arrest) the man. (start) the match again. (win) the match 3-2!
(go) to prison for a long time.
My dad said us it could be a burglar and so he took a big stick and went to the kitchen to see if he was right. He was opening the door when that something jumped out really fast! It wasn't a burglar because it was only small. Then there did was another sound. We went back to the living room. The lamp was on the floor. In the corner of the room there was a cat. My family and I we recognised it - it was my neighbour's cat. The cat was nervous and was knocking things onto the floor while it is was running through our house. We did rang the neighbour and he came to take his cat back. In the end of we didn't see what happened in the film we were watching. Unit 2
Reporting a past event - a crime
Describing photos
1
3
Complete the dialogue with these words. after AMY:
at first
in the end
later
suddenly
Look at the photo and answer the questions. If you are not sure of something, use / think and/or / imagine.
then
Last night my friends and I went out to that new restaurant in Bank Street.
ADAM:
Did you have a good time?
AMY:
No, not really.
ADAM: Why not? What happened? AMY:
Well, we wanted to see if it was good or not. (a)
we didn't like it because the waiter
was really slow. But (b)
we started
eating and we loved it. When we were finishing our meal, a man (c)
started shouting at the
waiter. He was really angry and became violent. A few minutes (d)
the manager of the
restaurant called the police. ADAM: Then what happened? AMY:
(e)
that the man stopped shouting
and sat down, (f) 2
he paid and left.
Imagine that you were waiting outside the cinema last Saturday and that you saw this scene. Write the other half of the dialogue. Use some of the words from the box in 1.
4
Y O U R FRIEND:
Did you have a good time last Saturday?
YOU:
(a)
Y O U R FRIEND:
Why not? What happened?
YOU:
(b)
Y O U R FRIEND:
So what happened in the end?
YOU:
(c)
Unit 2
1
Who can you see in the photo?
2
Where are they?
3
What are they doing?
4
What do you think of this crime? Why?
Use the questions in 3 to think of things to say about this photo. Make notes and then practise orally.
An
ping writing An informal letter 1 Read this letter from a girl called Georgina. What was Georgina's unusual experience?
3
Imagine that you found an animal some time ago. Write a letter to a friend telling them about what you found. Tell them: •
what kind of animal it was and what you were doing when you found it
•
why you decided to take it home and how other family members reacted
•
what problem you had with the animal and how you solved
•
it how the animal changed your life.
(a)
(b)
(d) It was great to hear from you. Something really unusual happened to me yesterday. I was walking home after
hockey
practice when I saw a little boy on his own. He was crying because he was lost. He was only about {our or five years old and he didn't know how to get home. I didn't know what to do, but I couldn't
just
leave him there. I decided to take him to the police station. We were walking along the road when we got to some shops. Suddenly,
a woman
came running out of one of the shops. She very worried and was crying too. The boy
looked shouted
'Mummy!' The woman was his muml They both looked so happy, and I was happy for them. (e)
and
tell me about
your week (f) Georgma
Put these words and expressions in the correct place in the letter in 1.
a
It answers the questions.
Dear Phil,
b
It has all the necessary information.
28 April 2011
с
It is easy to understand.
d
It is well organised.
e
I think the grammar is correct.
f
I have used different words.
g
I have used punctuation and capital letters.
1 Thanks for your letter.
th
Love, 70 Baxter Street, Birmingham, ВОЗ 4RG. 6
When you finish, read your own letter and give yourself a mark from 0 (not very good) to 5 (excellent) for these criteria.
Write back soon
Think about your marks in 4 and make changes to your letter to improve it.
Unit 2
r
Revision: Units 1-2 Grammar
Vocabulary
1
1
Complete the sentences with the present simple form of the verbs given. (watch) the news twice a day.
1
Elizabeth
2
My friends
3
Sunny weather
4
A:
(not read) magazines. (make) me feel happy. it
(rain) a lot in
your country? My brother usually
(study) in his bedroom. /5
2
2
points)
Complete the dialogue with the present continuous form of these verbs. begin
carry
come
KATIE: Why (a)
not stay
put
you
now.
I (c)
3
because I have an
He (d)
now. He's walking slowly
because he (e)
the CD player
and some dictionaries. /5
sister called Polly. My sister loves (b)
restaurant, (e)
Italian friend who has (d)
restaurant is near our house. (_
4
points)
Complete the text with a/an, the or 0 (no article).
Italian food. She's got (c)
/5
One day, when I (a) woman (c) (d) her, so I (e)
(see) something unusual. A (sing) and a lot of people
single
5
only child
I
(be) there. Half an hour later all the other (come). They (talk) about a surprise concert by
the brother of your father
2
the brother of your husband or wife
3
your father's new wife
_]
4
your sister's daughter
I
5
the man a woman is married to
I
/5
points)
/5
points)
Match the words with the suffixes to make nouns. protect different improve equip invent
-ion -ment -ence ,
(
1
somebody who steals from houses
_
2
the crime when you kill someone
3
somebody who attacks another person to steal from them
4
the crime of breaking and destroying public things for no reason
5
the crime of copying software, films, etc
6
the person who steals from a bank (
5
/6
look
look
turn
work
In this story, there is a mysterious theft. A detective (a) into the crime. He asks lots of questions and, by using logic, he (b) He (c)
out that a man called Ron Carter is the criminal. for physical evidence that Carter did it. The
(j)
up at Carter's house, Carter admits he is the thief.
/10
/25
points)
)
points
points)
Complete the text with the correct present simple form of these verbs.
detective can't find anything but when he suddenly (d)
у
ч
Find words which match the definitions.They are all crimes or criminals.
our music teacher in the street and I was the only person who (not see) it!
points)
1
(continue) on my way (arrive), nobody
/5
Who are these people in a family?
(watch) her. I didn't recognise
students (h) (i)
4
(walk) to school,
to school but when I (f) (g)
senior citizen
points)
Complete the text with the past simple or the past continuous form of the verbs given.
I (b)
3
ч
4 Г
I've got (a)
adolescence
1 2 3 4 5
KATIE: Where's the teacher anyway?
3
2
(
appointment at the doctor's. LUCY:
birth
your
books in your bag?The lesson (b) LUCY:
1
(
B: Yes, it 5
Write an explanation for each word or expression.
Г
a><4l
>
/4
points)
/25
points^
l
Reading 1
Read the text and choose the best title for it. School children and violent crime Global solutions to the problem of absent students
3
T!
'HE
1 2
LAW
many
I N Britain and other
countries
Viera.
says that c h i l d r e n under 16
Who is responsible for you travelling to school - you,
need to go to school. W h e n
your parents or the police?
they don't go to school, it's a crime. It's called 'truancy' a n d m a n y different countries take truancy very seriously. In
a
schools put
group
of
i n Tokyo,
out
their
private students
hands
for
e x a m i n a t i o n every m o r n i n g . A
special
at
each
computer student's
to check
looks fingers
their f i n g e r p r i n t s .
Prison officers use the same technique w i t h criminals i n prison. It means that teachers k n o w exactly w h o is i n class and w h o isn't. the
parents'
problem
and responsibility. A t 5 a m one two the
2 5 ОГ
Read the text. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)? Write
Let me te/tyou what happened
2
Prison officers check fingerprints to know if criminals are Mindy Pearl Viera had problems with the police because there
4
There are books at the Seremban police station.
5
All students in Seremban have to write a summary of their
6
With the Phonemaster system a person phones parents again and again until they pick up the phone.
(
/ 7
points)
Writing Last week you saw a crime. Write an informal letter to a friend telling them about it.Tell them:
J
V
at
Pearl
Truancy is when children under 16 miss school for no reason.
book.
t.The
arrived
of M i n d y
1
were many times when she didn't go to school.
3
Miami,
HlUke,
3
ninal.
policemen house
in
down the line(s) where you found the answer.
present in the prison or not.
le
morning
•
what the crime was
•
what you were doing when you saw it
•
who the criminal was
•
if the police caught the criminal
•
what happened in the end. С
/8
points)
arrested
her
station because her teenage daughters d i d n ' t go to school more t h a n 100 times that year. I n the Malaysian t o w n of Seremban,
w h e n the police
f i n d a student w h o is i n the street a n d not at school, they take t h e m to the police station w h e r e there is n o w a special 'reading r o o m ' . The students read
books w h i l e they
are
w a i t i n g for their parents to come a n d take t h e m home. Students w h o don't finish the book take it home and t h e n w r i t e a summary of i t . A school i n Scotland uses an A m e r i c a n
I n some countries, truancy is
They
a n d took her to the police
system
called
Phonemaster. It automatically telephones parents w h e n
a
student is 30 minutes late for school.
The
phone
stop r i n g i n g u n t i l answers it.
to me last week. I...
doesn't someone
3 Lost in translation
Grammar
• Countable and uncountable nouns • Relative pronouns
Vocabulary
• Some, any, much, many, a lot of, a few, a little • Countries, nationalities and languages • Learning a language • Negative prefixes un-, in-, im-, ir-, il-
Speaking
»Asking for information
Writing
> A language biography
Countries, nationalities and languages
Learning a language
1
3
Complete the table. Country (a) /
• Berne S
Nationality (b)
Language(s)
Choose the correct alternative. 1 2 3 4 5
(c)
\
6
(d)
(e)
(f)
7 4
How often do you practice/practise your pronunciation? Translate/Translation can be difficult sometimes. It's natural to do/make mistakes. Last week we made/took a listening exam. I enjoy dgjng/mgking speaking exercises.
You need lots of Pjgjctjce/gKiCtise to speak and write well in English. We're going to feyjs&reyision.
for our exam.
Complete the questions with these words. There are eight words but only five gaps.
•
Warsaw
homework skill
И
(g)
(h)
(i)
1
made
mistake
translation
write
When was the last time you
revise wrote an essay in
English? What was it about?
Tokyo
(j)
(k)
(1)
2
How do you
3
Apart from outside school?
4
Which
grammar before an English exam? , what else do you do in English (reading, writing, listening or speaking)
do you enjoy practising the most? j^^Cardiff
Brasilia
H
5
J
What is a typical
you make in English (e.g.
writing english instead of English)! (m)
(n)
(o)
(P)
(q)
(r)
5
Write your own true answers to the questions in 4. 1
/
• ян 2
•
Buenos Aires
3 Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)? If they are false, correct them. 1
In Russia they speak German.
2
In the Netherlands they speak Dutch.
3
People from Egypt are Egyptese.
4
People from Egypt speak Arabian.
5
Swiss people are from Switzerland.
6
In Switzerland they speak French.
7
In Brazil they speak Spanish.
8
Welsh people are from Wales.
4
5
1 Read this text and write a good title for it.
I
N 2005 THE Chief Inspector of Schools, David Bell, said: 'Teenage boys i n Britain don't really want to speak i n English. So how are they going to learn to speak i n other languages? Language learning i n England's schools is - becoming almost completely middle class and female. We know that girls are doing modern languages more than boys, and that schools i n poor areas are not giving many opportunities to learn modern foreign languages.' But why aren't boys studying languages? Is it because they don't like К making mistakes? Or is i t because teenage boys just don't talk a lot, not even i n their own language? 'It's not a good situation,' said Bell, 'because we want more people to learn a modern language.'
INSIDE INFORMATION •
18-year-old students usually take. Grade A is the t o p mark. •
Read the text again. Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)? Write the line(s) where you found the answer. 1 David Bell thinks teenage boys in Britain are good at modern
In Britain'independent'schools are private schools. Parents pay t o send their children t o these types of schools.
•
In Britain, the languages that secondary students normally study are French, German or Spanish - in that order.
Modern languages are not very popular i n British secondary schools. Not many people are taking a GCSE in French this year. Recent investigation shows that there are problems w i t h language learning i n Britain. And those problems are making a difference to university language departments too. There are not many students who want to study languages, and so some university language departments now only have 10 or 12 students. Other statistics also confirmed the idea that mostly r i c h students are now studying modern languages. The Independent Schools Council found out that last year 6 0 % of all the top marks i n A-level French came from students in independent schools.
Mr Bell says secondary schools are already beginning to separate boys and girls for science lessons. He thinks it can also be a good idea for schools to do the same thing with modern language teaching. Mr Bell suggested that single-sex classes i n modern languages could stop boys being embarrassed about speaking i n another language. ; 'Some people t h i n k that it is a bad idea to separate boys and girls into different classes. But if the system produces good results for modern languages, let's do i t . '
2
GCSEs are public examinations w h i c h English, Welsh and Northern Irish students usually d o w h e n they are 16. A-levels are the exams w h i c h
4
What about you? 1
studying languages in your country? What is the difference?
languages because they like speaking. 2
Is there any difference between the number of girls and boys
David Bell is worried because in general children from poor families aren't studying modern languages.
3 David Bell thinks it's a good idea to have language classes with boys only because the boys won't be afraid to speak. 2 4
The number of students taking exams in modern languages is not high.
5
learn languages?
_
The number of students doing languages at university is going up.
6
Do you think there is any difference in the way boys and girls
_
You can only get a good mark in French if you go to an independent school.
3
Find these words in the text. Write a synonym, definition or explanation for each one. Use your dictionary if necessary. 1 completely (line 5) 2
3
What do you think about separating boys and girls into different classes in languages or in general?
opportunities (//лев)
3 separate (line 15) 4
single-sex (line 18)
5 embarrassed (line 19) 6
top marks (line 34) Unit 3
ntext
ram
Some, any, much, many, a lot of, a few, a little 1
5
Complete the table by ticking the correct boxes. Look at some as an example. some plural countable
/
uncountable
/
affirmative
/
any
much
many a lot (of)
Look at the pictures and write sentences with There is/are and a few or a little. There's a little
1
a few i a little .
water.
water
1
negative& questions large quantity small quantity 2
3
Are these words countable (C) or uncountable (U)? С
1
close friend
5
energy
2
free time
6
niece
3
problem
7
cousin
4
good idea
8
homework
Write questions with the words in 2 using either much or many. In your questions, make the countable nouns in 2 plural. 1
Have you. got many close
friends?
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4
Write your own true answers to your questions in 3 using some, any, not much, not many, a lot of. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I've got some close friends
but not many.
Grammar extension 6
Complete the sentences so they are true for you. 1
I've got some
in my bedroom.
2
We haven't got any
3
I haven't got much
4
There aren't many
in our family.
5
We've got a lot of
at school.
6
I've got a few
7
We've got a little
in our house.
in our fridge.
N6
Negative prefixes un-, in-, im-, ir-, il1 Complete the table by writing these words in the correct column. correct
formal
happy
le§af
un-
official
possible
practical
regular
usual
visible
im-
in-
il-
irleqal
Basic rule: We use the
Basic rule:
Basic rule:
prefix im- when a word starts
with
the
letter
2
Look at these words. Complete the basic rules in 1 to explain when we use the prefixes im-, ir and //-. 1
2 3 4 5 6 3
patient -> impatient
probable •» improbable relevant -» irrelevant responsible -* irresponsible logical -» illogical legible -* illegible
Match the words in 1 and 2 with these synonyms and
definitions. 1
wrong
2
relaxed, friendly, not very serious
3
sad
4
not good at waiting
5
impossible to see
6
impossible to read
Vocabulary extension: negative prefixes dis- and non4
Look at these words. Which go with dis- and which go with non-1 Which type of word is each one: a noun, verb or adjective? Use your dictionary if necessary. 1
2
agree
3
alcoholic
4
appear
5
advantage
6
resident
7
stop
8
honest
9
obey
10
smoking
11
qualify
nounj
verb
5
Complete the sentences with words in 4. 1
Cola is a
drink.
2 3 4
short periods. He's a When you
someone, you don't
do what they tell you to do. 5 you.
can 6 7
Our ideas are almost always different. One
of mobik
that they can cause. 8
section.
9 It's one song, then another, then another. Unit 3
1
Read the text and choose the best title for it. 1
e
School children in Finland want more Latin
Edit
View
History
Jpois
Window
In
Finland they speak
2
The news in Latin
3
Help
Finnish
and a f e w
And
Professor
doesn't
just
translate
popular there too, and t h a t language is L a t i n .
translates the words f o r songs. A n d he isn't
the
news
into
Latin.
He
also
Here's an example of Latin's popularity.
the only one. Dr J u k k a A m m o n d t , another
A Finnish university professor called Tuomo
25 university professor, loves Latin and he loves
Pekkanen has a radio programme where he
the king of rock and r o l l , Elvis Presley. So
reads the news every day ... in L a t i n . The t i t l e
w h a t does he do? He sings Elvis in L a t i n . T h e
of the programme is Nuntii Latini. There are
legend of Elvis Presley lives forever, and it is of
only one or t w o programmes like this in the
course very i m p o r t a n t to sing Elvis Presley's
10 w o r l d . 7 5 , 0 0 0 people listen t o it, f o r example
30 songs in the Latin language because Latin is
the Internet. The programme
x
receives
the eternal language/ he says. So songs like /
letters f r o m listeners in about 50 countries.
can't help falling in love become Won adamare
When he is making his news p r o g r a m m e
поп possum.
there are sometimes words which are d i f f i c u l t
There is an i m p o r t a n t t r a d i t i o n of studying
15 f o r Pekkanen to translate because, as you
35 L a t i n in Finland. There was a Latin congress
probably
know,
the
Romans
television, computers, emails
didn't
have
there recently and people had no problem t a l k i n g in L a t i n . Nowadays English
or lasers, f o r
is the language which people all over the w o r l d use t o communicate. But
example. But Pekkanen says t h a t he can t a l k
before English i t was L a t i n . Tuomo Pekkanen says t h a t around 15 million
about any story on the news by inventing a f e w
people in Europe speak or understand L a t i n . That's not bad f o r a dead'
20 new Latin words if necessary.
x
40
language.
3
• WORD BOOSTER
1
legend
2 3 4
Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)? Correct the false sentences.
Match the words a n d definitions. a
big meeting of experts
eternal
b
with no end
congress
с
at the present time
nowadays
d
very famous person
1
There are many programmes like Nuntii Latini in the world.
2
It can be difficult to translate the news because there are not always Latin words for modern things.
3
1
Tuomo Pekkanen is a professor who reads
2
Jukka Ammondt is a professor who sings
3
Finland is a place where there is
Latin is a language which around
Unit 3
Jukka Ammondt thinks there is a logical connection between Latin and Elvis Presley.
Read the text again and complete the sentences.
4
24
Pekkanen
people speak Swedish. B u t another language is
on
2
Latin isn't a dead language
4 4
Today Latin has the same function as English.
What about you? 1
Do you, or did you, study Latin? Do/Did you like it?
2
Do you think it's a good idea to study Latin? Why/Why not?
t Grammar in contex Relative pronouns 1 Complete the rules with these relative pronouns. that 1
We use
2
We use
when
where
that
which
who
and and
whose
for people. for things.
4a Complete the definitions with the correct relative pronoun. 1
It's the nationality of a person
2
It's the country
3
It's the man
4
It's the crime
comes from Wales.
Dutch people live. father is your grandfather. thieves commit.
3
We use
for possessions.
5
It's the person
copies CDs and software illegally.
4
We use
for times.
6
It's the period
you are a child.
5
We use
for places.
7
It's a country
people speak Portuguese.
8
It's the thing
you often do after school.
2 Choose the correct alternative. If you think both alternatives are possible, choose both. 1
Football is a sport that/- many people around the world watch.
2
He's an artist who pgjnt/pgints abstract paintings.
3
She's the girl who/whose u s i n is at our school.
4
This is the town that/where he lives.
5
This is the room that/where I work.
4b Now find the words which are being described in 4a in the word search. Be careful! There are 14 words in the word search but only eight definitions. f
t
h
0
m
e
w
0
r
к
e
h
r
t
J
J
a
p
a
n
6 That's the type of mistake that/which causes problems.
t
e
X
a
m
1
d
к
с
P
a
n
m
P
i
s
о
g
h
i
b
e
d
к
s
w
1
j
i
r
m
t
s
1
a
1
e
e
1
a
t
h
e
f
t
s
s
к
d
t
s
e
0
e
b
s
с
b
h
e
u
r
f
a
t
h
e
r
0
a
m
1
r
t
g
v
n
a
о
q
m
a
u
n
о
e
с
z
d
v
e
n
t
e
r
r
e
i
b
s
r
d
w
e
1
s
h
1
e
n
w
s
p
g
V
a
n
d
a
1
s
t
e
p
f
a
t
h
e
r
b
t
d
i
n
с
P
e
h
r
CO
7
I remember the time when/which I first met you.
8
Those are the people who come/comes at the weekend.
9
He's the writer who/whose books are very popular at the moment.
10 This is the bus which/- goes to the city centre. 3 Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun. 1
Russia is a country
2 The weekend is a time
it is very cold in winter. people can usually
relax. 3
English is a language
people speak all
over the world. 4 Tennis is a sport different countries. 5 6 7
New York is a city August is a month
holiday.
Johnny Depp is the actor
has many fans in lots of they make a lot of films. lots of people go on starred in Pirates
of the Caribbean. 8
That's the man
wife is famous.
Grammar extension 5
Find six more words in the word search. The first letter of each word is in a grey box. Write definitions for them using relative pronouns. Use the definitions in 4a as a model. 1
Word: a
2
Word:./?
3
Word: у
4
Word: s
5
Word: s
6
Word: v
Unit 3
И Р е Ь р т д speakmff Asking for information about a language course
Describing photos
1
4
Complete the questions used to ask for information about a
language course with these words. information
last
price 1
Do you
2
Does the
3
Could you
4
Can you send me a
organise
pardon
repeat
accommodation? include other activities? that?
5 6
much
registration
Look at the photo and answer the questions. If you are not sure of something, use / think and/or / imagine.
form? ? Did you say on the 10 July? th
Could you give me some
about your
summer courses?
2
7
How
is the course?
8
How long does the course
?
Complete the dialogue with the questions in 1. RECEPTIONIST: Good morning.This is the Bradford School of English. How can I help you? STUDENT:
Good morning. I'm calling from Italy, (a)
RECEPTIONIST: Yes, of course. We have a course for teenagers which begins on the 13' July. b
STUDENT:
,h
2
Where are they?
3
What are they doing?
4
What do you think they are talking about? Why?
Ah, I understand, (c)
RECEPTIONIST: 20 days. STUDENT:
Who can you see in the photo?
(b)
RECEPTIONIST: No, on the 13 . STUDENT:
1
(d)
RECEPTIONIST: Yes, we do. Students usually live with local families. STUDENT:
(e)
RECEPTIONIST: £950. STUDENT:
(f)
RECEPTIONIST: Yes, I said the price is £950. STUDENT:
(g)
RECEPTIONIST:
Yes, it does. It includes excursions and social activities like parties and sports.
STUDENT:
I'm very interested in the course, (h)
RECEPTIONIST: Yes, of course. Can you give me your name and address? STUDENT: 3
Yes, it's ...
Which t w o questions in the dialogue in 2 do we use to check understanding?
Unit 3
5
Use the questions in 4 to think of things to say about this
photo. Make notes and then practise orally.
Developing writing A language biography 2
Write a title to describe the aim of each paragraph. Paragraph 1 P&smM^g^tuU Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4
3
You are going to write a language biography about yourself and your experiences of learning another language. Before you write, make notes here. Paragraph 1: Topic Notes
Paragraph 2:Topic Notes
Paragraph 3:Topic
1 Read this language biography by a British student and put the paragraphs in a logical order.
Q
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 4
Notes
I still study French n o w at secondary school. We
Paragraph 4: Topic
read books i n French a n d t h e n w e t a l k a n d w r i t e
Notes
about t h e m . We
also s t u d y d i f f i c u l t p o i n t s o f
grammar and w r i t e d o w n n e w w o r d s t h a t w e c o m e across. 4 О
Use the notes to write your language biography.
I started l e a r n i n g French w h e n I was at p r i m a r y school. I was seven years o l d . I r e m e m b e r s i n g i n g songs in French a n d p l a y i n g games. We l e a r n t a l o t of French words, like colours, a n i m a l s a n d clothes.
В
My name is Luke Gallagher a n d I ' m 17 years o l d . I'm British a n d m y f i r s t language is English. A p a r t from English, I can speak French a n d G e r m a n .
•
Apart f r o m doing French at school I also have some contact w i t h French o u t s i d e t h e c l a s s r o o m because I have a French e-pal. I send h i m messages every week and n e x t s u m m e r I t h i n k I'm g o i n g t o v i s i t him. He lives i n Brittany. I l i s t e n t o s o m e French singers too, and occasionally I w a t c h French f i l m s at the cinema or o n DVD.
" Unit 3
Grammar
> Present perfect with ever, never, for, since, just, yet, already • Present perfect and past simple
4 Fit and well
Vocabulary
• Parts of the body
• Health problems and illnesses
• Compound nouns connected with health and medicine Speaking
• Describing a scene
Writing
• Notes and messages
ocabulary Parts of the body 1
Complete the parts of the body 1
2
th r
3
Complete the crossword.
t
h.... n d I
3
f.... n g... r
5
kn
Across 1 When you eat too much of something, you often have this. > 2 This is an illness which can make you very hot or cold and tired. It's common in the winter. 3 This is a very small living thing that can enter your body and make you ill.
Health problems and illnesses 2
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.
4
When your throat hurts, you have a
throat|
Down 1 You have this when your body is unusually hot, when you have a fever. 2
1
He's got a
hand.
2
3
She's got a
4
4
If you push air through your throat, it makes a sound, especially when you have a cold. When your ear hurts, you have this.
This is a very common problem in the winter. It isn't as seriousf as 2 across.
Look at these questions and write the answers. 1
When do you need an aspirin? You need cm aspirin
3
He's got
4
She's got
when you \c got q headache.
2
When do you need to go to the dentist?
3
When do you need a tissue or handkerchief?
4
When do you need to stop eating for a short time?
in her leg.
Keading I
Read this newspaper article and choose the best title for it. 1 The woman who stopped speaking
2
That isn't me, is it?'
3
Why accents are not important
L I N D A W a l k e r is a 60-yearold w o m a n f r o m Newcastle. She has recently had a stroke. A stroke is a medical problem where blood suddenly cannot get to the brain. Often a stroke can stop people f r o m speaking or f r o m moving. In the case of Linda Walker it has caused something very unusual. Before, Linda spoke w i t h a typical Newcastle accent. That's normal because she has always lived in Newcastle. But now her accent is a mixture of Jamaican, Italian and Slovakian. It appears that Linda has Foreign Accent Syndrome. Patients speak differently after a problem like a stroke. They first discovered this medical problem in 1941 but it is not very c o m m o n . Linda hates what has happened to her because she says she now feels like a different person.
2 Read the text again and complete the sentences.
3
1 A stroke is when
' M y sister-in-law says that I speak w i t h an Italian accent. T h e n mv brother savs mv accent is Slovakian. I spoke to h i m o n the phone and he said, "Stop playing w i t h me. Talk normally." N o w someone has j u s t told me that I sound Jamaican. I've never been to Jamaica. I don't know how to explain i t / she said. 'Everyone hears me differently. At first, I had no idea that I had this problem. T h e n my doctor plaved a recording of me talking. I couldn't believe i t ! ' Linda said: Tve lost my identity because I never talked like this before. I'm a very different person and it's strange and I don't like it.' Is it possible for Linda Walker to go back to her original accent? It isn't going to be easy but she is having lessons to see if one day she can speak like the old Linda.
Find words in the text which have similar meanings to these explanations. 1
the way that people from an area pronounce words (paragraph 1)
patients can suffer from Foreign Accent Syndrome but it is not very common. 3
Different people say that Linda speaks with
4 It's very unusual that Linda speaks with a Jamaican accent because 5 Linda was speaking differently at first. 6
Linda couldn't believe it when
7
Linda isn't happy because she
8
that she
4
2
two or more things mixed together (paragraph 1)
3
when you copy somebody's voice (e.g. on a CD) (paragraph 2)
4
first, the one that existed at the beginning (paragraph 3)
What about you? 1
Do you have an accent? If you do have one, what type is it?
2
Do you think accents are important? Why/Why not?
Linda is having lessons because she wants
Unit 4
29
• Grammar in context Present perfect with ever, never, for and since 1
Complete the sentences with the present perfect form of the verbs given. 1
I
2
Sarah
3
Alfie and Holly
4
(see) a lot of films. Answer:
(do) her homework. Here it is. (live) in Paris for two
5
years. 4
5
We Look! My dad
(paint) this room
6
Sam
(have) this watch since he was 12.
7
She
(read) that book.
Answer: 6
Match the rules to the sentences in 1. Write a, b or c. a b с
an experience or experiences which happened at an unspecified moment in the past a past action which has a result in the present a situation that started in the past and continues to the
7
a
5
Sentence 2 Sentence 3 Sentence 4 Sentence 5 Sentence 6 Sentence 7 Complete this dialogue with the present perfect. (a)
you met any Russian people?
BETHANY:
Yes, I (b)
SOPHIE:
Have you (c)
BETHANY:
No, I (d)
I can't speak Russian very
(e)
Joe told you that he can speak
Russian? BETHANY:
4
2
Question: you/climb a mountain? Have you ever climbed a
Mountain?
Answer: Yes, I h
.
a
v
e
/
N
o
Question: your parents/visit the USA?
Answer: 3
Question: you/speak to a famous person?
I Answer: Unit 4
1
I liye/haye lived in this house for two years.
2
We have been here for/since half past three.
3
William hasn't seen his friend for/since he left his school.
4
How muchJime/lgng have you waited to see him?
5
Liam has been the singer in the band since threeyears/2009.
6
My sister has/has had that bike since she was little.
7
I've loved that group for/since the start of their career.
8
She's waited for this moment for nine months/January.
9
Have you ever/never been to London? He has eyer/neyer met his Australian cousin.
Grammar extension 6
Rewrite the sentences by adding ever, never, for or since. Make sure you add the word in the correct place.
No, he (f)
Write questions using the present perfect and ever. Then write your own true answers to the questions. If the answer is affirmative, write a short answer. If the answer is negative, write a complete sentence with never. 1
Choose the correct alternative.
10
Russian to them?
well. SOPHIE:
Question: you/sing in a concert?
Answer:
Sentence 1
SOPHIE:
Question: your English teacher/write a book?
Answer:
present
3
Question: you/ride a horse?
(buy) a dog.
green. It looks great!
2
Question: your friend/win a competition?
a
mountain.
1
Have you been here a long time?
2
She's wanted to be a doctor she was seven.
3
Have you met my parents?
4
I've been to China but I'd like to go.
5
Have you worn a suit and tie?
6
She's been able to walk the operation.
7
We've known each other ages.
8
Humans have been able to live underwater permanently.
L
Jeveloping vocabulary Compound nouns connected with health and medicine 1 Look at the pictures and use these words to say what each one shows. aid
attack
centre
first
food
health
heart
killers
pain
poisoning
room
waiting
f J +
2 Write simple definitions for the compound nouns in 1. Use wh/ch, fhaf, where, when or whose. 1 It's the help ^
an accident.
4
Vocabulary extension: compound nouns based on parts of the body I
Match these words to make compound nouns. You can use words more than i once. Use your dictionary if necessary. 1 arm 2 foot 3 hair 4 hand 5 head [6
tooth
a
bag
b
band
с
brush
d
chair
e
dresser
f
print
4
Complete the sentences with the compound nouns in 3. 1 2
He switched on the TV and sat down in his favourite The detective followed the burglar's
from the kitchen floor up
to the bedroom. 3
He cuts people's hair. He's a
4
He's got long hair so when he does sport he often wears a
5
Dentists recommend using an electric
6
My mum puts everything in her
- keys, money, mobile phone ...
[S Add parts of the body in 3 to complete these compound nouns. Use your dictionary if necessary. I
1
ball or
2
teacher
ball
3
writing
4
ache or
5
step
ache
Unit 4
i • WORD BOOSTER
Cross-curricular - Science Gray's Anatomy 1
Match the words and definitions.
Read the text. What is Grey's Anatomy and what is Gray's Anatomyl 1
Grey's Anatomy
2
Gray's Anatomy
Grey's Anatomy o r Gray's
Anatomy?
2
FOR SOME REASON, hospital dramas are incredibly popular w i t h TV viewers all over the world. One series which has been especially popular in recent times is the American series Grey's Anatomy. Meredith Grey is a young doctor who works in a busy hospital. She's a central character in the series and this partly explains the title Grey's Anatomy. But there's another reason for the title. It's similar to the title Gray's Anatomy. But who was this Gray, and what exactly was Gray's Anatomy? The full name of Gray's Anatomy is in fact Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body. It's a human anatomy textbook which first appeared in 1 8 5 8 and which people have considered a classic work since then. D r Henry Gray was British. He was born in 1827. In 1855 he had the idea of producing an anatomy textbook for medical students. He talked about his idea to a young colleague. Henry Vandyke Carter, who was an excellent artist. Gray wrote the text and Carter did the illustrations. They worked together on the book for 18 months, using dead bodies at the hospital for their work. Just three years after its publication, Gray died. He became i l l while he was looking after a nephew who had an infectious illness. He was just 34 years old. Gray's Anatomy quickly became very popular. This was for various reasons. The texts were very good, but people especially liked the illustrations. There were a lot of them in the book and they were of a very high quality. At this time, the medical profession was becoming more serious and students needed to know more to pass their exams and become doctors. Gray's Anatomy helped them to do this w i t h all the information it contained.
1 AWumr of the A
Each new version of Gray's Anatomy has added to the original w i t h recent discoveries. The book also exists now as a CD-ROM. Medical students all over the world still study Gray's Anatomy. Gray died many years ago but his work has continued to this day.
32
Unit 4
1
full
a
different
2
colleague
b
process of producing a book
3
publication
с
someone who works with you
4
infectious
d
continuing now, after a long time
5
various
e
passing from one person to another
6
still
f
complete
Read the text again and complete the fact file about Henry Gray. Name: Henry Nationality:
Gray (a)
B o r n : (b)
i
Died: (с)
f
C a u s e of death: (d) F a m o u s work: (e) Type of book: (f) Illustrator: (g) YearcM'publicaU^ 3
4
Answer the questions. I
What is the origin of Gray's Anatomyl
2
What are the reasons for the popularity of Gray's Anatomyl
What about youl 1
Do you think it is difficult to become a doctor? Why/Why not?
2
Would you like to be a doctor? Why/Why not?
f
jrammar in context Present perfect with just, yet and already
Present perfect and past simple
1 Complete the table by ticking the correct boxes.
4
Just 1 We use it for very recent events.
Yet Already
• • •
3 We use it for something that has
• • • • • •
happened, possibly before we expected.
4 We use it in affirmative sentences. 5 We use it in negative sentences. 6 We use it in questions. 7 It usually goes at the end of the sentence. 8 It usually goes immediately before the past participle.
1
• •
2 We use it for things that haven't happened, but we think will happen soon.
• • • • • •
2
2
He/win a prize.
3 They/see a horror film. 4
We/do our homework.
5
l/finish this exercise.
3 Complete the sentences with the present perfect form of the verbs given. Put the words in bold in the correct place in the sentences. 1
3
I
(have) this jacket for two years and I
My friend
(go) on holiday to New York
last year. 4
That team
5
She really enjoys reading. She
(win) the league in 2005. (read)
hundreds of books. 6
My friend
7 8
(appear) on TV last summer. you ever
(eat)
Indian food? Would you like to go to an Indian restaurant? My parents (live) in our house for more than 15 years.
9 10
I
, (buy) a present for you yesterday.
We (fly) to New Zealand four years ago and we stayed there for a month.
Grammar extension 5
Each sentence contains a mistake. Find the mistake and rewrite the sentence correctly.Then explain the mistake. 1
My friend have lived in this city all of his life. Explanation
2
Have you visited Rome ever? Explanation
3
His parents have won the lottery in 2006.
I (not finish) this exercise. YET Explanation
/ haven'tfinished this exercise yet 2
(be) at this school for five years
always wear it when I go out.
2 Write complete sentences saying what the people have just done.
§к^к^./^^Ы4.^.^к?.шк.-.
Oliver but he doesn't like it here.
• • • • • •
1 She/have a shower.
Complete the sentences with the present perfect or the past simple form of the verbs given.
My sister (have) an accident. JUST 4
3
Holly and Jack (eat) lunch. ALREADY
4
My mum (get) back from work. JUST
5
you (see) that film? YET
6
you (meet) the new teacher? JUST
7
the bus (go)? ALREADY
8
We (not study) for the exam. YET
We have done the shopping yet. Explanation
5
I've just seen my cousin ten hours ago. Explanation
6
These are my favourite earrings because I had them since I was eight. Explanation
Unit 4
Describing a scene 1
Look at the photo and read a description of it. Find three differences between the description and the photo and underline them.
There яге s i x people I n t h e p i c t u r e a n d , er, t h e y ' r e t i t a w a i t i n g room., i t ' s p r o b a b l y a w a i t i n g r o o m lev a Health c e n t r e , i I m a g i n e I t ' s t h e к и л т Х л я o r t h e afteriA,ooiA-
3
In the description in 1, underline any words or expressions that the speaker uses as fillers to give them time to think.
4
Make notes of things to say about this photo. Use the questions in 2 to get ideas. Do not write complete sentences.
5
When is the scene taking place (morning, night, summer,
Practise describing the photo in 4. Here are some ideas of how you can practise.
winter, etc)?
1
because t h a t ' s w h e n people u s u a l l y g o t o t h e d o c t o r ' s . Er, t h e people are p a t i e n t s , t h e y ' r e w a i t i n g t o see t h e doctor. The doctor I s a l s o I n t h e r o o m . The p a t i e n t s a r e a l l l o o t e l n g a t h i m . They loote I I I or, y o u tenow, have h e a l t h p r o b l e m s . F o r e x a m p l e , I t h l n t e one m a n h a s g o t a b a d c o l d , or m a y b e t h e f l u . I ' m n o t s u r e b u t I t h l n t e t h e b u s i n e s s w o m a n Has g o t a sore s h o u l d e r or s o m e t h i n g because she's t o u c h i n g I t . The room, I s n ' t v e r y e x c i t i n g . There are, w e l l , t h r e e p i c t u r e s o n t h e w a l l , i c a n a l s o see s o m e
magazines.
I thlnte they're probably g i v i n g I n f o r m a t i o n to the p a t i e n t s . I've been I n a w a i t i n g r o o m lll-ee t h i s w h e n I've been l i t . i d o n ' t llfee w a i t i n g r o o m s because t h e y a l w a y s s e e m s a d a n d g r e y . The t h i n g I s , t h e p i c t u r e mafees m e t h l n f e a b o u t t i m e s w h e n I've been I I I so i d o n ' t r e a l l y Llfee I t m u c h .
Read the description again and put the questions in the order that the speaker answers them. a b
What are the people doing?
с
What do you think about the picture?
d
Who is in the picture and where are they?
e
What type of people are they?
f
What things or objects are in the picture?
g
Have you ever been in a situation like the one in the picture?
Unit 4
[T\
2
3
Find a partner and take it in turns to describe the photo. If necessary, help your partner by asking questions. Record yourself giving the description (e.g. with a mobile phone or MP3 player). Listen to yourself when you finish. Practise on your own. Then do the activity again in class.
developing w r i t i n g Notes and messages 1 Read these instructions. Then look at the note below. Does the writer follow the instructions? Do they write the note in the correct style? It's your friend's birthday today. You have gone to his house to see him but he isn't there. Leave him a note. Include this information: • wish him a happy birthday • ask him to contact you when he gets home • tell him that you have something for him • arrange to meet him.
4
Rewrite this note to make the style appropriate.
4II 1) II U J II II II 11 1 Ш II1II I. Dear Joe, v/ould you please call me very t^uicKly because somebody has burgled our housel They have taKen the T V , the laptop, some money and other things. Please pay special attention - do not tell Philip at the moment because I
111 DBS II I! m i l .и и H H
do not v/ant him to v/оГГу. By the v/ay, I am not at home. I am at the police station at Farm Street.
Hare,
5am
Co*.cfa\u\a\\o*&\
T o d y ' s -hke, biq Aai\, i s a 4
r'+? [b already. You re. ackkiwq old. L(S+tn qivc лкс a ca\\ а&ло. \\c
bouqM
pres^n+ (1 Wave** qo-t c*.ouqk
цои a biq preset цои tWc preset
/
up и a s-идП MOACU,
I II II 1 1 .1 II II II II I 1 .1 1 .1 MHHH Joe,
-to buq
- sorrql). i M \ikc -to qivc -todaq. When, caw I sec qou?
Lfc-r лкс кло«). dfclUUj
PS dosh saqs Uappq Ыг-tWdau, -tool
2 Look at the words in bold in the note. Explain why they are important in notes and messages. Hare We usually begin notes with just we are wn ting to.
CoAqra-tula-tioAS
the name of the
5
Read these instructions and write a note. You usually go to an English language academy with your friend, Sarah. Today you can't go. Leave Sarah a note. Include this information: • tell her why you can't go (an illness? an accident?) • ask her to explain to the teacher • tell her to call you quickly after the lesson to tell you what homework to do • say thank you and arrange to meet somewhere soon.
Ш
II II 11 II III И II Ш И Ш
S>araV\, ащ>. PS
3 What do these abbreviations mean? 1
St
_
2 tel. 3 etc. 4 PS 5 asap.. 6 NB Unit 4
f
Revision: Units 3-4 Grammar
Vocabulary
1
1
Decide if the words in bold are correct in these sentences.
Country
Nationality
1
I haven't got many money.
2
There isn't some bread on the table.
3
There's much orange juice in the fridge.
4
There were a little people at the party.
(c)
Swiss
5
I've got any pencils that you can use.
(d)
Welsh
6
Are there a lot of people in the shop?
7
Only a few people can win a Nobel Prize.
Brazil
helped me to pass the exam.
That's the school
. I went when I was five.
6
Q
2
I fell into the river?
father is an actor.
Have you read the essay
1
Oh no! I've done a mistake.
2
Have you done that exercise?
3
We need to revision before the test.
3 /6
points)
Write sentences in the present perfect. Put the words in bold in the correct place.
4
Do you want to practise this tomorrow?
you/visit an art gallery? EVER
2
William/ride a horse. NEVER
3
Joe and Ellie/come back from their holiday. JUST
4
l/speak to George. ALREADY
5
you/write your email? YET
6
We/not buy bread. YET
/4
points)
/4
points)
Make the words negative by adding prefixes. 1
possible
3
legal
2
regular
4
correct С
4
1
What are these parts of the body?
/5
5
С
/6
points)
Complete the sentences with the present perfect or the past simple form of the verbs given. (have) this computer for ten years now.
2
She
(visit) Argentina in 2006.
3
My uncle
4
I
(be) in the basketball team two years ago.
5
I
(buy) all of his CDs. I love his music.
6
He
(live) in Germany since 2008.
(forget) to do his homework yesterday. /6
points)
points)
3
(
came yesterday.
/5
Decide if the words in bold are correct in these sentences. If not, correct them.
I wrote?
This is the email
1
(e)
points)
He's the teacher... Do you remember the time
(b)
the Netherlands
Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun: who, that, which, whose, when or where.
She's the girl
Polish
(a)
/7
4
Write the country or nationality.
If not, correct them.
points)
Put the letters of the words in bold in order to find words connected with health. 1
I can't shout because I've got a rose throat.
2
Please take a seat in the ingtawi moor and the nurse will call you.
_
_
3
He had a skiing accident and he's got a krenbo arm.
4
When there's an accident, it's good to know trifs dia.
5
People who smoke often have a bad gochu.
6
Lots of people at school have caught a survi.
7
I can't get up because I've got chackeab. у
/7
points)
Reading | l Read the text about an Ancient Greek called Hippocrates and choose a, b or с to complete the sentences.
There were many Ancient Greeks whose w o r k helped to create the modern w o r l d we know today. One of these was . an extraordinary man called Hippocrates, who changed the world of medicine w i t h his ideas. Hippocrates was an extremely intelligent man who is famous for being the father of medicine.
People called h i m
the 'father of medicine' because he was the first person to make medicine a serious profession. Before Hippocrates, people thought that supernatural, mystical or divine factors were responsible for illnesses. Hippocrates didn't believe . in these superstitious ideas. He watched his patients very carefully and saw that illnesses come from the things that we eat, the things around us and our habits. Hippocrates was one of the first people to ask his patients questions and he wrote d o w n the information to analyse it later. With this observation and information he worked out how to look after the patient. We now know that he general his way of working was revolutionary for the time. needed
to be serious, professional and, very importantly, to be clean. He told his student doctors to wash their hands all the time, and his patients were always clean too.
Before Hippocrates people didn't
a b с
3
medicine. But 2,200 years later a German scientist rediscovered headaches - aspirin! One final point about Hippocrates - he was clearly a good doctor because he himself lived until he was very old. Some people say he was 83 when he died, some say he was 90 and others say that he was 100 years o l d !
Writing
want to be doctors. look for natural explanations for illnesses. like doctors because they were superstitious.
For Hippocrates,. patients, a analysis b good food с time
used salicin to cure headaches. Later people forgot about this salicin and it became an ingredient in today's typical cure for
sometimes made serious mistakes in his analysis, but in
For example, Hippocrates believed that doctors
One of the many extraordinary things that Hippocrates d i d in his life was to discover and use an ingredient called salicin. He
Write a paragraph about your English-learning experiences this year. Use these questions for ideas about what to write.
was important to help his
•
What have you studied so far?
•
What activities do you like the most?
•
What are your strong points in English?
•
How could you improve on any weak points?
Hippocrates a wasn't always right in his analysis. b с
didn't often wash his hands. had a lot of enemies because of his ideas.
4 Hippocrates taught some people how to a wash correctly. b become doctors, с make mistakes. 5 We know that a
Hippocrates created aspirin 2,200 years ago.
b
a German scientist discovered Hippocrates'instructions
с
for how to make aspirin,
Hippocrates knew an ingredient to stop headaches.
С
/5
points)
(
v
— —
]
/ - ~
/10
/15
points)
points
Grammar
#
• Comparatives and superlatives • Too ami (not)
5 TV world
Vocabulary
• Less...
than and (not)
enough
• TV programmes • Adjectives describing TV programmes • Adjectives ending in -ing апй -ed
Speaking
• Negotiating
Writing
• A descriptions and opinions
ocabulary TV programmes 1
Find eight types of TV programme in the word search. Then write them under the
correct pictures. There are three types of programme that do not have a picture. t
d
a
w
q
z
t
r
e
a
g
i
1
f
с
h
f
d
0
с
u
m
e
n
t
a
r
У
h
h
e
e
V
p
a
X
s
d
с
f
m
о
r
t
a
n
r
e
0
r
m
a
b
0
b
e
p
e
d
t
e
s
r
t
t
0
i
t
У
n
s
w
q
с
s
w
1
t
r
0
d
r
a
m
a
h
x
1
n
h
s
n
d
a
0
g
u
1
P
e
0
s
u
g
0
f
i
1
m
n
h
s
h
0
w
w
d
t
h
w
1 2
Read the sentences. To complete them, add vowels to these words and then write them in the correct gap. ch_nn s_r
s
Is
_ f f t_rn
Adjectives describing TV programmes 3
Put the letters in order to make adjectives describing TV programmes.
r m t....
cryas
fromvinetia
ginmov
nuyfn
ringbo
rolpupa
wulfa
pr.... gr.... mm... 1
1
ABC, CBS and Fox are American TV
2
The Simpsons and CSI are popular American TV
2 3 4
3
When you don't want to watch the TV, switch it
4
When people are bored, they often
6
2
I don't want to watch this programme but I don't want to get up. Pass me the Chat shows are my favourite type of
Write an example of a TV programme or film to describe each of the adjectives in 3.
1
the TV on. 5
4
control.
3 4 5 6 7
Unit 5
funny
- The Simpsons
as\
Reading 1 Write two or three sentences with your opinion about adverts on TV. You can use these adjectives: funny, interesting, useful, boring.
3
1
1 2 3 4 5
/ think adverts are
6
2 Read the text. Is it generally positive or negative about adverts?
A d v e r t s
4 t u r n
Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)?
T
V
v i e w e r s
o f f
The ABC channel had slightly more adverts than other channels. But recently they've changed ... and what they do now is even worse than before! Before, all their dramas had four sections. But now ABC tells producers to separate each programme into six sections. Usually the first section is approximately ten minutes long. Then they have the first break. When people have watched a programme for ten minutes, it's much less probable that they w i l l stop watching or change channels. But then, i n the next 45 minutes, there are four more commercial breaks. Each break is about three and a half minutes long. All of this makes it much more difficult for writers of dramas to write good stories. Quiet scenes make no impact because there are more and more adverts and the adverts are longer and longer. 'It's OK for game shows or more exciting adventure series,' says American TV producer David E. Kelley. 'But for programmes that don't depend on violence or melodramatic scenes, it's more difficult to make a story with six sections than to make one with four. The only thing you can do is be more aggressive, either with the music or the visual impact, just to attract people's attention after the adverts.'
Match the questions with the answers. 1
Recently fans of top soaps, dramas and reality shows i n the USA have started to get angry about the number and frequency of the adverts i n the middle of the programmes. Sometimes it seems that the adverts are more important than the programmes themselves. For example, American dramas aren't as long as they were in the past. Nowadays i n the US, an 'hour-long' drama lasts about 40 minutes (in the 1980s they lasted 48 minutes). The rest is adverts. Or, i n other words, for every two minutes of programme there's one minute of adverts.
2 3 4 a b с d
5
6
Today American dramas consist of around 40 minutes of programme and 20 minutes of adverts. On the ABC channel dramas now have six parts. After ten minutes, viewers often change channels. It's difficult for game shows to have frequent breaks. TV drama writers like having lots of different sections in a programme. Some shows use exciting music to get people's attention after the adverts.
Why do drama programmes have more sections now than before? Why do they wait ten minutes before the first break? Why is it more difficult for dramas than for game shows? Why do dramas need fast music? Because it isn't easy writing a slow, non-violent story
with a lot of different, short sections, Because after the adverts they need to make people pay attention, Because that way there are more adverts, Because they know that when people have watched the start of the programme they continue watching.
Find words in the text which have similar meanings to these
words or explanations. 1
people who like something a lot (paragraph 1)
2
the best, most popular (paragraph 1)
3
short rest (paragraph 2)
4
very dramatic, too dramatic or emotional (paragraph 3)
5
strong or big effect (paragraph 3)
What about you? Is advertising in your country the same as in the USA? Do you
think there are more adverts now than before?
Unit 5
Comparatives and superlatives 1
Complete the table by putting these adjectives in the correct place and then writing the comparative and superlative forms. boring
brilliant
cool
easy
far
fit
good
scary
Adjective (a)
smalt
thin
Rule
small
Comparative th, e
sma Her
one-syllable adjectives, add -eror -est
Superlative
sma//est
one-syllable adjectives w h i c h end in one vowel + one consonant, d o u b l e the last consonant and add -eror -est
(b)
two-syllable adjectives e n d i n g in -y, o m i t -y and add -/'eror -iest adjectives w i t h t w o syllables or more, use more + t h e adjective or the most + the adjective
(d) (e)
2
3
irregular adjectives w i t h no set rules
Complete these sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives given. 1
This year is
2
She's the
Salad is
(hot) than last year. (beautiful) girl in the world.
3
London is
4
That was the
(far) from Moscow than Berlin. (bad) day of my life!
(good) for you than chocolate.
She's the
(intelligent) person I know.
I think it's
(difficult) to write in Chinese
than in English.
Look at this information about Jake, Ethan and Ryan and then complete the sentences using the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives given.
Rewrite the sentences using comparatives and superlatives. Make sure the meaning stays the same. 1
No boy is taller than Jamie in this class. Jamie is
2
the tallest hoy in this class
A bike is lighter than a motorbike. A motorbike is
3
Becky is older than everybody in this class except Matthew. Matthew is
4
No one in the 20 century was more intelligent than Einstein. th
Einstein was 5
My bedroom is bigger than my brother's bedroom. My brother's bedroom is
6 Jake Name
Ethan Tall
I think a Peugeot 507 is good but a Ferrari is very good. I think a Ferrari is
*
Talkative
Jake
***
Ethan
*
***
Ryan
**
**
Good at sport
*
Grammar extension 5
***
1
Formula 1 racing is more dangerous playing football.
2
Everest is than any other mountain in the world.
3
The Nile is the river in the world.
4
Giraffes are taller elephants.
5
Motorbikes are dangerous than cars.
1
Ethan is
2
Jake
(tall) Ryan.
3
Jake
(tall).
4
Ethan
(talkative) Ryan.
6
Jasmine is the best swimmer the class.
5
Ryan
. (good at sport) Jake.
7
This is most exciting film I've ever seen.
(good at sport).
8
Simon is younger Michael.
6
Ryan Unit 5
shorter than
(short) Jake.
There is a word missing in each sentence. Write an appropriate word in the correct place.
Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed 1 How are the people feeling? Match these words to the pictures.
bored
confused
frightened
disappointed
interested
relaxed
2
1
embarrassed surprised
Complete the sentences about the people in the pictures in 1. Use the -ed and the -ing form of the adjective. The student is disappointed
because her
exam mark is disappointing
tired 2
He
because the
programme 3
I no-
She
because the ghost
train 4
He
because he thinks
maths 5 1
disappointed
They
because the
music 6
She
because the
situation 7
He
because the
class 8
She
because the news in the
letter 9
He
because the race
Vocabulary extension 3
Match these -ing adjectives with their synonyms or explanations. Use your dictionary if necessary. 1
depressing
2
disgusting
3
exhausting
4
worrying
5
terrifying
6
amazing
a b с d e f
very tiring horrible, very bad very sad very good or surprising making you unhappy because you think of problems or bad things very frightening
Write the -edform of the adjectives in 3. Check your answers in your dictionary if necessary. 4 5 6
Complete the sentences with -ing or -ed adjectives in 3 and 4. 1
Yuck! I think eating insects is
2
I haven't slept for two nights. I'm
3
This programme is very
It's all about
the terrible problems in the world. 4
She hasn't studied. Now she's thinking about her exams and she's very
5
about them.
Wow! Look up there! It's the Spiderman!
6
I'm really afraid of high places so the idea of going up that mountain is
for me. Unit 5
Robin Hood
The
C
While he was serving in the Emperor's army, Janosik met a prisoner called Tomas Uhorcik. Uhorcik was the leader of a gang of outlaws. One day Uhorcik escaped from prison and Janosik joined his group. Later Janosik became the captain of the group. They lived in the forest and took money from aristocrats, merchants and travellers and gave it to the poor. They did not kill any of their victims and sometimes they even helped them if they were ill.
Cross-curricular - Literature Juraj Janosik
1
Read the text and match the titles
to the correct paragraphs. 1 In the forest a legend is born 2
The legend continues
3
The young soldier
5
A tragic end
4
A Slovak hero
People sometimes call Juraj Janosik the Slovak Robin Hood. He has been the topic of many Slovak and Polish legends, films,TV programmes, paintings, books and poems. 'He took from the rich and gave to the poor'are the famous words which people associate with him.
n 1713 soldiers captured Janosik. The legend says that in a pub a eked old woman threw peas on the floor to make him fall and help the soldiers to catch him.They put him in prison and then killed him He had an early and violent death, but his legend has survived and he is a very important person in Slovak folk history today.
JanosTk's legend was already getting bigger in the early 18 century, mainly because people considered him a symbol of resistance. People needed a hero, especially one who took from the rich and gave to the poor. In the end, the stories made him invincible, protected from bullets. The tales of Janosik and his friend, Uhorcik, have everything that makes a great legend: love, adventure and the fight for justice. th
(b) Slovakia. At the age of 18, h e * M M F , П А Ь А 1 Ferenc.These troops lost now i n . Г 7
3
• WORD BOOSTER
and what is happening.
1
Match the words and definitions.
I •
1 troops 2 merchant
1
3 capture
1
4 legend
1 2
a b
с d
Look at this scene from the legend of Juraj Janosik. With
information from the text, write about who the people are
an old story that was possibly true at first but then becomes fictional groups of soldiers take somebody prisoner person that buys and sells things
Answer the questions. jura]
±
2
jiWStte
where was he from.?
How '"did he" becon* the «rptfti* of я 9»>«P °f owttaws?
How
w h e ^ did he die? 4
What about youl Describe a folk hero or legend from your country.
42
Unit 5
mmar in context Less... than, (not)as... 1
as
Read the sentences and put the correct symbol (> for more than or < for less than) after each one. 1 2 3 4 5
Wood is less heavy than metal. TV is more popular than the cinema. Europe isn't as hot as Africa. Learning Japanese is harder than learning English. Eating chocolate is not as healthy as eating fruit.
2 Compare the two things using the adjective and less... and (not)as...
5
<
Rewrite the answers using too or not... place in the sentence. 1
enough in the correct
Why don't you go to school now? Because it's early.
-*
Because it's too, earn. 2
Why can't you carry that big bag? Because it's heavy. -*
than
as. 3
1
Italy -* big
Russia.
2
Hamsters -» dangerous -» snakes.
Why isn't she a professional pianist? Because she isn't good. -»
4
Why can't you ride a motorbike? Because I'm 15 - I'm not old. ->
3
The River Thames -> long -» the Amazon. 5
4
A kilo of gold -> heavy -> a kilo of rice.
5
Chocolate -» expensive -» caviar.
Why can't you finish reading that book? Because it's got 800 pages - it's long.
6
Why don't people swim in the Arctic Ocean? Because the water isn't warm. -»
7
Too and frofl елоу^Л
Because the flight is expensive. -*
3 Complete the sentences with the correct words. 1
He's 50. He's
8
old to be a professional football
3
When you're 15, you aren't old
to drive.
I can't buy that computer. It's £600 and I've only got £450. It's too
4
She plays the guitar really well. She's
enough
to become a professional musician. 5
Those shoes are size 10 and your feet are size 8. The shoes are too
4
for you.
Rewrite the sentences using too or not... 1
Why isn't he in the school football team? Because he isn't fit. ->
player. 2
Why can't you go to New Zealand?
enough.
He's too young to vote.
Grammar extension 6
Put the words in order to make sentences. Then write true (T) or false (F) after each one. 1
I not vote old am enough to.
2
Bicycles expensive are motorbikes than less.
3
The in leopard fastest world the is the animal.
4
as tigers Dolphins dangerous are as.
5
I to too to school old am go.
6
important in Latin language the the now world is most.
7
high K2 not as as Everest is.
8
hot polar the Sahara It bears for is too in live to.
He 2
I'm not rich enough to buy that. I
3
Megan isn't tall enough to close the top window. Megan
4
Her car is too slow to win the race. Her car
5
_
That documentary is too boring to watch twice. That documentary
Unit 5
Negotiating
Describing photos
1
5
2
Choose the correct alternative. 1
How about 1дшКЬ/ш1Ф/ШШЬ.Ш
2 3 4
Shall we tggg/gg/gging out this afternoon? Why don't we tgj.ee/see/seeing that? Let's tggg/gg/gging for a walk in the park.
3
n
'
ma
* t h e cinema?
Put sentences 1-4 in 1 in the correct place in the dialogue. BOY:
(a)
GIRL:
OK. Where could we go?
BOY:
(b)
GIRL:
Hmm. I'm not sure. I'm a bit tired of walking.
BOY:
Yeah, we walked a lot this morning, didn't we?
(0 GIRL:
That's a good idea. What's on?
BOY:
There's a new comedy about Robin Hood.
GIRL:
No, I prefer a drama.
BOY:
OK. How about that new film with CharlizeTheron?
GIRL:
Great! I love CharlizeTheron!
(d)
3a Read the dialogue again. Find different ways of responding to suggestions and write them in the table. Yes
No
Maybe
OK.
3b Complete the table with any other phrases you know. 4
Write a dialogue using the chart below. Nick:
I
I il
Cathy:
Suggest doing something tonight. 1
Say yes. But what? 2
4Г Suggest going to the cinema. 3
Suggest eating out. 5
Suggest Italian.
Say no. Nothing good on at the moment.
Say yes. What type of restaurant? 6
7
Say yes to Chinese. 9
Unit 5
Say no. Prefer Chinese. 8
Look at the photo and answer the questions. If you are not sure of something, use I think and/or I imagine.
' Developing writing A description of a TV programme
Are these statements saying good things or bad things about
1 Read this email from a boy called Adam. Match the correct title with the paragraphs in his email.
1
Adverts can be funny.
2
Adverts can be stereotypical.
3
Adverts can be informative.
4
Adverts interrupt programmes you want to watch.
5
Adverts can show lots of creativity.
6
Adverts give you time to get something to eat or drink.
7
Adverts can be very expensive.
8
Adverts can be boring.
9
Adverts are repeated too often.
adverts?
Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 1 General news 2 His opinion about watching too much television 3 A description of his favourite programme 4 5 6 7 8
A description of a recent programme he hated Reason for writing His suggestion for making TV better His general opinion ofTV at the moment The good and bad things about adverts
Get Mail
Write
Contacts
Reply
Forward
w
Delete
10 I
A
Print
Hi Liz, 1
How are things? I'm w r i t i n g about t h a t new series which
Qood
Adverts can make you think.
Write an email to a friend using this paragraph plan. Use expressions of opinion and give reasons for your opinions. Paragraph 1: Reason for writing - you saw an advert last night that was really good/bad Paragraph 2: The good things about adverts Paragraph 3: The bad things about adverts
was on TV last night. Did you see it? I saw the adverts for it all week and it looked really cool so I decided t o watch it. But I was really disappointed! 2
Get Mail
Write
Contacts
Reply
Forward
Delete
Print
Personally, I d o n ' t like soaps but the adverts said that this one was different. I t w a s n ' t ! As f a r as I'm concerned, it was as boring as every other soap I've seen.The actors were a w f u l and the story just wasn't interesting. And another thing - they stopped f o r adverts every five or six minutes.
3
In my opinion, television in general is getting worse and worse. I think the new series a r e n ' t as good or original as the old ones.The only thing I w a t c h are old f i l m s . But a 90-minute f i l m takes t w o hours because of all the adverts! Is it just me or is t h a t really annoying?
Let me know w h a t you t h i n k . Adam
2 Read the email again and underline any expressions of opinion you can find. 3
Find Adam's opinion of the programme he saw last night and his opinion of TV in general. What reasons does he give to
explain his opinion? 1
He jiked/didnXljke the programme he saw last night because
2
He !i.k^does_n'iljkeTv in general now because
Unit 5
45
Grammar
• Be going to, will, may, might
Vocabulary
•Geographical features
Speaking
• Making arrangements
Writing
• A formal letter
• Zero conditional and first conditi
• The environment
• Different uses of;
• Vocabulary Geographical features
The environment
1
3
Complete the crossword.
C o m p l e t e these w o r d s a n d t h e n m a t c h t h e m t o t h e correct pictures. Ir gr r
Across
1
a long line o f very big hills
3
an area w i t h a lot o f trees
5
an area w i t h a lot o f sand, b u t n o t m a n y plants and almost no water
Down
2
similar t o 3 across, b u t here it rains a lot
4
an area next t o the sea w i t h sand, w h e r e some people go t o spend their holidays
6
a big, cold area t h a t covers t h e land and sea around the N o r t h and South Pole
7 2
a tropical area w i t h a lot o f plants, trees, animals and insects
Use t h e w o r d s in 1 t o w r i t e a b o u t w h a t t h e r e is or isn't in y o u r country.
Unit 6
g ht nh
.... с у с I....
fI s s.... v
d
g I.... b .. I w
f f.. с t w.... t.... r
rm
ng
.... z.... n.... t
у
r
w... s t .
w
t
r
.Reading Read this p a g e f r o m a w e b s i t e a b o u t rainforests a n d w r i t e a g o o d t i t l e f o r each s e c t i o n .
.He Edit View
History Tools Window
Help
FOUR T H I N G S KIDS C A N D O T O SAVF T H E R A I N F O R F C T Most paper c o m e s from trees, so if you use less paper, you'll help to save the rainforests. Don't forget to use recycled paper whenever possible, or better still, use tree-free paper. A s you can see from the n a m e , tree-free paper doesn't c o m e from trees, it's m a d e from other types of plants. If you want to buy this type of paper, m a k e sure you look closely at the packet. If paper really is recycled or tree-free, it will say so somewhere on the packet.
A s w e all know, petrol and plastic are t w o things that c o m e from petroleum, | or oil. A lot of oil c o m e s from the rainforests through a process called extraction. This has a very adverse effect on the rainforests, so using fewer | oil products can help save them. Just think twice before asking your parents to use petrol to drive you somewhere in the car. Ride your bike, walk or take the bus whenever possible.
Another simple w a y of saving paper that m a n y of us forget to d o is by writing on both sides of the sheet. Meanwhile, there are other types of paper that w e can save too. Paper tissues or paper towels are no good at all for the environment. Try not to use them. If you do use them, only use one at a time.
Save plastic by choosing glass bottles and by reusing the plastic containers and bottles that you already have. If you have a plastic water bottle, don't throw it away and buy a n e w one. W a s h it and use it again and again.
One big reason rainforests are disappearing is meat, or beef to be m o r e I specific. Big companies destroy millions of acres of rainforest and then cover it with grass for cows. T h e meat from the cows goes to m a k e fastI food burgers, for example. W h a t you m a y not k n o w is that to m a k e just one I burger, they destroy an area similar to a small kitchen. Think about it - that's just for one burger!
2
1
Rainforests are the most amazing places you can imagine, and they're important to every living thing on earth. Perhaps you think they're too far away to m a k e any difference to you and your life. But, whether w e live in the city, country, mountains or desert, rainforests affect all of us. Learn m o r e about the rainforests and w h y they are so vital. Keep checking out our website to get m o r e information, or go to a library for books on the rainforest. Tell your friends and family what you have learned and get them to join you in helping save the rainforests.
Look at these pictures. M a t c h t h e m t o t h e correct section (1 - 4 )
Section
in 1 a n d w r i t e an e x p l a n a t i o n o f w h y t h e y appear in t h e t e x t . Section
2
It's better to .useglass ршШ.УоШ<№ are made Extracting petroleum
bottles because frompetroleum. can be bad, for
the rainforest. So we should use plastic bottles again andамии,
Section
we shouldn't
just throw (hew away. Section
3
Find w o r d s in t h e t e x t w h i c h have similar m e a n i n g s t o these words or explanations.
f-Л
Section
Section
4
1
at any or every t i m e {Section 1)
2
w i t h no trees {Section 1)
3
a series o f actions {Section 2)
4
put it in t h e bin {Section 2)
5
meat f r o m a c o w {Section 3)
6
very i m p o r t a n t , essential {Section 4)
What about
you . 1
W o u l d you like t o visit a rainforest one day? Why/Why not?
Be going to and will 1
2
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences a n d rules w i t h t h e correct f o r m
of be going to or will.
Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1
A : The p h o n e is ringing.
2
A: Do you w a n t t o c o m e to a party on Saturday? В:
В: I 'm going tg/'ll get it.
I can't. M y family and I are going tg/will go to London for the weekend.
3
H o w old areyoiigghjgjG/^iyou
4
Look. He's p u t t i n g his coat on. He 's.gging[to/yyill go out.
be on your next birthday?
5
A : It's cold in here.
В: OK. I M.ggingjg/li
close the window.
Will, may, might 3 t o make predictions based o n some
Rule: We use sort of evidence.
I can't d o this
M a t c h t h e s e s y m b o l s w i t h t h e sentences. a
*$ t$ *rf=
b
*и
с
* ^ = Maybe yes, maybe no.
d Don't worry,
e
help y o u !
Rule: We use
for decisions that w e take at the
m o m e n t of speaking.
4
:
Yes, certain,
:
^
= Yes, more or less certain,
= No, more or less certain, ^ \ 7 ? = No,certain.
1
Perhaps it'll rain.
2
It definitely w o n ' t rain.
3
It may rain.
4
It's possible t h a t it'll rain.
5
It m i g h t rain.
6
It'll probably rain.
7
It probably w o n ' t rain.
8
It'll definitely rain.
Put t h e w o r d s in o r d e r t o m a k e sentences. Then give a n a p p r o x i m a t e p e r c e n t a g e o f c e r t a i n t y f o r each one.
. t o talk a b o u t an objective t r u t h .
Rule: We use
Next week I. •J see m y favourite g r o u p in concert, -л
1
team t h e w i n our Perhaps c o m p e t i t i o n will.
2
t o n i g h t w o n ' t It probably cold be
3
will finish m y h o m e w o r k soon I definitely.
4
o u t t o m o r r o w She w o n ' t definitely go.
5
do the They week may exam next.
I've already g o t m y ticket.
% 6
Rule: We use
t o talk a b o u t future plans or
intentions. [We t h i n k that t h e e c o n o m y get better soon.
Rule: We use
t o make a general prediction, often
after verbs like think or hope.
this M y probably call brother will afternoon.
Grammar extension 5
M a k e p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t y o u r life w h e n y o u are 35. Use t h e word given. 1
may
2
.probably
3
... perhaps
4
.... possible
5
. definitely
6
won't
7
might
'Developing v o c a b u l a r y Different uses of get 1 Look at these possible m e a n i n g s f o r get. Rewrite t h e sentences by o m i t t i n g get or get to a n d u s i n g t h e correct form o f these w o r d s . arrive (at) 1
become
bring
obtain/buy
receive
When do you get angry?
И/Ьеи do you
become аиру?
2
How many emails do you get a week?
3
What t i m e do you usually get t o school?
4
Do you get presents for your parents w h e n it's their birthday?
5
Are you g o i n g t o get s o m e t h i n g t o eat or drink on t h e way home after school?
6
2
W r i t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n s w e r s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s in 1. Use get in y o u r a n s w e r a n d w r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences. 1
Does your b e d r o o m get hot in t h e summer?
2 7
What t i m e do you usually get h o m e after school?
8
Do you get tired of w a t c h i n g TV?
3 4 5
9
6
What did you get for your last birthday?
7 10
Did you get any letters in t h e post last week?
11
Please get me the pen that's on t h e table.
8 9 10
Vocabulary extension: some phrasal verbs with get 3
Match t h e phrasal verbs w i t h t h e i r m e a n i n g s . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if necessary. 1
I get up at seven o'clock every day.
a
2
I get back from school at five o'clock.
b
3
I got o u t of t h e m e e t i n g just before lunch.
4
I'm g e t t i n g behind w i t h m y project. I've only d o n e
5 4
return 5
p n d time together e
с
leave
half of it and I need t o give it in t o m o r r o w .
d
get o u t o f bed after sleeping
Why don't w e get t o g e t h e r at t h e weekend?
e
do s o m e t h i n g slower or later than necessary
What t i m e d o you get o u t of your house on a school morning?
Write y o u r o w n t r u e answers t o these q u e s t i o n s . 1
What t i m e d o you usually get up in the week?
4
2
What t i m e do you usually get up at the weekend?
5
H o w often d o you get together w i t h your grandparents and your uncles and aunts?
3
What t i m e d o you usually get back if you g o o u t w i t h friends on Friday or Saturday night?
6
H o w often d o you get behind w i t h schoolwork or homework?
Unit 6 I
An Australian novel Cross-curricular - Literature After Summer by Nick Earls
О
2
1 2
INSIDE INFORMATION
3
3
nervous
2
excited
4
bored
3
1
waves
killing s o m e b o d y for d o i n g a
2
execution
3
turn
d o w n in t h e sea
4
reflecting
shining back
5
showers
crime
4
The boy will g e t his results letter before he sees t h e newspaper.
5
The boy prefers s w i m m i n g in t h e m o r n i n g .
6
The boy finds it relaxing t o enter t h e cold water.
7
The boy always looks for t h e place w h e r e t h e waves are the best.
8
Today t h e boy waits for o n e very big wave before he gets out.
Choose a g o o d t i t l e f o r t h e e x t r a c t a n d e x p l a i n w h y . Title Explanation
WORD BOOSTER Match the words and definitions.
4
W h a t a b o u t youl 1
Unit 6
Do you like beach holidays? Why/Why not?
lines o f water that g o u p and
m o v e 180° for example
2
place w h e r e you wash w i t h w a t e
This begins in January, and January is OK. Sometimes it's as if the bright days of summer will last forever. But the end of January is the end of the known world. It's been easy till now, relatively. I've had a new school year each January, but not | this year. This January I'm I waiting for my offer, waiting for the message that will tell me what happens next. Waiting. A n d the waiting is everywhere, in the waves and winds, in the familiar lights and sounds of the coastal summer, in the sun rising over the sea and going down through an orange sky into the Glasshouse Mountains. The twentieth of January. Seventeen days from today. On the twentieth of January it comes out in the paper and I'll be there with the others from school around midnight 5 0
The b o y isn't having a g o o d t i m e because he's t h i n k i n g so m u c h about t h e 2CP January.
Read t h e extract. H o w d o e s t h e w r i t e r feel? very happy
The boy is w a i t i n g for some news w h i c h will make a difference t o his future life.
Nick Earls is a popular Australian writer. He has written books for teenagers and for adults. After Summer was Earls'first novel and it w o n a number of prizes. It is about a boy w h o is on his s u m m e r holidays.The extract below is from the start of the novel. The narrator is the teenage boy.
1
This s u m m e r holiday is different from other summer holidays because t h e boy has just finished school.
In Australia the original title was After January because the s u m m e r holidays in Australia begin in December and end in January.
1
Read t h e extract again. Are these statements t r u e (T) or false (F)?
Have y o u ever been nervous waiting for exam results? When? What happened?
at Newspaper House. I ' l l go down from the coast and I'll meet the others and we'll buy a paper and then we'll all know. A n d if the newspaper says I did it, I still won't believe it until I get the letter. I need to stop thinking of this like an execution. I need to stop thinking and enjoy myself. Whatever the weather is like I go to the beach early because I'm in the habit of it. It's the best time. I swim and the first cold wave always comes as a shock. I swim in the sea right in front of the house. Even if there are better waves to the north or south, I usually swim here. These waves are mine. This morning the waves aren't great but they're OK, coming in unspectacular threes and fours with long spaces between. There are people out now, jogging, walking dogs, a girl in the surf. I see her when I turn and she's on a wave, lifting herself to a standing position on her board. And the sun is behind her, reflecting off the water so I don't see her well. One more wave and I'll go in. I always want to wait for one last great wave but I know it won't come today. So I take the next one and go off to the showers. This is all part of my routine.
'Grammar in context Zero conditional 5
1 Match t h e halves o f t h e sentences. 1
If you leave a can of cola in a freezer,
2
If you run as fast as y o u can,
3
If you write t o o quickly,
4
tf you read the newspaper every day,
5
If you look regularly at your vocabulary list,
6
If you w o r k on a c o m p u t e r all day,
7
If you w a n t t o be a professional musician,
a
you k n o w what's h a p p e n i n g in t h e w o r l d .
W r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences w i t h t h e first c o n d i t i o n a l using t h e words given.
b
it's a g o o d idea t o start playing w h e n you're y o u n g .
с
your eyes sometimes hurt.
d
you often make mistakes.
e
you remember words more easily.
f
it explodes.
g
you get tired very quickly.
f
2
Look at t h e sentences in 1 a n d choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1
1
If/he/have a problem/he/speak t o the teacher.
2
l/go t o t h e doctor/if/my hand hurt t o m o r r o w .
3
He/not be happy/if/he/miss the bus.
4
If/my sister/go t o music lessons/my m u m / b u y her a guitar.
5
If/you/see t h e film t o m o r r o w / y o u / k n o w h o w the story ends.
6
The teacher/give me a bad mark/if/I/not give her my homework.
7
You/not see me/if/you/come late.
8
If/you/not switch off your m o b i l e phone/people/get angry.
9
The picnic/be a disaster/if/the weather/be bad.
10
If/we/not g o t o t h e shops/we/not have e n o u g h food.
We use the zero conditional t o talk a b o u t a specific, unique sjtogtion/spmething that is generally true.
2
We use the present simple in Qne„hgjffoth_hajy(x
of the
sentence.
Grammar extension
First conditional 3
6
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences in a l o g i c a l w a y w i t h t h e first conditional.
Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1
If I like/will like their next CD, I buy/will buy, it.
2
She doesn't/won't c o m e t o n i g h t if you dgnf/won't invite her.
3
1
5
_
2
_ j you won't
pass your exams.
If our car doesn't/won't w o r k t o m o r r o w , my dad tgkes/willtgke
3
it t o the garage. 4
If it rains,
j I'll give you a present.
If you need/will need help next week, I cgme/wjjhcome. The police arrest/will arrest h i m t o m o r r o w if t h e y find/will find
4
If m y parents give m e e n o u g h money,
evidence. 6
If you play/will play that song again, I gg/wil.[go m a d .
5
If I don't speak English,
7
If she doesn't/won't play in t h e next match, her t e a m loses/will
6
If t h e plane isn't late,
lose. 4
7
Look at t h e sentences in 3 a n d choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1
8
We use the first conditional t o talk about possible/impossible
1
If t h e shop is o p e n ,
9
situations and their consequences. 2
., perhaps she'll w i n the c o m p e t i t i o n .
, I'll cry.
We use the present simple/will in the half of t h e sentence w i t h 10
if. ^
„
If t h a t noise doesn't stop, ,
^_ Unit 6
I
eveloping speai Weekend plans
Describing photos
1
4
Read t h i s d i a l o g u e a n d c o m p l e t e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n b e l o w it. KATIE:
Hi, Lauren.
LAUREN:
Hi, Katie.
KATIE:
Listen. Are you (a)
LAUREN:
Not really. W h a t (b)
t o anything t o m o r r o w ? you?
KATIE:
Do you (c)
LAUREN:
Sure. W h a t t i m e (d)
KATIE:
(e)
c o m i n g s h o p p i n g w i t h me?
LAUREN:
Fine. Why (f)
KATIE:
OK, b u t where shall w e m e e t if it rains?
LAUREN:
Come straight t o my house.
KATIE:
Good idea. I'll ring A m y t o o and see if she wants t o
w e meet?
a b o u t half past ten? w e meet at the bus stop next
to my house?
come. LAUREN:
(g)
KATIE:
See y o u .
See you t o m o r r o w .
: Katie, Lauren
andpossibly
(1)
are going to
go (2)
tomorrow. They're
going to meet at (3) at (4)
But if it rains,
''iey'll meet at ("'
2
Read t h e d i a l o g u e again a n d c o m p l e t e it w i t h t h e s e w o r d s . about
3
don't
fancy
Great
How
shall
up
C o m p l e t e t h e list w i t h phrases f r o m t h e d i a l o g u e . T h e n t h i n k o f o n e m o r e phrase f o r each b o x . Asking about somebody's plans a b
Do you
с Arranging to meet
Responding to plans and arrangements
Unit 6
Look at t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . If you are n o t sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use / think and/or / imagine.
t Developing w r i t i n g A letter to a newspaper 1
Complete t h e t a b l e by p u t t i n g t h e linkers in t h e c o r r e c t place. Finally
ermore Furtherm
Firstly
Nevertheless
4
sentences.
However
What's more
Next
Plan a l e t t e r t o t h e n e w s p a p e r a b o u t t h e idea f o r a n e w a i r p o r t . M a k e notes in t h e boxes. Do n o t w r i t e c o m p l e t e
Paragraph 1: Express your opinion andexplain your main reason for it
2
Contrast
Addition
Sequence
Paragraph 2: Give an additional reason for your opinion.
Read t h i s n e w s p a p e r e d i t o r i a l . W h a t reasons does t h e e d i t o r give for n o t w a n t i n g a n e w a i r p o r t ?
Paragraph 3: Finish with one final reason for your opinion.
5
W r i t e y o u r letter here. Use t h e linkers in 1.
The Editor writes ... • Let's m a k e i t clear r i g h t f r o m t h e s t a r t . T h e g o v e r n m e n t wants to b u i l d a n e w a i r p o r t here i n the city b u t this newspaper
is
totally
against
government
realise
planes, a n d
more planes
the
that another mean
idea.
Doesn't
the
airport means
more
more pollution?
That
means air p o l l u t i o n a n d noise p o l l u t i o n . A n d w h a t a b o u t the p e o p l e w h o l i v e i n t h e area w h e r e t h e y w a n t t o b u i l d this n e w airport? H o w w i l l t h e y l i v e w i t h all this p o l l u t i o n f r o m the sky? A n d h o w w i l l they l i v e w i t h all the r o a d t r a f f i c t h a t t h i s a i r p o r t w i l l b r i n g t o t h e area? A
new
I a i r p o r t ? W e say N O .
3
C o m p l e t e these sentences in a logical way, n o t necessarily giving your o w n opinion. 1
I agree w i t h w h a t the editor says. Firstly, . Next,
2
I think airports are i m p o r t a n t . However,
3
Airports create a lot of air pollution. Furthermore,.
Unit 6
Revision: Units 5-6 Grammar
Vocabulary
1
1
Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1
Greece is hotter/more hotter t h a n Britain in t h e summer.
1
g
m
2
I think Sam is t h i n n e r thanAhat Jake.
3
She's the best player of/in t h e t e a m .
2
с
rt
4
That's the sjllyest/silliest t h i n g I've ever seen.
3
d . _ с.... m.... nt.... ry
5
Greg is t h e more/most intelligent person I know.
6
Do you t h i n k rainy weather is more bad/worse t h a n sunny weather?
2
C o m p l e t e t h e t y p e s o f p r o g r a m m e w i t h t h e missing vowels.
*
/6
2
CO, confused
Love is more i m p o r t a n t than money. LESS
It's t o o cold t o s w i m in t h e sea today.
4
ENOUGH
5
Her sister is very intelligent and she's very intelligent.
6
He is t o o slow t o w i n t h e race.
funny
/6 points)
3
Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1
I don't really k n o w but Joe may/will w i n t h e c o m p e t i t i o n .
2
It ШрХИ9!°.9Му/РШ^.ЯШ.Ш01
r a
i
n
3
They say it is snowing/is going to snow next Christmas. The effects will definitely/definitely will be tern ble.
5
N o b o d y is certain, b u t humans will/might travel t o Mars
It's w h e n s o m e t h i n g makes you feel frightened. It's h o w you feel w h e n y o u don't understand something or a
It's w h e n s o m e t h i n g is really g o o d .
1
leungj
3
trsofe
2
tesdre
4
m i n t o a n u grean
( 4
/6 points)
Put t h e letters in o r d e r t o f i n d d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c a l features.
/4 points)
M a t c h these w o r d s w i t h t h e e x p l a n a t i o n s . There are m o r e words than explanations. drought
A : Someone's at t h e door! B: OK, 11l/'m going to go.
(
surprising
It's w h e n s o m e t h i n g makes you laugh.
tomorrow.
4
interested
surprised
С
around 2050.
4
cool scary
FAST
С
6
confusing relaxing
situation.
AS
He
/6 points)
It's w h e n s o m e t h i n g makes you w a n t t o k n o w more.
TOO
She's
3
dr.... m ...
k n o w it was g o i n g t o happen.
We aren't old e n o u g h t o see that film.
It's
6
ch ...t sh....w
6
It's h o w you feel w h e n s o m e t h i n g happens but you didn't
AS
We're
5
1
I t h i n k that biology is easier t h a n maths. I t h i n k that maths
4
5
M a t c h t h e s e adjectives w i t h t h e e x p l a n a t i o n s . T h e r e are m o r e
interesting inter
Money
3
.... dv... rt
adjectives t h a n e x p l a n a t i o n s .
points)
Rewrite t h e sentences u s i n g t h e w o r d s in b o l d . M a k e sure t h e
2
n
4
(
m e a n i n g stays t h e same. 1
sh w
flood
global w a r m i n g
ozone layer
/ 6 points)
recycle
greenhouse effect
save
waste
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e first or zero c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m
1
w h e n it rains a lot and rivers get t o o big
of t h e verbs g i v e n .
2
w h e n you save old things t o use t h e materials again
1
If she
(go) t o London, she'll be able t o see t h e
London Eye. 2
She w o n ' t say anything if you
(tell) her a secret.
3
If you p u t snow in your hand, your hand
(get)
3
w h e n y o u use things in an unnecessary w a y
4
t h e t h i n g w h i c h protects t h e earth f r o m the sun
5
w h e n it doesn't rain and there is n o water
6
w h e n y o u stop using s o m e t h i n g or use very little
cold. 4
(
If w e have t h e chance, w e
(travel) all around
5
Europe next summer. 5
If you look directly at t h e sun, it
(be) bad for
your eyes. 6
Sheila
(do) well in t o m o r r o w ' s exam if she (think) carefully.
(
/7 points)
Find a s y n o n y m f o r get i n t h e s e sentences. 1
I'll get your bag.
2
Can you get m e t h e newspaper w h e n you g o t o t h e shops?
3
She usually gets h o m e early.
Г /25 points
0
/6 points)
/3 points)
Reading 1
Read a b o u t a c a m e r a m a n called M a t t H o w a r d a n d c h o o s e a, b o r с t o c o m p l e t e t h e sentences.
M
a t t H o w a r d is a c a m e r a m a n
who
works o n nature documentaries. H e has f i l m e d a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d ,
in j u n g l e s , r a i n f o r e s t s a n d deserts. H e r e he tells u s a b o u t h i s j o b . To
film
nature
documentaries, it's
important t o be good w i t h a
camera,
obviously. B u t , i n m y o p i n i o n , i t ' s m o r e important t o be interested i n plants a n d animals. I f y o u a r e n ' t , t h e w o r k c a n b e really
boring. T o make
a two-minute
HD
camera, it looks m u c h worse
than
w i t h a n o l d c a m e r a . It's t r u e t h a t t h e n e w c a m e r a s a r e n ' t as h e a v y as t h e o l d ones.' But
sometimes
Matt
carries
35 kilos,
c l i m b s u p a m o u n t a i n , a n d tries t o f i l m at t h e s a m e t i m e ! M a t t knows what he wants w h e n he m a k e s f i l m s . ' I w a n t t o film t h i n g s t h a t p e o p l e have never seen before. O r I w a n t t o film t h i n g s t h e y ' v e seen, b u t i n a n e w wav. I w a n t i t t o be a u n i q u e e x p e r i e n c e
for the people watching.' A n d t h e scariest e x p e r i e n c e he's ever had? 'We were making a T V programme a b o u t p o l a r bears i n t h e A r c t i c i c e cap. We weren't
filming
at t h e t i m e , w e w e r e
sleeping. Suddenly I heard t h e s o u n d o f a p o l a r bear r i g h t n e x t t o m y ear. I w a s t o o f r i g h t e n e d t o o p e n m y eyes. I t stayed there
and then
left.
Believe m e , t h e y w e r e t h e longest
f o r five m i n u t e s
five
m i n u t e s o f m y life!'
film o f a b i r d , insect o r a n i m a l , y o u c a n sometimes spend a day o r a w e e k l o o k i n g for t h e m . A n d a n i m a l s a r e n ' t l i k e a c t o r s . They d o n ' t j u s t appear w h e n y o u w a n t them to. Sometimes they never appear!' Matt
knows
that
h i s j o b is
very
i m p o r t a n t . W h e n h e travels t o ice caps o r deserts, h e sees t h a t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t is c h a n g i n g . H i s j o b is t o f i l m a w o r l d t h a t mav disappear o n e day.' I f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t continues t o change
because o f g l o b a l
w a r m i n g , t h e o n l y place w h e r e y o u ' l l be able t o see s o m e a n i m a l s a n d insects is in nature documentaries. I hope o u r w o r k helps p e o p l e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t w e a l l need t o d o s o m e t h i n g t o save t h e p l a n e t . ' Generally,
changes
in
technology
make M a n ' s l i f e easier. ' H i g h - d e f i n i t i o n ( H D ) c a m e r a s h e l p t o get b e t t e r p i c t u r e s . But i f v o u m a k e a s m a l l m i s t a k e w i t h a n
1
Matt says that a
2
3
he doesn't like his j o b m u c h because it isn't very exciting.
b
it can take a long t i m e t o make a short film.
с
the most i m p o r t a n t t h i n g in his j o b is the camera.
Matt also says that animals
Write a letter t o a newspaper giving your opinion about s o m e t h i n g y o u s a w o n TV last w e e k . Use these q u e s t i o n s for ideas a b o u t w h a t t o w r i t e .
don't always d o w h a t you want.
•
W h a t t y p e o f p r o g r a m m e was it?
b
don't like actors.
•
Was it g o o d or bad? Why?
с
don't like appearing in films.
•
Matt thinks his work is i m p o r t a n t because b
he is protecting some animals, insects and plants. it may be the only way that people can see some animals and insects in the future,
с
5
2
a
a
4
Writing
he makes programmes a b o u t saving the planet.
Matt thinks that n e w HD cameras a
always take better pictures than old cameras.
b
are lighter than old cameras.
с
usually take worse pictures t h a n old cameras.
Matt a
wants people t o see s o m e t h i n g new and different w h e n they watch his work,
b с
once had a bad experience w h e n he was w a t c h i n g a polar bear. had a scary experience because he's very frightened o f filming polar bears.
H o w d i d it make you feel - happy, angry, interested, frightened?
•
What d o you want? More programmes like this? To stop programmes like this?
•
W h a t are other people's opinions?
D e a r Editor, I a m w r i t i n g i n response to a T V p r o g r a m m e w h i c h I s a w l a s t w e e k . T h e p r o g r a m m e ...
Grammar
• Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice (must, have to,
Vocabulary
• Jobs, Personal qualities
> Second conditional
mustn% don't have to, should, shouldn 1)
7 Odd jobj
• Compound adjectives
Speaking
• Making polite requests
Writing
• A letter of application and CV
о с а о и ю г у
1
2
Complete the jobs w i t h the missing vowels.
W r i t e t r u e (T) or false (F) a b o u t t h e p e r s o n in t h e p h o t o . 1
He works w i t h children.
2
He works indoors.
3
He does paperwork.
4
He does manual work.
5
He deals w i t h the public.
6
He travels a lot.
7
He works in a team.
8
He works in an office.
T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F
9
He works w i t h numbers.
T/F
He works w i t h a computer. T/F
10 1
2
с _ m p _ t.... r P
r
9
r
m
m
....
r... с.... p t
n
st
r
T/F T/F T/F
Personal qualities 3
Find adjectives in t h e w o r d search a n d w r i t e t h e m n e x t t o t h e correct s y n o n y m or explanation.
3
5
b
Id
s h.... p
r
4
P.
m
.... s s.... s t.... n t
С
сh
ff
n
с
d
с
n
с
d
V
с
s
b
r
e
I
i
a
b
I
e
t
P
e
r
e
m
r
i
с
о
r
У
a
f
V
b
i
n
a
i
о
u
t
i
e
u
n
g
I
к
n
e
i
t
r
о
g
h
m
j
g
r
V
s
о
с
i
a
b
I
e
a
e
a
m
b
i
t
i
о
u
s
С r
с
4
1
w i t h lots o f imagination and n e w ideas:
2
healthy:
3
w i t h lots of physical energy:
4
intelligent:
5
kind, helpful and sympathetic t o other people:
6
a friendly person w h o likes being w i t h other people:
7
s o m e b o d y you can d e p e n d o n :
8
s o m e b o d y w h o doesn't easily get excited, worried or angry:
9
s o m e b o d y w h o wants t o be t h e b e s t .
W r i t e t w o personal q u a l i t i e s in 3 t h a t y o u t h i n k are necessary in t h e s e j o b s .
7 f s h
n d s q n r Unit 7
8
i
r n l s t
1
A sports teacher:.
2
A poet:
3
A scientist:
4
A shop assistant:.
t Reading 1
Read t h e t w o t e x t s a n d c o m p l e t e t h e t i t l e s t o s h o w w h a t j o b
2
each person d i d at first a n d in t h e e n d . Text 1: Barry Cox - f r o m
of them?
to
Text 2: Aleksander Kudajczyk - f r o m
to
1
He lives and works in t h e c o u n t r y where he was born.
2
He has already started w o r k i n g full-time in the w o r l d of music.
Textl BARRY
Read t h e t e x t s a g a i n . Are these sentences a b o u t Barry Cox (ВС), A l e k s a n d e r Kudajczyk (AK), b o t h m e n (B) or n e i t h e r (N)
3 COX
IS
a
He has f o u n d a n e w j o b because s o m e b o d y discovered h i m by accident.
famous
singer. He's f r o m L i v e r p o o l b u t
4
A w o m a n played an i m p o r t a n t part in his change o f career.
matter. T h e r e he's a superstar.
5
He practised a lot.
So how d i d t h a t h a p p e n ?
6
He's g o i n g t o act in a film.
he isn't f a m o u s i n E n g l a n d . I n China it's a c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t
Barry is 30 years o l d . W h e n he left school h e w a s n ' t h a p p y
3
and d e c i d e d to do s o m e t h i n g
W r i t e sentences w i t h s i m i l a r i t i e s or differences b e t w e e n Barry Cox a n d A l e k s a n d e r Kudajczyk. T h i n k a b o u t w h e r e t h e y live,
different w i t h his l i f e . T h e first step w a s t o l e a r n a n e w l a n g u a g e .
their old and new jobs and h o w they f o u n d their new jobs.
He started w i t h S p a n i s h b u t he d i d n ' t e n j o y t h e e x p e r i e n c e . Then one d a y i n L i v e r p o o l ' s C h i n a T o w n he s u d d e n l y h a d a n
1
idea. N o t m a n y E n g l i s h p e o p l e l e a r n C h i n e s e so h e d e c i d e d to try. He w e n t i n t o a l o c a l C h i n e s e r e s t a u r a n t a n d o r d e r e d a m e a l ... and some l a n g u a g e lessons. H e w a s l u c k y . T h e n e p h e w of t h e restaurant o w n e r w a n t e d E n g l i s h lessons, so t h e y h e l p e d e a c h other a n d b e c a m e f r i e n d s . A t t h a t time B a r r y d i d n ' t k n o w t h a t there w e r e d i f f e r e n t C h i n e s e dialects. B a r r y l e a r n t C a n t o n e s e , which is a c t u a l l y m o r e d i f f i c u l t t h a n M a n d a r i n . H e s p o k e i t a l l day w i t h his n e w C h i n e s e f r i e n d s a n d at a C h i n e s e s u p e r m a r k e t where he s t a r t e d w o r k i n g . T h e n one d a y h e w e n t to a c o n c e r t by a f a m o u s singer f r o m H o n g K o n g a n d i t c h a n g e d his l i f e . H e started s i n g i n g i n C a n t o n e s e . H e t o o k i t m o r e seriously, h a d singing lessons a n d e n t e r e d s i n g i n g c o m p e t i t i o n s . O n e
day
he d e c i d e d to m o v e t o H o n g K o n g . It w a s d i f f i c u l t to b e c o m e a professional s i n g e r t h e r e b u t h e m o v e d to M a c a o , a sort of Chinese Las Vegas. That's w h e r e h e b e c a m e f a m o u s a n d w h e r e he lives n o w . H e has to s i n g six days a w e e k at a b i g casino b u t he loves i t . A n d n o w t h e y m a y m a k e a f i l m a b o u t his l i f e !
Text 2 W H A T A C H A N G E ! A t the m o m e n t A l e k s a n d e r K u d a j c z y k has
4
Look u p in y o u r d i c t i o n a r y t h r e e w o r d s f r o m each t e x t t h a t y o u d o n ' t u n d e r s t a n d a n d w r i t e t h e m e a n i n g next t o t h e m . Textl 1
Word:
Meaning:
2
Word:
Meaning:
3
Word:
Meaning:
to clean the floors o f G l a s g o w U n i v e r s i t y b u t n e x t w e e k he is going to b e g i n a n e w j o b , as a c o n c e r t p i a n i s t . T h e s u r p r i s i n g story o f t h i s 28-year-old Polish m a n ,s l i k e a H o l l y w o o d M r K u d a j c z y k a r r i v e d i n S c o t l a n d i n January. H e
film wanted
Text 2 1
Word:
... M e a n i n g :
2
Word:
Meaning:
3
Word:
Meaning:
о w o r k as a teacher b u t all he f o u n d was a j o b as a cleaner a Glasgow U n i v e r s i t y . H e h a d t o w o r k there f o u r h o u r s a d a y starting at 6 a m . O n e d a y m the u n i v e r s i t y he d i s c o v e r e d a g r a n d piano a n d he asked p e r m i s s i o n t o p l a y o n i t . T h e y gave h i m perrmsston b u t n o b o d y t h o u g h t a n y m o r e a b o u t , t . W h a t
Mr
K u d a j c z y k d i d n ' t k n o w was t h a t there was a w e b c a m i n the piano r o o m . O n e d a y a u n i v e r s i t y secretary was c h e c k i n g the w e b c a m p i c t u r e s a n d she saw A l e k s a n d e r p l a y i n g . T h e m u s i c
W h a t a b o u t you?
was so perfect that she t h o u g h t it was a C D . T h e n she saw ,t
W h i c h story did you like the most:
was the cleaner d o i n g h i s d a i l y p i a n o p r a c t i c e . She i m m e d i a t e l y
or 2? Explain why.
sent emails to o t h e r p e o p l e at the u n i v e r s i t y , t e l l i n g t h e m watch. S o o n after, M r
Kudajczyk
was
music
playing
Chopin's
to
h u n d r e d s o f teachers a n d s t u d e n t s . Since t h e n he has p l a y e d the p i a n o at m a n y special concerts a n d events but he has also c o n t i n u e d t o w o r k as a cleaner. But n e x t w e e k t h a t w i l l change w h e n he becomes a f u l l - t i m e professional m u s i c i a n a n d teacher.
Unit 7
Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice 1
Read t h e sentences a n d c h o o s e t h e a l t e r n a t i v e w h i c h
4
describes t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e sentence. 1
You don't have t o be an expert t o use a computer. Obligation/ no obligation
2 3
You mustn't c o m e h o m e late No obligation/prohibition You should w r i t e d o w n n e w vocabulary. Recommendation/
1
People
2
You
take medicine w h e n you aren't ill.
You
help your friends w h e n they have
3
Doctors have t o w o r k at unusual times. Obligation/prohibition
4
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h should or shouldn't.
problems. 4
5
Your essay doesn't have t o be perfect. No obligation/ You must t r y your best. Obligation/prohibition
7
You shouldn't g o t o bed late t h e n i g h t before an exam.
5
switch off their mobile phones in the
C h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e . If y o u t h i n k t w o alternatives are c o r r e c t , m a r k b o t h o f t h e m .
&ghJbidgn/gg\Ke 8
People cinema.
рюЫШоп 6
W h e n you aren't very g o o d at s o m e t h i n g , you practise t o get better.
obligation 5
use violence t o solve their problems.
You mustn't start crying w h e n t h i n g s g o w r o n g . No obligation/prohibnion
1
Children has to/have to/don't have to go t o school on Monday.
2
You must/mustn't/don't have to copy in exams.
3
Doctors must/mustn't/have to work hard.
4
You has to/have to/must wear g o o d clothes if you work in a bank.
5
Visitors mus^Vmus^dgnXhgy?J&
talk in a loud voice or
shout because it is prohibited. 6
You must/don't have to/mustn't use a mobile phone in a plane.
Grammar extension 6
Each s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n s a m i s t a k e . Find t h e mistake a n d w r i t e t h e sentence correctly.
2
W r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences using t h e w o r d s g i v e n a n d t h e correct f o r m o f have to or don't have to.
1
Children under 16 must t o g o t o school.
2
This exercise is optional - you mustn't d o it.
3
You should t o do extra work if it's difficult.
4
Students haven't t o wear a u n i f o r m in our school and so you can wear w h a t you want.
1
Normally teachers/wear a u n i f o r m .
2
Normally a police officer/wear a uniform.
3
l/go t o school o n Sunday.
4
A secretary/know h o w t o use a computer.
5
You musn't drink and drive - it's illegal.
6
You don't have t o o p e n the car door w h e n the car is moving.
7
You should eat chocolate just before you go t o bed because it isn't g o o d for your teeth.
5
3
Builders/wear hard hats.
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h must or mustn't. 1
You
2
People
3
Students
4
Professional musicians instrument.
58
Unit 7
w r i t e carefully in exams. smoke in hospitals.
8
Smoking is prohibited here. You don't have t o d o it.
9
It's essential t o d o this exercise. You mustn't do it.
use m o b i l e phones in class. practise playing their
10
You mustn't be 18 t o ride a bike.
Developing v o c a b u l a r y Compound adjectives 1
Complete t h e c r o s s w o r d . Across 1
He's t h e first person t o arrive at w o r k and the last person t o go. He does more t h a n a n y b o d y else. He's very hard-
4
They're a beautiful couple. She's very beautiful and he's
good6 8
.
You've g o t t h e pen in your left hand. Are you left-
?
She's t h e director of a large multinational company. I'm sure she's
well-_
_
Down 2
You should be more relaxed and easy-
3
That teacher only teaches t w o lessons a day. He's part-
5
She's well-
She always knows where she should be
and w h a t she has t o do. 7
People f r o m Northern Europe sometimes have b l o n d e hair and are blue-
2
Look at t h e a d j e c t i v e s in 1. W r i t e t h r e e w h i c h y o u t h i n k describe y o u a n d t h r e e w h i c h d o n ' t describe y o u . 1
I'm and
2
I'm not or
3
Think o f a f r i e n d or f a m i l y m e m b e r a n d describe t h e m u s i n g t h e a d j e c t i v e s in 1 .
Vocabulary extension: more compound adjectives 4
Match these w o r d s t o m a k e c o m p o u n d adjectives. T h e n m a t c h t h e m w i t h t h e d e f i n i t i o n s . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if necessary. 1
self- ч
dressed
a
o p e n t o n e w ideas and different opinions
2
open-
3
well-
4 bad-
known
-reliant -..
minded
b
rich, w i t h a lot o f m o n e y
с
famous, many people k n o w
well-
off
6
well-
tempered
1
d
you get angry often or quickly able t o d o t h i n g s for yourself and not d e p e n d on other people
f
wearing g o o d clothes
Yes, she's very
b u t that's because she
spends all her m o n e y o n clothes. 2
I like h i m because he's very
He listens
t o y o u and thinks before he says yes or no. 3
She's very i n d e p e n d e n t and
.She
doesn't t h i n k her parents have t o d o everything for her.
you
-e 5
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o m p o u n d adjectives in 4.
4
My older brother is so
.He always
shouts at me, and for no reason! 5
She's a
writer. Lots of people have
b o u g h t her books and seen her face. 6
I think his family is q u i t e
because
they've g o t a really big house.
Unit 7
Working in
the
UK
Text!
international cultural knowledge Two traditional jobs 1
Ernie Wilkins, Milkman
Read t h e texts a b o u t Ernie W i l k i n s a n d Penny W i l c o x a n d w r i t e
Emie
o n e s e n t e n c e t o e x p l a i n w h a t t h e i r j o b s are.
a
1
Ernie Wilkins is a m i l k m a n . M i l k m e n bring
everybody can
2
Penny Wilcox is a lollipop person. Lollipop people h e l p .
Wilkins
milkman
He loves
has
been
20
years.
for
his job, b u t
not
understand
w h y . For a s t a r t , h e h a s
to
get u p e a r l y e v e r y day. He gets u p a t o n e o ' c l o c k i n t h e m o r n i n g a n d s t a r t s w o r k at two. That's w h e n he puts all the
• WORD BOOSTER
milk
milk I
Match the words and definitions.
o n t o his
float. A n d
milkmen you
not long ago
don't
electric
nowadays just
milk. They
bring
often
sell
I I
1 2
float item
a b
a large vehicle
and
I
3
official
с
an individual t h i n g
takes h i m three quarters o f
I
4
recently
d
formal
juice, cream, yoghurt, bread potatoes.
It
usually
an h o u r to prepare his float. T h e n he starts d r i v i n g r o u n d the streets i n his t o w n , leaving bottles o f m i l k a n d other items a t h i s c u s t o m e r s ' doors. W h e n t h e y w a k e up, e v e r y t h i n g is
2
Read t h e t e x t s a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e t h e t a b l e . 1
W h a t Ernie likes a b o u t
2
a b o u t his j o b
his j o b
a
the peace and quiet of r t •/ the early mominq
W h a t Ernie d o e s n ' t like
there, w a i t i n g . E r n i e loves t h e p e a c e a n d q u i e t o f t h e e a r l y m o r n i n g . He loves b e i n g o u t d o o r s , e x c e p t w h e n it's v e r y c o l d i n t h e w i n t e r . T h a t ' s t h e o n e t h i n g h e d o e s n ' t enjoy. B u t w a t c h i n g t h e s u n c o m e u p is a l w a y s a s p e c i a l m o m e n t f o r h i m . E m i e is v e r y
d
c a r i n g . He loves t h e f a c t t h a t e v e r y b o d y k n o w s h i m a n d o l d p e o p l e o f t e n ask h i m f o r h e l p . W h e n E m i e f i n i s h e s w o r k at
b
9 a m , he's t i r e d b u t h a p p y .
с
Text 2
3
W h a t Penny likes a b o u t
4
her j o b e
W h a t Penny d o e s n ' t like
Penny Wilcox, Lollipop person
a b o u t her j o b
Penny
Wilcox
is
55.
She
doesn't w a n t to w o r k l o n g
g
hours
and
so t h e j o b
s t a r t e d l a s t y e a r is f
she
perfect
f o r her. She j u s t w o r k s f o r half an h o u r i n the m o r n i n g and
half
an
hour
in
the
afternoon. The official n a m e 3
Answer the questions.
for
her
job
is
a
C r o s s i n g G u i d e . She 1
works
W h a t personal qualities d o Ernie and Penny have?
outside
Ernie:
times w h e n students arrive
Penny: 2
School
_
What is a School Crossing Guide?
a
school
at
the
i n t h e m o r n i n g a n d leave i n t h e a f t e r n o o n . W h e n t h e r e is a g r o u p o f s t u d e n t s w a i t i n g , she w a l k s i n t o t h e m i d d l e o f t h e r o a d a n d s t o p s t h e t r a f f i c . She w e a r s a b r i g h t y e l l o w j a c k e t a n d c a r r i e s a s i g n w h i c h says
3
Can Penny's j o b be dangerous or not? Why?
'STOP'. T h e s i g n l o o k s l i k e a l o l l i p o p , w h i c h is w h y e v e r y b o d y calls Penny a n d h e r colleagues ' l o l l i p o p people'. W h e n drivers see h e r a n d h e r s i g n , t h e y m u s t s t o p a n d l e t t h e c h i l d r e n cross. P e n n y is a v e r y s o c i a b l e p e r s o n a n d she loves t a l k i n g
4
What about you? Which of the t w o jobs w o u l d you prefer to d o and why?
t o t h e c h i l d r e n e a c h m o r n i n g . T h e o n l y t h i n g she d o e s n ' t l i k e is t h a t s o m e d r i v e r s get a n g r y a n d s h o u t w h e n t h e y h a v e to stop. Penny t h i n k s t h a t i n t h e past drivers were friendlier. She's u n h a p p y t h a t r e c e n t l y t h e r e h a v e b e e n s o m e serious a c c i d e n t s a n d l o l l i p o p p e o p l e h a v e b e e n h u r t . B u t Penny k n o w s a l o t o f the c h i l d r e n a n d w o n ' t stop w o r k i n g i f they n e e d her.
60
Unit 7
r Grammar in context
!
Second conditional 1
3
Match t h e halves o f t h e sentences. If I were a president or prime minister,
1
If y o u gren't/w&enX m y brother, I'd be really angry w i t h you.
2
If I had a boat,
2
If it was h o t all year, I won't/wouldn't go out.
3
In Australia it w o u l d be unusual
3
If I were/am you, I'd buy a n e w m o b i l e phone.
I f t h e y gave m e a j o b in t h e summer,
4
I f t h e y didnydgn't have a pet, they'd be able t o g o away in t h e summer.
5
We'd go t o the USA in t h e s u m m e r
5
We would/will enjoy t h e concert more if w e k n e w t h e songs.
6
My parents w o u l d be really happy w i t h m e
6
They would/will c o n t i n u e r u n n i n g i f t h e y didn't get tired.
1
4
a b
if we had e n o u g h money. I'd spend a lot of m o n e y on health, education
с
I'd take it because I need t h e money,
d
if I became a famous singer,
e
I'd spend my holidays at sea.
f
if it snowed in t h e summer.
I'd d o w h a t he said if he yyas/.k У boss.
8
Television w o u l d be better if there g/en't/weren't all those adverts.
10 4
Look at t h e sentences in 1. Are these sentences about t h e second c o n d i t i o n a l t r u e (T) or false (F)? 1
7
т
9
and the environment,
2
Choose t h e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e .
The second conditional talks a b o u t i m p r o b a b l e and imaginary situations.
If I could/can sing, I'd start a band. If y o u w e n t o u t more, you wgn't/wouldn't be lonely.
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e s e c o n d c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m o f t h e verbs g i v e n . 1
If I
(have) a p r o b l e m , I'd call you.
2
If t h e bus didn't c o m e , w e
3
I
4
You w o u l d n ' t learn m u c h if you
5
If y o u
(walk).
(not be) h a p p y if m y parents didn't let m e g o out. (play) c o m p u t e r games all day.
(learn) t o speak a n e w language, it w o u l d help you
find a j o b .
The second conditional talks about past situations. We use would m the half of the sentence w i t h If.
6
If John was faster, he
(play) football better.
7
They'd leave the restaurant immediately i f t h e y
(not like)
the food. We can use was or were w i t h If l/he/she. The half of the sentence w i t h If always comes first.
8
If I k n e w t h e answer, I
9
If I
(tell) you.
(find) m o n e y in t h e street, I'd try t o find w h o it b e l o n g e d to.
10
I'd buy t h a t coat if I
11
If I were y o u , I
(have) e n o u g h money. (ask) the teacher t o explain the h o m e w o r k again.
1
Grammar extension 5
Give these p e o p l e advice u s i n g If I were you... 1
You can a d d reasons t o e x p l a i n y o u r o p i n i o n .
I've g o t an exam t o m o r r o w b u t it's t h e c u p final t o n i g h t and
6
2
A g o o d friend has stopped talking t o me, b u t I don't k n o w why. think he's angry w i t h me.
my favourite t e a m is playing.
My friends have invited m e t o play football t o n i g h t b u t m y leg hurts.
7
I've g o t lots o f English h o m e w o r k t o do t o n i g h t b u t I forgot t o bring my books home.
3
Another student copied m y answers in an exam yesterday. It's my mum's birthday next week b u t I have no idea w h a t t o buy her.
4
My friends are all g o i n g t o an expensive restaurant t o n i g h t b u t I haven't g o t e n o u g h m o n e y t o go. 9
5
I'd like t o learn t o drive.
I can't understand the maths that we're studying at the m o m e n t but I don't w a n t t o tell anyone because I feel stupid.
1 0 I w a n t t o be famous one day.
Unit 7
i
in « к . и • „тшт
•
j
evelopmg speaking
•"
I
i ll«M
и 'Шт^ЯтШЩЩШЩЯт*
mini
Asking about a job
Describing photos
1
3
Put t h e w o r d s i n o r d e r t o m a k e p o l i t e requests.
I
Look at t h e p h o t o a n d answer t h e q u e s t i o n s . If y o u are n o t sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use / think and/or / imagine.
2
1
me
y o u starts
2
if
3
y o u tell
4
we
5
Could
6
you me
I
need
Can
Could
me
you d o
apply
me
j o b when
y o u any
ask
h o w Could
tell
t h e wages
tell
tell
I
Can
to
ask
what
what
address
your
the ?
experience
I
?
can ?
have
are
Can ?
basic
what
is
?
?
C o m p l e t e t h e d i a l o g u e w i t h t h e p o l i t e requests i n 1. HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:
TEENAGER:
Good afternoon?
Good afternoon. I'm calling a b o u t a j o b t h a t was in t h e newspaper yesterday. Could I ask for some information?
H O L I D A Y C A M P O R G A N I S E R : Certainly. TEENAGER:
Thanks, (a)
HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:
Yes. It b e g i n s o n 1 July a n d i t s t
finishes o n 3 1 July. s t
TEENAGER:
.
O h , I see. (b)
HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:
Well, you have t o give some sports
lessons in the m o r n i n g , and t h e n in t h e afternoon you take groups of children o n excursions or you organise games and c o m p e t i t i o n s w i t h t h e m . TEENAGER:
I see. (c)
people who've d o n e similar w o r k before. I understand, (d)
HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:
It's £150 a w e e k , a n d l u n c h is
included. TEENAGER:
(e)
HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:
It's easy. You just need t o send a
letter o f application and CV t o m e and t h e n I'll call people for interviews. TEENAGER:
That's great, (f)
HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER:
Unit 7
Use t h e q u e s t i o n s in 3 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t t h i s p h o t o . M a k e notes a n d t h e n practise orally.
HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER: It's n o t essential, b u t w e prefer
TEENAGER:
4
Yes, it's
r Developing w r i t i n g A letter of application and CV 1
Read t h i s letter o f a p p l i c a t i o n . W h a t t y p e o f j o b d o y o u t h i n k Benjamin M a r t i n w a n t s ? D o y o u t h i n k h e is a g o o d p e r s o n f o r
A
s
У
о
иw
i
l
1 s
e
e
the j o b ?
I look forward to h e a r i n g f r o m y o u 12 S e f t o n S t r e e t Sunderland SU7 8BV
M s Susan N i c h o l s o n 72 H i l l R o a d Birmingham
Put t h e h e a d i n g s in t h e c o r r e c t place in t h e CV.
B06 3NJ
th
7 F e b r u a r y 2011
D e a r M s Nicholson, I a m w r i t i n g i n r e s p o n s e t o y o u r advertisement i n The Birmingham Sun. I w o u l d l i k e t o a p p l y for the j o b w h i c h
1
Interests
2
Education and qualifications
3
General information
4
Work experience
th
you a d v e r t i s e d i n this n e w s p a p e r o n 5 F e b r u a r y C U R R I C U L U M
I enclose a C V w i t h information about myself, i n c l u d i n g education a n d w o r k e x p e r i e n c e . A s y o u w i l l s e e , tennis is
V I T A E
Benjamin M a r t i n
one of m y m a m h o b t t e s and mterests. I have e x p e r i e n c e of A
giving tennis lessons a n d of w o r k i n g w i t h children. I also think
1
that I a m patient, w e l l - o r g a n i s e d a n d h a r d - w o r k i n g .
..
20/7/1992 British
2
I look forward to h e a r i n g f r o m y o u .
3
Single
Yours s i n c e r e l y ,
12 Sefton Street, Sunderland, SU7 8BV
benjamin
Martin
( m o b i l e ) 0567 123 4567 6
( h o m e ) 651 10 11 12
7
Benjamin M a r t i n
[email protected] 2
В
Look at t h e w o r d s a n d expressions in b o l d . Explain w h y t h e y
S u m m e r f i e l d School, S u n d e r l a n d
are i m p o r t a n t in letters o f a p p l i c a t i o n .
A levels m E n g l i s h Literature, French a n d E c o n o m i c s 12 S e f t o n S t r e e t
С
We write our own address in the lop
ши£с#гиек
I
July 2 0 1 0
W o r k e d at Foxton Tennis C l u b g i v i n g lessons о 5-10 year olds
July 2009 Ms
W o r k e d at Knightley Tennis C l u b as assistant
D Tennis Reading G o o d k n o w l e d g e of c o m p u t e r s
72 H i l l R o a d
4 Dear
1
I a m w r i t i n g i nresponse to
I would like to
N o w p u t t h e specific titles in t h e c o r r e c t place in t h e CV.
5
Permanent address
2
Email
3
Nationality
4
Telephone
5
Marital status
6
Telephone
7
Date o f birth
Take a piece o f p a p e r a n d w r i t e o u t y o u r o w n CV. Use t h e c o m p l e t e d CV o n t h i s p a g e as a m o d e l . Unit 7
"
8 Good friends Y
V o c a b u l a r y
Grammar
• Past perfect
Vocabulary
• Relationships
•Gerunds and infinitives
Speaking
> Reporting a past event
Writing
• A personal
• Feelings
• Noun suffixes
-ness. -ship,
description
11,11
Relationships 1
2
M a t c h these phrases t o t h e p i c t u r e s . ask s o m e b o d y o u t
fall in love w i t h s o m e b o d y
get back t o g e t h e r again get o n well w i t h s o m e b o d y hove an a r g u m e n t
Are these stages usually at t h e start or t h e e n d o f a relationship? Start
g e t married go out with somebody
split u p w i t h s o m e b o d y
W o u l d y o u like t o g o t o t h e cinema w i t h m e o n Friday?
1
get o n well w i t h s o m e b o d y
2
ask s o m e b o d y o u t
3
have an a r g u m e n t
4
meet s o m e b o d y
5
split u p w i t h s o m e b o d y
6
fall in love w i t h s o m e b o d y
7
go o u t w i t h s o m e b o d y
End
• • • • • • •
• • • • • •
Feelings 3
C o m p l e t e t h e puzzle by w r i t i n g t h e n o u n f o r m o f each a d j e c t i v e . Is t h e w o r d in t h e s h a d e d c o l u m n positive or
1
negative?
have an argument
1
angry
2
bored
3
excited
4
afraid
5
happy
6
lonely
<0
s 'a 2
9
e
r
3 4 5 6
4
We like t h e same films, t h e
\
i same f o o d , the same people ...J
W r i t e y o u r o w n t r u e answers t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s .
1
W h e n was t h e last t i m e you were angry? What happened?
2
When was the last t i m e you were bored? Why were you bored?
3
W h e n you were small, w h a t were you afraid of?
4
W h e n was t h e last t i m e you were very excited? What happened?
I Unit 8
5
W h e n was the last t i m e you were lonely? What did you do?
1
Read t h e t w o love stones f r o m British n e w s p a p e r s . W r i t e a t i t l e
Look a t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n . W h o does it describe - David,
for each story.
M i c h e l l e , Geraint o r Laura? Each piece o f i n f o r m a t i o n c o u l d describe m o r e t h a n o n e p e r s o n .
1
1
17 years old Michelle
stop
2
student
thinking about the number. H e started t h i n k i n g that
3
farmer
somebody h a d g i v e n h i m t h e n u m b e r . I n t h e e n d h e
4
lived more t h a n 100 kilometres f r o m his partner
5
sent a lot o f emails
6
sent a lot of text messages
7
m e t her partner w h e n she was o n holiday
FIVE Y E A R S A G O D a v i d B r o w n w o k e u p w i t h a m y s t e r y mobile p h o n e
number
i n his head.
H e couldn't
decided t o send a text message. T h e n u m b e r
belonged
to M i c h e l l e K i t s o n , a 1 7 - y e a r - o l d s t u d e n t w h o w a s l i v i n g w i t h h e r p a r e n t s a b o u t 100 k i l o m e t r e s a w a y . S h e d e c i d e d to a n s w e r
t h e message.
it b e c a m e c l e a r they
continued
messages
After a f e w more
that they h a d never
messages
m e t before. E
sending
and
started
calling each other o nt h e
8
g o t married
9
works many hours a day
10
phone. T h e n M i c h e l l e a n d
met her partner in an unusual w a y
D a v i d m e t ... a n d f e l l i n Answer the questions.
love. N o t l o n g after, t h e y got
married.
Michelle
said: 'It w a s a f a n t a s t i c d a y
1
H o w did David meet Michelle?
2
What was special a b o u t t h e day w h e n Michelle g o t married?
3
H o w did Geraint meet Laura?
when w e got married. T h e weather
h a d been
that w e e k
awful
but when
we
went to the church it was beautiful sunshine!'
2 Л 7"es, m i l k I S g o o d f o r y o u . I t c a n e v e n f i n d y o u a boyfriend
or girlfriend!
Just
ask farmer
Geraint
Evans. H e a n d f o u r o t h e r f a r m e r s , m e n a n d w o m e n , p u t t h e i r p h o t o s o n t h e s i d e o f 2,000 m i l k c a r t o n s w i t h t h e i r email addresses a s k i n g p e o p l e t o c o n t a c t t h e m . G e r a i n t hadn't h a d a g i r l f r i e n d f o r f i v e y e a r s because o f his l o n g
4
days a t w o r k o n t h e f a r m . H e o f t e n f i n i s h e d a t 1 1 p m a n d so h e h a d n o t i m e t o g o o u t a n d m e e t p e o p l e . H e w a s l u c k y . A 28-year-old A m e r i c a n
student called Laura
W h y did Geraint decide t o look for a girlfriend in an unusual way?
Allison
saw G e r a i n t ' s p h o t o a n d i m m e d i a t e l y f e l l i n l o v e . L a u r a was o n l y i n B r i t a i n o n h o l i d a y . W h e n s h e g o t b a c k t o h e r home i n Chicago, she c o n t a c t e d G e r a i n t . S i x m o n t h s h a v e passed a n d t h e y h a v e sent h u n d r e d s o f e m a i l s , c a l l e d e a c h other, s e n t l e t t e r s a n d v i s i t e d e a c h o t h e r ' s h o m e s . T h e
4
Find w o r d s in t h e t e x t s w h i c h have similar m e a n i n g s t o these words or explanations.
couple m e t i n p e r s o n f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e w h e n G e r a i n t f l e w to C h i c a g o . ' A f t e r m e e t i n g a n d s p e n d i n g t i m e t o g e t h e r , I
1
obvious, evident (Text 1)
2
one person t o another person (Texts 1 and2)
3
container for liquids, especially milk or juice (Text 2)
4
i m m e d i a t e l y after (Text2)
k n o w this is t r u e love a n d I h o p e w e w i l l s p e n d t h e rest of o u r l i v e s t o g e t h e r , ' s a i d L a u r a . ' I ' v e m e t t h e g i r l o f m y dreams a n d I w a n t u s t o g e t m a r r i e d as s o o n as L a u r a ' s finished h e r course i n America,' said Geraint.
5
W h a t a b o u t you? W h i c h story d o you think is more unusual and why?
Unit8
65
Past perfect 1
M a t c h t h e halves o f t h e sentences. T h e n u n d e r l i n e t h e t h i n g
3
W r i t e a c o m p l e t e sentence for each p i c t u r e . Look at t h e
w h i c h h a p p e n e d first in each sentence. Is t h e v e r b in t h e past
example.
s i m p l e or t h e past perfect?
2
1
W h e n thev had finished the exam
2
He didn't have any m o n e y t h a t week
3
She started reading a n e w b o o k
4
They hadn't eaten a n y t h i n g all day
5
W h e n they had had their dinner
6
He didn't s w i m
7
They had w o n t h e c o m p e t i t i o n
a
they washed t h e dishes.
с
b
so they had a party t o celebrate.
с
they left the classroom.
d
because he had f o r g o t t e n t o bring his t o w e l .
e
so they ordered a big pizza.
f
because he had spent it the week before.
g
because she had finished the o n e she was reading.
W h i c h o f these t h i n g s h a d y o u d o n e by h a l f past e i g h t t h i s m o r n i n g ? W r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences. 1
By 8.30am this m o r n i n g / h a d / h a d n ' t h a d a
shower.
(have a shower) 2 (read a book) 3 (arrive at school) 4 (have an a r g u m e n t ) 5 (speak t o my parents) 6 (use my m o b i l e phone) 7 (send an email) 8 (watch TV) 9 (spend money)
5
Grammar extension 4
Look at t h e s e i m p o r t a n t dates in t h e h i s t o r y o f m a n k i n d a n d w r i t e sentences w i t h t h e past p e r f e c t . Look at t h e e x a m p l e . 1
4500 В С - i n v e n t t h e wheel
6
1 9 0 3 - f l y for the first t i m e
2
1455 - start t o print books
7
1928 - discover penicillin
1796 - give the first vaccination
8
1932-split the atom
9
1953 - find the molecular structure of DNA
make t h e first battery
1895 - d i s c o v e r X-rays
El
Unit 8
1 0 1969 - walk on the m o o n
Developing v o c a b u l a r y Noun suffixes -ness, -ship, -dom 1
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e a d j e c t i v e or n o u n f o r m o f t h e w o r d s in 1.
Put t h e letters in order t o m a k e n o u n s . T h e n c o m p l e t e t h e table by w r i t i n g t h e n o u n s in t h e c o r r e c t c o l u m n . dromfee massend
slilens
moredob
redpinfish
peashspin
snakewes sillensone
1
You don't look well. Are you
? Do you need
iff
a doctor?
dessans tinshiporeal
2
I have a g o o d
w i t h my sister. We get on well.
3
After ten years in prison they finally let h i m o u t and gave h i m back his
-ness
-dom
-ship
4
freedom T
Why are you so
? Have you w o n the lottery
or something? 5
She hasn't g o t any brothers or sisters or any g o o d friends. I t h i n k she's
6
w i t h n o b o d y t o talk to.
They're q u i t e
.They aren't strong e n o u g h t o
put t h e bags up there. 7
Can you imagine t h e
of sitting around for
five hours w i t h n o t h i n g t o do? 8
Your
is really i m p o r t a n t t o me. We've been
friends since w e were five. 9
You look like you are a b o u t t o cry. Why are you so ?
Vocabulary extension: other nouns ending in -ness, -ship, -dom 3
Match t h e w o r d s w i t h t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if necessary. 1
dark
a
intelligent because you have a lot o f experience
2
wise
b
a m a n w h o rules a country, t h e oldest male m e m b e r o f a royal family
3
aware
с
not able t o see
4
leader
d
a person w h o is in control of other people
5
blind
e
black, or w i t h o u t m u c h light
6
king
f
k n o w i n g about a situation
4
Write t h e w o r d s in 3 in t h e correct c o l u m n in t h e t a b l e in 1. Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if necessary.
5
Look at t h e p h o t o s a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s u s i n g t h e correct f o r m o f t h e w o r d s in 3. 1
What is this?
2
The United
Why can't they see? Because
3
of t h e
4
W h a t is an i m p o r t a n t quality in this t y p e of person?
Why can't he see? Because he's
5
What is an i m p o r t a n t quality in this t y p e o f person?
Unit 8
67
A
r
o
m
a
n
c
e
t h a t
m
a
d
e
h i s t o r y
Legend says that Cleopatra was incredibly beautiful. We don't
Cross-curricular- History Antony and Cleopatra
k n o w if she was, but w e k n o w that she was very clever. She spoke nine languages and was a great mathematician. While she was queen she b r o u g h t prosperity and peace t o Egypt. E
I INSIDE INFORMATION
In Rome some people started saying that Cleopatra had helped
• The love story between Mark Antony and Cleopatra is one of the most famous in history. William Shakespeare wrote a play about the two characters and there have been other famous books and films about them too.
t o kill Julius Caesar. Mark Antony, the n e w Emperor of Rome, w a n t e d t o discover the t r u t h so he t o l d her t o come t o see him. Cleopatra arrived in a g o l d e n boat.The legend says that Mark A n t o n y and Cleopatra i m m e d i a t e l y fell in love. We k n o w that they g o t married soon after and had three children.
• WORD BOOSTER Match the words and powerful rival exile follow assassinate
definitions.
a
kill a famous or i m p o r t a n t person
b
strong and i m p o r t a n t
с
make s o m e b o d y leave a country
d
g o after
e
s o m e b o d y you c o m p e t e against
f
prosperity
1
Write three things that you t h i n k you k n o w a b o u t Cleopatra.
3
Read t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d p u t t h e p a r a g r a p h s in t h e correct order.
1
2
situation where people have a lot of m o n e y
Read t h e t e x t a n d see if it m e n t i o n s any o f y o u r facts in I . T h e
4
1
2
4
5
Put t h e e v e n t s i n t o t h e correct c h r o n o l o g i c a l order.
t e x t is n o t in order, b u t t h a t is n o t i m p o r t a n t at t h e m o m e n t .
a
A
b
Cleopatra g o t married t o her brother.
с
Cleopatra g o t married t o Mark Antony.
d
Cleopatra died.
Together Mark A n t o n y and Cleopatra had a very p o w e r f u l political and romantic relationship. But Mark A n t o n y had a rival in
Cleopatra had a relationship w i t h Julius Caesar.
Rome, Octavian. Octavian declared war against Mark Antony. In a
e
Mark A n t o n y died.
terrible battle at A c t i u m , Mark A n t o n y lost and, w i t h Cleopatra, he
f
Julius Caesar died.
g
Cleopatra w e n t t o Rome.
ran away t o Egypt. Mark A n t o n y was losing the war and Roman soldiers were g o i n g t o make h i m a prisoner. He decided t o kill himself. W h e n Cleopatra f o u n d out, she t o o k a poisonous snake,
5
3
Answer the questions.
put it next t o her, and she also t o o k her o w n life. В
1
Why d i d Cleopatra marry her brother?
2
Why d i d Cleopatra g o t o Rome?
3
Why did Mark A n t o n y w a n t t o see Cleopatra?
4
W h y d i d Mark A n t o n y kill himself?
Cleopatra VII o f Egypt is one o f t h e most f a m o u s w o m e n in history. She was b o r n in 69 or 68 ВС. W h e n her father died, she became the queen. Her ten-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIII, was the king. Because o f an old Egyptian tradition she and her brother got married. С In 48 ВС, Egypt became part o f t h e conflict b e t w e e n Julius Caesar and Pompey. Caesar came t o Egypt and he and Cleopatra began a romance. Ptolemy had exiled Cleopatra b u t Caesar helped Cleopatra t o b e c o m e queen again. In 47 ВС Cleopatra had a child, possibly Julius Caesar's. Caesar w e n t back t o Rome and Cleopatra and her son f o l l o w e d h i m . But w h e n they assassinated Caesar in Rome, Cleopatra returned t o Egypt where once again she became queen. 68
Unit 8
6
W h a t a b o u t youl Do you enjoy d o i n g history at school? Why/Why not?
r Grammar in context Gerunds and infinitives 1
3
Match t h e rules w i t h t h e sentences. We use the g e r u n d as the subject of a sentence.
/
C o m p l e t e t h e questions w i t h t h e correct f o r m o f t h e verbs g i v e n . 1
We use the gerund w i t h go t o talk a b o u t physical
What d o y o u enjoy
(do) o n Saturday
afternoons?
activities.
2
We use the gerund after verbs o f liking or disliking.
H o w often d o y o u g o
(shop) w i t h your
friends?
We use the gerund after prepositions. We use t h e infinitive t o explain w h y s o m e b o d y
3
does s o m e t h i n g .
4
We use the infinitive after adjectives. We use the infinitive after certain verbs. I hate g e t t i n g up early.
(do) sport. How i m p o r t a n t is it for you? What are y o u g o o d at
5
H o w d o you feel a b o u t
6
What do you w a n t
(do) at school? (read) in English? (do) w h e n you finish
school?
I'm g o o d at d o i n g maths.
7
I want t o g o t o Egypt. I go s w i m m i n g three times a week.
Do y o u find it easy
(make) n e w friends?
Why/Why not?
I w e n t h o m e t o s e e if my m u m was OK.
8
Reading fantasy novels is one o f m y hobbies. It's difficult t o s e e w h e n it's dark.
4
•
What d o you hate
(do) at t h e weekend?
W r i t e y o u r o w n t r u e answers t o t h e q u e s t i o n s in 3. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f
Grammar extension 5
W r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences a b o u t you using t h e w o r d s in b o l d . You c a n n o t c h a n g e t h e f o r m o f t h e w o r d s in b o l d . You can use verbs o f l i k i n g , adjectives, go, p r e p o s i t i o n s o r w o n t j u s t before t h e w o r d s . The w o r d s can c o m e a t t h e start o f t h e sentence o r
2
y o u can e x p l a i n w h y y o u d o or d i d s o m e t h i n g .
Match t h e halves o f t h e sentences. 1
Professional football players should enjoy
2
Last week my grandfather and I w e n t t o
1
Wembley Stadium
I Jove watching films at the weekend.
WATCHING
2
TO SEE
3
Scoring goals is i m p o r t a n t
3
WALKING
4
It's i m p o r t a n t for football players
5
Professional football players don't often g o
4
TO DO
6
For professional football players, it usually isn't g o o d
5
TO BUY
a
to train hard.
6
LISTENING
b
to eat lots of burgers because they aren't very healthy.
7
LIVING
с
skiing because they could have an accident.
d
for football players.
8
TO BE
e
to watch a football match.
9
TO READ
f
playing football.
10
SHOPPING
i»
_
Unit 8
Reporting a past event - a party 1
M a t c h t h e q u e s t i o n s a n d answers a b o u t a p a r t y . Questions
Answers
Whose party was it?
a
It was his birthday.
2
Why did they have the party?
b
No, I didn't k n o w anybody there except m y cousin (and my sister of course!),
3
W h o did you g o with?
с
M y cousin was playing some old CDs w i t h songs that n o b o d y knew,
4
Where was the party?
d
It was in a cold, dark garage at m y cousin's house.
5
How many people were there?
e
No, I didn't dance because I didn't k n o w any o f the songs that my cousin was playing,
6
Did you k n o w all the people there?
7
Was there any food? What was it like?
8
Was there any music? W h a t was it like?
h
I m e t one or t w o people b u t I didn't like t h e m m u c h ,
9
Did you dance?
i
The party e n d e d at 9 p m .
10
Did you meet anybody?
j
I w e n t w i t h m y little sister.
11
What t i m e did the party end?
к
1
f
It was my cousin's.
g
There was some food, but w e didn't really eat anything because there were only some cakes t h a t m y cousin had made and they weren't very g o o d ,
There weren't many because my cousin hasn't g o t many friends.
I m a g i n e t h a t last Saturday y o u w e n t t o t h e best p a r t y ever. W r i t e y o u r o w n answers t o t h e q u e s t i o n s in 1. Make it clear t h a t it was the p e r f e c t party. Use d i f f e r e n t past tenses w h e n necessary.
It was Will Smith's.
8 9 10 11
Describing photos 3
Look a t t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . If y o u are n o t sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use / think a n d / o r / imagine.
4
Use t h e q u e s t i o n s in 3 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t this p h o t o . M a k e notes a n d t h e n practise orally.
1
I
> Developing w r i t i n g A personal description 1
2
Read this d e s c r i p t i o n o f Holly's best f r i e n d , Eleanor, a n d
Read t h e d e s c r i p t i o n a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e it w i t h these w o r d s a n d expressions o f s e q u e n c e a n d t i m e .
answer t h e q u e s t i o n s . 1
Where did they meet?
2
Why was it unusual t o meet there?
at first 3
before
in the end
that s u m m e r
then
years ago
Look at t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t an i m a g i n a r y best f r i e n d . Use t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d y o u r i m a g i n a t i o n t o w r i t e a n e m a i l like Holly's. R e m e m b e r t o use expressions o f sequence a n d t i m e .
N a m e : Alfie
•
M e t : t h r e e y e a r s ago, a t a party, f r i e n d o f a f r i e n d , chatting, goes t o s a m e school b u th a d n e v e r
spoken
Good f r i e n d because: like playing same sports, funny, Interesting, doesn't get a n g r y Physical description not v e r y tall (like m e ! ) , long dark hair
Ш Get Mail
Write
Contacts
Reply
Foiward
Ф
Print
Delete
i i i i m i i
Hi Alicia, How are you? I hope you and your family are all w e l l . I thought I'd tell you a b i t about my best friend, Eleanor. I met her two (a)
. (b)
t
my family
Get Mail
Write
Contacts
Reply
w
Forward
Delete
£4 Print
Dear Jake, How are you? I hope you're w e l l .
and I were spending our holidays in Spain. Eleanor was staying
I t h o u g h t I ' d tell you a b i t about my best friend, Alfie.
at the same hotel as us. I t ' s incredible t h a t we met in another
I met him
country because at home we actually live very close to each other but we'd never met (c) (d)
j I d i d n ' t get on w i t h Eleanor because she
didn't speak much. But (e)
we went out one
evening and we started to chat, ( f )
t
we found
that we had lots of things in c o m m o n . For example, we both love music and we like the same singers. We also love dancing. People say we're like sisters because we're both t a l l , we both have long fair hair and we've both got blue eyes. Write back and tell me about your best friend. How did you meet? All the best, Holly
Unit 8
Revision: Units 7-8 Grammar
Vocabulary
1
1
C o m p l e t e these sentences a b o u t y o u r school in a logical w a y . 1
At our school, students must
1
a j o b for creative people:
2
At our school, students shouldn't
2
a j o b w i t h a lot of paperwork:
3
At our school, students don't have t o
3
a j o b where you need t o be calm:
4
a j o b w h e r e you w o r k outdoors:
5
a j o b for people w h o are sociable:
4
At our school, students mustn't
5
At our school, students should
6
At our school, students have t o
7
At our school, teachers don't have t o
С
/5 points)
M a t c h t h e s e w o r d s t o m a k e c o m p o u n d adjectives. After each c o m p o u n d a d j e c t i v e , say if it describes a person or a j o b .
( 2
T h i n k o f a d i f f e r e n t j o b for each e x a m p l e .
easy
/7 points)
handed
working
right
going looking
paid time
part
hard
well
good
C o m p l e t e each s e n t e n c e w i t h a n a p p r o p r i a t e w o r d . If I
a millionaire, I'd buy m y parents a n e w car.
I w o u l d be really happy
w e lived in N e w York.
If it didn't rain for m o n t h s , w e
have m u c h water.
If I k n e w w h e n his birthday was, I'd
h i m a present.
you run away if you saw a ghost? If it
, w e w o u l d n ' t g o o u t because w e
haven't g o t an umbrella.
(
1
паЫ-workin
щещфоЬ
<3
2
person/job
3
. person/job
4
. P. .UQ.0/JQ.b
5
.. person/job
6
person/job
e
(
/6 points)
/10 points)
C o m p l e t e t h e expressions. 3
Decide w h i c h a c t i o n h a p p e n e d first a n d p u t o n e v e r b in t h e past p e r f e c t a n d t h e o t h e r in t h e past s i m p l e . 1
2
I haelgot
up, I mage
t o have a g o o d relationship w i t h s o m e b o d y = t o
2
t o start a relationship w i t h s o m e b o d y again = t o get
3
t o start t o love s o m e b o d y = t o
on well w i t h s o m e o n e
I g o t up/I m a d e m y breakfast. After
1
together again
my breakfast,
he finished his lunch/he wasn't hungry. 4
3
in love w i t h
somebody
she g o t in the s w i m m i n g pool/she s w a m for 20 minutes.
t o ask s o m e b o d y t o g o somewhere w i t h you because you w a n t t o start a romantic relationship w i t h t h e m = to ask somebody t o e n d a relationship w i t h s o m e b o d y = t o somebody
4
I sent t h e email/l w r o t e it.
up with
(
/5 points)
Find t h e w o r d s w h i c h describe these feelings. All t h e w o r d s
( 4
/6 points)
t h e feeling w h e n you aren't happy =
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e s e w o r d s . doing
to d o
swimming
to swim
watching
are n o u n s .
t h e feeling w h e n you w a n t to be w i t h other people but to watch
n o b o d y is w i t h you = the feeling w h e n you are afraid of s o m e t h i n g =
1 2
sport is g o o d for you. It's i m p o r t a n t
3
I enjoy
4
I g o t up early
5
Are you g o o d at
6
Do you w a n t
the feeling w h e n s o m e t h i n g really g o o d is g o i n g
your h o m e w o r k every day. cartoons and dramas.
to happen = the feeling w h e n you are angry =
the news o n TV.
(
/5 points)
? Can you g o under the water? in t h e sea this afternoon?
С
/6 points)
/25 points intsj
Reading 1
Read t h e t e x t . Does t h e p h o t o s h o w child work or child labour!
2
Answer the questions. 1
W h a t examples of dangerous jobs appear in the text?
2
In typical child labour, do children w o r k long hours? How m u c h m o n e y d o they get for their work?
3
What are the problems for children w h o w o r k in agriculture?
4
W h a t happens t o these children w h e n they have an accident?
Г
Writing L . T . Most teenagers in Europe have
children not only w o r k in bad
busy lives. They w o r k hard at
conditions. They also w o r k very
school, then maybe they d o
long hours. Often t h e y get no
after-school activities or sport,
m o n e y for their w o r k .
they go o u t w i t h their friends, and sometimes they do a Saturday job. But d o n ' t forget that there are approximately 218 million children in the w o r l d between the ages of 5 and 17 who have t o w o r k almost every day of the year.
child labour a r o u n d the w o r l d , the majority (69%) w o r k in agriculture. They w o r k in very
like knives or machetes. Their w o r k i n g conditions are dirty and
of t h e day t h e y are very tired.
type of jobs that these y o u n g
But that's w h e n t h e y have t o
people have t o do. Working in
be m o s t careful because, if not,
a supermarket is an example
they can suffer fatal accidents.
of child work. Child w o r k is
A n d you should also r e m e m b e r
an economic activity w h i c h
that these children d o n ' t usually
isn't bad for a child's health or
receive any medicine or medical
education. But the other is w h a t
treatment.
and pesticides in agriculture, or w o r k i n g w i t h dangerous machines in factories. These
or ring 0 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .
3
Look at t h e j o b a d v e r t i s e m e n t . You n e e d a j o b this s u m m e r . W r i t e a l e t t e r t o M r L.T. Jones. Use t h e s e q u e s t i o n s f o r ideas a b o u t w h a t t o w r i t e (you can i n v e n t i n f o r m a t i o n ) .
•
in a supermarket and the
or w o r k i n g w i t h chemicals
W r i t e t o M r L.T. Jones, 3 6 A t l a n t i c Drive, Bristol, B06 3LP
use dangerous e q u i p m e n t
long hours and so at the end
children are w o r k i n g in mines,
t o deliver newspapers this summer.
•
between a job at the w e e k e n d
conditions. Right n o w millions of
S H O P
We need a hard-working teenager
high t e m p e r a t u r e s and they
unhealthy. They have t o w o r k
children w o r k in dangerous
N E W S P A P E R
Of the 218 million children in
There's a big difference
we call child labour. That is w h e n
J O N E S
/5 points)
Why are you writing? What other i n f o r m a t i o n are you sending w i t h the letter (CV, p h o t o , other)?
•
W h a t personal qualities do you have that could help t o get t h e job?
•
What experience do you have?
D e a r M r Jones,
So next t i m e y o u think t h a t y o u r life is difficult, r e m e m b e r t h a t there are people of your age in w o r s e conditions. Maybe w e should all think about d o i n g s o m e t h i n g t o help t h e m .
С
/10 points)
Grammar
• Reported speech - statements and questions
Vocabulary
• Fiction
• Non-fiction
• Phrasal verbs connected with reading and writing Speaking
• Making offers
Writing
•A questionnaire
Fiction 1
C o m p l e t e t h e puzzle w i t h t h e t y p e s o f f i c t i o n . 1
Macbeth, Waiting for Godot, The Importance of Being Earnest
2
X-Men, Spider-man, Dragonball
3
Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, The Vampire
4
Lord of the Rings, Harry Potter, Eragon
5
Love Story, Antony and Cleopatra, Women in Love
6
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, The Last Assassin, The Bourne Identity
7
Cinderella, Snow White, Flapunzel
8
Murder on the Orient Express, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, The No. I Ladies'Detective Agency
9
О
The Time Machine, War of the Worlds, Journey to the Centre
О
of the Earth 10 2
Viking, Pompeii, Centurion
Look a t these f i c t i o n a l characters. C h o o s e t h e t y p e o f b o o k in 1 t h a t each o n e c o m e s f r o m .
Non-fiction 3
M a t c h each t y p e o f n o n - f i c t i o n b o o k w i t h t h e t y p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t it gives. Type of non-fiction 1 atlas 2 autobiography
I n f o r m a t i o n it g i v e s a
It tells you h o w t o f i n d a place and w h a t you can d o there.
b
It tells you w h a t you need t o k n o w a b o u t a subject that you study at school.
biography
с
It tells you w h i c h ingredients you need for a dish and h o w t o prepare t h e m .
4 cookbook
d
It shows you t h e geographic location of different places.
5 dictionary
e
It tells you w h a t has happened very recently or w h a t is h a p p e n i n g now.
6 encyclopedia
f
It tells you a b o u t somebody's life.
7 guidebook
g
It tells you h o w t o use or operate s o m e t h i n g .
8
manual
h
It tells you a b o u t t h e writer's life.
9
newspaper
i
It tells you a b o u t almost a n y t h i n g in t h e w o r l d .
j
It tells you the meaning, f o r m , spelling and pronunciation o f words.
3
1 0 textbook
Choose o n e t y p e o f n o n - f i c t i o n t h a t y o u s o m e t i m e s read a n d o n e t h a t y o u never read. W r i t e a s e n t e n c e f o r each e x p l a i n i n g w h y . 1
I sometimes read because
Unit 9
2
I never read because
eading 1
Read t h e speech by t h e f a m o u s novelist, Paul Auster. Do y o u t h i n k he is h a p p y b e i n g a w r i t e r ? W h y / W h y not?
2
Read t h e speech a g a i n a n d m a t c h t h e halves o f t h e sentences. Auster thinks that 1
Paul Auster is one of America's greatest living novelists. His books include The New York Trilogy, Mr Vertigo and Moon Palace. In 2006 Auster w o n the Prince of Asturias Prize for Letters, Spain's most important literary honour. The text you are going to read is the speech that he read out at the ceremony where he accepted the prize.
3
I want to tell you a story I don't k n o w w h y I do w h a t I do. If I did know, I probably w o u l d n ' t
the life of a writer is
2
books are n o t
3
art makes us
4
fairy tales are
5
TV and films are
a
useful in a practical way.
b
f r i g h t e n i n g b u t can't hurt us.
с
strange.
d
different f r o m other living things,
e
popular because w e all need stories.
Answer the questions. 1
W h e n did Paul Auster b e c o m e interested in w r i t i n g stories?
2
Why does he w r i t e fiction?
3
Why does he t h i n k books and stories are i m p o r t a n t for us?
feel the need t o do it. All I can say is that I have needed t o w r i t e stories since my earliest adolescence. It is an unusual way t o spend your life - sitting alone in a room w i t h a pen in your hand, hour after hour, day after day, year after year, trying t o put words on pieces of paper in order t o give birth t o w h a t does not exist except in your o w n head. Why w o u l d anyone w a n t t o d o such a thing? The only answer I have ever been able t o give is: because
4
M a t c h these w o r d s f r o m t h e t e x t w i t h t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s .
you have to. allow
This need t o make, t o create, t o invent is essential for humans.
except
innocent
passion
safe
vast
But fiction has no practical use in the real w o r l d . A book has never put food in the stomach of a hungry child. A book has never
1
let, p e r m i t
stopped a bullet f r o m entering a murder victim's body. A book
2
very big, e n o r m o u s
3
apart f r o m
4
not dangerous
example, t o the work of a doctor or an engineer. But is that a bad
5
not guilty of a crime
thing? Does that mean that books are just a waste of our time?
6
strong feeling o f love or interest
has never stopped a b o m b f r o m falling on inn_oce_nt people in the middle of a war. In other words, art is no use w h e n you compare it, for
Many people think so. But I w o u l d say that art is w h a t makes us different from anything else on this planet. It is w h a t defines us as human beings. Children love listening t o stories. Why? Fairy tales are often
5
W h a t a b o u t you? 1
Do you t h i n k stories are important? Why/Why not?
2
What d o you prefer - reading stories, listening t o t h e m ,
cruel and violent. You w o u l d t h i n k this w o u l d be t o o f r i g h t e n i n g for a young child. But these stories aJJ.oyy children t o meet their o w n fears - in a perfectly safe and protected e n v i r o n m e n t . This is the magic of stories. For years, in every country of t h e western w o r l d , journalists have w r i t t e n article after article a b o u t the fact that fewer and fewer people are reading books. This may be true, but at the
w a t c h i n g t h e m on TV or in films? Why?
same t i m e this has not stopped the universal need for stories. Films and television and even comic books are creating vast quantities o f narratives, and the public continues t o read t h e m w i t h great passion. That is because h u m a n beings need stones. It w o u l d be impossible t o imagine life w i t h o u t t h e m .
Unit 9
75
Reported speech - statements l a Decide if t h e w o r d s g i v e n are necessary in t h e s e n t e n c e o r n o t .
4
R e w r i t e t h e sentences in r e p o r t e d speech.
I f t h e y are necessary, w r i t e t h e m in t h e c o r r e c t place. 1
My friend said I c o u l d use his bike, (me)
2
They t o l d they w a n t e d t o g o h o m e , (us)
3
The teacher told they had an exam on Wednesday, (the
students) 4
He said it was his birthday, (him)
5
He said it wasn't his book, (me)
6
She t o l d she w a n t e d t o g o s h o p p i n g , (her mum)
7
I said she was my favourite writer, (the teacher)
8
They t o l d t h e exam was on Friday. (James)
l b Look a t y o u r answers in 1a. W h a t is t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n say
a n d telll
1
'I'm g o i n g t o play basketball in July,'said Jamie.
2
1 w a n t t o g o swimming,'said Becky.
3
'My friend has g o t a new c o m p u t e r game,' said Jack.
4
'We finish school on Friday,'said Emily and Evie.
5
'I think this is t h e answer,'said Charlotte.
6
'We don't need help,'said t h e students.
7
'My dad works in an office,' said Steven.
8
I'm n o t g o i n g t o t h e meeting,'said George.
2 a C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o r r e c t w o r d s . 1
1 love hip-hop,'said Dylan. Dylan said
2
loved hip-hop.
'Those are my keys,'said Chloe. Chloe said those were
3
'We are t h e police,'said t h e m e n . The m e n said
4
extension
5 a M a t c h t h e p e o p l e w i t h t h e t h i n g s t h e y said. T h e n w r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences in r e p o r t e d speech.
were t h e police.
'Our parents are away,'said Ben and Amy. Ben and A m y said
5
Grammar
keys.
parents were away.
'It's my turn t o pay,'said Henry. Henry said it was
turn t o pay.
2 b Look at y o u r a n s w e r s in 2a. W h a t w o r d s c h a n g e in r e p o r t e d speech? 1
t h a t film.
'We're g o i n g by bus,' said Danny. Danny said
3
I came, I saw, I conquered.
с [
Education is t h e most p o w e r f u l w e a p o n
I
w h i c h you can use t o change t h e w o r l d .
bike.
I t isn't a problem,'Ellie t o l d me. m e it
a problem.
'My dad needs help,'said Olivia. Olivia said
6
Oscar Wilde
'That's my bike,'said Jacob.
Ellie 5
b (
3
g o i n g by bus.
Jacob said that 4
except t e m p t a t i o n .
Nelson Mandela ...
'I love that film,'said Megan. Megan said
2
2
I can resist everything
3 a C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o r r e c t w o r d s . 1
Julius Caesar...
dad
help.
'Our lesson is a b o u t t o start,'said Poppy and Freya. Poppy and Freya said
lesson
a b o u t t o start.
3 b Look a t y o u r answers in 3a. W h a t h a p p e n s t o t h e verbs in r e p o r t e d speech?
Unit 9
5 b Do y o u k n o w any o t h e r t h i n g s t h a t f a m o u s p e o p l e said? W r i t e t h e m here.
Copernicus said that the earth went round ike sun.
J
• Developing v o c a b u l a r y
Phrasal verbs connected with reading and writing l a Match t h e parts o f t h e phrasal verbs.
3
W r i t e sentences w i t h t h e phrasal verbs in 1 a n d 2 saying w h a t y o u s h o u l d d o in each s i t u a t i o n .
1
cross
2
read
in
over
3
flick
out
4
read
out
5
fill
6
turn
through
7
look
on
1
up
1b Write t h e c o m p l e t e d phrasal verbs n e x t t o t h e correct definition. a
continue reading
b
t u r n a page t o see t h e other side
с
turn t h r o u g h the pages o f a book quickly
d
read so t h a t other people can hear you
e
try to find a particular piece of i n f o r m a t i o n
2
You need to put information into boxes on an application form.
3
You've finished the page and w a n t t o read the next one.
4
The teacher wants t o hear your answer t o the next question.
5
6
You're looking at a book in a bookshop that you possibly w a n t t o buy.
draw a line t h r o u g h s o m e t h i n g t o show it isn't correct
g 2
You're reading s o m e t h i n g really interesting and you don't w a n t t o stop.
in a book f
You make a spelling mistake w r i t i n g the w o r d which.
You should cross it out.
7
write information in e m p t y spaces
You need t o find o u t t h e m e a n i n g o f the w o r d
antidisestablishmentarianism.
Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1
In some exercises you have t o fill in/on the gaps.
2
He w r o t e wich b u t t h e n he crossed it out/up and w r o t e which.
3
I don't k n o w this w o r d . I need t o look/read it up in m y dictionary.
4 5
We've finished this page. Turn on/over t o the next one. I'm g o i n g t o flkk/tum t h r o u g h this magazine quickly t o see if I can find any g o o d photos.
6
Read on/out the answer in a loud voice so t h a t w e can all hear you.
7
I really w a n t t o k n o w h o w this story ends, so I'm g o i n g t o read
on/out.
Vocabulary extension: more phrasal verbs connected with reading and writing 4
5
Match these phrasal verbs w i t h t h e i r m e a n i n g . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if necessary. 1
read up on
a
read only small parts (of a book, for example)
2
sum u p
b
w r i t e s o m e t h i n g d o w n t o r e m e m b e r it
3
note d o w n
с
give a s u m m a r y of s o m e t h i n g
4
dip into
d
get i n f o r m a t i o n on a subject by reading a lot a b o u t it
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct f o r m o f t h e phrasal verbs in 4. 1
Have you g o t a pen? Good. You can
my
5
In our geography lesson, t h e teacher explains and w e
address. 2
the most i m p o r t a n t points in our
I didn't read all of the book. I just if I liked it.
3
6
I need t o
7
it.
In the last paragraph of your essay, it's a g o o d idea t o the main ideas.
Finally, I w o u l d like t o
m y o p i n i o n by
repeating w h a t I said at t h e start o f this talk.
Next week our history teacher is g o i n g t o ask us lots o f questions about Ancient Rome. I don't k n o w m u c h a b o u t it.
4
notebooks.
it t o see
He never reads t h e w h o l e magazine. He
it
and reads t h e t h i n g s he finds the most interesting. 8
I've f o r g o t t e n all t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n h o w t o use that old camera. I need t o
it again. Unit 9
File Edit View
Libraries International cultural knowledge ^ Libraries in the UK
History Jools Window
L i b r a r y
s e r v i c e s
Help
f o r y o u n g
p e o p l e
BOOKS
L i v e r p o o l L i b r a r i e s h a v e over 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 b o o k s for children of all a g e s a n d abilities. There a r e b o o k s for b a b i e s a n d y o u n g c h i l d r e n a n d t h e r e a r e stories a n d i n f o r m a t i o n books for p l e a s u r e or t o h e l p w i t h s c h o o l w o r k . Look at o u r online c a t a l o g u e t o s e e if w e h a v e y o u r f a v o u r i t e author. W h y not o r d e r a c o p y if w e d o n ' t ? A p a r t f r o m b o o k s , y o u c a n also find m a g a z i n e s for t e e n a g e r s . AUDIO/VISUAL ITEMS
M o s t L i v e r p o o l L i b r a r i e s h a v e a s e l e c t i o n of 'talking b o o k s ' a v a i l a b l e o n C D or c a s s e t t e . T h e s e are g r e a t for the t i m e s w h e n y o u p r e f e r t o listen t o a story i n s t e a d of r e a d i n g o n e . Plenty of p o p u l a r c h i l d r e n ' s b o o k s a r e a v a i l a b l e a s 'talking b o o k s ' a n d w e will try t o g e t y o u r f a v o u r i t e for y o u if w e don't a l r e a d y h a v e it. V i d e o s a n d D V D s a r e also available in s o m e libraries. INFORMATION ANDCOMMUNICATION T E C H N O L O G I E S
(ICT)
All L i v e r p o o l L i b r a r i e s h a v e p u b l i c c o m p u t e r s w h i c h y o u c a n u s e t o surf t h e Internet for free - v e r y p o p u l a r with c h i l d r e n , w h o c a n play g a m e s or look for i n f o r m a t i o n for their h o m e w o r k . There's a s m a l l c h a r g e for p r i n t i n g . HOMEWORK
1
W r i t e f o u r t h i n g s y o u can d o in a library. T h e n read t h e t e x t a n d check y o u r answers. 1
EVENTS, QUIZZES, E T C
M a n y L i b r a r i e s h a v e c h i l d r e n ' s activities, e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g h o l i d a y p e r i o d s . C e n t r a l L i b r a r y a l s o h a s a L o r d of the Rings G a m e s W o r k s h o p e v e r y S a t u r d a y b e t w e e n 10.00 a m a n d 2.00 p m . This is v e r y p o p u l a r w i t h t e e n a g e r s .
2 3 4 2
A s well a s c o m p u t e r s with free a c c e s s t o t h e Internet, all L i v e r p o o l L i b r a r i e s h a v e c o l l e c t i o n s of i n f o r m a t i o n books w h i c h are p e r f e c t for h o m e w o r k p r o j e c t s . L i b r a r y staff c a n help c h i l d r e n t o start their h o m e w o r k . C o n t a c t y o u r local Library or the C h i l d r e n ' s Team o n 0 1 5 1 2 3 3 5 8 4 1 t o f i n d o u t m o r e .
Read t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r y o u n g p e o p l e a b o u t u s i n g libraries in L i v e r p o o l a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . 1
You are g o i n g t o g o t o Central Library o n Saturday b e t w e e n 10.00 am and 2.00 p m . What special t h i n g can y o u d o then?
2
You have a three-year-old brother. Do they have books for
C e n t r a l L i b r a r y also has C D p l a y e r s a n d sofas to chill out on listening to your favourite music. To f i n d out w h a t ' s a v a i l a b l e in y o u r nearest L i b r a r y c h e c k out the i n d i v i d u a l L i b r a r y p a g e s o r call us o n 0 1 5 1 2 3 3 5 8 4 1 .
О
An investigation by the National Literacy Trust in 2008 discovered that 5 8 % of y o u n g people in Britain said that they enjoyed reading very much or quite a lot.
him?
3
INSIDE INFORMATION
•
In 2004 people b o r r o w e d 341 million books f r o m UK libraries.
The library doesn't have a b o o k t h a t you want. W h a t can y o u
• WORD BOOSTER
do?
Match t h e words and definitions. 4
You w a n t t o find o u t about special events at the library. What can you do?
5
You w a n t a story b u t you're t o o tired t o read. W h a t can you get at the library?
6
You w a n t t o surf the net at t h e library. H o w m u c h d o you have t o pay?
3
available
a
people w h o w o r k in a place
charge
b
lots of
staff
с
m o n e y t o pay for a service or product
printing
d
m a k i n g a paper copy of a d o c u m e n t
plenty of
e
that you can find, take or use
W h a t a b o u t you? 1
W o u l d you be interested in using Liverpool Libraries? Why/ W h y not?
7
8
You w a n t t o relax. H o w can y o u d o this at t h e library?
You w a n t t o d o your h o m e w o r k at t h e library. H o w can the library help you?
78
Unit 9
2
W h a t are libraries like in your country?
• Grammar in context Reported speech - questions 1
Look a t t h e d i r e c t a n d r e p o r t e d q u e s t i o n s a n d d e c i d e if t h e rules are t r u e (T) or false (F). a
b
с
1
1
'When d i d you arrive?'Aaron asked Ben.
2
Aaron asked Ben w h e n he had arrived.
1
'Why d o you w a n t t o go?' Ruby asked Isaac.
2
Ruby asked Isaac w h y he w a n t e d t o go.
1
'Are you hungry?'Sylvia asked Helen.
2
Sylvia asked Helen if she was hungry.
We don't change tenses and p r o n o u n s in t h e same way in reported statements and reported questions.
2
We don't use question marks in reported questions.
3
We use t h e auxiliary verb do in reported questions.
4
We don't put t h e verb before t h e subject in reported
3
questions. 5
We use /for whether in reported questions w h e n there
1
is no question w o r d (who, what, why, etc) in t h e
Customer: What is this fly doing in my soup? Waiter: / think it's swimming.
original question. 2
Rewrite t h e j o k e s in r e p o r t e d s p e e c h .
The customer
Rewrite t h e q u e s t i o n s in r e p o r t e d speech. 1
2
3
The waiter
'Are you sure a b o u t this answer?'the teacher asked t h e boy. The teacher
Customer: There's a dead fly in this salad.
'Why are you crying?'the girl asked t h e boy.
Waiter: Oh no! Who's going to take care of its family?
The girl
The customer The waiter
'Is it your birthday today?'Beth asked Nathan. Beth
4
5
6
Customer: / can't eat this meat.
'Do you k n o w t h e t i m e ? ' A d a m asked Mia.
Waiter: Why can't you eat it?
Adam
Customer: You haven't brought me a knife and fork.
'Where have you put my glasses?'Eric asked his granddaughter.
The customer
Eric
The waiter
William 7
,
Customer: Why is there a little spider in my ice cream?
'Have you read this book?'Sophie asked Tom. Sophie
8
The customer
'How d i d you k n o w m y name?'William asked t h e girl.
_
_
Waiter: / wasn't able to find a big one. ,.
The customer
'Do you like crime novels?'Mark asked Sally. The waiter
Mark
1
Grammar extension 4
Look at t h e d i r e c t q u e s t i o n . Is t h e r e p o r t e d q u e s t i o n c o r r e c t o r not? If it isn't, c o r r e c t i t . 1
'Do you like vanilla ice cream?'Jamie asked Becky.
5
The students asked t h e teacher i f t h e y needed their books that day.
Jamie asked Becky w h e t h e r she liked vanilla ice cream. 2
'Are you listening t o this p r o g r a m m e ? ' m y m u m asked me.
6
'Where does Daisy live?'asked Isabel.
7
'Why isn't your m o b i l e p h o n e working?'Jack asked Emma. Jack asked Emma w h y her m o b i l e p h o n e wasn't w o r k i n g .
'Did y o u enjoy t h e meal?'the waiter asked t h e customers. The waiter asked t h e customers i f t h e y had enjoyed t h e meal?
Isabel asked where Daisy d i d live. 4
'Why are you looking at m e ? ' A m a n d a asked Pete. A m a n d a asked Pete w h y was he looking at her.
My m u m asked me if you're listening t o this p r o g r a m m e . 3
'Do w e need our books today?'the students asked t h e teacher.
8
'Have y o u finished your ice cream?'Sam asked Joe. Sam asked Joe if he had finished his ice cream.
Unit 9
а
eveloping speaking
At a bookshop
Describing photos
1а Look a t t h e c u s t o m e r ' s side o f t h i s d i a l o g u e .
4
S H O P ASSISTANT:
(a)
CUSTOMER:
Yes, please. I'm looking for a book called
Look at t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . If y o u are n o t sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use / think and/or / imagine.
Dragon Horse. It's a novel. They t o l d m e t h a t it w o u l d be in the fantasy section. S H O P ASSISTANT:
(b)
CUSTOMER:
Yes, I have, but I can't see it.
SHOP ASSISTANT:
OK, I'll just check on the computer. (c)
CUSTOMER: SHOP ASSISTANT:
Yes, it's Peter Ward. Let me see. No, I'm sorry. We don't have it at the m o m e n t , (d)
CUSTOMER:
How long will it take?
S H O P ASSISTANT:
(e)
CUSTOMER:
That's great.
S H O P ASSISTANT:
(f)
CUSTOMER:
Yes, please. Do you w a n t me t o give you m y
1
W h o can you see in t h e photo?
2
Where are they?
3
W h a t are they doing?
4
H o w d o you think t h e people are feeling? Why?
n a m e and t e l e p h o n e number? SHOP ASSISTANT:
(g)
CUSTOMER:
M y n a m e is Philip Reeve and m y n u m b e r is 0123 4567890.
SHOP ASSISTANT:
Thank you. We'll call you w h e n t h e book arrives. Bye!
l b Answer the questions. 1
What book does the customer want?
5
Use t h e q u e s t i o n s in 4 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t this p h o t o . M a k e n o t e s a n d t h e n practise orally.
2
2
What t y p e o f book is it?
3
W h o is t h e author?
4
Does t h e customer find, buy, order or leave t h e book?
Put t h e s h o p assistant's q u e s t i o n s a n d answers in t h e c o r r e c t place in t h e d i a l o g u e .
3
1
Have you looked there?
2
Yes, please.
3
Shall I order it for you?
4
Can I help you?
5
It should be here in a week.
6
Do you k n o w t h e n a m e of the author?
7
W o u l d you like m e t o call y o u w h e n t h e b o o k gets here?
Look at t h e c o m p l e t e d i a l o g u e a n d u n d e r l i n e f o u r w a y s o f m a k i n g offers.
* Developing w r i t i n g A questionnaire 1
Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e in t h e s e q u e s t i o n s f r o m a questionnaire a b o u t free t i m e . 1
HowJWbo d o y o u u s u a l l y s p e n d y o u r f r e e t i m e ? I read, l i s t e n t o music nn-d g o o u t w i t h /и.ы fri.eiA.ds. i
2
Wtich/Who i s y o u r f a v o u r i t e h o b b y o f all? j I d o a ' t fei^ow. м я у Ь е reaolli/vg.
3 ШУ.(Шйй d o y o u l i k e it? JB.ecnu.se i fli/vd I t relaxl^^g. i сяи, 'escape'. 4
How/Who o f t e n d o y o u g o o u t d u r i n g t h e s c h o o l w e e k ? i Never, i oiA-ly g o o u t at t h e weeteei/td.
5
Who
dges.^end/^ends
m o r e t i m e w i t h y o u at t h e
weekend, your family o r your friends? j i t depends, b u t p r o b a b l y
Where/When d o
6
friends.
you like g o i n g with your friends
9
j w e line goli/tg t o t h e civ^tw.a or g o l i ^ g t o t h e p a r t e t o | j p l a y f o o t b a l l an^t b a s k e t b a l l or g o steateboardli/Lg.
Hgwmuch/many_ m o n e y
7
hobbies
do you spend on your
9
i dovct speiA-d w.u,tv\. Ttie rn.ost expensive t h l k v g I s i qouvq out a t the weekends.
2
4
N o w w r i t e y o u r q u e s t i o n n a i r e b y c o m p l e t i n g these q u e s t i o n s .
Write y o u r o w n t r u e answers t o t h e q u e s t i o n s in 1. 1
2
How long
I
9
3
You are g o i n g t o w r i t e q u e s t i o n s for a q u e s t i o n n a i r e a b o u t w h a t y o u d o in t h e holidays. Before y o u w r i t e t h e q u e s t i o n s ,
6
When
7
H o w often
8
D o y o u usually
9
Have you ever
b r a i n s t o r m ideas. >estii
Months
ТУЯ import
• r t O U r s A y S People M o i/vey
-Ttotwgs t o tatee
Unit 9
I
10 Cyberspace т^тшашшшттатш^т
• Vocabulary
Grammar
• The passive - present simple and other tenses
Vocabulary
• Computers and computing
Speaking
• Talking about photos
Writing
• Text messages
• The Internet
• Collocations with
пин
Computers and computing 1
Join these w o r d s or parts o f w o r d s a n d w r i t e t h e m u n d e r t h e c o r r e c t p i c t u r e . You can use s o m e w o r d s m o r e t h a n once.
1
> 8
2
Which part of the c o m p u t e r d o you 1
use t o click on things?
2
use t o connect cameras, etc?
3
listen t o music with?
4
w r i t e with?
5
make videos with?
4
t w o halves o f t h e w o r d s t o g e t h e r (e.g. download). 1
The Internet 3
M a t c h t h e halves t o f o r m q u e s t i o n s . 1
Have you g o t a broad
a
load films f r o m t h e Internet?
2
Do you ever chat
b
site do you visit the most?
3
Which search
с
online w i t h friends?
4
How long d o you spend surfing
d
t h e Internet at the weekend?
5
H o w often d o you d o w n
e
engine d o y o u usually use?
6
Which w e b
f
band c o n n e c t i o n t o t h e Internet?
7
Do you read or write
g
a blog?
Unit 1 0
W r i t e y o u r o w n t r u e answers t o t h e q u e s t i o n s in 3. Write c o m p l e t e sentences a n d d e c i d e if y o u need t o w r i t e t h e
emai\
—
r Reading 1
Before y o u read t h e t e x t , a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s .
Read t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d p u t t h e sentences in t h e correct place (A-E) in t h e t e x t .
1
Do you have an MP3 player?
2
What can you d o w i t h an MP3 player?
1
So, are schools right t o stop students taking MP3 players t o school? Not long ago, US schools stopped students from wearing baseball caps in exams. Some students just can't stop t r y i n g t o cheat in exams.
2
Read t h e t e x t . A p a r t f r o m l i s t e n i n g t o music, f i n d o n e p o s i t i v e a n d
There are also some schools that disagree w i t h
one n e g a t i v e use o f MP3 players by school s t u d e n t s .
s t o p p i n g t h e use o f MP3 players. The latest t y p e o f t e c h n o l o g y t o be banned is t h e MP3 player. 4
Answer t h e questions. 1
H o w exactly d i d students cheat in exams w i t h baseball caps a n d m o b i l e phones?
2
In w h a t different ways d o students use MP3 players t o cheat in exams?
MP3
p l a y e r s
And o f c o u r s e
a t
school
-
yes
o r
no?
it's one of the teachers'
jobs
to
stop
this c h e a t i n g . T o d o t h i s , t h e y h a v e t o k e e p u p t o d a t e with n e w t e c h n o l o g y . T h a t ' s are a l w a y s l o o k i n g teachers
3
because students who cheat
for new ways to cheat without
W h y d o some students think that it's w r o n g t o stop t h e m taking MP3 players t o school?
their
realising.
В
4
Students
were
writing
came t h e m o b i l e
answers
inside
phone. Schools
also
was j u s t t o o e a s y f o r s t u d e n t s
the caps.
stopped
t h e s e . It
to send each other
messages or even
connect to the Internet.
Lots o f s t u d e n t s
take MP3 players
W h y d o some schools w a n t students t o take MP3 players t o school?
Then text
Find w o r d s in t h e t e x t w h i c h have similar m e a n i n g s t o to
music
at
break
times.
players, you can watch some
uses
Some
students
of MP3 players
onto t h e i r
download
And
music
usually
videos
listen
with
new MP3 too. But
so
and other
use them
to
or films
are not quite
formulas
players. Others
to school
these words or explanations. 1
information
to record
answers
2
download
and t h e n
their
put them
own notes
in t h e 'song
onto
t h e i r МРЗ p l a y e r
lyrics' text
files.
students
say n o . They're
angry
because
they
say
that they used to listen t o their M P 3 players to listen to m u s i c don't
and
relax
see why
students
before
they
use them
exams,
should
not to cheat.
suffer
for the wrong
just
because
reasons.
Others
3
4
t h e words t o a song (paragraph Q
5
places w h e r e you keep papers and d o c u m e n t s t o g e t h e r (paragraph Q
They some
6
say 7
an M P 3 p l a y e r .
makes people interested and excited about d o i n g s o m e t h i n g (paragraph E)
that t h e s t u d e n t s w h o c h e a t a r e a l w a y s g o i n g t o c h e a t , with or w i t h o u t
groups of letters or n u m b e r s that represent rules in science or maths (paragraph Q
D Some
p u t sounds or images o n t o a CD, DVD, MP3, etc
(paragraph О
before an e x a m a n d t h e n l i s t e n t o t h e m d u r i n g t h e e x a m . Others
a hat w i t h a part t o keep t h e sun from your eyes
(paragraph B)
innocent.
positive, w i t h g o o d results (paragraph E)
W h a t a b o u t you? That isn't because they w a n t students to be able to use t h e m f o r l i s t e n i n g t o m u s i c . T h e y w a n t t h e m t o u s e МРЗ players
to l e a r n . Some
educational
material
read, watch
and listen
and
at any t i m e . T h i s
too. It's clear can b e u s e d
that
in h i g h l y
schools for
have
started
МРЗ p l a y e r s .
to this helps
material
them
technology productive
H o w d o you use n e w t e c h n o l o g y t o learn better?
preparing
Students
can
in a n y
place
and motivates
them
is n o t always
b a d . It
ways t o o .
Unit 1 0
The passive - present simple l a C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h a n a p p r o p r i a t e w o r d . 1
Dictionaries
4
used by many students w h o are
action.
learning English. 2
Football is
Rewrite t h e s e active sentences in t h e present passive f o r m . O n l y use by plus t h e a g e n t if y o u k n o w exactly w h o does t h e
on TV by thousands of people every
1
BMW make the n e w
2
Sometimes they find g o l d in this river.
3
They don't stop football matches if it rains.
4
The waiter brings your meal t o the table.
5
They give a prize to the best actor.
6
In this hotel they take your bags t o your room.
7
They don't g r o w tea in Britain.
8
In Japan students clean t h e classrooms.
9
A lot of people use public transport.
weekend. 3
Coffee
drunk by babies.
4
The Wii™ is made
5
This television p r o g r a m m e
Nintendo®. w a t c h e d by people
in many different countries. 6
The French language is
by people in France,
Belgium, Switzerland, Senegal and other countries. 1 b Look a t t h e c o m p l e t e d sentences in 1 a a n d c h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t alternative. 1
To make the passive w e use t h e verb to be and the past
simple/past participle. To introduce the person w h o does the action w e use by/for.
2 2
Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1
These computers is/gre made in China.
2
A lot of mineral water is drgnWdrunk in t h e summer.
3
Portuguese is speak/spoken in Brazil.
4
The students in my class are written/write essays once a
10
month. 5
Christmas presents are gave/given on 2 5
th
December in
Britain.
3
Grammar extension
6
A lot of rice is/are eaten every day.
7
M y sister does/is done the s h o p p i n g o n Saturday.
8
German teqches/is taught at m y school.
9
In this song my brother plays the guitar.
5
Each s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n s a m i s t a k e . Find t h e mistake a n d r e w r i t e t h e s e n t e n c e correctly.
That song sinqs/issung on special occasions.
1
10
New roads is/gre built each year.
11
M y friends send/are sent emails t o each other every day.
12
Thousands of miles are йш/И.ЯШ. by pilots every year.
2
The song Jingle Bells is sang at Christmas in Britain.
The city of Florence is visited for hundreds of people every day.
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e p r e s e n t passive f o r m o f these verbs. check
drink speak
drive teach
make wear
1
Jeans
2
This sport
3
Spanish
4
On computers, many d o c u m e n t s
play
sell
3
Tennis played by t w o or four players.
4
Many products made in China nowadays.
write
by people all over t h e w o r l d . by many people every w e e k e n d . in many South American countries.
5
More manga comics are d r a w i n g in Japan than in any other country.
by using
Microsoft® Word. 5
Paella
6
Thousands o f litres of orange juice
7
Maths
8
Your passport
w i t h rice. every day.
in almost all schools. at t h e airport before you get
6
7
9
Buses
by bus drivers.
Bread
in a bakery
Unit 1 0
Sometimes spectacular eclipses is seen in this part of the world.
on the plane.
10
That book is w r o t e by a famous novelist.
8
More ice creams eaten in the summer than in the winter.
> Developing v o c a b u l a r y Collocations with email 1
3
Find e i g h t w o r d s w h i c h f r e q u e n t l y g o w i t h emrj/7.
M a t c h t h e d e f i n i t i o n s w i t h t h e w o r d s in 1. N o t e t h a t t h e d e f i n i t i o n s give t h e g e n e r a l m e a n i n g o f t h e w o r d s .
f
a
d
e
r
e
P
1
У
0
d
w
V
n
u
f
d
a
r
d
1
P
b
n
с
e
d
w
r
t
a
о
s
r
У
e
1
w h e n s o m e t h i n g hits a surface and t h e n immediately moves away
2
3
_
an arrangement where a bank looks after your money
examine s o m e t h i n g t o get information, or t o see if it is g o o d or correct
a
e
1
m
u
P
i
u
1
r
s
e
r
n
d
f
w
e
d
s
a
с
с
0
u
n
t
q
w
b
V
e
к
1
b
e
a
s
e
n
d
a
с
с
0
f
0
r
d
с
h
e
с
к
4
arrange for s o m e t h i n g (for example a letter) t o arrive for someone in another place
4
5
take s o m e t h i n g away, for example f r o m a c o m p u t e r
6
t h e name of the place where you live
C o m p l e t e t h e s e sentences w i t h t h e correct f o r m o f t h e w o r d s in 1.
2
C o m p l e t e these sentences w i t h a w o r d in 1. 1
Could you give me your email
so t h a t I can
1
My
2
W h e n you finish an exam, you should
you an email? My inbox is full. I need t o
3
I have sent h i m an email b u t I a m still w a i t i n g for h i m t o
some emails.
3
I w r o t e h i m a letter inviting h i m t o the party and t h e n I
it by post b u t he didn't
so
I don't k n o w if he's c o m i n g or not.
t o it. Didn't you receive her email? I still have it and will
4
I haven't g o t any m o n e y in my bank
it t o you.
5
In basketball w h e n you have the ball you have t o
5
If you type in the w r o n g address, the email will
6
I want t o o p e n a n e w email
it w h e n you run. 6
w i t h a different
I don't need that d o c u m e n t on this computer. I'm g o i n g t o it.
provider. 7
your
answers carefully.
2
4
is 167 Rothfuss Road, Leeds.
I am looking for an Internet cafe. I need t o
7
my
I received this letter b u t it's for t h e person w h o lived in this house before. I'll
emails.
it t o h i m at his new house.
Vocabulary extension 5
With new t e c h n o l o g y such as t h e Internet w e o f t e n use abbreviations to name t h i n g s more easily and quickly. Find t h e full names in the box for t h e abbreviations below. Use your
6
Match the abbreviations w i t h these explanations. 1
dictionary if necessary. You can use some w o r d s more t h a n once. asked
compact
identification
memory
positioning service 1
WWW
2
DVD =
digital
number
read
recordable
questions system
=
wonЦ
CD-ROM =
4
CD-R =
5
CD-RW =
6
SMS =
7
GPS =
8
FAQ =
9
PIN =
frequently
message
short
3
disc
versatile
wide
global
only
personal
rewritable
w e b wide
web
world
a secret n u m b e r you need t o operate a m o b i l e phone, for example
2
a disc that people usually use t o watch films
3
a disc that you can use t o record data once
4
a disc that you can use t o record data more than once
5
typical questions t h a t people ask on a w e b s i t e .
6
a large collection o f d o c u m e n t s , pictures and sounds kept on computers in many different places and connected t h r o u g h the Internet
7
a disc that c o m p u t e r s can read, containing text, image and sound
8
a system for f i n d i n g exactly where you are in the w o r l d using satellites
9
a way o f sending a text message t o a m o b i l e p h o n e
Unit 1 0
Global communication Iross-curricular - Geography/Science A real web around the world 1
Look at t h e m a p a n d h e a d l i n e f r o m a newspaper. It is f r o m an article a b o u t a real incident. What do you think happened?
Just o n e s h i p w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r b r e a k i n g a n essential submarine cable
that connects
the M i d d l e
East a n d
How one ship cut off the web for 75 million people
I n d i a w i t h t h e rest o f the w o r l d v i a the I n t e r n e t . T h i s has l e f t 7 5 m i l l i o n p e o p l e w i t h o n l y l i m i t e d access t o 5
the I n t e r n e t . The accident was caused on Wednesday b y a ship i n
2
Read t h e n e w s p a p e r article a n d check y o u r ideas in 1. W h a t are the b o l d lines o n t h e m a p ?
b a d w e a t h e r near the coast o f E g y p t , c l o s e t o A l e x a n d r i a . Since then, there have been
terrible problems
with
phones a n d the Internet i n countries i n c l u d i n g India. Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.
I t has b e e n a
WORD BOOSTER
p r o b l e m f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 0 % o f users t h e r e . Tens o f m i l l i o n s o f people have had p r o b l e m s w i t h
Match the words and definitions.
p h o n e s a n d the N e t . I t has a l s o m a d e a b i g d i f f e r e n c e to 15
economies
across
Asia
and the M i d d l e
East.
G o v e r n m e n t s have started to take d i r e c t a c t i o n . T o h e l p businesses, the E g y p t i a n C o m m u n i c a t i o n s M i n i s t r y has a s k e d s u r f e r s n o t t o c o n n e c t t o the I n t e r n e t . " P e o p l e w h o d o w n l o a d m u s i c a n d films are g o i n g t o m a k e p r o b l e m s
submarine
strong, thick metal rope
cable
easy t o break
businesses
under t h e water
fragile
organisations that buy or sell products or services
f o r businesses w h o h a v e m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h i n g s t o d o . ' Experts
say that
this
shows
that
our global
c o m m u n i c a t i o n s n e t w o r k is v e r y f r a g i l e . ' P e o p l e d o n ' t k n o w that a l l these t h i n g s g o t h r o u g h c a b l e s u n d e r the sea,' said A l a n M a u l d i n , a n e x p e r t i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n s . ' I n g e n e r a l , the I n t e r n e t uses r e a l , p h y s i c a l c o n n e c t i o n s , 25
not satellites.' P e o p l e t h i n k the I n t e r n e t a l w a y s w o r k s b y s a t e l l i t e . But
a b i g part
o f the w o r l d
needs
real,
physical
c o n n e c t i o n s . I t w a s n o t easy t o create these c o n n e c t i o n s . T h e e x p e n s i v e c a b l e s g o i n l o n g l i n e s a r o u n d the w o r l d . 30
c a r r y i n g m i l l i o n s o f c o n v e r s a t i o n s a l l at the s a m e t i m e f r o m one c o u n t r y t o a n o t h e r . One expert said that this w e e k ' s accident s h o u l d m a k e governments
u n d e r s t a n d that t h e y m u s t s p e n d
t i m e a n d energy t o protect essential 35
Choose t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t message in t h e t e x t : 1,2 or 3. 1
It is i m p o r t a n t t o create Internet connections by satellite.
2
It is i m p o r t a n t t o defend existing cables because something or s o m e b o d y could break t h e m again.
3
Read t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d d e c i d e if these sentences are t r u e (T) or false (F). W r i t e t h e line(s) in t h e t e x t w h e r e y o u f o u n d t h e answer. 1 2
be v e r y easy t o a t t a c k g l o b a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , '
3
The incident has caused problems in the financial markets of some of these countries.
4
W i t h o u t cables under the sea, the Internet w o u l d not work in many parts o f t h e w o r l d .
said
M u s t a f a A l a n i . h e a d o f s e c u r i t y a n d t e r r o r i s m at t h e
Since Wednesday it has been impossible for anyone in India t o connect t o t h e Internet.
s u c h as m o b i l e p h o n e s a n d t h e N e t . W e m u s t p r o t e c t t h e m f r o m n a t u r a l disasters o r f r o m t e r r o r i s t s . ' I t w o u l d
An accident at sea on Wednesday made it difficult for people to access the Internet.
more
communications
It is i m p o r t a n t t o learn better ways of creating n e w technology.
5
It is quite cheap and easy t o install submarine cables.
G u l f Research Centre i n D u b a i . ' T h e i m p o r t a n t t h i n g 40
i s n ' t b u i l d i n g great
new technology. T h e important
t h i n g is t o p r o t e c t it." One
o f the cables that w a s b r o k e n this w e e k
is
c a l l e d the Sea-Me-We 4 . I t i s o n e o f the m o s t i m p o r t a n t information 4
lines between
Europe
a n d t h e East. I t
goes i n a c o n t i n u o u s l i n e f r o m G e r m a n y It covers
to Singapore.
a total o f 39.000 kilometres and connects
32 d i f f e r e n t countries. It t o o k three years a n d cost a n i n c r e d i b l e £ 5 0 0 m t o p u t the l i n e i n p l a c e .
86
Unit 1 0
W h a t a b o u t you? H o w i m p o r t a n t is t h e Internet in your daily life and w o u l d you survive w i t h o u t it?
> Grammar in context The passive - other tenses
3
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct passive f o r m o f t h e verbs g i v e n .
l a Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e .
1
1
Radioactivity is/wasdiscovered
by Henri Becquerel in 1896.
2
Thousands of silicon chips are/are being, made at this very
2
Listen! That song
3
That film
4
The pictures
moment. 3 4
given t o actors since 1927.
(sing) in Japanese. (see) for t h e first t i m e in (draw) in prehistoric
times.
The book One Hundred Years of Solitude was/has been w r i t t e n
5
The criminal
(follow) by the police
right now.
Many useful things have been/were invented since the start o f
6
the 2 0 century. th
6
(create) in 1985.
1919.
Oscarsgje/hgyebeen
by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in 1967. 5
That cartoon
The first cheap cars
(produce) nearly
100 years ago in the USA.
741 burgers are/were eaten by Don Gorske in 2003. In total
7
he's already eaten over 20,000 in his lifetime!
Look! The w i n d o w
(break) by the
wind. 4
W r i t e passive sentences u s i n g t h e w o r d s g i v e n .
1
The novel Animal Farm/write/by George Orwell in 1944.
2
The race/organise/by the school each year.
3
Dynamite/invent/by Alfred Nobel in the 19 century.
4
th
Cartoons/watch/by thousands o f children around t h e w o r l d at this very m i n u t e .
1b Look at t h e sentences in l a a n d choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e
5
The FA World Cup/win/by Brazil five times since 1958.
6
The planet Uranus/find/by William Herschel in 1781.
7
in t h e rule b e l o w .
The men's 100-metre w o r l d record/break/by Usain Bolt in August 2009.
To change the tense in passive sentences, w e change to be/the
past participle 2
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e or past
Grammar extension
simple passive f o r m o f these verbs. make 1
paint
The film
see
send
wash
5
w i n write
1
by 6,000 spectators last
was seen
Yesterday's prize
3
3,000 cars
4
The towels in this hotel
5
Those novels
6
Thousands of Valentine's Day cards
3
by a 16-year-old boy.
4
in this factory every week. every day.
5
in 1962. every
14 February in the UK.
6
th
7
Those pictures aqo.
l/Vas Animal farm written by Qeorge Orwell in 1144?
2
week. 2
M a k e t h e passive sentences in 4 i n t o q u e s t i o n s .
by Picasso about 50 years
7
.
—.—_— — : Unit 1 0
A conversation based on a photo 1
Look at t h e p h o t o s a n d m a k e s p e c u l a t i o n s t o c o m p l e t e t h e sentences
1
I'm not sure, but I think t h a t it
4
It's p r o b a b l y . or
2
Look at p h o t o A. W r i t e five q u e s t i o n s t o ask a b o u t it. 1 2 3 4 5
3
Write answers t o y o u r q u e s t i o n s in 2. Use t h e d i f f e r e n t w a y s o f s p e c u l a t i n g in 1 w h e n y o u aren't sure.
4
Use y o u r q u e s t i o n s in 2 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t p h o t o B. M a k e notes a n d t h e n practise orally. Unit 1 0
Writing text messages 1
The text message abbreviations for the words below are just one letter or number. Write the abbreviation for each one. Think about the pronunciation!
5
Write these sentences using text message abbreviations. 1
What are you d o i n g tonight?
1 for 2
you
3
are
4
to/too
5
see
6
be
2
A m y and I are g o i n g t o eat o u t because it's her birthday today. Do y o u w a n t t o come?
2
These text message abbreviations all use numbers. Think about how w e pronounce the numbers and write t h e complete words with normal spelling.
3
1
2day
2
2nite
3
2moro
4
B4
5
L8
6
GR8
7
W8
8
L8R
3
OK. Thanks. W h a t t i m e are you meeting?
In these text message abbreviations some letters (especially vowels) are missing or have been c h a n g e d . Write t h e complete words with normal spelling. 1
YR
2
PLS
3
WOT
4
BCZ
5
SPK
6
WKND
7
THX
8
XLNT
9
MSG
10 4
4
At eight because before that I have t o study for an exam tomorrow.
5
W h a t t i m e is your exam?
6
At t e n . I have t o g o now. I'll speak t o you later.
7
Great!
HMWK
W r i t e these t e x t messages as c o m p l e t e sentences. 1
Can U PLS c o m e 2 С me L8R?
2
rilCU2moroB4school.
3
I'll W 8 4 YR next MSG.
4
Wot R U doing at the WKND?
5
WillUBathomeL8R2day?
6
THX 4 the presents. They RGR8.
7
lcanCU@6BCZIhaven'tgotanyHMWK.
Unit 1 0
Revision: Units 9-10 Vocabulary
Grammar
1
Rewrite t h e u n d e r l i n e d w o r d s as t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r i n reported speech.
2
Choose t h e best t y p e o f b o o k f o r each p e r s o n . 1
Sam wants t o learn h o w t o make a n e w pasta dish.
'I was in London last week,'said Cameron.
2
Sophia likes stories a b o u t robots.
3
'Today is g o i n g t o be a g o o d day,' said O w e n .
3
Ryan wants t o learn h o w t o use his n e w digital camera.
4
'She's been t o Africa twice,' said the TV presenter. 4
Jasmine is four years old and she likes stories about princes
1
'It's m y birthday,' said Katie.
2
5
'I w a n t e d t o g o o u t last weekend,' said Lucy.
6
'The exam is tomorrow,'said the teacher.
7
TJ! c o m e t o your house,'Alex said t o his friend.
and princesses.
С
5
/ 7 points)
Edward likes reading a b o u t the lives o f famous people, w r i t t e n by the person him- or herself.
6
Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e .
Ben loves t h e theatre and he loves reading the story again at home.
Ella asked the boy w h a t your/his/her n a m e was.
С
The teacher asked her students ^QtAvnether/hgw they w a n t e d t o see the concert. Ava asked Henry w h e r e isht^gsh^ewgs
2
going.
Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . 1
W h e n a story is g o o d , y o u w a n t t o read on/out t o the end.
ever had a serious accident.
2
W h e n you make a mistake, you cross it on/out.
Jack asked Isabella ifshe liked/does like/did like that music.
3
The d o c t o r asked h i m if he
^Жi!^ШJl^/^Qd^ШJшsdШй.
С
W h e n y o u w a n t t o get a quick idea of a book, you flick/turn t h r o u g h it.
Harry asked w h o saw/did see/had seen t h e film.
/6
4
points)
At the e n d o f an essay it's a g o o d idea t o sum on/up your ideas and opinions.
Rewrite t h e active sentences in t h e passive f o r m a n d t h e
С
passive sentences in t h e active f o r m . All t h e sentences are f r o m t h e s e w o r d s o r parts o f w o r d s .
1
British children eat a lot o f chocolate.
2
The TV p r o g r a m m e is presented by Stephanie Z i m m e r m a n .
3
The race is organised by a school.
4
David Spencer writes these books.
5
Robots build many different products.
1
6
2
7
3
8
4
9
5
The tickets are sold by m e m b e r s of t h e club.
С 4
/4 points)
M a k e n i n e w o r d s c o n n e c t e d w i t h c o m p u t e r s or t h e I n t e r n e t
present s i m p l e .
6
/6 points)
4
/6
(
/9 points)
Complete the text w i t h these words. address
points)
bounces
delete
receive
reply
A simple guide to email
Correct t h e passive sentences if necessary. 1
The new film is be m a d e in Australia now.
First f i n d o u t the email (a)
2
The Four Seasons was w r i t t e n by Vivaldi.
3
W h e n did the Euro Cup w o n by Spain?
w r i t i n g to. Write t h e email, t h e n (b)
4
My g r a n d m o t h e r is being helped across t h e road w i t h a
(c)
an email, (d)
of the person you are it. W h e n you t o it quite quickly.
W h e n you have a lot of old emails, (e)
policeman. 5
Five cats has been rescued by firefighters today.
don't w a n t t o keep t h e m . If an email (f)
6
The DVD has been b o u g h t by thousands of people.
probably because y o u made some type of mistake.
(
send
/6 points) /25
points
V
t h e m if you back, it's
/6 points /25 points
)
Reading 1
Read this i n t e r v i e w w i t h t h e i n v e n t o r o f m o b i l e p h o n e s , M a r t i n Cooper, a n d choose a, b or с t o c o m p l e t e t h e sentences. BBC:
Tell us h o w you created the m o b i l e phone.
MARTIN:
The t i m e was the late 1960s. AT&T were t h e largest telephone company in the w o r l d and they had invented car telephones. Can you imagine? We believed people didn't w a n t t o talk t o cars and that people w a n t e d t o talk to other people. So at Motorola, a small c o m p a n y at the time, w e decided t o build a m o b i l e telephone.
BBC:
What about that first call on the streets o f Manhattan? W h o did you call and w h a t d i d you say?
MARTIN:
W h o do you think I called? I called m y rival at another p h o n e company and said:Tm calling you f r o m a'real' mobile telephone.'
BBC:
Do you agree t h a t your first m o b i l e p h o n e looks big now?
MARTIN:
Yes! Between 1973, w h e n w e made that phone, and 1983, w h e n the first commercial mobile p h o n e service started, we actually built five different phones. Each one g o t smaller and smaller and by 1983 w e had g o n e f r o m one kilo t o 450 grams. The p h o n e w h i c h I carry w i t h m e today weighs just 85 grams!
BBC:
Did you really think your invention w o u l d b e c o m e so popular, w i t h millions o f people using t h e m around the
BBC:
Do you like people calling you the father of t h e mobile phone?
world? MARTIN:
Well, not at the t i m e because in 1983 those first phones
MARTIN:
w o r k i n g on it and we're still t r y i n g t o make it better.
phones w o u l d get really small. BBC: MARTIN:
It was my idea b u t w e needed t e a m w o r k and hundreds of people t o create the mobile p h o n e as it is today. We're still
cost $3,500.That was a lot of money! But w e did think t h a t How do you feel w h e n you see so many people walking
BBC:
d o w n the street talking into your invention?
MARTIN:
H o w will p h o n e t e c h n o l o g y change in the future? In t h e future, t h e Internet will be everywhere you go.
It makes m e really happy. I've made a small difference t o
BBC:
As the inventor of the personal m o b i l e phone, are you very rich?
people's lives because these phones d o make people's
1
lives better. They make people more comfortable, they
MARTIN:
I'm extremely rich in satisfaction and in happiness.
make t h e m feel safe. It makes me feel g o o d t o k n o w that I
BBC:
But not in dollars and cents?
made a small c o n t r i b u t i o n there.
MARTIN:
Not necessarily.
Writing
The company w h i c h invented m o b i l e phones a
was one of the most i m p o r t a n t t e l e p h o n e companies in the USA.
2
3
2
W r i t e a q u e s t i o n n a i r e w i t h t e n q u e s t i o n s t o ask p e o p l e a b o u t
b
began by inventing telephones for cars.
t h e I n t e r n e t . Use t h e s e q u e s t i o n w o r d s a n d t h e w o r d s g i v e n
с
w a n t e d t o do more than make phones for cars.
b e l o w f o r ideas a b o u t w h a t t o w r i t e .
Martin Cooper and his team couldn't
What?
Why?
H o w long?
a
make smaller mobile phones.
Which?
How?
Where?
b
imagine a very small mobile phone,
When?
H o w often?
Who?
с
sell a very small m o b i l e phone. blog
Martin Cooper knew a
online
mobile phones w o u l d be popular because they were
broadband
chat
search engine
Do/Did?
connect
download
surf the Net
website
very useful. b
mobile phones were very useful b u t didn't think many people w o u l d buy t h e m ,
с 4
2
people only w a n t e d t o buy small m o b i l e phones.
3
Martin Cooper thinks that a
he made the m o d e m mobile p h o n e and has made a big change t o the w o r l d ,
b с
5
he helped t o create the m o d e r n mobile p h o n e and this
6 7
w h e n the mobile p h o n e is finished it will make the
10
feel g o o d .
b
a lot of money,
с
i m p o r t a n t for many people.
8 9
The mobile p h o n e has made Martin Cooper a
4
has been a g o o d t h i n g for the w o r l d , world better. 5
1
С /5
/10
points) /15 points
points)
Progress Test: Units 1-2 Grammar
Vocabulary
1
1
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e or p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s f o r m o f t h e verbs g i v e n .
1
t h e period of life w h e n y o u are a child
2
t h e brother o f your husband or wife
3
an o l d adult
4
t h e period of life w h e n you stop w o r k i n g
(watch) o n Mondays.
5
a child w i t h n o brothers or sisters
3
I
6
n o t married
4
She
(go) t o yoga classes three times a week.
5
We
(study) g r a m m a r at t h e m o m e n t .
6
Do you w a n t t o use t h e computer? I
1
What p r o g r a m m e
they.
(watch) now? 2
What p r o g r a m m e
she
(not do) m y h o m e w o r k after 9 p m usually.
7
Why
2
(
3
You don't need m u c h
2
in French? M y friend here understands English.
What an i
/7 points)
3
g o o d idea for t h e m t o talk a b o u t (d)
(e)
friend. In general, (f)
v
! Before you weren't a very g o o d
That state wants i
p
d
They don't w a n t any
4
There's n o big d ...f
e
between h i m and his
brother. They're very similar.
problem with
people always need
С
t o g o running.
other state or c o u n t r y t o control t h e m .
p r o b l e m , it can be
(c)
pr
q u.... p m
guitarist b u t n o w you're great.
C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t w i t h a, an, the or 0 ( n o article).
to talk.'
/6 points)
C o m p l e t e t h e n o u n s . T h e y all c o n t a i n t h e suffixes -menf
1
(speak)
teenagers have (b)
-
or -ence.
you
'When (a)
-
(
(not use) it now.
2
Find t h e w o r d s .
( 3
/6
points)
/4 points)
Choose t h e correct a l t e r n a t i v e . l a s t n i g h t a m a n tried t o (a) steal/burgle a lot of m o n e y f r o m
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e past s i m p l e or past
a bank. While he was (b) robbing/stealing, t h e bank, t h e police
c o n t i n u o u s f o r m o f t h e verbs g i v e n .
came and arrested t h e (c) Weft/thief. At the police station, w h e n
1
While I was walking h o m e , I
they started investigating, t h e y f o u n d o u t the man was also
(meet) m y
a (d) mugger/rnurder because a victim recognised him. They
friend. 2
M y parents
discovered t h a t t h e criminal often attacked people in t h e park
(have) an a r g u m e n t w h e n I
and (e) stole/robbed their money. He's g o i n g t o g o t o prison for
walked into t h e r o o m . 3
q u i t e a long t i m e ! '
The students were talking all t h e t i m e w h i l e t h e teacher
Г
(explain) t h e exercise. 4
What were you d o i n g w h e n y o u
(hear)
4
the news? 5
The students
My m u m
(write) an essay w h e n t h e
(drive) w h e n her m o b i l e p h o n e
started t o ring. 7
The birds
M a t c h t h e parts o f t h e phrasal verbs. T h e n m a t c h t h e phrasal verbs t o t h e i r m e a n i n g s .
teacher t o l d t h e m t o stop. 6
/5 points)
(sing) w h e n w e left h o m e this
morning.
С
/ 7 points) /20
0
points
1
look
lor
a
investigate
2
look
across
b
discover
3
turn
into
с
appear or arrive unexpectedly
4
come
out
d
find by accident
5
find
up
e
try t o find
С
/5 points
0
/20 points
Progress Test: Units 1-4 Grammar
Vocabulary
1
1
Correct t h e sentences if necessary.
Correct t h e sentences if necessary.
1
We haven't g o t many bread.
1
I did three mistakes in the exam.
2
We've g o t a little apples in the fridge - t w o or three, I think.
2
In Brazil they speak Spanish.
3
There's a little s h a m p o o in the bottle, but not m u c h .
3
In Germany they speak Dutch.
4
We've g o t a f e w CDs here b u t n o t many.
4
My sister t o o k three exams last week.
5
We don't need m u c h books t o d o this project.
5
Have you m a d e that English exercise yet?
6
Have w e g o t any paper in the classroom? Yes, there's a lot of.
6
I need t o make a lot o f those exercises.
7
We haven't g o t some milk.
С C~ 2
/7points)
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o r r e c t w o r d .
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences in a logical w a y using these w o r d s .
1
He can't talk because he's g o t a very sore
Use each w o r d once.
2
He had a
when
where
which
1
Summer is the t i m e of year
2
Japan is a c o u n t r y
3
Hip h o p is a t y p e of music
who
3
whose
attack and died.
I didn't just have a cold. It was m u c h worse. I think it was
4
We ate s o m e t h i n g bad at the w e e k e n d and n o w we've g o t food
4
Madonna is a singer
5
Beethoven was a c o m poser
5
I need an aspirin. I've g o t a
6
On each f o o t w e have five
С (_
3
2
/6 points)
/5 points)
C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t by c h o o s i n g t h e correct o p t i o n to fill each
M a t c h t h e c o r r e c t w o r d s w i t h t h e d e f i n i t i o n s . T h e r e are 16 words but only eight definitions.
g a p : А, В, С or D. 'My father usually (1)
burglary
a lot because he has
translations o f a lot of famous novels. He has
(3)
c o m e back (yesterday, in fact) f r o m a trip t o
Italy. He (4)
talking at a conference for translators
there. He has (5)
translated a lot o f famous books
from Italian into English, b u t he has (6)
translated
any books by U m b e r t o Eco. N o w he's ( 7 ) by a new writer. He ( 8 )
on a book
started w o r k on it
1
A travelled
В travel
С travelling
D travels
2
A writing
В writes
С written
D
wrote
3
A just
В
С not
D
wanted
4
A is
В was
С has
D have
5
A already
В yet
С just
D ever
6
A ever
В
С yet
D always
7
A working
В worked
С work
D works
8
A has
В
С -
D is
never hasn't
С
(ШМ1
nephew
death
improvement niece
stepfather
robber theft
equipment invisible
illegal look into
senior citizen work out
1
w h e n you steal f r o m somebody's house
2
t h e daughter o f your brother or sister
3
solve a p r o b l e m by considering the facts
4
w h e n s o m e t h i n g goes f r o m bad t o g o o d , or f r o m g o o d to very g o o d
last year.'
been
cousin
impractical
(2)
/6 points)
5
s o m e t h i n g that is not practical
6
s o m e t h i n g y o u c a n n o t see
7
t h e objects or things you need for a particular activity
8
s o m e o n e w h o is more t h a n 60 years old
(
/8 points)
/20 points /8 points) /20
rntsj points
V
Progress Test: Units 1-6 Grammar
Vocabulary
1
1
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct w o r d . 1
This c o m p u t e r is m u c h faster
2
The film isn't as g o o d
3
A mobile p h o n e is
4
W h e n you are 15, you aren't old
5
W h e n you're 17, you're
t h a t one.
adverts
the book.
interested
boring
interesting
1
t o drive a car.
comedies relaxed
informative
relaxing
soaps
I think it's t h e best c o u n t r y
are programmes that are funny and make you laugh.
y o u n g t o vote in a
2
the w o r l d .
( 2
bored
expensive t h a n a computer.
general election. 6
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct w o r d .
A g o o d d o c u m e n t a r y needs t o be
3
/6 points)
People often feel
Each sentence c o n t a i n s a m i s t a k e . Find t h e m i s t a k e a n d
4
A lot of people think are
The teacher and the students g o i n g t o g o on an excursion.
2
What d o you do t o m o r r o w ?
3
They say it's raining next week.
4
The Prime Minister will make a decision today?
5
I can't meet you t o m o r r o w because I'll d o an exam.
6
If scientists don't find a solution for this p r o b l e m , t h e planet
w h e n they listen t o soft,
slow music.
r e w r i t e t h e sentence correctly.
1
and
5
for soap or toothpaste so they switch the TV off.
The stories in
are usually about romance,
family relationships, m o n e y and health problems.
( 2
Label t h e p i c t u r e s .
gets m u c h hotter.
7
-4r
© ^ 4
I may definitely arrive at the station at six o'clock.
( 3
/7 points)
/7 points)
Choose t h e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e .
(
On Sundays I always (a) wgtch/gmwatching, a TV d o c u m e n t a r y series a b o u t nature. I (b) sgw/hgyeseen every p r o g r a m m e in
3
/6 points)
Answer the questions. 1
What prefix d o w e need t o make the opposite of correct?
the series since it (c) started/has started in 2008. The presenter is a really interesting m a n (d) who/whose name is Jack Wild.
2
W h a t is a s y n o n y m for get in this sentence? I got home at ten
o'clock.
He doesn't always give (e) many/much i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e different things they s h o w b u t there are (f) any/some cool scenes
3
W h a t crime does a thief c o m m i t ?
w i t h animals t h a t you (g) aren't usually seeing/don't usuallysee
4
What w o r d d o w e need t o c o m p l e t e the c o m p o u n d n o u n
meaning a place to go when we are III? health
on TV.
/7
/20
points)
5
W h a t n o u n d o w e make f r o m t h e verb improve?
6
What w o r d d o w e need t o c o m p l e t e this phrasal verb w h i c h
means find by accident? come
points 7
W h a t is a synonym for get in this sentence? Can you get the
bread when you go out? (
/7 points)
Progress Test: Units 1-8 Grammar
Vocabulary
1
1
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct w o r d . 1
My father
2
You're always tired in the m o r n i n g . You
Join t h e w o r d s t o f i n d t w o j o b s , t h r e e personal qualities a n d t w o adjectives t o describe j o b s . T h e n c o m p l e t e t h e t a b l e by
t o wear a uniform - he's a police officer.
w r i t i n g t h e m in t h e correct c o l u m n .
go t o bed
earlier. 3
If I
you, I'd g o t o bed earlier.
4
You
5
My m u m
g o t o the g y m e v e r y d a y if she had t i m e .
6
You don't
t o d o t h e essay this week. You can d o it
well
time
hard
assistant
fashion
paid
full
minded
shop
organised
6
open
working
7
badly
designer
smoke here. It's illegal.
next week if you like. 7
You
eat chocolate just before you g o t o bed. It's
Jobs
Personal qualities
Describing jobs
bad for your teeth.
( 2
/7 points)
Correct t h e sentences if necessary. 1
Are you interested in go t o Cambridge next week?
2
Dancing is my favourite hobby.
3
I don't enjoy t o play basketball.
С
/7 points)
Answer the questions. 1
What is t h e n o u n w h i c h w e make f r o m excited?
H o w do w e c o m p l e t e this phrase w h i c h means end a 4
relationship with somebody? split
My friends and I g o s w i m m i n g every day in the summer.
somebody
W h a t is the n o u n w h i c h w e make f r o m bored? 5 6
I w e n t t o Liz's house yesterday for seeing if she was OK.
H o w d o w e c o m p l e t e this phrase w h i c h means have a good
relationship with somebody?
He f o u n d the answer by using a calculator.
H o w can you explain get back together again in other words?
С
/6 points)
M a t c h t h e sentences w i t h t h e i r e x p l a n a t i o n s . W h e n I'd eaten m y lunch, I w a t c h e d a film on TV.
6
What is the adjective for the n o u n fear? _
7
What n o u n can w e make f r o m friend?
W h e n I ate my lunch, I w a t c h e d a film on TV.
С
W h e n I had w a t c h e d a film on TV, I ate m y lunch.
3
While I was having m y lunch, m y p h o n e rang. W h e n I eat m y lunch, I watch a film on TV. I've just had m y lunch. Tomorrow I'm g o i n g t o have lunch and t h e n I'm
/7 points)
Complete the words. 1
father = your mother's n e w husband
2
throat = w h e n your throat hurts and you can't
g o i n g t o watch a film on TV.
speak, for example 3
a plan for t w o actions in t h e future an action that finished very recently
shop
4
an action that came in the middle of another action
= stealing f r o m a shop show = a TV p r o g r a m m e w i t h a c o m p e t i t i o n ,
often to win money
in the past 5
t w o actions in the past t h a t happened at the same t i m e
6
t w o actions that happened in the past, one after t h e
mountain global
= a line of mountains like t h e Andes = t h e change in the temperature around
the w o r l d
other - first eating lunch, t h e n w a t c h i n g a film f
well with somebody
/6
t w o actions that happened in the past, one after the other - first w a t c h i n g a film, t h e n eating lunch
/20
t w o actions that are part of a routine
/7 /20
points) points
points)
0
points
Progress Test: Units 1-10 Grammar
Vocabulary
1
1
Rewrite t h e sentences in r e p o r t e d speech. 1
1 b o u g h t a c o m p u t e r in this shop,'said Lily.
r e
Lily said 2
1
'We've g o t an exam today,'Jessica said t o her m u m . Jessica t o l d
3
'Where is your jacket?' Sam's m u m asked h i m . Sam's m u m asked
4
C o m p l e t e t h e w o r d s w i t h t h e m i s s i n g letters a n d t h e n c o m p l e t e t h e t a b l e by w r i t i n g t h e m in t h e correct c o l u m n . n = read on
m _ nu_ I
5
I о.... к .... p
2
thr J
6
b
3
f...nt
7
f
4
r
r у
ad
g r.... p h у r
yt
Ie
t
'Has Thomas seen this film?'they asked Jim.
Phrasal verbs Fiction
They asked 5
d
connected with
Non-fiction
reading
I'm g o i n g t o London tomorrow,' said Helen. Helen said
6
read on
'My sister is d o i n g her homework,'Jack said t o Chloe. Jack t o l d
7
'Why are you here today?'the teacher asked t h e students.
Г
The teacher asked
(I 2
/7 points)
2
Google is a popular search
2
passive sentences in t h e active f o r m . 1
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o r r e c t w o r d s . 1
Rewrite t h e active sentences in t h e passive f o r m a n d t h e
The hard
Grandparents play c o m p u t e r games too.
3
The USB Emails
A m u s e u m is being o p e n e d by t h e q u e e n t o m o r r o w .
Yesterday I received an email f r o m m y cousin so I decided to t o it quickly.
6
The concert was seen by 40,000 people.
You m o v e t h e mouse on t h e mouse
7
40,000 people 5
back if t h e email address isn't
correct. 5
The q u e e n 4
is where you can connect a
keyboard or a camera, for example. 4
Arthur W y n n e invented crosswords in 1913. Crosswords
3
is t h e part of t h e c o m p u t e r
w h i c h has t h e information t h a t t h e c o m p u t e r needs t o work.
C o m p u t e r games 2
A broad
Internet c o n n e c t i o n is faster than
a normal c o n n e c t i o n .
Alex Smith has w o n t h e c o m p e t i t i o n .
С
The c o m p e t i t i o n 6
3
They design Honda motorbikes in Japan.
(
M a t c h t h e w o r d s or p a r t s o f w o r d s a n d t h e n w r i t e a s i m p l e
Definition/explanation
/6 points)
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o r r e c t f o r m o f t h e verbs
1
have
into s o m e t h i n g
1
g i v e n , or f i n d t h e c o r r e c t w o r d . 1
If I
(be) t h e Prime Minister, I
(build) m o r e hospitals. 2
This is t h e city
3
Yesterday I
(have) an accident w h e n I
Emma
c o m e t o t h e party t o n i g h t b u t she
hasn't decided yet. 5
2
ice
hood
2
3
look
an a r g u m e n t
3
4
first
somebody out
4
5
child
aid
5
cap
6
I was born. (play) tennis.
4
(surf) t h e Net is m y favourite hobby.
(
/7 points)
d e f i n i t i o n or e x p l a n a t i o n f o r each.
Honda motorbikes
3
/ 7 points)
6
/7 points) /20
points ints^
ask
Gateway Bi Dictionary /a,knma'deif(a)n/ noun [U] a place for someone to stay, l i v e or w o r k i n : The hotel provides accommodation for up to 100 people.
INTRODUCTION
This M a c m i l l a n D i c t i o n a r y has been especially designed to meet the needs of Gateway students who are at B l level. The words have been selected f r o m the B l student's book and t h i s workbook. Other words that often appear i n school-leaving exams have also been included. The most common and useful words are m a r k e d according to the M a c m i l l a n D i c t i o n a r y 'star r a t i n g ' . T h i s is so that you can easily recognise the vocabulary you need to k n o w especially w e l l . ***• = v e r y common words = common words = f a i r l y common words
/a'kaunt/ noun ic] 1 an arrangement i n w h i c h a bank looks after y o u r money: There was only £50 in his bank account. 2 a n a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h a company or I n t e r n e t p r o v i d e r to use a service t h e y p r o v i d e : an email account. /a'kju:z/ verb [T] to say t h a t someone has done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g or i l l e g a l : Her employers accused her of theft.
GRAMMAR CODES
a c h e /eik/ noun [C] a p a i n t h a t is c o n t i n u o u s but u s u a l l y not v e r y s t r o n g verb [i] to feel a c o n t i n u o u s b u t not v e r y s t r o n g p a i n i n p a r t of y o u r body
[C] countable nouns that are used w i t h a or an or a n u m b e r and have a p l u r a l : car, soldier [U] uncountable nouns that cannot be used w i t h a or an or a number and have no p l u r a l : happiness, pasta [ s i n g u l a r ] nouns that are used w i t h a, an, or the but are never used i n the p l u r a l : heat, mess [ p l u r a l ] nouns that are used only i n the p l u r a l and always take a p l u r a l verb: congratulations, surroundings
[ I ] i n t r a n s i t i v e verbs that have no d i r e c t object: He paused for a moment. • Could you speak up please? [ T ] t r a n s i t i v e verbs that have a direct object: late my lunch. She handed the note over to me.
/a'tfi:vmant/ noun [C] a particular t h i n g that someone has achieved: Winning the gold medal was a remarkable achievement. a c u p u n c t u r e /'aekju.pAnktfa/ noun [U] a m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t t h a t involves p u t t i n g needles i n t o p a r t i c u l a r p a r t s of someone's body a d a p t a t i o n /.ai'daep'teijiajn/ noun [C] a f i l m or T V p r o g r a m m e made f r o m a book or play a d d i c t /'aedikt/ noun [C] someone w h o cannot stop t a k i n g i l l e g a l or h a r m f u l d r u g s : a heroin addict •
[ l i n k i n g v e r b ] verbs that are followed by a n o u n or adjective complement describing the subject: They looked happy. • / feel better now. W O R D C L A S S E S U S E D IN THI
/a'ka:din ,tu:/ prep 1 used for s t a t i n g where i n f o r m a t i o n or ideas have come f r o m : According to newspaper reports, fighting has broken out in the northern provinces. 2 i n a way that agrees w i t h or obeys a p a r t i c u l a r p l a n , system, or set of r u l e s : The game was played according to the rules.
)ICTIONARY
adj (=adjective)
phrase
adv (=adverb)
p h r v b ( = p h r a s a l verb)
conj (=conjunction)
p r e p (=preposition)
det ( = determiner)
p r o n (=pronoun)
noun
verb
A /'aebs(a)ns/ noun [C/u] a t i m e w h e n someone is not where they should be or where they u s u a l l y are: We are concerned about your child's frequent absences from school. /aeka'demik/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to education, especially i n colleges and u n i v e r s i t i e s : We expect our students to meet high academic standards. 2 based on l e a r n i n g f r o m study r a t h e r t h a n p r a c t i c a l s k i l l s and experience: The college offers both academic and vocational qualifications, noun и a teacher at a college or university /ak'sept/ verb [T] to take s o m e t h i n g that someone gives you: It gives me great pleasure to accept this award, verb [l/Tl to say yes to an i n v i t a t i o n , offer, or suggestion: Our clients will never accept this proposal. /'aeksid(a)nt/ noun [C] 1 an unexpected event that causes i n j u r y or damage: He was killed in a climbing accident. 2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t happens w i t h o u t b e i n g p l a n n e d : I didn't mean to do it! It was an accident. /,aeksi'dent(a)li/ adv 1 by chance, as the r e s u l t o f a n accident: Police believe the fire was started accidentally. 2 by mistake r a t h e r t h a n deliberate i n t e n t i o n : The program prevents files from being accidentally erased.
a d d i c t e d /a'diktid/ adj unable to stop t a k i n g an i l l e g a l or h a r m f u l d r u g : He was addicted to cocaine. a d d i c t i v e /a'diktiv/ adj a n a d d i c t i v e d r u g is d i f f i c u l t to stop t a k i n g a d j u s t /a'd3Ast/ verb [T] to change or move s o m e t h i n g s l i g h t l y so t h a t i t w o r k s or fits better: She stopped to adjust the strap on her sandal, verb [i] to get used to a new s i t u a t i o n by c h a n g i n g y o u r ideas or the way y o u do t h i n g s : It took her two years to adjust to life in England. /ad'mit/ verb [l/T] to agree t h a t s o m e t h i n g bad is t r u e , or to agree t h a t y o u have done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : Davis admitted causing death by careless driving. a d o l e s c e n c e /,a?da'les(a)ns/ noun [ui the p e r i o d of y o u r life w h e n y o u are c h a n g i n g f r o m b e i n g a c h i l d to b e i n g an adult, especially w h e n y o u are a y o u n g teenager: He spent his adolescence in a children's home. /'aedAlt, э У л к / noun [C] someone w h o is no longer a c h i l d a n d is l e g a l l y responsible for t h e i r actions: Tickets are £2.50for adults and £1.50 for children. /ad'va:ntid3/ noun [C/U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t makes one person or t h i n g m o r e l i k e l y to succeed t h a n others: the advantages of a good education noun [C] a good feature or q u a l i t y t h a t s o m e t h i n g has: Having children when you're older has both advantages and disadvantages. a d v e r t i s e m e n t /ad'v3:tismant/ noun [C] a n a n n o u n c e m e n t i n a newspaper, on t e l e v i s i o n , on the I n t e r n e t etc t h a t is designed to persuade people to b u y a p r o d u c t or service, go to a n event, or apply for a j o b /ad'vais/ noun [U] an o p i n i o n that someone gives y o u about the best t h i n g to do i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n : Ask your father for advice. /ad'vaiz/ verb [l/T] to give y o u r o p i n i o n to someone about the best t h i n g to do i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n : Her doctor advised her to rest. a e r i a l /'earial/ noun [C] a piece of equipment made of w i r e or t h i n m e t a l , used for r e c e i v i n g r a d i o or t e l e v i s i o n signals /a'fekt/ verb [T] to change or influence s o m e t h i n g , often i n a negative way: Did the newspapers really affect the outcome of the election? /a'freid/ adj 1 w o r r i e d t h a t s o m e t h i n g bad m i g h t happen: / was afraid that you'd miss the flight. 2 f r i g h t e n e d : Don't be afraid -1 won't hurt you.
97
afterwards
art
/"a:ftawadz/ adv after something else that you have a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d : Let's go and see a film and afterwards we could go for a meal.
apparent
a g o n y a u n t /'aegani ,a:nt/ noun [С] a w o m a n w h o g i v e s a d v i c e a b o u t p e r s o n a l problems i n a n e w s p a p e r or m a g a z i n e by a n s w e r i n g readers' letters /a'gri:/ verb [l/T] to h a v e t h e s a m e o p i n i o n a s s o m e o n e e l s e : Doreen thought that the house was too small, and Jim agreed. verb [l] to s a y t h a t y o u w i l l do s o m e t h i n g t h a t s o m e o n e e l s e w a n t s o r s u g g e s t s : I asked her to marry me, and she agreed. /a'hed/adv 1 i n t h e d i r e c t i o n i n f r o n t of y o u : There's a motel just a few miles ahead. 2 u s e d for s a y i n g w h a t w i l l h a p p e n i n t h e f u t u r e : Where will the money come from in the years ahead? /'ea.lain/ noun [C] a c o m p a n y t h a t o w n s a i r c r a f t a n d t a k e s p e o p l e o r g o o d s b y p l a n e f r o m o n e p l a c e to a n o t h e r a l i e n /'eilian/ noun [C] a c r e a t u r e f r o m a n o t h e r p l a n e t /э'1аи/ verb [T] to g i v e s o m e o n e p e r m i s s i o n to do s o m e t h i n g o r h a v e s o m e t h i n g : I'm sorry, sir, but smoking allowed.
ready?'
/'admaust/ adv n e a r l y b u t n o t c o m p l e t e l y : 'Are Almost! I'm just putting my shoes on.'
is
you
/a:l't3:nativ/ noun [C] something that you c a n choose to do i n s t e a d of s o m e t h i n g e l s e : There was no alternative - we had to close the bridge. a m a t e u r /'aemata, 'aematjua/ adj d o n e for p l e a s u r e i n s t e a d of a s a j o b : amateur photography noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o d o e s s o m e t h i n g b e c a u s e t h e y e n j o y it, i n s t e a d of a s a j o b I was amazed
that
he
/a'meizm/ adj v e r y g o o d , s u r p r i s i n g , o r i m p r e s s i v e : Her story was quite amazing. a m b i t i o u s /aem'bifas/ adj d e t e r m i n e d to b e c o m e s u c c e s s f u l , r i c h , o r f a m o u s : an ambitious young lawyer / э ' т л п / prep 1 i n c l u d e d i n a p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p of p e o p l e o r t h i n g s : Robert was the only one among them who had ever ridden a horse. 2 w i t h o t h e r p e o p l e o r t h i n g s a l l a r o u n d : It was pleasant strolling among the olive trees. a m u s e m e n t p a r k /a'mju:zmant ,pa:k/ noun [С] a p l a c e w h e r e p e o p l e p a y m o n e y to go o n r i d e s a n a l y s e /'aena,laiz/ verb [T] to e x a m i n e s o m e t h i n g i n d e t a i l i n o r d e r to u n d e r s t a n d o r e x p l a i n it: Scientists analysed samples of leaves taken from the area. a n a t o m y /a'naetami/ noun [Cj t h e b o d y of a h u m a n o r a n i m a l , o r t h e s t r u c t u r e of a p l a n t /'ein[(a)nt/ adj 1 v e r y old: an ancient city Ibook I tradition 2 r e l a t i n g to a p e r i o d of h i s t o r y a v e r y l o n g t i m e ago: the ancient Greeks I Britons I Egyptians /'аепдэ/ noun [U] t h e s t r o n g f e e l i n g y o u get t h a t m a k e s y o u w a n t to h u r t s o m e o n e o r s h o u t at t h e m : Some people express their anger through violence. /'aerjgri/ adj
v e r y a n n o y e d : There's
no point in
getting
angry. a n k l e /'аег)к(э)1/ noun [C] t h e p a r t at t h e b o t t o m of y o u r l e g w h e r e y o u r foot j o i n s y o u r l e g a n n i v e r s a r y /,3eni'v3:s(a)ri/ noun [C) a d a t e w h e n y o u c e l e b r a t e s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a p p e n e d i n a p r e v i o u s y e a r t h a t i s i m p o r t a n t to y o u : a wedding anniversary /'aenjual/ adj 1 h a p p e n i n g o n c e a y e a r : an annual conference/festival/holiday 2 c a l c u l a t e d o v e r a p e r i o d of o n e y e a r : an annual salary a n o r a k /'aena,raek/ noun [C] a s h o r t c o a t w i t h a h o o d a n t /aent/ noun [C] a s m a l l i n s e c t t h a t l i v e s u n d e r t h e g r o u n d i n l a r g e organised groups a p a r t f r o m /a'pa:t ,fram/ phrase i n a d d i t i o n to s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : Apart from providing humanitarian aid, the UN is also supposed to enforce agreements. /a'pDla.dsaiz/ verb [I] to t e l l s o m e o n e t h a t y o u a r e s o r r y for d o i n g s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : I apologise for taking so long to reply.
98
was
/a'pi:l/ noun [c] a n u r g e n t r e q u e s t for p e o p l e to do s o m e t h i n g o r g i v e s o m e t h i n g : There have been several appeals for an end to the fighting, noun [U] a q u a l i t y t h a t s o m e t h i n g h a s t h a t m a k e s p e o p l e l i k e it o r w a n t it: How do you explain the appeal of horror films? verb [I] 1 to m a k e a n u r g e n t r e q u e s t for p e o p l e to do s o m e t h i n g o r g i v e s o m e t h i n g : She appealed to her former husband to return their baby son. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g a p p e a l s to y o u , y o u l i k e it o r w a n t it: The show's mixture of comedy and songs will appeal to children. / э ' р и / verb [linking verb] to m a k e o t h e r p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t y o u a r e s o m e t h i n g , o r t h a t y o u feel s o m e t h i n g : Matt appears unaffected by all the media attention, verb [l] 1 i f s o m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g a p p e a r s s o m e w h e r e , y o u s e e t h e m s u d d e n l y o r for the f i r s t t i m e : Cracks began to appear in the ceiling. 2 to s t a r t to exist, o r to s t a r t to b e a v a i l a b l e for t h e f i r s t t i m e : the latest Internet guide to appear on the market /a'piarans/ noun [u] 1 t h e w a y t h a t s o m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g l o o k s : The twins are almost identical in appearance. 2 t h e t i m e w h e n s o m e t h i n g s t a r t s to e x i s t , o r s t a r t s to be s e e n : the appearance offast food restaurants on every high street 3 the f a c t t h a t s o m e o n e a r r i v e s s o m e w h e r e : She was startled by Julie's sudden appearance in the doorway.
not
/э'1эип/ adj, adv i f y o u a r e alone, no one else is w i t h you: Shelley is divorced and lives alone.
a m a z e d /a'meizd/ adj v e r y s u r p r i s e d : Frankly. was interested.
/a'paerant/ adj e a s y to s e e o r u n d e r s t a n d : It that the two women knew each other.
/,aepli'keif(a)n fa:(r)m/ noun a p r i n t e d l i s t of q u e s t i o n s t h a t y o u a n s w e r i n o r d e r to t r y to get a j o b , b o r r o w m o n e y , get a p l a c e at u n i v e r s i t y e t c /a'plai/ verb [I] to m a k e a f o r m a l r e q u e s t to do s o m e t h i n g o r h a v e s o m e t h i n g : Students can apply for money to help with their living costs, verb [T] to p u t a l a y e r of s o m e t h i n g s u c h a s paint onto a s u r f a c e /a'pamtmant/ noun [C] a n a r r a n g e m e n t to see s o m e o n e , for e x a m p l e a d o c t o r , at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Why don't you make an appointment with one of our doctors? /a'praopriat/ adj s u i t a b l e for a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n : This isn't the appropriate time to discuss the problem. /a'proksimatli/ adv u s e d for s h o w i n g t h a t a n a m o u n t o r n u m b e r i s n o t e x a c t : Approximately 60,000people filled the stadium. a r c h e o l o g i s t /,a:ki'Dlad3ist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s t u d i e s a r c h e o l o g y a r c h e r /'a:(r)tja(r)/ noun [q s o m e o n e w h o s h o o t s a r r o w s f r o m a b o w a r c h i t e c t /'u:ki,tekt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to d e s i g n buildings /'a:gju:/ verb [l] to d i s c u s s s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u d i s a g r e e a b o u t , u s u a l l y i n a n a n g r y w a y : Those girls are always arguing! /'a:gjomant/ noun [C] an angry disagreement b e t w e e n p e o p l e : The decision led to a heated argument. /а:т/ noun [C] o n e of t h e t w o l o n g p a r t s of y o u r b o d y w i t h y o u r h a n d s at t h e e n d : I put my arm around his shoulders. a r m b a n d /'a:m,baend/ noun [C] 1 a p l a s t i c r i n g t h a t i s filled w i t h a i r . w o r n a r o u n d e a c h a r m b y p e o p l e l e a r n i n g to s w i m 2 a s m a l l p i e c e of c l o t h t h a t y o u w e a r a r o u n d o n e a r m a r m c h a i r /'u:m,tj'ea/ noun [C] a l a r g e c o m f o r t a b l e c h a i r w i t h p a r t s for y o u to r e s t y o u r a r m s o n /'a:mi/ noun [С] a l a r g e o r g a n i s a t i o n of s o l d i e r s w h o a r e t r a i n e d to fight w a r s o n l a n d : an army officer/colonel /a'reind3mant/ noun [plural] arrangements: p r a c t i c a l p l a n s for o r g a n i s i n g a n d m a n a g i n g t h e d e t a i l s of s o m e t h i n g : sleeping/seating arrangements noun [C] an a g r e e m e n t o r p l a n t h a t y o u m a k e w i t h s o m e o n e e l s e : They have an arrangement with Pepsi-Cola to share distribution facilities. /a'rest/ verb [T] i f t h e p o l i c e a r r e s t s o m e o n e , t h e y t a k e that p e r s o n to a p o l i c e s t a t i o n b e c a u s e t h e y t h i n k t h a t h e o r s h e h a s c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e : Police raided the building and arrested six men. a r s o n i s t /'a:(r)s(a)nist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o d e l i b e r a t e l y s t a r t s fires, especially in buildings /a:t/ noun [U] p a i n t i n g s , d r a w i n g s , a n d other objects that a r e c r e a t e d i n o r d e r to b e b e a u t i f u l o r i n t e r e s t i n g : the art of ancient Mexico /,a:ti'fif(a)l/ adj not n a t u r a l o r r e a l , b u t m a d e b y people: The growers use both natural and artificial light.
artificial
behaviour
/'a:tist/ noun [C] someone w h o creates p a i n t i n g s or other objects t h a t are b e a u t i f u l or i n t e r e s t i n g ask s o m e b o d y o u t /,a:sk s.\mbddi 'aut/ phr vb to i n v i t e someone to go somewhere w i t h y o u because y o u w a n t to s t a r t a r o m a n t i c relationship w i t h t h e m
/'beibi/ noun [C] w a l k : their new baby
/3,seesi'neif(a)n/ noun [C/u] the m u r d e r of a famous or i m p o r t a n t person, especially for p o l i t i c a l reasons: an assassination attempt
/a'sesmant/ noun [U] the process of m a k i n g a judgment or f o r m i n g a n o p i n i o n , after c o n s i d e r i n g s o m e t h i n g or someone c a r e f u l l y : The investigation was reopened after careful assessment of new evidence. /a'sist(a)nt/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to help another person i n t h e i r w o r k , for example by d o i n g the easier parts of it: a personal assistant a t l a s /'aetlas/ noun [C] a book of maps
a t t r a c t i o n /эГгэек|(э)п/ noun [C] a n i n t e r e s t i n g place or object t h a t people come to see noun [c/u] a reason for l i k i n g s o m e t h i n g or someone or b e i n g interested i n i t / t h e m attractive
woman au p a i r / э и 'реэ/ noun [С] a y o u n g w o m a n w h o lives w i t h a f a m i l y i n a foreign c o u n t r y and helps to look after t h e i r c h i l d r e n /b:dians/ noun [C] the people w h o w a t c h or l i s t e n t o a performance: Chaplin's films were loved by audiences throughout the world. /a:nt/ noun [C] the sister of y o u r m o t h e r or father, or the wife of y o u r uncle: I loved visiting my aunt and uncle.
certainly
/3:'6Drati/ noun [U] 1 the power to m a k e decisions a n d make people do w h a t y o u w a n t : The president's authority is being questioned in the press. 2 official p e r m i s s i o n to do s o m e t h i n g : We do not release the names of our customers without their authority. noun [plural] the a u t h o r i t i e s : the police or other o r g a n i s a t i o n s w i t h legal power to m a k e people obey l a w s : The French authorities have refused to issue him a visa. a u t o b i o g r a p h y /.-rtaubai'ografi/ noun [C] a book about y o u r life t h a t you w r i t e y o u r s e l f a u t o g r a p h ЛкЦдгаШ noun [C] a famous person's n a m e t h a t they sign on s o m e t h i n g /3'veilab(9)l/ adj 1 able to be o b t a i n e d , t a k e n , or used: We'll notify you as soon as tickets become available. 2 not too busy to do s o m e t h i n g : Vm available next Tuesday if you want to meet then. a v a l a n c h e /'aevd,la:ntf/ noun [с] a large a m o u n t of snow t h a t suddenly falls d o w n a m o u n t a i n
/b:f(a)l/ adj
e x t r e m e l y bad: This wine tastes
awful.
b a d g e /baed3/ noun [C] 1 a s m a l l r o u n d object w i t h w o r d s or symbols on i t . You fasten i t onto y o u r clothes w i t h a p i n , for example to show t h a t y o u s u p p o r t a n idea o r a p o l i t i c a l p a r t y . 2 a special piece of m e t a l , c l o t h , o r plastic w i t h w o r d s o r symbols on i t . You w e a r i t o r c a r r y i t to show y o u r o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n : a police badge b a d l y - p a i d /'baedli peid/ phrase i f someone is badly-paid, they do not e a r n m u c h money, or they e a r n less money t h a n is f a i r for the w o r k they do b a d - t e m p e r e d /,beed 'tempad/ adj made a n n o y e d or a n g r y v e r y easily
b a n /baen/ noun [C] a n official statement o r d e r i n g people not to do s o m e t h i n g : There is a total ban on smoking anywhere in the college, verb [T] to say o f f i c i a l l y t h a t someone is not a l l o w e d to do s o m e t h i n g : She was banned from competing for two years after failing a drugs test. /baenk/ noun [C] 1 a financial i n s t i t u t i o n where people can keep t h e i r money, o r c a n b o r r o w money: / need to go to the bank this morning. 2 a l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n o r store of s o m e t h i n g : a blood bank b a r g a i n /'ba:gm/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g y o u buy t h a t costs m u c h less t h a n n o r m a l : Her dress was a real bargain. /'beisik/ adj 1 f o r m i n g the m a i n o r most i m p o r t a n t p a r t or aspect of s o m e t h i n g : Rice is the basic ingredient of the dish. 2 simple, w i t h n o t h i n g special o r e x t r a : The state provides only basic health care. /bi:tJ7 noun [C] sea o r a l a k e
a n area of sand or s m a l l stones beside the
b e a n / b i : n / noun [C] 1 a seed of v a r i o u s p l a n t s t h a t is cooked and eaten, or a p l a n t t h a t produces these seeds 2 a d r i e d bean t h a t y o u g r i n d a n d use to m a k e d r i n k s such as coffee and cocoa
/bi:t/ verb [T] 1 to defeat someone i n a game, c o m p e t i t i o n , election, o r b a t t l e : England needed to beat Germany to get to the final. 2 to h i t someone v i o l e n t l y several t i m e s : They were arrested for beating their children.
/s'vjrd/ verb [T] 1 to t r y to prevent s o m e t h i n g f r o m happening: Try to avoid confrontation. 2 to stay away f r o m someone or s o m e t h i n g : We went early to avoid the crowds.
u n d e r s t a n d i n g of a subject, issue, o r s i t u a t i o n : There was a general lack of awareness about safety issues.
b a d d y /'baedi/ noun [C] someone i n a film o r book w h o does u n k i n d or i l l e g a l t h i n g s
b e a r d /biad/ noun [C] h a i r t h a t grow's o n a man's c h i n and cheeks
/'aev(a)rid3/ noun [C/u] the t y p i c a l a m o u n t or level: Unemployment here is twice the national average.
k n o w l e d g e or
/'baek,graund/ noun [C] 1 the general experiences a n d influences t h a t have f o r m e d someone's character, or the t y p e of e d u c a t i o n and t r a i n i n g they have had: students from very different backgrounds 2 the p a r t of a p i c t u r e or p a t t e r n t h a t is b e h i n d the m a i n people o r t h i n g s i n i t : a picture of palm trees with mountains in the background
b a l d /b:>:kl/ adj w i t h l i t t l e o r no h a i r o n y o u r head
/Ь:вэ/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o w r i t e s books o r a r t i c l e s as their j o b 2 the person w h o w r o t e a p a r t i c u l a r d o c u m e n t or other piece of w r i t i n g : the author of the report
/a'wea(r)nas/ noun [singular/U]
/bask/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body between y o u r neck a n d y o u r b o t t o m , o n the opposite side to y o u r chest a n d stomach: 1 have a pain in my back. 2 the p a r t o r side of s o m e t h i n g t h a t is f u r t h e s t f r o m the f r o n t : Get in the back of the car.
b a l c o n y /'baelkani/ noun [C] a place s t i c k i n g out f r o m the outside of a b u i l d i n g w h e r e y o u c a n sit o r stand
Ывепик/ adj r e a l , not false o r copied: The letter is authentic.
/a'wea/ adj k n o w i n g about a s i t u a t i o n o r fact: As far I'm aware, he didn't tell her anything.
b a c h e l o r ' s d e g r e e /'baetjalaz di.gri:/ noun [C] a f i r s t u n i v e r s i t y degree
b a c k u p /Ъаеклр/ noun [U] people o r e q u i p m e n t t h a t can be used w h e n e x t r a help is needed: The gang was armed, so the police called for backup, noun [C] a copy of i n f o r m a t i o n o n y o u r computer t h a t y o u m a k e i n case y o u lose the o r i g i n a l i n f o r m a t i o n
/'aetmas.fia/ noun [singular] 1 the m o o d t h a t exists in a place and affects the people there: There is an atmosphere of tension in the city today. 2 the a i r r o u n d the E a r t h o r r o u n d another planet: The Earth's atmosphere is getting warmer.
nice to look at: a stunningly
a v e r y y o u n g c h i l d w h o cannot yet t a l k or daughter
b a c h e l o r /'baetjata/ noun [C] a m a n w h o has never been m a r r i e d
a s s e s s /a'ses/ verb [T] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g c a r e f u l l y a n d m a k e a judgment about i t : We tried to assess his suitability for the job.
/a'traektiv/ adj
В
as
b e a u t i c i a n /bju:'tif(3)n/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to give people beauty t r e a t m e n t s /bi'heiv/ verb [I] to do t h i n g s i n a p a r t i c u l a r way: The children behaved very badly, verb [l/T] to be p o l i t e a n d not cause t r o u b l e : Mum's always telling me to behave when we go out. Anna
/bi'heivja/ noun [u] was sick of her brother's
the w a y t h a t someone behaves: behaviour.
99
behind
brother
/bi'haindV adv, prep 1 at the back of someone or s o m e t h i n g : The teacher was standing behind me, looking over my shoulder. 2 used for s a y i n g w h a t causes s o m e t h i n g or who is responsible for m a k i n g it happen, especially w h e n t h i s is not obvious: Police believe that a racist group is behind the attacks. 3 late or too slow i n d o i n g t h i n g s t h a t y o u have to do: The project is already a month behind schedule. b e l o n g t o /bi'lon ta/ phr vb to be owned by someone: The car to the woman next door.
belongs
b e s t - s e l l e r /best'sela/ noun [C] a book t h a t m a n y people b u y b i g - h e a d e d /.big'hedid/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a way t h a t shows that y o u t h i n k y o u are v e r y i m p o r t a n t or i n t e l l i g e n t / b i l / noun [C] a w r i t t e n statement that shows how m u c h money you owe for goods or services t h a t y o u have received: a telephone bill b i o d e g r a d a b l e /,bai3udi'greid3b(3)l/ adj d e c a y i n g n a t u r a l l y i n a w a y t h a t is not h a r m f u l to the e n v i r o n m e n t b i o g r a p h y /bai'Dgrafi/ noun [C] a book t h a t someone w r i t e s about someone else's life /Ьз:9/ noun [c/u] the occasion w h e n a baby is b o r n : We are happy to announce the birth of our son, Andrew. b i s c u i t /'biskit/ noun [C] a s m a l l flat d r y cake t h a t is u s u a l l y sweet: a packet of chocolate biscuits a b i t Is 'bit/ phrase s l i g h t l y , or a l i t t l e : I'm feeling
a bit tired.
/bleim/ noun [U] r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for a n accident, p r o b l e m , or bad s i t u a t i o n : Why do I always get the blame for everything? ч&Ъ [T] to say or t h i n k t h a t someone or s o m e t h i n g is responsible for an accident, problem, or bad s i t u a t i o n : If it all goes wrong, don't blame me. b l e e d /bli:d/ verb [i] to have blood f l o w i n g f r o m y o u r body, for example f r o m a cut: He was bleeding from a wound in his shoulder. /blamd/ adj unable to see: Blind the same school.
and sighted children
attend
b l o g /Ыод/ noun [C] a b i o g r a p h i c a l web log: a type of d i a r y on a website that is changed r e g u l a r l y , to give the latest news. /bUd/ noun [U] the r e d l i q u i d that flows a r o u n d inside y o u r body: Oxygen is carried in the blood. /Ыэи/ verb [l] 1 i f w i n d or a i r blows, the a i r moves: A strong wind was blowing across the island. 2 to p u s h out a i r f r o m y o u r m o u t h : He bent towards the candle and blew gently. Iby.ul noun [C] 1 a t h i n flat piece of wood or other m a t e r i a l t h a t is used for a p a r t i c u l a r purpose: a chopping/ ironing board 2 a flat w i d e surface such as a noticeboard or blackboard that is used for s h o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n : The exam results were pinned up on the board, verb [i/т] to get onto a ship, a i r c r a f t , t r a i n , or bus b o a r d g a m e /Ъхб ,geim/ noun [C] a n y game i n w h i c h y o u move objects a r o u n d on a special b o a r d b o a r d i n g s c h o o l /'bo:dii] sku:l/ noun [C] a school i n w h i c h the students l i v e d u r i n g the p a r t of the y e a r t h a t t h e y go to lessons /ЬэиГ/ noun [C] a vehicle for t r a v e l l i n g on water: The only way to get there was by boat. or i f y o u b o i l i t , i t becomes so When the water boils, add the water, or to be cooked i n t h i s egg?
/Ьок/ noun [C] a w r i t t e n w o r k t h a t is p r i n t e d on pages fastened together inside a cover: Please open your books at page 25. verb [l/T] to a r r a n g e to have or use s o m e t h i n g at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e i n the f u t u r e : Shall I book a room for you? b o o s t /bu:st/ noun [singular] s o m e t h i n g t h a t helps s o m e t h i n g to increase or i m p r o v e : The festival has been a major boost for the
100
Iby.ul adj feeling i m p a t i e n t and annoyed because n o t h i n g is i n t e r e s t i n g : The waiter looked very bored. b o r e d o m / t a d a m / noun [U] the feeling of being bored /'boirirj/ adj
not at a l l i n t e r e s t i n g : a boring, badly-paid
job
/by.nl adj 1 w h e n a baby is b o r n , it comes out of its mother's body and s t a r t s its life: Her grandfather died before she was born. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g such as a new o r g a n i s a t i o n or idea is b o r n , i t begins to exist /'bDrau/ verb [T] to receive and use s o m e t h i n g that belongs to someone else, and promise to give it back: Can I borrow your calculator? b o s s y /'bDsi/ adj someone who is bossy is a n n o y i n g because they keep t e l l i n g other people w h a t to do b o u n c e /baons/ verb [i/T] 1 i f a b a l l or other object bounces, or i f you bounce i t , i t h i t s a surface t h e n i m m e d i a t e l y moves away: The ball bounced twice before hitting the net. 2 i f an e m a i l message bounces, i t is sent back to y o u w i t h o u t r e a c h i n g the person you sent i t to /baol/ noun [C] 1 a r o u n d container that you use for eating, s e r v i n g , or p r e p a r i n g food: In a large bowl, mix together the eggs, sugar, and butter. 2 a large c o n t a i n e r w i t h o u t a l i d , used for h o l d i n g l i q u i d s : a washing-up bowl b o w l i n g /'bauhq/ noun [u] a n i n d o o r game i n w h i c h players r o l l heavy balls along a t r a c k and t r y to k n o c k d o w n a group of pins /bDks/ noun [C] 1 a c o n t a i n e r w i t h s t r a i g h t sides and a flat base: a cardboard box 2 a space for w r i t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on a p r i n t e d f o r m , or a space on a computer screen w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n i n i t : a dialogue box b o x e r Arokss/ noun [C] someone who takes p a r t i n the sport of boxing
/bmk/ noun [C] 1 a large b u i l d i n g w i t h a lot of different levels: an apartment/office block 2 a solid piece of wood, stone, ice etc w i t h s t r a i g h t sides: a block of marble 3 an area of b u i l d i n g s i n a t o w n or c i t y w i t h streets on a l l four sides: / was early, so I walked around the block a couple of times, verb m to stop s o m e t h i n g f r o m m o v i n g along or passing t h r o u g h s o m e t h i n g : A car was blocking the road.
/bod/ verb [l/T] 1 i f a l i q u i d boils, hot that bubbles rise to the surface: rice. 2 to cook s o m e t h i n g i n b o i l i n g way: How long does it take to boil an
local economy, verb [T] to help s o m e t h i n g to increase or improve: The cold weather boosted demand for electricity.
/brein/ noun [C] the o r g a n inside y o u r head that allows you to t h i n k a n d feel, a n d c o n t r o l s y o u r body: The illness had affected his brain. /bra:ntJ7 noun [C] 1 one of the parts of a tree that grows out of its t r u n k 2 a shop or office r e p r e s e n t i n g a large company or o r g a n i s a t i o n i n a p a r t i c u l a r area: The store has branches in over 50 cities. /breiv/ adj able to deal w i t h danger, p a i n , or trouble w i t h o u t b e i n g f r i g h t e n e d or w o r r i e d : the brave soldiers who fought and died for their country /breik/ verb [l/T] 1 i f s o m e t h i n g breaks, or i f you break it, it separates i n t o t w o or more pieces w h e n i t is h i t , dropped etc: / broke two dishes this morning. 2 i f a piece of equipment breaks, or i f y o u b r e a k i t , it stops w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : Don't play with the camera - you 11 break it. verb [T] to f a i l to obey a r u l e or law: Students who break these rules will be punished. b r i d e /braid/ noun [C] a w o m a n who is g e t t i n g m a r r i e d , or one who has r e c e n t l y m a r r i e d /brait/ adj 1 b r i g h t colours are strong but not dark: She was wearing a bright red scarf. 2 f u l l of strong s h i n i n g l i g h t : It was a bright sunny day. 3 i n t e l l i g e n t : one of the brightest students in the class /Ьпп/ verb [T] to take someone or s o m e t h i n g w i t h you f r o m one place to another: Bring a coat in case it turns cold. b r o a d b a n d /'br3:d,baend/ noun [U] a type of connection between a computer and the I n t e r n e t that allows y o u to send or receive a large a m o u n t of i n f o r m a t i o n i n a short t i m e b r o a d c a s t /'brj:d,ka:st/ noun [С] a p r o g r a m m e that is broadcast: Channel 5's main news broadcast verb [l/T] to send out messages or p r o g r a m m e s to be received by radios or televisions: The BBC will be broadcasting the match live from Paris. /Ъгэикэп/ adj 1 a b r o k e n object has been damaged w i t h the r e s u l t t h a t i t is i n t w o or more pieces: Nearly all the houses had broken windows. 2 i f a piece of equipment is broken, it is not w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : You can't use the microwave - it's broken. b r o k e n - h e a r t e d /Ьгэикэп 'ha:tid/ adj extremely sad /'Ьглбэ/ noun [C] a boy or m a n who has the same parents as y o u : his younger/older/little/big brother
brother-in-law
chat show
b r o t h e r - i n - l a w /'Ьгл5э(г)т,Ь:/ noun [C] 1 y o u r sister's h u s b a n d 2 the brother of y o u r husband o r wife b r o w s e r /'brauzs/ noun [C] a computer p r o g r a m t h a t a l l o w s y o u to use the I n t e r n e t b u i l d e r /'bilda/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to b u i l d a n d r e p a i r houses /'bildm/ noun [C] + * • a s t r u c t u r e such as a house t h a t has a roof and w a l l s : The town hall was a large, impressive building. bully /'buli/ noun [C] someone w h o uses t h e i r s t r e n g t h or status to threaten or f r i g h t e n people verb m to f r i g h t e n o r h u r t someone who is smaller or weaker t h a n y o u b u n k e r /Ълг)кэ/ noun [c] a r o o m w i t h v e r y s t r o n g w a l l s t h a t is b u i l t underground as a shelter against bombs b u r g l a r /Ъз:д1э/ noun [C] someone w h o enters a b u i l d i n g i l l e g a l l y i n order to steal t h i n g s b u r g l a r y /'Ьз:д1эп/ noun [c/u] the c r i m e of e n t e r i n g a b u i l d i n g illegally i n order to steal t h i n g s burgle /'Ьз:д(э)1/ verb [T] to enter a b u i l d i n g i l l e g a l l y a n d steal t h i n g s /Ьз:п/ verb [T] 1 to damage or destroy s o m e t h i n g w i t h fire: Demonstrators burned flags outside the embassy. 2 to i n j u r e someone or a p a r t of y o u r body w i t h s o m e t h i n g hot: The sand was so hot it burnt my feet. 3 to put i n f o r m a t i o n onto a CD-ROM /'beri/ verb [T] to put s o m e t h i n g i n the g r o u n d a n d cover i t w i t h e a r t h : There's supposed to be treasure buried around here. /ЬиГ/ noun [C] a p l a n t t h a t is s m a l l e r t h a n a tree a n d has a lot of t h i n branches: a holly/rose/currant bush /'bizros/ noun [U] + • * 1 t h e w o r k of b u y i n g o r s e l l i n g products or services: the music/fashion business 2 the w o r k t h a t you do as y o u r job: a business trip sy /"bizi/ adj * * * 1 h a v i n g a lot of t h i n g s to do: He is an extremely busy man. 2 f u l l of people or vehicles: a busy main road b u t c h e r /'but/a/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to sell meat. T h e shop they w o r k i n is c a l l e d a butcher's o r a butcher's shop. b u t t e r f l y /'bAtd,flai/ noun [C] a n insect w i t h large c o l o u r f u l w i n g s / ' b A t ( 9 ) n / noun [C] 1 a s m a l l object t h a t y o u press to make a machine do s o m e t h i n g : Press this button to start the computer. 2 a s m a l l r o u n d object t h a t is used for f a s t e n i n g clothes by pushing i t t h r o u g h a hole: He had undone the top button of his shirt.
c a r b o n d i o x i d e /,ка:Ьэп dai'Dksaid/ noun [U] the gas t h a t is produced w h e n y o u breathe out /кеэ/ verb [l/T] to be interested i n someone or s o m e t h i n g and t h i n k t h a t they are i m p o r t a n t : Her son didn't care enough to come and visit her. /кэ'пэ/ noun [C] a j o b or profession t h a t y o u w o r k at for some t i m e : the problems of combining a career and a family c a r i n g /'кеэпп/ adj k i n d , h e l p f u l a n d s y m p a t h e t i c t o w a r d s other people c a r p e n t e r /'ka:pmta/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to make or r e p a i r wooden t h i n g s c a r t o o n /ka:'tu:n/ noun [C] 1 a f i l m o r T V p r o g r a m m e made by p h o t o g r a p h i n g a series o f d r a w i n g s so t h a t t h i n g s i n t h e m seem to move 2 a h u m o r o u s d r a w i n g o r series of d r a w i n g s i n a newspaper or magazine /keis/ noun [C] a s i t u a t i o n t h a t involves a p a r t i c u l a r person or t h i n g : In the majority of cases, it's easy to keep costs down. c a s h i e r /kaejia/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to receive o r give money to customers i n a shop, b a n k etc c a s t /ka:st/ noun [С] 1 a l l the p e r f o r m e r s i n a f i l m , play etc 2 a h a r d cover for p r o t e c t i n g a b r o k e n p a r t of y o u r body w h i l e i t is g e t t i n g better c a t a s t r o p h i c /kaeta'strofik/ adj c a u s i n g a l o t o f damage, or m a k i n g a lot o f people suffer: catastrophic floods /kastf/ verb [l/T] 1 to stop s o m e t h i n g t h a t is f a l l i n g or m o v i n g t h r o u g h the a i r , and h o l d i t : Stewart caught the ball with one hand. 2 to get on a t r a i n , bus, plane, or boat t h a t is t r a v e l l i n g somewhere: I caught the next train to London, verb [T] 1 i f the police catch someone, they f i n d t h e m a n d a r r e s t t h e m 2 to get a disease o r i l l n e s s : Brian caught chickenpox from his nephew. c a t w a l k /'kaet,w:>:k/ noun [C] the r a i s e d area at a fashion show t h a t the models w a l k along /'sela.breit/ verb [l/T] to do s o m e t h i n g enjoyable i n order to show t h a t a n occasion o r event is special: Let's have a party to celebrate. /sa'lebrati/ noun [C] a famous e n t e r t a i n e r or sports p e r s o n a l i t y : TV/sports celebrities /'sentfsri/ noun [C] a p e r i o d of 100 years, u s u a l l y c o u n t e d f r o m a year e n d i n g i n -00:16th century paintings /'s3:t(3)nli/ adv 1 used for emphasising t h a t s o m e t h i n g is definitely t r u e o r w i l l definitely happen: There certainly wasn't any point in going now. 2 used for expressing agreement or for g i v i n g p e r m i s s i o n : 'We'd like you to explain your proposal to us in greater detail.' 'Certainly.'
c a b l e /'keib(a)l/ noun [c/u] 1 t h i c k w i r e used for c a r r y i n g e l e c t r i c i t y or electronic signals 2 s t r o n g t h i c k m e t a l rope /'kaelkju.leit/ verb [T] using mathematics: Calculate
to discover a n u m b e r or a m o u n t by the size of the angle.
/'tfaelmd3/ noun [C/U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t needs a lot of s k i l l , energy, a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n to deal w i t h o r achieve: I felt I needed a new challenge at work, verb m to i n v i t e someone to compete o r fight: The girls challenged the boys to a cricket match. /'tjaempian/ noun [C] someone w h o has w o n a n i m p o r t a n t c o m p e t i t i o n , especially i n sport: the world heavyweight boxing champion
/ka:m/ adj 1 not affected by s t r o n g emotions: a calm voice 2 peaceful: The city appears calm after last night's missile attach.
/tja:ns/ noun [C] an o p p o r t u n i t y to do s o m e t h i n g , especially s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u w a n t to do: Students are given the chance to learn another language.
/'кает(э)гэ/ noun [C] 1 a piece of e q u i p m e n t for t a k i n g photographs 2 a piece of equipment for m a k i n g t e l e v i s i o n programmes, f i l m s , o r videos
/'tjaen(d)l/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n s t a t i o n and the p r o g r a m m e s t h a t i t broadcasts: What's on the other channel?
/ к а з т р / noun [C/U] a place where people go for a h o l i d a y that often has tents or other t e m p o r a r y shelters: music camp
Chapter
/'kaensa/ noun [U] a serious i l l n e s s t h a t is caused w h e n cells in the body increase i n a n u n c o n t r o l l e d way: He died of lung cancer. /'kaendi,deit, 'kamdidat/ noun [C] one of the people w h o is competing i n a n election or c o m p e t i n g for a job: the Labour/ Liberal/Conservative candidate c a n t e e n /kaen'tim/ noun [C] a r o o m i n a factory, school, or h o s p i t a l where meals are served /'kaeptja/ verb [T] to catch a person or a n i m a l and stop them f r o m escaping: Most of the men had been either killed or captured.
/'tjaepta/ noun [C] Three for more
one of the sections of a book: See details.
/'kaerikts/ noun [C] a person i n a book, play, f i l m etc: The film's main character is played by George Clooney. /'tfaerati/ noun [C/u] a n o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t gives money and help to people w h o need i t : a registered charity c h a r t /tfa:t/ noun [c] a l i s t , d r a w i n g , o r g r a p h t h a t shows i n f o r m a t i o n /tjaet/ verb [i] 1 to t a l k i n a f r i e n d l y way: They sat waiting, chatting about their families. 2 to exchange messages w i t h someone u s i n g computers, i n a way t h a t lets y o u see each other's messages i m m e d i a t e l y c h a t s h o w /'tjaet ,/эи/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e i n w h i c h famous people t a l k about themselves a n d t h e i r w o r k
I 0 l
cheap
c h e a p /tj'i:p/ adj 1 not expensive: People should have access to cheap, fresh food. 2 not expensive a n d not of good q u a l i t y : cheap wine /tfi:t/ verb [I] to behave dishonestly, o r to not obey r u l e s : Kids have always found ways of cheating in school exams. /tfek/ verb [l/T] t o e x a m i n e s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to get i n f o r m a t i o n , o r to find out w h e t h e r i t is good o r c o r r e c t : Always check your spelling, verb [T] t o give y o u r bags a n d cases to an official at a n a i r p o r t so t h a t they c a n be put o n a plane: How many bags do you have to check? c h e c k o u t /'tjekaut/ noun [C] the place w h e r e y o u pay i n a s u p e r m a r k e t o r o t h e r l a r g e shop /tfi:k/ noun [C] the soft p a r t o n each side o f y o u r face below y o u r eyes: Sarah kissed him on the cheek. c h e e r u p /.tfiafr) л р / phr vb t o become less sad, o r to m a k e someone feel less sad: / tried to cheer him up, but he just kept staring out of the window. c h e f /Jef/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to cook food i n a r e s t a u r a n t /'кегшк(э)1/ noun [C] a substance used i n c h e m i s t r y , or one produced by a process t h a t involves c h e m i s t r y : toxic chemicals c h e m i s t /'kemist/ noun [C] 1 a shop t h a t sells m e d i c i n e s , beauty products, and t o i l e t r i e s 2 someone whose j o b is p r e p a r i n g and s e l l i n g medicines i n a chemist's shop 3 a scientist w h o studies chemistry /tjek/ noun [C] a piece of p r i n t e d paper t h a t y o u c a n use instead of money: a cheque for £50 c h e s s /tjes/ noun [u] a game t h a t t w o people play o n a b o a r d w i t h black a n d w h i t e squares. T h e pieces t h a t y o u use have d i f f e r e n t shapes a n d move i n d i f f e r e n t ways. /tfest/ noun [C] the upper f r o n t p a r t of y o u r body between y o u r neck a n d y o u r stomach: a broad/hairy chest c h e w i n g g u m /'tju:in , д л т / noun [u] a t y p e of sweet t h a t y o u chew for a l o n g t i m e but do not s w a l l o w /tfaild/ noun [C] 1 a y o u n g person f r o m the t i m e w h e n they are b o r n u n t i l they a r e about 14 years o l d : The nursery has places for 30 children. 2 someone's son o r d a u g h t e r o f any age: All of our children are grown and married. c h i l d h o o d /'tjaild,hud/ noun [c/u] the t i m e of y o u r l i f e w h e n y o u a r e a c h i l d : We spent our childhood in a small town in the mountains. c h i l d i s h /'tfaildif/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a s i l l y a n d a n n o y i n g way. l i k e a small child c h i l l y /'tjili/ adj cold enough to be unpleasant: The evenings are getting chilly. /tjip/ noun [C] 1 a l o n g t h i n piece of potato cooked i n hot o i l : fish and chips 2 a v e r y s m a l l piece o f s i l i c o n t h a t is m a r k e d w i t h e l e c t r o n i c connections. I t is used i n computers a n d other machines 3 a s m a l l piece of s o m e t h i n g such as w o o d o r glass t h a t has b r o k e n off s o m e t h i n g : wood chips /tfois/ noun [singular/u] the o p p o r t u n i t y o r r i g h t to choose between different t h i n g s : We try to provide greater choice for our customers, noun [C] a decision t o choose someone o r s o m e t h i n g : He was facing a difficult choice between staying with his family or working abroad. c h o k e /tjaok/ verb [l/T] i f y o u choke, o r i f s o m e t h i n g chokes y o u , you cannot breathe because t h e r e is not enough a i r , o r because s o m e t h i n g is b l o c k i n g y o u r t h r o a t : Joe took a bite of the steak and started to choke, verb [T] t o squeeze someone's neck so t h a t they cannot breathe c h o p /tjbp/ noun [C] a s m a l l piece of meat w i t h a bone i n i t : Iambi pork chops verb [T] t o cut s o m e t h i n g such as food o r w o o d i n t o pieces: Chop the meat into small cubes. c h r i s t e n i n g /'kns(a)nir)/ noun [C] a r e l i g i o u s ceremony d u r i n g w h i c h a baby is made a member of the C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n a n d is g i v e n a name
condition /'kleva/ adj good at l e a r n i n g or u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h i n g s : I'd like to be a doctor but I'm not clever enough. c l i f f /klif/ noun [C] the steep side of a n area of h i g h l a n d / k l a i m / verb [l/T] to use y o u r hands and feet to move up, over, d o w n , o r across s o m e t h i n g : He climbed onto the roof.
/ktaus/ adj 1 o n l y a s h o r t distance away: We can walk to the swimming pool - it's quite close. 2 g i v i n g c a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n to every d e t a i l : I'll take a closer look at it tomorrow. 3 connected by s h a r e d feelings such as love and respect: My brother and I are very close. /'klati6in/ noun [U]
clothes: a piecelitem/article
of
clothing
/kautf/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o t r a i n s a sports player o r t e a m : a baseball coach 2 a comfortable bus for l o n g j o u r n e y s verb [T] t o t r a i n a sports player o r t e a m / k a o s t / noun [C]
east coast of
an area of l a n d along the edge of a sea: the
England
/ к а т / noun [C] a flat r o u n d piece of m e t a l used as money: Put a coin into the slot. Id /кзоШ/ adj * * * w i t h a l o w t e m p e r a t u r e , o r a t e m p e r a t u r e that is l o w e r t h a n n o r m a l : The water was too cold for a shower, noun [C] a m i n o r i l l n e s s t h a t blocks y o u r nose and makes y o u cough: I didn't go to the game because I had a cold. / к э т ' Ь а т / verb [l/T] i f y o u combine t h i n g s , o r i f they c o m b i n e , they a r e used, done, o r put together: an attempt to combine the advantages of two systems c o m e a c r o s s / к л т a'kros/ phr vb t o meet someone o r find something by chance: / came across a word I'd never seen before. Pkomadi/ noun [C] programme
a f u n n y film, play o r t e l e v i s i o n
c o m i c / ' к ш ш к / noun [C] a magazine t h a t contains stories told i n a series o f d r a w i n g s /ka'm3:J"(a)l/ adj r e l a t i n g to the business of b u y i n g a n d s e l l i n g goods and services: One of their first commercial products was an electronic typewriter, noun [C] a n advertisement on television or radio / k a ' m i t / verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g that is i l l e g a l or m o r a l l y w r o n g : The study aims to find out what makes people commit crimes. / ' k n m a n / adj h a p p e n i n g frequently, or e x i s t i n g i n large a m o u n t s o r n u m b e r s : Today smog is a common occurrence in many major cities.
/ka'mju:nati/ noun [C] area: small rural communities
the people w h o l i v e i n a n
/ ' к л т р ( э ) т / noun [C] a n o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t sells services o r goods: Max works for a large oil company. c o m p a r t m e n t / k a m ' p a : t m a n t / noun [C] one o f t h e separate p a r t s of a
c o n t a i n e r o r place wdiere t h i n g s are stored /kDmpa'tif(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a n organised event i n w h i c h people t r y to w i n prizes by b e i n g better t h a n other people: He'd entered a competition in the local newspaper. 2 t h e c o m p e t i t i o n : the person, company, o r t h i n g t h a t someone is c o m p e t i n g w i t h : Let's look at what the competition is doing and do it better. /'kDmpli.keitid/ adj
d i f f i c u l t to do, deal w i t h , o r
understand c o m p l i m e n t / ' k o m p h m a n t / noun [C] s o m e t h i n g nice t h a t y o u say to
praise someone: He kept paying me compliments on my cooking. verb [T] t o say s o m e t h i n g nice to o r about someone: Everybody complimented her on the way she handled the emergency. / k a m ' p a u n a n t / noun [C]
a p a r t of a m a c h i n e or piece of
equipment c o m p o s e r / к э т ' р э и г э / noun [C] someone w h o w r i t e s music /kam'pAlsari/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is c o m p u l s o r y must be done o r used because of a r u l e o r law: compulsory exams
/'sitiz(a)n/ noun [C] someone w h o l i v e s i n a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y , t o w n o r c i t y : the citizens of Edinburgh
/'kDns(a)n,treit/ verb [l/T] t o give a l l y o u r a t t e n t i o n to the t h i n g t h a t y o u a r e d o i n g : Shh! I'm trying to concentrate.
/кЬэ/ adj 1 obvious and c e r t a i n t o be t r u e : It appears to be a clear case of discrimination. 2 easy to u n d e r s t a n d : Clear instructions are provided. 3 t r a n s p a r e n t : a clear glass bottle
/kan'dif(3)n/ noun [singular/u] the p h y s i c a l state of s o m e t h i n g o r someone: Engineers will examine the condition of the damaged buildings, noun [C] a n i l l n e s s o r h e a l t h problem
conference
cruelty
that lasts a long t i m e and affects the way y o u l i v e : a heart condition /'kDnf(a)rans/ noun [C] a large m e e t i n g where people who are interested i n a p a r t i c u l a r subject discuss ideas: a conference hall/room/centre /'kDnfid(a)nt/ adj * * * c e r t a i n about y o u r a b i l i t i e s a n d not nervous or f r i g h t e n e d : a confident mood/smile/manner /kan'fju:zd/ adi unable to u n d e r s t a n d s o m e t h i n g or t h i n k clearly about i t : She was completely confused. /kan'fjuizin/ adj confusing message.
not easy to u n d e r s t a n d : She left a very
/kan'fju:3(a)n/ noun [U] a feeling t h a t y o u do not understand s o m e t h i n g or cannot decide w h a t to do: There to be some confusion about who actually won.
seems
/kan,graetjb'leif(a)n/ noun [plural] c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s : used for t e l l i n g someone that y o u are pleased about t h e i r success, good luck, or happiness on a special occasion: 'I'vepassed my driving test.' 'Congratulations!' noun [u] an expression of pleasure to someone for t h e i r success, good l u c k , or happiness on a special occasion: We had thousands of letters of congratulation. c o n n e c t e d /ka'nektid/ adj 1 related to each other: Were the two deaths connected? 2 j o i n e d to each other or to s o m e t h i n g else: connected underground tunnels
/'ka:na/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of a n object, space, or r o o m where t w o edges or sides meet: The baby banged his head on the corner of the table. 2 a place where t w o roads meet, or where there is a s h a r p bend i n the road: I get my newspaper from the shop on the corner. /kDst/ noun [c/U] the a m o u n t of money t h a t y o u need i n order to b u y s o m e t h i n g or to do s o m e t h i n g : The cost of basic foods has risen dramatically. c o s y /'kauzi/ adj w a r m and comfortable, r e l a x i n g or f r i e n d l y c o u g h /ко(/ noun [C] a n i l l n e s s i n w h i c h y o u c o u g h a lot and y o u r t h r o a t h u r t s verb [I] to force a i r up t h r o u g h y o u r t h r o a t w i t h a sudden noise, especially w h e n y o u have a cold or w h e n y o u w a n t to get someone's a t t e n t i o n : My chest felt painful, and I was coughing uncontrollably. /kaunt/ verb [l/T] to calculate h o w m a n y people or t h i n g s there are i n a g r o u p : All the votes have been counted, verb [I] to say n u m b e r s one after another i n order: lean count up to ten in German. /'kAntri/ noun [C] a n area of l a n d t h a t has its o w n g o v e r n m e n t and official borders: We have offices in 15 European countries, noun [singular] the c o u n t r y : areas away f r o m towns a n d cities, c o n s i s t i n g of fields, f a r m s , v i l l a g e s etc: We went for a picnic in the country. /'kAntri,said/ noun [U] areas away f r o m t o w n s and cities, w i t h f a r m s , fields a n d trees
/ka'nekftajn/ noun [C] 1 a r e l a t i o n s h i p between things or people: I don't see a connection between the two cases. 2 a t r a i n , bus, or plane that a l l o w s y o u to c o n t i n u e a j o u r n e y : My train was late and I missed my connection.
/'клр(э)1/ noun [singular] t w o t h i n g s or people of the same t y p e : 'Has he had any serious girlfriends?' A couple.' noun [C] t w o people w h o are m a r r i e d to each other, or w h o have a r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h each o t h e r
/'kDnsikwans/ noun [C] a r e s u l t or effect of something: Climate change could have disastrous consequences.
/ka:s/ noun [C] a series of lessons or lectures i n an academic subject or a p r a c t i c a l s k i l l : a drama/secretarial/ Spanish course 2 one of the p a r t s of a m e a l : We both chose fish as our main course. 3 an area where a race or sport takes place: a golf/race course
/kan's3:vativ/ adj 1 not w i l l i n g to accept m u c h change: The small farming communities tend to be very conservative. 2 conservative c l o t h i n g or styles are t r a d i t i o n a l /kan'sida/ verb [l/T] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g c a r e f u l l y before you make a decision: The jury went out to consider its verdict, verb m to have a p a r t i c u l a r o p i n i o n about someone or something: We all considered him a hero. c o n s i s t o f /kan'sistav/ verb to be made of p a r t i c u l a r p a r t s or t h i n g s : Breakfast consisted of dry bread and a cup of tea. /'kDnsanant/ noun [C] except for 'a', 'e', T , 'o', and ' u '
any l e t t e r of the E n g l i s h alphabet
/'kDnstant/ adj 1 c o n t i n u o u s or r e g u l a r over a l o n g period of t i m e : the constant noise of traffic 2 c o n t i n u i n g at the same rate, level, or a m o u n t over a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d o f t i m e : Maintain a constant speed. /kan'tem/ verb [T] containing toys and books
to have s o m e t h i n g inside: boxes
c o n t e s t /'kDntest/ noun [C] a c o m p e t i t i o n : a writing /kan'vi:niant/ adj your needs: If it's convenient,
contest
easy for you to do, or suitable for call me tomorrow.
/kan'ven/(a)n/ noun [C/U] a way of b e h a v i n g t h a t is generally accepted as n o r m a l and r i g h t : social conventions noun [C] a large m e e t i n g of people f r o m a p a r t i c u l a r profession or o r g a n i s a t i o n c o n v i c t /'kDnvikt/ noun [C] someone w h o is i n p r i s o n because they have c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e /kan'vikt/ verb [T] to prove i n a c o u r t o f l a w t h a t someone is g u i l t y of a c r i m e : There wasn't enough evidence to convict her. /кик/ verb [l/T] to prepare and heat food so t h a t i t is ready to eat: What's the best way to cook fish? noun [C] someone w h o cooks food, either as t h e i r job or for pleasure c o o k b o o k /'kuk,buk/ noun [C] a cookery book c o o k e r y /'kuk(a)ri/ noun [uj the s k i l l or a c t i v i t y of p r e p a r i n g or c o o k i n g food /ku:l/ adj f a i r l y cold: The water was wonderfully cool and refreshing. 2 fashionable and a t t r a c t i v e : one of Britain's coolest young designers 3 good or enjoyable: The restaurant was really cool.
/'клг(э)п/ noun [C]
a c h i l d of y o u r uncle or aunt
/'kAva/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u put over s o m e t h i n g else i n order to hide i t , protect i t , or close i t : She put plastic covers on all the furniture. 2 the outside page on the front or back of a book or magazine: Her face was once on the cover of Vogue magazine, verb [T] to p u t one t h i n g over another i n order to protect or hide i t : Cover the food until you are ready to eat it. c o w b o y /'kau.bai/ noun [C] a m a n whose job is to look after cows on a r a n c h i n the US /kraef/ noun [C] a n accident that happens w h e n a vehicle h i t s s o m e t h i n g : He was seriously injured in a car crash. 2 a l o u d noise l i k e the sound of t h i n g s h i t t i n g each other a n d b r e a k i n g 3 a n occasion w h e n a c o m p u t e r or a computer p r o g r a m suddenly stops w o r k i n g /kri'eitiv/ adj h a v i n g a lot o f i m a g i n a t i o n and new ideas: The programme offers children the chance to be creative. /'kredit/ noun [u] a n a r r a n g e m e n t to receive money f r o m a b a n k , or receive goods f r o m a shop, and to pay for t h e m later: / don't like buying things on credit, noun [plural] the credits: a l i s t at the b e g i n n i n g or end of a f i l m or t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e that shows the people w h o were i n v o l v e d i n m a k i n g i t c r e d i t c a r d /'kredit ,ka:d/ noun [С] a s m a l l plastic c a r d t h a t you use to buy t h i n g s n o w a n d pay for t h e m later /'kntik/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to give t h e i r o p i n i o n s about t h i n g s such as books, films or plays /'knti,saiz/ verb [i/т] to say w h a t y o u t h i n k is w r o n g or bad about s o m e t h i n g : We were told not to criticise the policy publicly. c r o s s /kros/ adj a n g r y c r o s s o u t /kros 'aut/ phr vb to d r a w an X or a l i n e t h r o u g h w r i t i n g because i t is w r o n g , or because y o u w a n t to w r i t e s o m e t h i n g else c r o s s r o a d s /'kros,raudz/ noun [C] a place where one r o a d crosses another c r o s s w o r d /'kros,w3:d/ noun [C] a w o r d game i n w h i c h the answers to questions are w r i t t e n i n r o w s of squares t h a t cross each other c r u e l t y /'kru:alti/ noun [C/u] c r u e l b e h a v i o u r : cruelty to animals
children/
103
cruise
difference
c r u i s e / k r u : z / noun [C] a j o u r n e y o n a s h i p f o r p l e a s u r e , o f t e n
/di'lib(a)rat(3)li/ adv
v i s i t i n g a s e r i e s of places /клр/
noun [q
a s m a l l r o u n d c o n t a i n e r for a d r i n k , u s u a l l y
w i t h a h a n d l e : She filled my cup with hot / k j u a / noun [С]
/di'liv(a)ri/ noun [C/u]
2 a s o l u t i o n to a p r o b l e m : It's the only possible
possible
cure for
1 t h e p r o c e s s o f b r i n g i n g goods,
l e t t e r s o r a s e r v i c e to a p l a c e o r p e r s o n : Please allow ten days delivery.
/deman'streif(a)n/ noun [C]
a n occasion when
p e o p l e p r o t e s t a b o u t s o m e t h i n g i n p u b l i c : Angry
c u r l y /'кз:Н/ adj f o r m i n g c u r v e s : curly / k A S t a m a / noun [C]
students
a n occasion w h e n someone
s h o w s h o w s o m e t h i n g w o r k s o r h o w to do s o m e t h i n g :
a p e r s o n or c o m p a n y that b u y s
g o o d s o r s e r v i c e s : Supermarkets
noun [C/U]
held demonstrations,
hair
use a variety
of tactics
to
for
2 t h e p r o c e s s o f g i v i n g b i r t h to a b a b y
high
unemployment.
started
deliberately.
tea.
1 a medicine or treatment that m a k e s someone
w h o i s i l l b e c o m e h e a l t h y : Doctors say there are several cures.
w i t h a definite intention, a n d
n o t b y c h a n c e o r b y a c c i d e n t : Police believe the fire was
cookery
demonstrations
attract
customers.
d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e /di'pu:tmant ,sta:/ noun [C] a l a r g e s h o p t h a t is divided into separate sections, w i t h e a c h section selling a
c u t d o w n / , k A t ' d a u n / phr vb to c u t t h r o u g h a t r e e a n d m a k e it f a l l to the g r o u n d c u t l e r y /'kAtlari/ noun [U] t h e k n i v e s , f o r k s , a n d s p o o n s t h a t y o u u s e for e a t i n g food
d e p e n d o n /di'pend p n / phr vb 1 i f o n e t h i n g d e p e n d s o n a n o t h e r , it i s c h a n g e d o r a f f e c t e d b y t h e o t h e r t h i n g : Their future how well they do in these exams.
c u t t i n g - e d g e /kAtin'ed3/ adj e x t r e m e l y m o d e r n a n d a d v a n c e d : cutting-edge
different type of t h i n g
technology
of y o u r qualifications a n d the jobs y o u h a v e h a d
i n o r d e r to c o n t i n u e to e x i s t o r to b e s u c c e s s f u l : The
project's
success
3 if you can
depends
on the support
of everyone
concerned.
/ knew I could depend
on you.
d e p r e s s i n g /di'presir]/ adj m a k i n g y o u f e e l v e r y u n h a p p y a n d
c y c l e /'saik(a)l/ verb [I] to go s o m e w h e r e o n a b i c y c l e
w i t h o u t a n y feelings of hope or e n t h u s i a s m
c y c l i s t /'saiklist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o r i d e s a b i c y c l e
/di'sknpj(a)n/ noun [C]
a statement about w h a t
s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g i s l i k e : a brief description /'dezat/ noun [C/u] dry
of the area
a l a r g e a r e a of l a n d w i t h few plants a n d
weather
d e s e r t i s l a n d /dezat 'ailand/ noun [C] a s m a l l t r o p i c a l i s l a n d w i t h n o
D
p e o p l e l i v i n g o n it / d i ' z a m / noun [c/u]
t h e w a y t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s m a d e so
t h a t it w o r k s a n d l o o k s a c e r t a i n w a y , o r a d r a w i n g t h a t s h o w s
d a f f o d i l /'daefadil/ noun [C] a t a l l y e l l o w f l o w e r t h a t g r o w s i n s p r i n g /'daemid3/ noun [U] s o m e t h i n g : The damage verb [T]
negative effects o n s o m e o n e o r to the bank's
image
is extremely
to h a r m s o m e t h i n g p h y s i c a l l y : Many
been damaged
in the
had
wore a dress that she designed
s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to d e c i d e h o w to
dog
fashion
1 w i t h v e r y l i t t l e o r n o l i g h t : a dark
and
in a dark
stormy suit.
rooms
designer /di'z3:t/ noun [C/u]
s w e e t food that y o u eat after the m a i n
p a r t of a m e a l /destrneiffajn/ noun [C]
were
darkness.
the place where someone or
something is going
/'deita, 'da:ta/ noun [u]
i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s u s e d for m a k i n g
c a l c u l a t i o n s o r d e c i s i o n s : The document
contained
data from
tests
weapons.
/di'strai/ verb [T] destroyed
stored i n a computer i n a n organised w a y /'da:ta/ noun [C]
the
earthquake
town.
/di'strAkf(a)n/ noun [u]
d a m a g e t h a t is so s e v e r e that
s o m e t h i n g c a n n o t e x i s t a s it w a s b e f o r e : the destruction
d e a d l y / ' d e d l i / adj c a p a b l e o f k i l l i n g p e o p l e : This
is a
potentially
d e s t r u c t i v e /di'strAktiv/ adj c a u s i n g s e v e r e d a m a g e o r h a r m /•dhteil/ noun [C/U]
disease. t h e e n d o f s o m e o n e ' s l i f e : Sandra
was
death.
one of m a n y s m a l l facts or pieces
o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g to a s i t u a t i o n : No details were revealed,
noun [U]
of the offer
a l l the s m a l l a s p e c t s o r features that
s o m e t h i n g h a s , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t h e y a r e d i f f i c u l t to n o t i c e :
/ d f s ^ f a j n / noun [C]
a choice that y o u m a k e after y o u
h a v e t h o u g h t c a r e f u l l y a b o u t s o m e t h i n g : The committee by the end of the
will
Attention
to detail
is important
/di'velap/ verb [l/T]
week.
in this
job.
1 to c h a n g e , g r o w o r i m p r o v e , o r to
m a k e s o m e t h i n g g r o w , c h a n g e o r i m p r o v e : All children / d i ' f e n d / verb [T]
1 to p r o t e c t s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g f r o m
a t t a c k : Can the military
defend
the city against
attack?
2 totry to
prevent y o u r team's opponents from s c o r i n g /'def(a)natli/ adv
going
to Ben's party.
1 w i t h o u t a n y d o u b t : I'm at 7o'clock?'
definitely
a situation i n w h i c h something
happens
l a t e r o r m o r e s l o w l y t h a n y o u e x p e c t e d : After a long delay, the
plane
to do s o m e t h i n g l a t e r t h a n i s p l a n n e d o r
e x p e c t e d : They delayed the decision for as long as
possible.
d e l e t e / d r l i : t / verb [Т] to r e m o v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s b e e n w r i t t e n , r e c o r d e d , o r s t o r e d i n a c o m p u t e r : I deleted
104
We've recently
developed
develop
2 to c r e a t e a n e w p r o d u c t o r m e t h o d : new communications
software.
3 to t r e a t
d i a l /'daial/ noun [C] 1 t h e r o u n d p a r t of a c l o c k , w a t c h o r m a c h i n e t h a t h a s n u m b e r s o n it 2 a r o u n d c o n t r o l o n a p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t t u r n t h e d i a l o n a t e l e p h o n e i n o r d e r to c a l l s o m e o n e d i a m e t e r /dai'aemita/ noun [C/u] a s t r a i g h t l i n e t h a t c r o s s e s a c i r c l e
trees f r o m a n a r e a of l a n d
took off. verb [i/T]
rates, verb [T]
t h a t y o u t u r n to c h a n g e s o m e t h i n g verb [l/T] to p r e s s t h e b u t t o n s or
'Definitely!'
d e f o r e s t a t i o n /di:,fDn'steif(a)n/ noun [U] t h e p r o c e s s o f r e m o v i n g t h e
/di'lei/ noun [C/u]
at different
a film w i t h c h e m i c a l s i n o r d e r to m a k e p h o t o g r a p h s
2 u s e d f o r e m p h a s i s i n g t h a t y o u m e a n 'yes':
'So we'll see you on Sunday
finally
of the
environment
y o u r female c h i l d
/de6/ noun [C/u]
to d a m a g e o r h a r m s o m e t h i n g s o
s e v e r e l y t h a t it c a n n o t e x i s t a s it w a s b e f o r e : An
d a t a b a s e /'deita.beis/ noun [C] a l a r g e a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s
make a decision
bride
herself.
m a k e t h i n g s , h o w they w i l l w o r k , a n d w h a t they w i l l look l i k e : a
d a r k n e s s / ' d a : k n a s / noun [u] t h e l a c k o f l i g h t : The front
very close to
verb [T]
l i k e l y to c a u s e s e r i o u s h a r m , o r to
night 2 c l o s e to b l a c k i n c o l o u r : He was dressed
of biological
a
designs
w h a t it w i l l l o o k l i k e , a n d o f t e n to m a k e d r a w i n g s o f it: The
/ d f z a i n a / noun [C]
h a v e a b a d effect: a dangerous /da:k/ adj
p a t t e r n t h a t d e c o r a t e s s o m e t h i n g : simple geometric
to d e c i d e h o w s o m e t h i n g w i l l b e m a d e , h o w it w i l l w o r k , o r
serious.
buildings
noun [С]
w h a t it w i l l l o o k l i k e : The car has a new design,
blast.
/'demd3aras/ adj
deadly
on
d e p e n d o n s o m e o n e to do s o m e t h i n g , y o u c a n t r u s t t h e m to do it:
C V / s i : V i : / noun [C] c u r r i c u l u m v i t a e : a d o c u m e n t t h a t g i v e s d e t a i l s
all in
depends
2 to n e e d s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g
the file by
mistake.
t h r o u g h t h e centre, or the l e n g t h of t h i s l i n e d i c t i o n a r y /'dikfan(a)ri/ noun [C] a b o o k t h a t g i v e s a n a l p h a b e t i c a l list of w o r d s w i t h t h e i r m e a n i n g s or t h e i r t r a n s l a t i o n s /'difrans/ noun [C/U]
s o m e t h i n g that m a k e s one
p e r s o n o r t h i n g not the s a m e a s a n o t h e r p e r s o n or thing: cultural/social/political
differences
noun [C]
the amount by
difficult
dynamic
w h i c h one t h i n g i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m a n o t h e r t h i n g : The same
costs £500 less here which is quite a /'difik(a)lt/ adj
Choosing
the winner
car
difference!
not e a s y to do, d e a l w i t h , o r u n d e r s t a n d :
was a difficult
task.
/'difik(3)lti/ noun [C] a p r o b l e m : Many students have serious financial difficulties, noun [U] t h e d e g r e e to w h i c h s o m e t h i n g i s d i f f i c u l t : The courses vary in content and difficulty. d i m e n s i o n /dai'men/(a)n/ noun [C] l e n g t h , h e i g h t o r w i d t h dip i n t o /,dip i n t u : / phrvb to r e a d d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of a b o o k , b u t not the w h o l e b o o k /da'rekta, d a r r e k t a / noun [C] 1 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to tell t h e a c t o r s a n d t e c h n i c a l s t a f f w h o a r e i n v o l v e d i n a film, p l a y or p r o g r a m m e w h a t to do 2 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to m a n a g e a l l or p a r t of a c o m p a n y , o r g a n i s a t i o n o r i n s t i t u t i o n : the finance/
marketing/personnel
director
d i s a b i l i t y /disd'bilati/ noun [c/u] a c o n d i t i o n i n w h i c h s o m e o n e i s n o t able to u s e a p a r t of t h e i r b o d y o r b r a i n n o r m a l l y : children with
learning
disabilities
/,disad'va:ntid3/ noun [C] something that m a k e s someone or s o m e t h i n g less effective, s u c c e s s f u l or a t t r a c t i v e :
One of the disadvantages
of the job is the long hours I
/disa'gri:/ verb [I]
s o m e o n e e l s e : Teenagers
work.
/disa'grkmant/ noun [c/U]
often
symptoms should
within
a few
a
The
days.
/disa'pamtid/ adj unhappy because something did not h a p p e n o r b e c a u s e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g w a s not a s good a s
you e x p e c t e d : She was disappointed letter.
that he never replied to her
d i s a p p o i n t i n g /disa'pamtin/ adj not a s good a s y o u h a d h o p e d o r
e x p e c t e d : This year's sales figures were very
disappointing.
/dfza:std/ noun [C/u] 1 something v e r y bad that happens a n d c a u s e s a lot of d a m a g e o r k i l l s a lot of p e o p l e : A series of
disasters forced
the company to close down. 2 a v e r y b a d o r
a n n o y i n g s i t u a t i o n , o r a c o m p l e t e f a i l u r e : Our party
complete
was
a
disaster.
d i s a s t r o u s /di'za:stras/ adj v e r y b a d , h a r m f u l o r u n s u c c e s s f u l :
spending
cuts would be disastrous
for
The
schools.
/'disa,plm/ noun [U] t h e p r a c t i c e of m a k i n g p e o p l e o b e y r u l e s a n d p u n i s h i n g t h e m i f t h e y do not: He believes in strict
discipline. d i s c o u r s e /'diska:s/ noun [C] a l o n g s e r i o u s s p e e c h o r p i e c e of w r i t i n g on a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t /di'skAVd/ verb [T] to find s o m e t h i n g t h a t w a s h i d d e n or t h a t n o o n e k n e w a b o u t before: William Herschel discovered
Uranus in 1781. /di'skAv(3)ri/ noun [C]
s o m e t h i n g that is found, or
s o m e t h i n g n e w t h a t i s l e a r n e d : This is one of the most archeological discoveries of the century. /di'skAs/ verb [T]
important
to w r i t e o r t a l k a b o u t a s u b j e c t i n
d e t a i l : The causes of stress have already Chapter 3.
been discussed
in
d i s g u s t e d /dis'gAstid/ adj 1 f e e l i n g v e r y a n g r y a n d u p s e t a b o u t s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do not a p p r o v e of: / was disgusted by the
way he treated
those women. 2 f e e l i n g p h y s i c a l l y i l l b e c a u s e
s o m e t h i n g i s e x t r e m e l y u n p l e a s a n t to s e e , s m e l l o r t a s t e d i s g u s t i n g /dis'gAstm/ adj 1 e x t r e m e l y u n p l e a s a n t 2 v e r y b a d o r shocking d i s h o n e s t /dis'Dnist/ adj w i l l i n g to do t h i n g s t h a t a r e not h o n e s t / d i s i a i k / verb [T]
knew Philip disliked
to not l i k e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g :
/'distans/ noun [c/u] the a m o u n t of space between t w o people or t h i n g s : the distance from the Earth to the sun distant
/'distant/ adj far away f r o m the place where y o u are: the sound of traffic
/di'vaid/ verb [i/т] to separate i n t o groups or p a r t s , or to m a k e people or t h i n g s separate i n t o groups or p a r t s : Divide the class into three groups. d i v i n g /'daivm/ noun [U] 1 the a c t i v i t y or sport of s w i m m i n g deep u n d e r w a t e r 2 the a c t i v i t y or sport of j u m p i n g i n t o w a t e r w i t h y o u r head first a n d y o u r a r m s stretched out i n f r o n t of you /di'vj:s/ noun [c/U] divorce.
a legal way of e n d i n g a m a r r i a g e : I want
d i z z y /'dizi/ adj f e e l i n g t h a t the t h i n g s a r o u n d y o u are s p i n n i n g and t h a t y o u are g o i n g to f a l l
a situation in w h i c h
to n o l o n g e r h a p p e n o r e x i s t :
disappear
d i s s a t i s f i e d /dis'saetis,faid/ adj a n n o y e d because s o m e t h i n g is not as good as y o u expected i t to be: a dissatisfied customer
/di'vjist/ adj no longer m a r r i e d because y o u r m a r r i a g e has been legally ended: a divorced mother of three
disagree.
people do not a g r e e : Bowen resigned from the club following disagreement with the head coach. /disa'pia/ verb [l]
d i s q u a l i f y /dis'kwDh.fai/ verb [T] to not a l l o w someone to take p a r t i n s o m e t h i n g , u s u a l l y because t h e y have done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g
a
to h a v e a d i f f e r e n t o p i n i o n f r o m
and their parents
/di'splei/ noun [C] 1 a n a r r a n g e m e n t of t h i n g s for people to look at: a window display 2 a p e r f o r m a n c e for people to look at: a firework display verb [T] to put s o m e t h i n g i n a p a r t i c u l a r place so t h a t people can see i t easily: She displayed some of her paintings at the local arts festival.
She
her.
d i s o b e y /disa'bei/ verb [i/т] to d e l i b e r a t e l y not p a y a t t e n t i o n to a r u l e or a n o r d e r f r o m s o m e o n e i n a u t h o r i t y d i s o r g a n i s e d /dis'o:(r)ganaizd/ ad 1 not a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g to a clear p l a n or s y s t e m 2 s o m e o n e w h o is d i s o r g a n i s e d does not deal w i t h things i n a c l e a r or sensible w a y
/'dDkjumant/ noun [C] 1 a piece of paper or a set of papers c o n t a i n i n g official i n f o r m a t i o n : He refused to sign the documents. 2 a c o m p u t e r file t h a t you can w r i t e i n : The program will automatically save any documents you have open. d o c u m e n t a r y /,dDkjo'ment(3)ri/ noun [C] a film or television p r o g r a m m e t h a t deals w i t h r e a l people and events d o l l /dDl/ noun [C] a c h i l d r e n ' s toy i n the shape of a s m a l l person d o w n l o a d /daun'laud/ verb [l/T] to move i n f o r m a t i o n to y o u r c o m p u t e r f r o m a c o m p u t e r system or f r o m the I n t e r n e t /draeg/ verb m 1 to p u l l s o m e t h i n g a l o n g w i t h d i f f i c u l t y , especially s o m e t h i n g heavy: She dragged her suitcase down the path. 2 to move s o m e t h i n g across a c o m p u t e r screen u s i n g the mouse d r a g o n /'draegan/ noun [C] i n stories, a n i m a g i n a r y large a n i m a l t h a t breathes out fire /'dra:ma/ noun [C] a play for the t h e a t r e , television, or r a d i o noun [U] plays i n g e n e r a l or as a subject t h a t y o u study: He teaches drama. d r e s s u p /dres л р / phr vb to put on clothes t h a t m a k e y o u look l i k e someone else, for f u n : They had dressed up as princes and princesses. /'draiva/ noun [C] someone w h o d r i v e s a vehicle, especially as t h e i r j o b : a taxi driver d r o u g h t /draut/ noun [C/u] a l o n g p e r i o d of t i m e w h e n t h e r e is l i t t l e or no r a i n Л1глд/ noun [C] 1 a n i l l e g a l substance t h a t affects p h y s i c a l l y or m e n t a l l y w h e n they put i t i n t o t h e i r body: smuggling 2 a substance t h a t a doctor gives y o u i n o r d e r a disease or m e d i c a l p r o b l e m : Your doctor may prescribe for this condition.
someone drug to t r e a t drugs
/ d r a i / adj 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is d r y has l i t t l e or no w a t e r or o t h e r l i q u i d i n s i d e or on i t : Are your hands dry? 2 w i t h no r a i n : warm dry places like southern Spain verb [T] to r e m o v e the w a t e r f r o m s o m e t h i n g by w i p i n g i t , h e a t i n g i t , or b l o w i n g a i r onto i t : We washed and dried all the sheets. d u b /dAb/ verb [T] to change the sound i n a film by r e p l a c i n g the o r i g i n a l speech w i t h w o r d s spoken i n a different language D u t c h /dAtJ7 adj 1 someone w h o is D u t c h is f r o m the N e t h e r l a n d s 2 r e l a t i n g to the N e t h e r l a n d s , or to the language a n d c u l t u r e of the N e t h e r l a n d s D V D / d i : v i : 'di:/ noun [C] a n object l i k e a CD t h a t has a film or t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e r e c o r d e d on it d y n a m i c /dai'naemik/ adj v e r y l i v e l y and e n t h u s i a s t i c , w i t h a lot of energy a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n : dynamic leadership
exhausting
ear
/m'geid3d/ ad: i f t w o people are engaged, they have f o r m a l l y agreed to get m a r r i e d : She's engaged to someone she met at work. /end3i'nia/ noun [C] someone w h o designs t h i n g s such as roads, r a i l w a y s or m a c h i n e s Да/ noun [С] one o f the t w o p a r t s at the sides o f y o u r head that you hear w i t h
e n j o y a b l e АпУз.->гаЬ(э)1/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is enjoyable gives you pleasure: an enjoyable evening
e a r a c h e /iareik/ noun jc/ui p a i n i n y o u r ear e a r t h q u a k e /'3:9,kweik/ noun [C] a sudden s h a k i n g m o v e m e n t of the ground /i:st/ noun (U] the d i r e c t i o n t h a t is i n f r o n t of y o u w h e n you are f a c i n g the r i s i n g sun: driving from east to west noun [singular] the East: the e a s t e r n p a r t of the w o r l d , especially C h i n a and J a p a n e a s y g o i n g /i:zi'gauin/ adj r e l a x e d , c a l m , a n d not easy to upset e c l i p s e /fklips/ noun [C] a s h o r t p e r i o d w h e n a l l o r p a r t o f the S u n o r M o o n becomes d a r k : a total eclipse of the Sun is when all of the Sun is dark e c o n o m i s t A'kDnamist/ noun [C] a n e x p e r t i n economics /I'fektiv/ adj w o r k i n g w e l l a n d p r o d u c i n g the r e s u l t t h a t was i n t e n d e d : You need more effective communication within the organisation. /i'fif(a)nt/ adj w o r k i n g w e l l a n d p r o d u c i n g good r e s u l t s by u s i n g the a v a i l a b l e t i m e , money, supplies etc i n the most effective w a y : The new machine is far more efficient than the old one. /'efat/ noun [singular/u] p h y s i c a l o r m e n t a l energy needed to do s o m e t h i n g : Writing a book takes a lot of time and effort. /'elbau/ noun [C] the p a r t i n the m i d d l e o f y o u r a r m , w h e r e i t bends: She sat with her elbows on the table. /.elek'tronik/ adj using electricity and extremely s m a l l e l e c t r i c a l p a r t s such as m i c r o c h i p s : an electronic calculator e l f /elf/ noun [C] a s m a l l i m a g i n a r y p e r s o n w i t h m a g i c powers e m a i l a d d r e s s /'i:meil a.dres/ noun [q a n i n d i v i d u a l n a m e t h a t y o u use to receive e m a i l o n the I n t e r n e t Am'baerast/ adj f e e l i n g s l i g h t l y a s h a m e d , a n d w o r r i e d about w h a t o t h e r people w i l l t h i n k of y o u : She looked embarrassed when we asked her about her boyfriend. Am'beerasin/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel n e r v o u s , ashamed or s t u p i d : an embarrassing situation /i , m3:d3(a)nsi/ noun [C] an unexpected situation i n w h i c h i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n is necessary, often because t h e r e is danger: The club is now facing a financial emergency. /im'pbis/ noun [C] a person or o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t pays w o r k e r s t o w o r k for t h e m : The factory is the largest single employer in the area. e n c l o s e Anklauz/ verb [T] to send s o m e t h i n g such as a d o c u m e n t w i t h a letter: Please enclose a copy of your birth certificate with your application. e n c y c l o p e d i a An,saikla'pi:dia/ noun [C] a book o r set o f books t h a t gives i n f o r m a t i o n about a lot of d i f f e r e n t subjects o r one p a r t i c u l a r subject e n d u p /end л р / phr vb to be i n a place o r state after d o i n g s o m e t h i n g , or because of d o i n g s o m e t h i n g : Somehow they all ended up at my house. e n d a n g e r e d s p e c i e s An,deind3ad 'spi:fi:z/ noun [C] a t y p e o f a n i m a l or p l a n t t h a t m a y soon stop e x i s t i n g because not m a n y of t h e m are left i n the w o r l d
enormous
/'enad3i/ noun [u] 1 the power t h a t y o u r body needs i n o r d e r to do p h y s i c a l t h i n g s : She didn't even have the energy to get out of bed. 2 e l e c t r i c i t y a n d o t h e r f o r m s o f power used for m a k i n g t h i n g s w o r k : energy sources/supplies
106
v e r y large i n size or q u a n t i t y : an
e n q u i r e /m'kwaia/ verb [i/т] to ask someone for i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g : lam writing to enquire whether you have any positions available. /'enta/ verb [l/T] 1 to go o r come i n t o a place: The man had entered through the back door. 2 to a r r a n g e to be i n a race o r c o m p e t i t i o n , o r t o a r r a n g e for someone else to do t h i s : The competition is free, and anyone over the age of 18 can enter. /enta'temmant/ noun [c/u] performances t h a t people enjoy: A jazz band provided entertainment for the evening. /m'vairanmant/ noun [C] the place i n w h i c h people l i v e a n d w o r k , i n c l u d i n g a l l the p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s t h a t affect t h e m : Parents are responsible for providing the right environment for their children to learn in. noun [singular] the e n v i r o n m e n t : the n a t u r a l w o r l d , i n c l u d i n g the l a n d , water, air, plants a n d a n i m a l s : Industrial development is causing widespread damage to the environment. /in,vairan'ment(a)l/ adj r e l a t i n g to the n a t u r a l w o r l d a n d the effect t h a t h u m a n a c t i v i t y has o n i t : The Minister discussed environmental issues. e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y f r i e n d l y /invairan,mentali 'frendli/ adj not h a r m i n g the n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t e p i s o d e /'episaod/ noun [C] one p a r t o f a series i n a t e l e v i s i o n or radio story /'i:kwali/ adv i n e q u a l a m o u n t s or q u a n t i t i e s : The money raised will be divided equally among the charities. A'kwipmant/ noun [U] the tools, m a c h i n e s or other t h i n g s t h a t y o u need for a p a r t i c u l a r j o b o r a c t i v i t y : camping equipment /rskeip/ verb [I] to get away f r o m a dangerous or u n p l e a s a n t place: Three people died in the fire, but John escaped through the bedroom window. A'sen/(a)l/ adj other essential supplies
basic a n d i m p o r t a n t : food, fuel,
and
e s t a t e a g e n t /tsteit ,eid3ant/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to help people to buy, sell or r e n t p r o p e r t y /'evri.wea(r)/ adv, conj, pron used for t a l k i n g about a v e r y l a r g e area such as a r e g i o n , a c o u n t r y o r the whole w o r l d : I'd like to thank all my fans everywhere for their support. /'evid(a)ns/ noun [U] facts or p h y s i c a l signs t h a t help t o prove s o m e t h i n g : The study found no evidence that fish feel pain. e v i l /'i:v(a)l/ adj v e r y bad o r c r u e l : a dangerous
and evil
dictator
/ig'zaek(t)li/ adv no m o r e and no less t h a n a p a r t i c u l a r a m o u n t o r t i m e : It's exactly three o'clock. /ik'sept/ conj, prep used for i n t r o d u c i n g the o n l y person, t h i n g or fact t h a t is n o t i n c l u d e d i n y o u r m a i n statement: All the team were there except Eddie Stratton, who was ill. /ik'saitid/ adj v e r y happy and e n t h u s i a s t i c because s o m e t h i n g good is g o i n g to happen: I was so excited I couldn't sleep.
The /'enami/ noun [C] someone w h o is opposed to someone else a n d t r i e s to h a r m t h e m : They searched for information on political enemies.
A'na:mas/ adj birthday cake
/ik'saitmant/ noun [U] long wait only added to our
the feeling of b e i n g excited: excitement.
e x c u r s i o n /ik'sk3:J'(a)n/ noun [C] a s h o r t j o u r n e y t h a t y o u m a k e for pleasure e x h a u s t e d Ag'zaistid/ adj e x t r e m e l y t i r e d and w i t h o u t enough energy to do a n y t h i n g else: After two days of travel the children were completely exhausted. e x h a u s t i n g /ig'zjxstm/ adj e x t r e m e l y t i r i n g
exhibition
/eksfbiftajn/ noun [C] a p u b l i c show w h e r e a r t or other i n t e r e s t i n g t h i n g s are p u t so t h a t people c a n go a n d look at them: an exhibition hall/centre/space e x o t i c Ag'zDtik/ adj i n t e r e s t i n g o r e x c i t i n g because o f b e i n g u n u s u a l or n o t f a m i l i a r c t /ik'spekt/ verb [Tj * * * 1 t o t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g w i l l happen: We're expecting good weather at the weekend. 2 to t h i n k that i t is r i g h t or reasonable t h a t s o m e t h i n g s h o u l d happen: Our customers expect good service. Ak'spensiv/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is expensive costs a lot of money: He always wears expensive clothes. Ak'spiarians/ noun [U] knowledge and s k i l l that you get by d o i n g a p a r t i c u l a r j o b o r a c t i v i t y : You don't need any experience to work here, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t happens to y o u , or a s i t u a t i o n t h a t y o u are i n v o l v e d i n : our childhood experiences Akspenmant/ noun [C] a scientific test to f i n d out w h a t happens to someone o r s o m e t h i n g i n p a r t i c u l a r conditions: laboratory experiments e x p l o r a t i o n /,ekspla'reif(3)n/ noun [C/U] a j o u r n e y a r o u n d a n area i n order to l e a r n about i t o r i n o r d e r to search for s o m e t h i n g valuable such as o i l Ak'spb:/ verb [l/T] to t r a v e l a r o u n d a n area i n o r d e r to l e a r n about i t , o r i n o r d e r to search for s o m e t h i n g v a l u a b l e such as o i l : The town is a good base from which to explore this part of Italy. /'ekspa:t/ noun [C] a p r o d u c t t h a t is sold to a n o t h e r c o u n t r y : Agricultural produce is the country's largest export. Ak'spa:t/ verb [l/T] to send a p r o d u c t to a n o t h e r c o u n t r y so that i t can be sold t h e r e : Their flowers are exported around the world.
childish
Ak'spre/(s)n/ noun [C] a w o r d o r phrase: He uses expressions like 'easy-peasy'.
e x t i n c t Ak'stmkt/ adj i f s o m e t h i n g such as a t y p e of a n i m a l or plant is e x t i n c t , i t no longer exists e x t r a /'ekstra/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t is added to a basic service, product etc: A virus checker is available as an optional extra for your computer. e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r /ekstraka'nkjub/ adj e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s are t h i n g s t h a t y o u do at school o r college t h a t are n o t p a r t o f y o u r usual classes
• I
/'faekta/ noun [C] one o f the t h i n g s t h a t i n f l u e n c e w h e t h e r a n event happens o r the w a y t h a t i t happens: Several factors have contributed to the increase in the number of road accidents. /'faektri/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g where large quantities of goods are p r o d u c e d u s i n g m a c h i n e s : She works in a factory. f a i n t /feint/ verb [i] t o suddenly become u n c o n s c i o u s for a s h o r t time /fea/ adj 1 i f a s i t u a t i o n is f a i r , everyone is t r e a t e d e q u a l l y a n d i n a reasonable way: free and fair elections 2 f a i r h a i r is blonde o r v e r y l i g h t b r o w n i n c o l o u r f a i r y t a l e /'feari ,teil/ noun [C] a t r a d i t i o n a l c h i l d r e n ' s s t o r y i n w h i c h magic things happen /fad/ verb [i] 1 to move q u i c k l y d o w n w a r d s f r o m a h i g h e r p o s i t i o n by accident: I keep falling off my bike. 2 to come d o w n to the g r o u n d f r o m the s k y : Snow began to quietly fall. f a l l i n l o v e /fail m 'Uv/ phrase t o s t a r t t o love someone: Why do we fall in love with one person rather than another? f a l l a s l e e p /fad a'slkp/ phrase to s t a r t to go to sleep
fill i n
/fa'milia/ adj w e l l k n o w n to y o u , o r easily r e c o g n i s e d by y o u : People are more relaxed in familiar surroundings. f a m i n e /'faemm/ noun [C/U] a serious l a c k o f food t h a t causes m a n y people to become i l l o r to die f a n t a s y /'faentasi/ noun [c] a pleasant, e x c i t i n g o r u n u s u a l experience t h a t y o u i m a g i n e is h a p p e n i n g to y o u F A Q /ef ei 'kju:/ noun [C] f r e q u e n t l y asked questions: a l i s t of t y p i c a l q u e s t i o n s t h a t people ask a n d t h e i r a n s w e r s /fa:/ adj, adv 1 used for t a l k i n g about a l o n g distance, o r for a s k i n g o r s t a t i n g h o w great a d i s t a n c e is: You can go outside and play, but don't go far. 2 used for e m p h a s i s i n g a difference w h e n y o u are m a k i n g a c o m p a r i s o n : The situation is bad in England, but it is far worse in Scotland. 3 used for t a l k i n g about the degree to w h i c h s o m e t h i n g happens o r h o w e x t r e m e a n a c t i o n is: The opinion polls show how far his popularity has fallen. f a r m e r / ' ю : т э / noun и someone w h o o w n s o r manages a f a r m f a s c i n a t e d /'faesmeitid/ adj v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n , o r a t t r a c t e d by, someone o r s o m e t h i n g /'fae/(a)n/ noun [U] 1 t h e a c t i v i t y o r business t h a t i n v o l v e s styles of clothes a n d people's appearance: the world of fashion 2 the state of b e i n g p o p u l a r at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : High heels are back in fashion. f a s h i o n d e s i g n e r /'faefan di,zama/ noun someone whose j o b is
to decide h o w to m a k e clothes o r t o decide t h e i r shape o r appearance fashionable
/'fae/(a)nab(a)l/ adj clothes
/fa:st/ adj q u i c k l y : Simon
p o p u l a r at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e :
m o v i n g , happening or doing something loves fast cars.
/faet/ adj a p e r s o n o r a n i m a l t h a t is fat has too m u c h flesh on t h e i r b o d y a n d w e i g h s too m u c h : She can eat whatever she likes and she never gets fat. noun [u] a soft w h i t e substance t h a t y o u store i n a l a y e r u n d e r y o u r s k i n f a t h e r - i n - l a w /'fa:6a(r)m,b:/ noun [C] t h e f a t h e r o f y o u r h u s b a n d o r wife /fy.lt/ noun [C] 1 a f e a t u r e t h a t m a k e s someone o r s o m e t h i n g less good: She has her faults, but on the whole she's very nice. 2 a p r o b l e m w i t h a m a c h i n e o r piece o f e q u i p m e n t t h a t stops i t f r o m w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : The fire was caused by an electrical fault. f a u l t y /'fadti/ adj n o t w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y , o r n o t made c o r r e c t l y : faulty brakes /fia/ noun [U] t h e f e e l i n g t h a t y o u have w h e n y o u are f r i g h t e n e d : She eventually managed to overcome her fear of the dark, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g bad o r u n p l e a s a n t t h a t y o u are a f r a i d m i g h t happen: He expressed fears for his missing wife's safety. /Тиф/ noun [C] a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o r aspect o f s o m e t h i n g : The latest model has a lot of new safety features, verb [T] i f s o m e t h i n g features a p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n o r t h i n g , t h e y are a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f i t : a concert featuring music by Haydn and Mozart f e d u p /fed л р / adj a n n o y e d o r b o r e d w i t h s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u feel y o u have accepted for too l o n g : I'm fed up with this job. Itr.l noun [C] a n a m o u n t o f m o n e y t h a t y o u pay to be a l l o w e d to do s o m e t h i n g such as j o i n a n o r g a n i s a t i o n : The gallery charges a small entrance fee. f e v e r /'fi:va/ noun [c/u] a m e d i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n w h i c h the t e m p e r a t u r e o f y o u r b o d y is v e r y h i g h fiance fiancee
/fibnsei/ noun [C] the m a n t h a t a w o m a n is g o i n g t o m a r r y /fi'tmsei/ noun [C] t h e w o m a n t h a t a m a n is g o i n g to m a r r y
/'fikf(a)n/ noun [U] books a n d stories about i m a g i n a r y events a n d people: Hardy wrote poetry as well as fiction. /fait/ noun [C] 1 a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h people h i t each other: He had a fight with a man in the pub. 2 a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h people d i s a g r e e o r a r g u e w i t h each other: All teenagers have fights with their parents. fill i n / f i l i n / phr vb t o add i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e e m p t y spaces o n a n o f f i c i a l d o c u m e n t : Please fill in the application form.
107
film
fussy
/ f i l m / noun [C] m o v i n g p i c t u r e s t h a t t e l l a s t o r y : Have you seen the new James Bond film? f i n d o u t /faind 'aut/ phr vb to discover a fact or piece of i n f o r m a t i o n : I don't want Jerry to find out about this. f i n e /fain/ noun [CI a n a m o u n t of money t h a t y o u m u s t pay because you have b r o k e n the l a w : / had to pay a $40 fine for parking on the street overnight. /'ппдэ/ noun и hands
the long t h i n p a r t s o n the end of y o u r
/faia/ noun [c/U] flames a n d heat f r o m s o m e t h i n g t h a t is b u r n i n g i n an u n c o n t r o l l e d way: Lightning may have started the fire, verb [l/T] i f a weapon fires, or i f someone fires i t , someone uses i t to shoot s o m e t h i n g : The rebels fired their machine guns into the air. verb [T] to m a k e someone leave t h e i r j o b as a p u n i s h m e n t : She was fired for refusing to include the information in her report.
f o o t s t e p /'futstep/ noun [C] the sound of a foot t o u c h i n g the g r o u n d as someone w a l k s /b:s/ noun [U] p h y s i c a l s t r e n g t h , violence or energy: The force of the bomb blast shattered windows in 15 buildings, verb m to m a k e s o m e t h i n g happen: Opposition to the plans forced a rapid change of policy. f o r e c a s t /'fj:ka:st/ verb [T] to m a k e a statement about w h a t is l i k e l y to happen, u s u a l l y r e l a t i n g to the weather business, or the economy /'bonn/ adj f r o m another c o u n t r y , or i n another c o u n t r y : Working in a foreign country takes some getting used to. /'fDrist/ noun [C/u] a large area of l a n d t h a t is covered by trees a n d other plants g r o w i n g close together /fo'giv/ verb [T] to decide to stop b e i n g a n g r y w i t h someone who has done s o m e t h i n g t h a t is bad: John has never forgiven himself for the accident.
f i r e f i g h t e r /'faia.faita/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to put out fires a n d help people to escape f r o m other dangerous s i t u a t i o n s
f o r t u n a t e /'b:tfanat/ adj l u c k y : Not everyone is as fortunate are.
f i r e p l a c e /'faia,pleis/ noun [C] a place i n a r o o m w h e r e a fire b u r n s
f o r w a r d /'faiwad/ verb [T] to send a letter, parcel, e m a i l etc t h a t has been sent to y o u r address to someone else at another address
f i r s t a i d /,f3:st 'eid/ noun [u] basic m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t t h a t is g i v e n as soon as someone is i n j u r e d or i l l /fit/ adj healthy, s t r o n g a n d able to do p h y s i c a l exercise: Running around after the kids keeps me fit. f i t n e s s /'tunas/ noun [u] the state of b e i n g p h y s i c a l l y h e a l t h y a n d s t r o n g : a high level of physical fitness f i z z y /'fizi/ adj a fizzy d r i n k is a sweet d r i n k w i t h o u t a l c o h o l t h a t has bubbles /flaet/ adj s m o o t h and level on the surface, w i t h no l u m p s or slopes: The farmland is very flat.
f r a n c /fra?nk/ noun [C] the u n i t of money used i n France a n d B e l g i u m before the E u r o replaced i t and s t i l l used i n Switzerland and some other c o u n t r i e s /fri:/ adj 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is free does not cost a n y t h i n g : There is plenty of free parking. 2 not held, tied or fixed somewhere: Hand me the free end of the rope. 3 not a prisoner or a slave: He'll soon be a free man. 4 available to see someone or do s o m e t h i n g : I'm busy at the moment, but I'll be free this afternoon. /'fri:dam/ noun [U] you w a n t : a law that restricts
f l a t m a t e /'flaet.meit/ noun [C] someone y o u share a flat w i t h /'fleiva/ noun [C] the p a r t i c u l a r taste t h a t food o r d r i n k has: The drink has a very strong citrus flavour. f l i c k t h r o u g h / f h k 'Gru:/ phr vb to look q u i c k l y at the pages of a magazine o r book. f l i r t /fb:t/ verb [l] to behave t o w a r d s someone i n a w a y t h a t shows t h a t y o u are s e x u a l l y a t t r a c t e d to t h e m / f U d / noun [C/u] a l a r g e a m o u n t o f w a t e r t h a t covers a n area t h a t was d r y before: The southwest of England has been badly hit by floods. /fb:/ noun [C] 1 the flat area t h a t y o u w a l k o n i n s i d e a b u i l d i n g o r r o o m : The house has polished wooden floors. 2 one of the levels i n a b u i l d i n g : a first-floor flat f l o r i s t /'florist/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to a r r a n g e a n d s e l l flowers /'flaua/ noun [C] the c o l o u r e d p a r t o f a p l a n t f r o m w h i c h the plant's seeds develop: The plant has small white flowers. flu /flu:/ noun [U] a v e r y c o m m o n i n f e c t i o u s disease t h a t lasts for a short t i m e and makes y o u feel weak a n d t i r e d f l u e n t /'fluiant/ adj able to speak a f o r e i g n language v e r y w e l l : I'm fluent in three languages. f o g /fix;/ noun [u] t h i c k clouds t h a t f o r m close to the g r o u n d a n d are d i f f i c u l t to see t h r o u g h f o l d e r /'foulda/ noun [C] 1 a t h i n flat c o n t a i n e r for sheets of paper 2 a g r o u p of p r o g r a m s or documents t h a t are stored i n a c o m p u t e r f o l l o w i n g /'fDbum/ noun [C] a g r o u p of people w h o s u p p o r t o r a d m i r e a n o t h e r person or g r o u p f o o d p o i s o n i n g /'fu:d ,pjizamn/ noun [U] a n i l l n e s s caused by e a t i n g food t h a t c o n t a i n s h a r m f u l b a c t e r i a /fut/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body at the end of y o u r leg, o n w h i c h y o u stand: He wiped his feet on the mat. 2 a u n i t used for m e a s u r i n g l e n g t h t h a t is e q u a l to 12 inches o r about 30 centimetres: We had over two feet of snow last night. /'futbad/ noun [u] a game i n w h i c h t w o teams of 11 players k i c k a b a l l a n d t r y to score goals noun [C] a b a l l used for p l a y i n g football f o o t p r i n t /'fut.pnnt/ noun [C] a m a r k made by a h u m a n o r a n i m a l foot i n a soft surface such as e a r t h , snow or sand
108
as we
becoming
the r i g h t or o p p o r t u n i t y to do what religious freedom
/'fri:kwant/ adj h a p p e n i n g often: Their arguments more and more frequent.
were
If rej/ adj 1 c l e a r l y new and different: We need a completely fresh approach to the problem. 2 fresh food has not been preserved i n any way: You can use fresh or tinned tomatoes for this recipe. 3 food t h a t is fresh is s t i l l good to eat because i t was p r e p a r e d or produced recently: Cooked meat will keep fresh for several days in the fridge. 4 fresh water is w a t e r i n lakes and r i v e r s t h a t does not c o n t a i n any salt /fnd3/ noun [C] a piece of equipment t h a t is used for s t o r i n g food at l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s /'f ren(d)Jip/ noun [C/U] a r e l a t i o n s h i p between people who are friends: Whatever happened, I did not want to lose Sarah's friendship. /'frait(a)nd/ adj f e e l i n g or s h o w i n g fear: The puppy looked cold and frightened. /'frait(a)nir)/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel a f r a i d , nervous, or w o r r i e d : a frightening noise/thought/experience f r u s t r a t i n g /'frA,streitmg/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel annoyed and i m p a t i e n t because y o u are prevented f r o m a c h i e v i n g something: It's frustrating to wait all day for a repairman who doesn't show up. f u l l - t i m e / f o f t a i m / adj done o r d o i n g s o m e t h i n g for the n u m b e r of h o u r s t h a t people n o r m a l l y w o r k o r study i n a complete week: a full-time student f u m e s /fju:mz/ noun [plural] smoke o r gas t h a t has a n unpleasant smell and t h a t may be h a r m f u l : traffic/petrol fumes /'fju:n(a)ral/ noun [C] a ceremony t h a t takes place after someone dies, and the f o r m a l process of t a k i n g the body to the place w h e r e i t is b u r i e d or cremated: He flew home to arrange for his father's funeral. /'fAni/ adj you l a u g h : a funny funny.
1 someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t is f u n n y makes story 2 strange or u n u s u a l : This tea tastes
f u r Цз-.l noun [U] the soft h a i r t h a t covers the body of some a n i m a l s f u r i o u s /'fjuarbs/ adj e x t r e m e l y a n g r y : Rosie was absolutely that I'd borrowed her car without asking.
furious
f u s s y /'fAsi/ adj o n l y satisfied i f t h i n g s are exactly as y o u w a n t them to be
gadget
grow up g h o s t /gaust/ noun [C] t h e s p i r i t o f a d e a d p e r s o n t h a t s o m e o n e believes that they c a n see or h e a r g i a n t /'d3aiant/ adj e x t r e m e l y l a r g e : a giant
bronze
statue
g i v e u p / g i v 'лр/ phr vb 1 to stop t r y i n g to do s o m e t h i n g b e c a u s e g a d g e t /'gaedst/ noun [C] a s m a l l t o o l o r p i e c e o f e q u i p m e n t t h a t d o e s
it i s too d i f f i c u l t : I give up. Tell me the answer. s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do r e g u l a r l y : I'm trying
2 to stop d o i n g
to give up
new arrangement
g a m e s h o w /'geim jav/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e i n w h i c h
/gla:s/ noun [U]
g a n g / д а т / noun [C] 1 a g r o u p o f y o u n g p e o p l e w h o s p e n d t i m e t o g e t h e r a n d often c a u s e t r o u b l e : a study of Chicago street
would mean giving
up some of their
political
independence.
people p l a y g a m e s o r a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s i n o r d e r to w i n p r i z e s
gangs
a h a r d c l e a r s u b s t a n c e t h a t i s u s e d for
m a k i n g o b j e c t s s u c h a s w i n d o w s o r b o t t l e s : the sound of glass
2 a g r o u p o f c r i m i n a l s w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r : a gang of thieves 3 a
noun [C]
1 a b u i l d i n g for k e e p i n g a c a r i n
2 a p l a c e t h a t r e p a i r s o r s e l l s c a r s 3 a p l a c e w h e r e y o u go to b u y
breaking
a s m a l l c o n t a i n e r m a d e o f g l a s s t h a t y o u u s e for
d r i n k i n g f r o m , o r t h e d r i n k i n it: a wine/brandy/beer
g r o u p of f r i e n d s /'джгшз, 'ga?nd3/ noun [С]
smoking.
3 to a l l o w s o m e o n e to h a v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t w a s y o u r s : The
something that is useful or i m p r e s s i v e
glass
g l o b a l w a r m i n g / g b u b d l ' w j : m i n / noun [uj t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of the E a r t h that is c a u s e d p a r t l y by i n c r e a s i n g a m o u n t s of c a r b o n dioxide i n the a t m o s p h e r e
petrol /'ga:(r)d(3)na(r)/ noun [C] a f t e r a g a r d e n : the head gardener
1 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to l o o k
G M /d3i: 'em/ adj g e n e t i c a l l y m o d i f i e d : u s e d for d e s c r i b i n g c r o p s w h o s e g e n e s h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d , o r for d e s c r i b i n g foods m a d e
on an estate 2 s o m e o n e w h o
from these crops
e n j o y s g r o w i n g p l a n t s a n d i s good a t it
g o o u t / д э и 'aut/ verb 1 to l e a v e y o u r h o u s e a n d go s o m e w h e r e ,
g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n /Узепгэ1 I'lekfan/ noun [C] a n e l e c t i o n i n w h i c h e v e r y a d u l t i n t h e c o u n t r y c a n v o t e for t h e p e o p l e w h o w i l l
e s p e c i a l l y to do s o m e t h i n g e n j o y a b l e : / wanted
represent them
forgoing
out with friends
the evenings
free
2 to h a v e a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h s o m e o n e
a n d s p e n d a lot o f t i m e w i t h t h e m : How long have Rob and /'d3em,reit/ verb [T]
to p r o d u c e s o m e t h i n g , o r to c a u s e
s o m e t h i n g to e x i s t : The food processing of dollars
industry
generates
billions
a year.
been going
Sue
out?
/дэи1/ noun [C]
1 i n g a m e s s u c h a s football, the net or
s t r u c t u r e t h a t y o u t r y to get t h e b a l l i n t o i n o r d e r to s c o r e p o i n t s /'d3enar3s/ adj
g i v i n g people m o r e of y o u r t i m e o r m o n e y
t h a n i s u s u a l o r e x p e c t e d : She is a warm and generous
human
in the last ten
being. /get/ verb [T] Ross's father
/'gAv(3)nmant/ noun [C/U]
got a new job. 2 to b u y s o m e t h i n g : They had to
s o m e w h e r e else: She went and got a photograph
from
the
desk.
4 to s t a r t to h a v e a n i d e a o r f e e l i n g : I got a strange feeling
What time did you get home last
to a r r i v e a t a p l a c e :
night? to
get back. 2 to r e c e i v e o r h a v e s o m e t h i n g a g a i n a f t e r a t i m e w h e n train and she doesn't know how to get it
has announced
back.
t h e i r s e x u a l o r r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p get b a c k t o g e t h e r , t h e y s t a r t we
is suitable for finer
wage
next
1 a l e v e l of q u a l i t y o r i m p o r t a n c e : Their grades
wool
of cloth. 2 a l e t t e r o r n u m b e r t h a t s h o w s
t h e q u a l i t y o f a s t u d e n t ' s w o r k : You need to improve your /'graed3uat/ noun [C]
grades.
someone w h o h a s a degree from a
history
graduates
g r a n d d a u g h t e r /'graen(d),d:>:ta/ noun [C] t h e d a u g h t e r o f o n e of y o u r children /'graen(d),fa:6d/ noun [C]
together.
the father of one of y o u r
parents
g e t b e h i n d /get bi'haind/ phr vb i f y o u get b e h i n d w i t h w o r k o r
/ graen(d) mA6d/ noun [C] l
p a y m e n t s , y o u h a v e not d o n e a s m u c h w o r k o r m a d e a s m a n y
l
the m o t h e r of one of y o u r
parents
payments a s y o u should have done g e t o f f /get Ы/ phr vb 1 to l e a v e a b u s , p l a n e , o r t r a i n 2 to h a v e a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d of t i m e a s a h o l i d a y : Do you get much time off at Christmas?
g r a n d s o n /'graen(d),SAn/ noun [C] t h e s o n o f o n e o f y o u r c h i l d r e n / g r a : n t / noun [C]
a n a m o u n t of m o n e y that the government
o r a n o r g a n i s a t i o n g i v e s y o u for a s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e a n d d o e s not
g e t o n /get bnj phr vb 1 to c o n t i n u e d o i n g s o m e t h i n g w i t h m o r e effort o r m o r e q u i c k l y t h a n before: Can we please get on, there are a lot of things still
to discuss.
because
2 u s e d for a s k i n g a b o u t o r
t a l k i n g about h o w w e l l s o m e o n e h a s done a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y : How did you get on in your
exams?
teacher screamed
ready to go
out.
have to get rid of a lot of our
so we
i n o r d e r to do s o m e t h i n g o r i n o r d e r to s p e n d t i m e t o g e t h e r : usually gets together
at
The
Christmas.
g e t u p /get л р / phr vb to get o u t o f b e d a f t e r s l e e p i n g : He never
gets
nine.
g e t w e l l ( s o o n ) /get 'wel/ phrase u s e d for g i v i n g good w i s h e s to someone w h o is i l l
grave.
g r e e n g r o c e r / д г к п . д г э ш э / noun [c] 1 g r e e n g r o c e r ' s : a s h o p t h a t s e l l s f r u i t a n d v e g e t a b l e s 2 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to s e l l f r u i t a n d g r e e n h o u s e /'gri:n,haus/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g m a d e o f g l a s s t h a t i s u s e d for g r o w i n g p l a n t s t h a t n e e d p r o t e c t i o n f r o m t h e w e a t h e r
furniture.
g e t t o g e t h e r /get ta'ge6d/ phr vb i f p e o p l e get t o g e t h e r , t h e y m e e t whole family
the place w h e r e a dead body is b u r i e d i n a
vegetables i n a shop
g e t r i d o f /get 'rid av/ phrase to t h r o w a w a y , g i v e a w a y , o r s e l l s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u n o l o n g e r w a n t o r n e e d : We're moving,
g r a p h i c n o v e l /graefik 'nDval/ noun [C] a n o v e l t h a t u s e s d r a w i n g s to
d e e p h o l e i n t h e g r o u n d : He's never even visited his mother's
g e t ( s o m e o n e ) r e a d y /get 'redi/ phrase to p r e p a r e y o u r s e l f o r getting
grant
b u n c h e s o n a v i n e a n d t h a t i s o f t e n u s e d for m a k i n g w i n e
/greiv/ noun [C]
at him to get out.
s o m e o n e e l s e to do s o m e t h i n g : She's upstairs
a s k y o u to p a y b a c k : a research
g r a p e /greip/ noun [C] a s m a l l g r e e n o r p u r p l e f r u i t t h a t g r o w s i n
tell the story
g e t o u t /get 'aut/ phr vb u s e d for t e l l i n g s o m e o n e to l e a v e : The
up before
to raise the minimum
satellites
u n i v e r s i t y : careers for
h a v i n g a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h e a c h o t h e r a g a i n : / kept hoping
plans
finding exactly w h e r e y o u a r e a n y w h e r e i n the world u s i n g
on the
g e t b a c k t o g e t h e r /get baek ta'geda/ phr vb [I] i f t w o p e o p l e w h o e n d e d
would get back
government
/greid/ noun [C]
g e t b a c k /get 'baek/ phr vb 1 to r e t u r n to a p l a c e : It's late, I ought it w a s t a k e n a w a y f r o m y o u o r lost: She left her briefcase
the people w h o control a
c o u n t r y o r a r e a a n d m a k e d e c i s i o n s a b o u t i t s l a w s a n d t a x e s : The
G P S /d3i: p i : 'es/ noun [u] g l o b a l p o s i t i o n i n g s y s t e m : a s y s t e m for
this winter. 6 to a n s w e r
the d o o r o r p h o n e : It's OK, I'll get it. verb [I]
goals
year.
as
the house. 5 to s t a r t to h a v e a n i l l n e s s o r a
towards
m e d i c a l c o n d i t i o n : I hope I don't get the flu
scored two
minutes.
g o o d - l o o k i n g / g u d 'lukin/ adj p h y s i c a l l y a t t r a c t i v e
1 to o b t a i n , r e c e i v e , o r b e g i v e n s o m e t h i n g :
stop and get some petrol. 3 to go a n d b r i n g s o m e t h i n g b a c k f r o m
we walked
2 t h e a c t i o n o f p u t t i n g a b a l l i n t o a g o a l : Nielsen
g r e e n h o u s e e f f e c t , t h e / б э 'grknhaus i.fekt/ noun [singular] t h e s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h h e a t i s u n a b l e to e s c a p e f r o m t h e a t m o s p h e r e , w h i c h c a u s e s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e E a r t h to r i s e g r i p p i n g / ' д п р т / adj v e r y e x c i t i n g a n d i n t e r e s t i n g g r o o m / д г и : т / noun [C] a b r i d e g r o o m g r o w u p / д г э и л р / phr vb t o c h a n g e f r o m b e i n g a c h i l d to b e i n g a n a d u l t : She's really starting
to grow up
now.
guarantee
honest
/gaeran'ti:/ noun [C] a p r o m i s e t h a t s o m e t h i n g w i l l d e f i n i t e l y happen: I can't give you any guarantees at the moment.
h a r d c o p y /'ha:d ,kDpi/ noun [и] a p r i n t e d copy of i n f o r m a t i o n that is held on a computer
/ga:d/ noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to p r o t e c t a place or person: a prison guard 2 a n o f f i c i a l o n a t r a i n whose j o b is to check t i c k e t s
h a r d d r i v e /'ha:d ,draiv/ noun [C] a h a r d disk
/ges/ verb [i/т] t o say o r decide w h a t y o u t h i n k is t r u e , w i t h o u t b e i n g c e r t a i n about i t : a competition to guess the weight of the pig
h a r d w a r e /'ha:d,wea/ noun [U] computer equipment
/gaid/ noun [C] 1 a book t h a t gives i n f o r m a t i o n : It is worth buying a good travel guide. 2 someone whose j o b is to give i n f o r m a t i o n to people w h o are v i s i t i n g a place: a tour guide verb [T] 1 to show someone w h e r e to go b y g o i n g w i t h t h e m : He guided them through the forest. 2 to help someone to do s o m e t h i n g o r m a k e a decision: There was no research to guide them. g u i d e b o o k /'gaid,buk/ noun [ci a book for t o u r i s t s t h a t p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n about a place /'gilti/ adj 1 a s h a m e d a n d s o r r y because y o u have done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : a guilty look/expression 2 someone w h o is g u i l t y has c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e or has done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : Patrick knew that he was guilty of lying. /длп/ noun [C] Enemy guns fired
a weapon t h a t shoots b u l l e t s o r l a r g e shells: a shell every two or three minutes.
g y m / d j i m / noun [C] a r o o m o r c l u b w i t h e q u i p m e n t for d o i n g p h y s i c a l exercises
h a r m /ha:m/ verb [T] to i n j u r e , damage or have a bad effect on someone or something: chemicals that harm the environment h a y f e v e r /'hei,fi:va/ noun [U] a medical c o n d i t i o n that affects your nose and eyes. It is caused by pollen. /hed/ noun [C] 1 the top part of y o u r body that has your b r a i n , eyes, m o u t h etc i n i t : Lynn had a bruise on the side of her head. 2 the leader or most i m p o r t a n t person i n a group: the head waiter 3 the teacher who is i n charge of a school headache
/'hedeik/ noun [C] yesterday.
a p a i n i n your head: / had a bad
h e a d b a n d /'hed,baend/ noun [C] a n a r r o w piece of cloth that you wear a r o u n d y o u r head to keep h a i r or sweat out of y o u r eyes h e a d l i g h t /'hedjait/ noun [C] one of the two lights on the front of a vehicle h e a d l i n e /'hedjam/ noun [C] the t i t l e of a newspaper story, p r i n t e d i n large letters h e a d p h o n e s /'hed,faunz/ noun [plural] a piece of equipment that you wear over y o u r ears i n order to listen to the radio or recorded sound
h e a d t e a c h e r /hedthtja/ noun ю a teacher who is i n charge of a school s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do often:
healthy
/heie/ noun [U] the c o n d i t i o n of y o u r body, especially whether or not y o u are i l l : His health improved once he stopped working.
h a b i t a t /'haebi.taet/ noun [C] t h e t y p e of place t h a t a n a n i m a l n o r m a l l y l i v e s i n or t h a t a p l a n t n o r m a l l y g r o w s i n
h e a l t h c e n t r e /'heie .senta/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g where people can go to see a doctor or nurse
h a i r d r e s s e r /'hea.dresa/ noun и someone whose j o b is to c u t people's h a i r
/'heiei/ ad] 1 physically strong and not i l l : a healthy baby 2 w o r k i n g w e l l and l i k e l y to continue to be successful: The country still has a healthy economy.
h a l f b r o t h e r /'had ,Ьглбэ/ noun [С] a b r o t h e r w h o has e i t h e r the same m o t h e r o r the same f a t h e r as y o u have h a l f s i s t e r /'had ,sista/ noun [С] a sister w h o has e i t h e r the same m o t h e r or the same f a t h e r as y o u have /haend/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body at the end o f each a r m t h a t y o u use for h o l d i n g t h i n g s : Mrs Bennet put her hands over her ears to shut out the noise. 2 the h a n d s o n a clock are the l o n g p a r t s t h a t move r o u n d a n d show the t i m e h a n d b a g /'haenjdj.baeg/ noun [C] a s m a l l bag t h a t w o m e n use for c a r r y i n g p e r s o n a l t h i n g s such as money a n d keys /'heend(a)l/ noun [C] t h e p a r t of s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u use for h o l d i n g i t : knives with plastic handles /'haens(a)m/ adj a t t r a c t i v e face
a h a n d s o m e m a n or boy has a v e r y
h a n d w r i t i n g /'haend.raitir)/ noun [u] the p a r t i c u l a r w a y t h a t someone w r i t e s w h e n t h e y use a pen o r p e n c i l h a n g o u t /haen 'aut/ phr vb to spend t i m e i n a p a r t i c u l a r place o r w i t h p a r t i c u l a r people: She knew all the clubs where he usually hung out. /'haepan/ verb [l] to t a k e place, u s u a l l y w i t h o u t b e i n g p l a n n e d : The accident happened at 4.30pm yesterday. h a p p i n e s s /'haepinas/ noun [U] the f e e l i n g of b e i n g happy /'haepi/ adj f e e l i n g pleased a n d r e l a x e d , w i t h no w o r r i e s : The children seem very happy at school. h a r b o u r /'ha:ba/ noun [C] a n area o f w a t e r n e x t to the l a n d w h e r e boats can stop /ha:d/ adj 1 stiff, firm, and not easy to bend o r b r e a k : hard wooden benches 2 d i f f i c u l t to do: Some of the questions were very hard. 3 s t r o n g a n d not easily f r i g h t e n e d : He likes to pretend he's hard, but he's really soft underneath.
n o
h a r d - w o r k i n g /'ha:d'w3:kir)/ adj p u t t i n g a lot of effort into your work
h e a d q u a r t e r s /hed'kwa:tez/ noun [plural] the place where a company, o r g a n i s a t i o n or m i l i t a r y u n i t has its m a i n offices or its m a i n centre of c o n t r o l
Hh /'haebit/ noun [c/u] eating habits
h a r d h a t /'ha:d ,haet/ noun [C] a hat made of metal or h a r d plastic w o r n by workers to protect t h e i r heads
h e a r t a t t a c k /'ha:t a,taek/ noun и an occasion when someone suddenly has a lot of p a i n because t h e i r heart stops w o r k i n g n o r m a l l y /hi:t/ noun [singular/u] the q u a l i t y of being hot, or how hot s o m e t h i n g is: We felt the intense heat from the fire, verb [i/т] to make something hot, or to become hot: Heat the oil gently in a large frying pan. h e l m e t /'helmit/ noun [C] a h a r d hat that y o u wear to protect your head /haid/ verb [T] to put something i n a place so that no one can find i t or see i t : She hid the key in the drawer, verb ш to go somewhere or be somewhere where no one can find you or see you: He ran and hid behind a bush. / n i l / noun [C] an area of l a n d that is higher t h a n the l a n d s u r r o u n d i n g it but that is smaller and lower t h a n a m o u n t a i n : They climbed slowly to the top of the hill. /hit/ verb [l/T] 1 to move q u i c k l y against something, or move an object q u i c k l y against something, t o u c h i n g i t w i t h The glass smashed as it hit the ground. 2 to move your hand object h a r d against someone's body, so that you h u r t them: hitting your brother!
to force: or an Stop
/hauld/ verb [T] 1 to c a r r y something or someone using your hands or a r m s : Can you hold my bag for a moment? 2 to organise s o m e t h i n g such as a meeting or event: The government agreed to hold a referendum. h o m e t i m e /'haum ,taim/ noun [U] the end of the school day when the students go home h o m e l y /'haumli/ adj simple and pleasant i n a way that makes you feel comfortable and at home /'Dnist/ adj 1 a person who is honest does not t e l l lies or cheat people, and obeys the law: an honest man 2 t e l l i n g the t r u t h , or not cheating people: I want you to give mean honest answer.
honeymoon
innovation
h o n e y m o o n / ' п л ш . т ш п / noun [Ci a h o l i d a y t h a t t w o people take after they get m a r r i e d h o o d / h u d / noun [C] the p a r t o f a coat or jacket that covers y o u r head
h o p e l e s s /'hauplas/ adj 1 i f a s i t u a t i o n is hopeless, it seems v e r y u n l i k e l y to succeed or i m p r o v e 2 not s k i l f u l at a l l : lam hopeless at tennis. /'horab(a)l/ adj day at work.
to b u y a p r o d u c t f r o m a n o t h e r c o u n t r y
/im'pDsab(a)l/ adj
h o o d i e /'hudi/ noun [C] a piece of c l o t h i n g w i t h a hood that you w e a r on the top p a r t of y o u r body, u s u a l l y made of t h i c k c o t t o n . Some people t h i n k t h a t y o u n g m e n w e a r hoodies because they are t r y i n g to hide t h e i r face w h e n they c a r r y out c r i m i n a l a c t i v i t i e s .
horrible
/im'poit/ verb [T]
a n d b r i n g it to y o u r c o u n t r y : We import most of our coal other countries.
v e r y unpleasant or u n k i n d : I've had a
i f s o m e t h i n g is impossible,
n o o n e c a n do it o r it c a n n o t h a p p e n : We were faced impossible task. / i m ' p r u i v / verb [l/T]
/ i m ' p r u : v m a n t / noun [C]
/ i n s i d ( a ) n t / noun [C]
a person: The disease can be fatal
in
h u m i d /'hju:mid/ ad; hot and wet i n a way t h a t makes y o u feel uncomfortable: a humid climate h u n g e r /'hArjga/ noun [U] 1 the feeling t h a t y o u have w h e n y o u need to eat: a nutritious snack that will satisfy your hunger 2 a lack of food that can cause illness or death: a new chance to fight world hunger and poverty Ihxtl verb и to feel p a i n somewhere i n y o u r body: Fred's knees hurt after skiing all day. verb [l/T] to cause someone physical p a i n or i n j u r y : You're hurting my arm! /'hAzband/ noun [C]
with
a change that you m a k e improvements
the m a n that a w o m a n is m a r r i e d
to
h y g i e n e /'haid3i:n/ noun [u] the practice of keeping y o u r s e l f and the things a r o u n d you clean i n order to prevent illness and disease
incident
1 to c o n t a i n , o r to h a v e s o m e o n e o r
s o m e t h i n g a s a p a r t : The book includes advice.
practice.
s o m e t h i n g that happens that is
/ m ' k l u : d / verb [T]
/'hju:man/ noun [C] humans.
will improve
to s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to m a k e it b e t t e r : home
practical
with an
to b e c o m e b e t t e r , o r to m a k e
s o m e t h i n g b e t t e r : Your English
u n u s u a l , v i o l e n t o r d a n g e r o u s : an embarrassing
h o r r o r /'hDra/ noun [c/U) a s t r o n g feeling of shock or fear, or the t h i n g that makes you feel shocked or a f r a i d : Millions watched in horror as the disaster unfolded on TV. noun [U] a t y p e of book or film that is intended to f r i g h t e n people: a horror story/film
from
activities,
stories
and
2 to m a k e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g b e p a r t of a
g r o u p , s e t , o r c o l l e c t i o n of t h i n g s : Please include a photograph yourself with your application.
of
/ ' т к л т / noun [c/U] m o n e y t h a t s o m e o n e gets f r o m w o r k i n g o r f r o m i n v e s t i n g m o n e y : What is your approximate
annual
income?
i n c o r r e c t / m k a ' r e k t / adj w r o n g , o r n o t a c c u r a t e o r t r u e / m ' k r n s / verb [l/T] to b e c o m e l a r g e r i n n u m b e r o r a m o u n t , o r to m a k e s o m e t h i n g do t h i s : We have managed to
increase
the number
of patients
treated.
i n d e c i s i v e /mdi'saisiv/ adj u n a b l e to m a k e d e c i s i o n s / m d i ' p e n d a n s / noun [U] 1 freedom from control by a n o t h e r c o u n t r y o r o r g a n i s a t i o n : Lithuania was the first of the
Soviet republics
to declare its independence.
2 t h e a b i l i t y to m a k e
d e c i s i o n s a n d l i v e y o u r life free f r o m the c o n t r o l or influence
of o t h e r p e o p l e : Employment independence,
gave young
/ i n d i ' p e n d a n t / adj
p e o p l e : Michelle
is young,
women a measure
of
not d e p e n d i n g on other
independent
and
confident.
i n d i g e n o u s / i n ' d ^ a n a s / adj 1 i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e l i v e d i n a p l a c e for a v e r y l o n g t i m e b e f o r e o t h e r p e o p l e c a m e to l i v e t h e r e 2 i n d i g e n o u s p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s b e l o n g to a r e g i o n b e c a u s e they developed there / i n f l u a n s / noun [C/U]
t h e effect t h a t a p e r s o n o r t h i n g
h a s o n s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : He couldn't /ais/ noun [U] water t h a t has frozen a n d become s o l i d : a block/lump of ice ice c a p /'ais ,kaep/ noun [C] a large area o f ice t h a t covers the l a n d and sea a r o u n d the N o r t h or South Pole /ai'dial/ adj of the best or most suitable t y p e : your computer seems the ideal solution.
Upgrading
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n /ai,dentifi'keif(a)n/ noun [U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t proves who y o u are, especially a d o c u m e n t w i t h y o u r n a m e a n d a photograph: Can you show me some identification? /ai'denti,fai/ verb [T] to recognise someone a n d be able to say who they are: One of the thieves has been identified by witnesses, verb m to recognise s o m e t h i n g a n d to u n d e r s t a n d exactly w h a t i t is: Several key problems have already been identified. /aidentiti/ noun [C/U] the fact of w h o y o u are or w h a t your name is: Do you have any proof of identity? i g l o o /iglu:/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g made f r o m snow or ice /i'li:g(a)l/ adj Alnas/ noun [ci i l l : a serious illness
not a l l o w e d by the l a w : illegal
drugs
a p a r t i c u l a r disease, or a p e r i o d of b e i n g
hope to exert any real
influence in the new department, noun [C] a p e r s o n or t h i n g t h a t h a s a n effect o n s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g verb [T] to affect
s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : What factors take the job?
influenced
your decision
to
/m'fy.m/ verb Ц] * * * t o o f f i c i a l l y t e l l s o m e o n e a b o u t
s o m e t h i n g : The President developments. / т Ъ : т ( э ) 1 / adj
hotel has an informal
has been fully
informed
of
r e l a x e d , f r i e n d l y a n d n o t o f f i c i a l : The
atmosphere.
,/infa'meif(a)n/ noun [U]
knowledge or facts
a b o u t s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : We're not allowed information about our clients' medical records.
to give you
any
i n f o r m a t i v e /in'fjimativ/ adj g i v i n g a lot of u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n i n g o t / i n g a t / noun [C] a b l o c k o f g o l d , s i l v e r o r o t h e r m e t a l i n g r e d i e n t / m ' g r k d i a n t / noun [c] o n e o f t h e foods o r l i q u i d s t h a t y o u u s e i n m a k i n g a p a r t i c u l a r m e a l : Mix all the ingredients together
carefully. / т У з е к Д э ) п / noun [c/U] a d r u g t h a t i s i n j e c t e d i n t o y o u r b o d y , o r t h e p r o c e s s o f i n j e c t i n g it i n t o y o u r b o d y : vaccines that
are given by
injection
/ind3ari/ noun [C/u]
p h y s i c a l h a r m : an eye/leg
injury
/imid3/ noun [C] a p i c t u r e , especially one i n a m i r r o r or on a computer, t e l e v i s i o n or c i n e m a screen: the flickering blackand-white images on the first cinema screens
i n - l a w noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o y o u a r e r e l a t e d to b y m a r r i a g e , e s p e c i a l l y t h e f a t h e r o r m o t h e r o f y o u r h u s b a n d o r w i f e : We're
/ r m i i d i a t l i / adv, conj very quickly and w i t h o u t delay: She decided to leave immediately.
i n n o c e n c e / i n a s ( a ) n s / noun [u] t h e s t a t e of n o t b e i n g g u i l t y of a
/impaekt/ noun [C] a n effect or influence Her paper discusses the likely impact of global warming, noun [C/u] the force or act of one object h i t t i n g a n o t h e r : the point of impact
going to stay with the in-laws this
weekend.
c r i m e o r a n y t h i n g b a d : This new evidence his innocence.
would hopefully
i n n o v a t i o n /inau'vei/(a)n/ noun [c/U] a n e w i d e a o r p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t , o r t h e u s e of n e w i d e a s o r e q u i p m e n t
prove
inquiry
knowledge
/m'kwairi/ noun [C] a q u e s t i o n t h a t is i n t e n d e d to get i n f o r m a t i o n about someone or s o m e t h i n g : There have already been over 300 inquiries from people interested, noun [С/и] a process o f t r y i n g to f i n d out m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g : The public is demanding an official inquiry into the incident. i n s e r t /m's3:t/ verb [T] t o p u t s o m e t h i n g i n t o s o m e t h i n g else: the plug into the earphone socket.
Insert
i n s p i r a t i o n /,mspa'reif(a)n/ noun [c/u] someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t gives y o u the e n t h u s i a s m a n d new ideas to create s o m e t h i n g , o r a f e e l i n g of e n t h u s i a s m l i k e t h i s : Her short story was the original inspiration for the film. /in'sted/ adv used for s a y i n g t h a t one person, t h i n g , or a c t i o n replaces another: If you don't have olive oil, you can use sunflower oil instead. / i n s t r u m e n t / noun [C] 1 a t o o l t h a t is used i n science, m e d i c i n e o r t e c h n o l o g y : scientific instruments such as microscopes 2 a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t , for example a p i a n o o r a g u i t a r : Do you play an instrument? /mtar'aekjtajn/ noun [C/U] the a c t i v i t y o f b e i n g w i t h a n d t a l k i n g to o t h e r people, a n d the w a y t h a t people react t o each other: I enjoy the constant interaction with people from other departments. /intrastid/ adj 1 w a n t i n g to k n o w about o r t a k e p a r t i n s o m e t h i n g : Joe's always been interested in politics. 2 w i l l i n g o r keen to do s o m e t h i n g : We're going to the cinema. Are you interested? Would you like to come too? /intrastm/ adj or k n o w m o r e : an interesting
m a k i n g y o u w a n t to pay a t t e n t i o n topic
/m,t3:pn'teif(a)n/ noun [C/U] 1 an explanation of the m e a n i n g or i m p o r t a n c e of s o m e t h i n g : The Catholic interpretation of the Bible is slightly different. 2 a w a y of p e r f o r m i n g a piece o f m u s i c , a p a r t i n a play etc t h a t shows h o w you u n d e r s t a n d i t a n d feel about i t : He was best known for his interpretation of English folk music. i n t e r p r e t e r /m't3:pnta/ noun ic] someone whose j o b is to t r a n s l a t e w h a t someone is s a y i n g i n t o a n o t h e r language i n t r i g u e /m'tri:g/ verb [T] to m a k e someone v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n k n o w i n g m o r e about s o m e t h i n g : That old house has always intrigued me. I n u i t /'muit, i n j u i t / noun [c/U] a m e m b e r of a g r o u p of people w h o l i v e i n n o r t h e r n S i b e r i a , Canada, A l a s k a , a n d G r e e n l a n d , o r the language t h a t t h e y speak /in'vent/ verb [T] not exist before: Alfred
to d e s i g n o r create s o m e t h i n g t h a t d i d Nobel invented dynamite.
/m'venf(a)n/ noun [c/u] s o m e t h i n g t h a t someone has made, designed o r t h o u g h t o f for the f i r s t t i m e , o r the act o f i n v e n t i n g s o m e t h i n g : Inventions like the electric light bulb changed the way people lived. i n v e n t o r /m'venta/ noun [C] someone w h o has i n v e n t e d s o m e t h i n g , or whose j o b is to i n v e n t t h i n g s /m'vest/ verb [l/T] to use y o u r m o n e y w i t h the a i m of m a k i n g a p r o f i t f r o m i t , for example b y b u y i n g shares i n a company: Banks invested £20 million in the scheme. i n v i s i b l e /in'vizab(a)l/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is i n v i s i b l e c a n n o t be seen /m'vDlv/ verb [T] to i n c l u d e s o m e t h i n g as a necessary p a r t of a n a c t i v i t y , event o r s i t u a t i o n : The course involves a lot of hard work. /'aian/ noun [U] steel
a h a r d h e a v y m e t a l t h a t is used for m a k i n g
i r r e g u l a r A'regjula/ adj 1 not h a p p e n i n g r e g u l a r l y : His breathing had become irregular. 2 not f o l l o w i n g the u s u a l r u l e s o f g r a m m a r . F o r example, 'eat' is a n i r r e g u l a r v e r b because its past tense is 'ate' a n d its past p a r t i c i p l e is 'eaten'. /'ailand/ noun [C] a piece o f l a n d t h a t is c o m p l e t e l y s u r r o u n d e d by w a t e r : the best hotel on the island /iju:, isju:/ noun [C] 1 a subject o r p r o b l e m t h a t people discuss o r a r g u e about: environmental issues 2 a m a g a z i n e t h a t is p u b l i s h e d at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : The article appeared in the November issue.
12
/УзаекИ/ noun [C]
a s h o r t coat: a
linen/denim/leather
jacket j a m Л1за?т/ noun [C/u] a sweet s t i c k y food made f r o m b o i l e d f r u i t a n d sugar, t h a t is u s u a l l y spread onto bread: strawberry jam j a r /Уза:/ noun [C] a glass c o n t a i n e r for food, w i t h a l i d and a w i d e o p e n i n g : a jar of marmalade j a y w a l k i n g /'d3ei,wa:kin/ noun [U] a d a n g e r o u s o r i l l e g a l w a y of c r o s s i n g a street at a place w h e r e c a r s do not u s u a l l y stop. Someone w h o does t h i s is c a l l e d a j a y w a l k e r . /'d33:nalist/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to r e p o r t the news for a newspaper, magazine, r a d i o p r o g r a m m e o r television programme / У з з : т / noun [C] a n occasion w h e n y o u t r a v e l f r o m one place to another, e s p e c i a l l y over a l o n g distance: a train journey /d^AUTj noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to m a k e decisions i n a c o u r t o f law: The judge sentenced her to ninety days in prison. 2 someone w h o decides w h o the w i n n e r of a c o m p e t i t i o n w i l l be: All entries will be examined by a panel of judges, verb [l/T] to f o r m a n o p i n i o n about s o m e t h i n g after c o n s i d e r i n g a l l the d e t a i l s o r facts: He left the room when he judged that she was asleep, verb [T] to decide i n a c o u r t of law w h e t h e r o r n o t someone is g u i l t y j u m p i n / У з л т р i n / hr vb [i] t o become i n v o l v e d i n s o m e t h i n g w i t h o u t t h i n k i n g c a r e f u l l y about i t j u n g l e /Узлпд(э)1/ noun [c/U] a t h i c k t r o p i c a l forest
Kk k e e p u p /,ki:p л р / phr vb 1 t o move o r develop at the same speed as someone o r s o m e t h i n g : By studying hard, she managed to keep up. 2 to c o n t i n u e to do s o m e t h i n g : Keep up the good work. k e t c h u p /'ketjap/ noun [U] a t h i c k r e d sauce made f r o m tomatoes k e y b o a r d /'ki:,ba:d/ noun [C] 1 a piece of c o m p u t e r e q u i p m e n t w i t h keys o n i t , used for p u t t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n i n t o a c o m p u t e r 2 a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t t h a t has a k e y b o a r d , especially an electric piano k i d n a p /'kidnaep/ verb [T] t o i l l e g a l l y t a k e someone away and make t h e m a p r i s o n e r , e s p e c i a l l y i n o r d e r to m a k e t h e i r f a m i l y o r a g o v e r n m e n t give y o u m o n e y / k i l / verb [i/T] to m a k e a p e r s o n o r o t h e r l i v i n g t h i n g die: Each year thousands of people are killed and injured on the roads. k i n d e r g a r t e n /'kmda,ga:t(a)n/ noun [C/u] 1 a n u r s e r y school 2 the f i r s t y e a r o f f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n i n the US, for c h i l d r e n aged 5 or 6 / k m / noun [C] a m a n w h o r u l e s a c o u n t r y a n d is the s e n i o r m a l e m e m b e r o f the r o y a l f a m i l y : King George VI k i n g d o m /'kmdam/ noun [C] a c o u n t r y o r a r e a t h a t is r u l e d b y a k i n g o r queen k i w i / ' k i : w i : / noun [C] 1 t h e b i r d t h a t is the s y m b o l o f New Zealand. I t has a l o n g t h i n beak a n d c a n n o t fly. 2 someone f r o m New Zealand / n i : / noun [C] t h e p a r t i n the m i d d l e o f y o u r leg, where i t bends: a serious knee injury /naif/ noun [C] a n object w i t h a blade, used for c u t t i n g food o r as a w e a p o n : knives and forks /'nDhd3/ noun [U] w h a t y o u k n o w , o r w h a t is k n o w n about a p a r t i c u l a r subject: She had a lot of knowledge and experience.
laboratory
lose
surface: The gun was lying on the ground next to him. 3 to d e l i b e r a t e l y say s o m e t h i n g t h a t is n o t t r u e : It was obvious that she was lying.
L /b'bDr3t(a)ri, laebra,tj:ri/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g o r l a r g e r o o m w h e r e people do scientific r e s e a r c h : our new research laboratory l a n d s c a p e /'lasnidj.skeip/ noun [С] 1 a n a r e a of l a n d t h a t has p a r t i c u l a r features: a green, rural landscape 2 a p a i n t i n g o f a n area o f l a n d l a p t o p /'1а?р №р/ noun [C] a s m a l l c o m p u t e r t h a t y o u c a n c a r r y w i t h you (
/la:st/ verb [I] to c o n t i n u e h a p p e n i n g for a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d , o r u n t i l a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : The game lasts 80 minutes. verb [l/T] to c o n t i n u e to be a v a i l a b l e , o r to be e n o u g h for w h a t people need: The water won't last long. /leit/ adj 1 i f y o u are late, y o u a r r i v e s o m e w h e r e after the c o r r e c t or u s u a l t i m e : She phoned to say she'd be late. 2 n e a r the end o f a p e r i o d o f t i m e such as a day, m o n t h o r season: the late 18th century 3 n e a r the end o f a n e v e n i n g o r n i g h t : If it weren't so late I would give Donna a call. /'leita/ adv at some t i m e i n the f u t u r e , o r after the t i m e that y o u have been t a l k i n g about: She'll be home later. /lad/ verb [I] to m a k e the noise w i t h y o u r voice t h a t shows t h a t y o u t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g is f u n n y : We talked and laughed late into the night. I\y.l noun [singular] the l a w : the system o f r u l e s t h a t m u s t be obeyed i n society: Failing to declare any extra income is against the law. /'b:ja/ noun [C] someone whose profession is to p r o v i d e people w i t h legal advice a n d services: Mayer's lawyer spoke to the press today. /'leizi/ adj n o t w i l l i n g to w o r k o r do a n y t h i n g t h a t i n v o l v e s effort: Get out of bed, you lazy slob!
l i f e s t y l e /iaif.stail/ noun [c/u] t h e t y p e o f life t h a t someone has, for example t h e t y p e o f t h i n g s t h a t t h e y o w n a n d the t y p e o f a c t i v i t i e s t h a t t h e y do: a healthy, outdoor lifestyle / l i f t / noun [C] 1 a n occasion w h e n someone takes y o u s o m e w h e r e i n t h e i r car: lean give you a lift into town. 2 a m a c h i n e t h a t c a r r i e s people up o r d o w n b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t levels o f a t a l l b u i l d i n g / l a i t / adj 1 v e r y b r i g h t because o f l i g h t f r o m the s u n The room is light and airy. 2 i f i t is l i g h t , y o u c a n see because i t is day a n d n o t n i g h t : It gets light around 5 am. 3 n o t w e i g h i n g m u c h , o r w e i g h i n g less t h a n y o u expect: The table is a lot lighter than it looks. l i g h t b u l b /Tart ,Ьл1Ь/ noun [C] a glass object t h a t y o u p u t i n a n e l e c t r i c l i g h t to p r o d u c e l i g h t l i g h t n i n g / i a i t n i n / noun [u] t h e b r i g h t flashes of l i g h t t h a t y o u see i n the s k y d u r i n g a s t o r m : The ship was struck by lightning soon after it left the port. l i m e / l a i m / noun [C/U] a f r u i t w i t h a h a r d green s k i n a n d s o u r j u i c e /'limit/ noun [C] 1 t h e greatest a m o u n t o r l e v e l of s o m e t h i n g t h a t is possible or a l l o w e d : The speed limit here is 40 miles an hour. 2 the o u t e r edge o f a n a r e a : No bombs landed within the city limits. l i n g u i s t /'lirjgwist/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o s t u d i e s a n d speaks a lot of l a n g u a g e s 2 someone w h o teaches o r s t u d i e s l i n g u i s t i c s / l m k / verb [T] t o connect t w o o r m o r e places o r t h i n g s : Several new roads will link the southern and northern regions of the country. l i t t e r /'lita/ noun [U] t h i n g s t h a t people have d r o p p e d o n the g r o u n d i n a p u b l i c place, m a k i n g i t u n t i d y l i v e h a p p i l y e v e r a f t e r / l i v 'haepili: eva(r) ,adta/ phrase t o be happy
for the rest of y o u r life
/'li:dd/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o is i n c h a r g e o f a g r o u p , o r g a n i s a t i o n or c o u n t r y : a political/military/religious leader 2 someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t is the most successful, most popular, most advanced etc: He is a world leader in his field.
/tok/ noun [C] t h e t h i n g t h a t is used for f a s t e n i n g a door, d r a w e r etc so t h a t no one c a n open i t : All the windows were fitted with locks, verb [i/т] to fasten s o m e t h i n g such as a door w i t h a key, o r t o be fastened w i t h a key: Have you locked the car?
/'lkdafip/ noun [U] the p o s i t i o n o f b e i n g a leader: The war was fought under the emperor's leadership.
l o g i c /'iDdjik/ noun [U] 1 the w a y t h a t someone connects ideas w h e n t h e y are e x p l a i n i n g s o m e t h i n g o r g i v i n g a reason 2 the study o f t h e w a y t h a t ideas c a n be connected a n d used to e x p l a i n t h i n g s
/ l i : v / verb [l/T] 1 to go away f r o m a place: We left London at three in the afternoon. 2 to end a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h someone and stop l i v i n g w i t h t h e m : His wife has threatened to leave him. verb [T] 1 t o p u t s o m e t h i n g s o m e w h e r e a n d forget to take i t away w i t h y o u : / left my homework on the bus. 2 t o p u t s o m e t h i n g somewhere, especially i n a place w h e r e i t w i l l stay: Leave your things by the door. l e f t - h a n d e d /left 'hasndid/ adj b o r n w i t h a n a t u r a l tendency to use the left h a n d to do t h i n g s /leg/ noun [C] 1 one of the p a r t s o f a person's o r a n i m a l ' s body to w h i c h the feet are attached: an exercise to strengthen the leg muscles 2 the p a r t o f a piece of f u r n i t u r e t h a t s u p p o r t s i t a n d raises i t off the floor: a stool with three legs 3 a p a r t o f a j o u r n e y , race o r c o m p e t i t i o n /let/ verb [T] to a l l o w s o m e t h i n g to h a p p e n , or to a l l o w someone to do s o m e t h i n g : Alice's mum won't let her come with us. /'lev(3)l/ noun [C] the a m o u n t o f s o m e t h i n g t h a t exists at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Unemployment is now at its lowest level for 15years, noun [C/U] 1 a s t a n d a r d of academic a b i l i t y : This is an excellent book for advanced level students. 2 a p a r t o r stage i n a system t h a t has several p a r t s o r stages: Decisions should be taken at local, not national, level. 3 one o f the floors i n a b u i l d i n g : a garage at basement level /'laibrari/ noun [C] 1 a place w h e r e books, d o c u m e n t s , CDs etc are available for y o u to l o o k at o r b o r r o w : the university/school library 2 a p r i v a t e c o l l e c t i o n o f books, o r the r o o m t h a t i t is kept i n /lai/ verb [I] 1 to be o r p u t y o u r s e l f i n a p o s i t i o n i n w h i c h y o u r body is flat o n a surface such as the floor o r a bed: She was lying on the beach reading a book. 2 t o be o n a p a r t i c u l a r
/ ' b u n l i / adj f r i e n d s : a lonely
u n h a p p y because y o u are alone o r have no childhood
l o o k a f t e r /Дик 'a:fta/ phr vb t o t a k e c a r e o f someone or s o m e t h i n g : It's hard work looking after three children all day. l o o k a h e a d /Дик a'hed/ phr vb to t h i n k about w h a t is l i k e l y to happen, or to p l a n w h a t you are going to do i n the f u t u r e : Looking ahead, I think the company needs to develop some new services. l o o k b a c k /Дик 'bask/ phr vb to t h i n k about a t i m e o r event i n the past: Most people look back on their schooldays with fondness. l o o k f o r /'luk fx/ phuvb to s e a r c h for someone o r s o m e t h i n g : I'm looking for Jim. Have you seen him? l o o k f o r w a r d t o /Дик 'fD:wad t u : / phr vb t o feel h a p p y a n d excited about s o m e t h i n g t h a t is g o i n g to h a p p e n l o o k i n t o /Дик i n t u : / phr vb t o t r y t o d i s c o v e r the facts about s o m e t h i n g such as a p r o b l e m o r c r i m e : The airline have promised to look into the matter. l o o k o u t f o r / l u k 'aut fx/ phr vb to l o o k c a r e f u l l y at people o r t h i n g s a r o u n d y o u i n o r d e r to t r y to find a p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n o r t h i n g : We were told to look out for a blue van. l o o k r o u n d /Дик ' r a u n d / phr vb [l/T] to w a l k a r o u n d a r o o m , b u i l d i n g o r place a n d see w h a t is t h e r e l o o k u p /Док л р / phr vb to t r y to find a piece o f i n f o r m a t i o n b y l o o k i n g i n a b o o k o r o n a l i s t , o r b y u s i n g a c o m p u t e r : I had to look the word up in a dictionary. /lu:z/ verb [T] 1 to no l o n g e r have s o m e t h i n g : Mike lost his job last year. 2 t o be u n a b l e to f i n d someone o r s o m e t h i n g : I've lost my bag. Have you seen it? verb [l/T] t o n o t w i n a race o r c o m p e t i t i o n : England lost 2-1 to Germany.
lottery
mix
l o t t e r y /'kotari/ noun [C] a game i n w h i c h people w i n money i f t h e y guess the c o r r e c t n u m b e r s /laud/ aoj a loud sound is s t r o n g a n d v e r y easy to hear: There was a loud knocking on the door. /'1эиэ/ verb m 1 to move s o m e t h i n g or someone slowly d o w n f r o m a h i g h e r p o s i t i o n : He lowered himself into the chair. 2 to reduce s o m e t h i n g i n number, a m o u n t , value, or s t r e n g t h : The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 years. / ' U k i / adj i f y o u are l u c k y , s o m e t h i n g good happens to y o u as a r e s u l t of luck: Five lucky winners will each receive £1,000. l y r i c / l i n k / noun [C] the words of a song
/mi:t/ verb [l/T) 1 to come together i n order to spend time w i t h someone who you have arranged to see: I'll meet you in the bar later. 2 to be i n t r o d u c e d to someone that you do not know: Have you met my wife? m e l o d r a m a t i c /meladra'maetik/ adj behaving i n a way that is too e m o t i o n a l or too serious /melt/ verb [l/T] to change a solid substance into a l i q u i d , or to be changed f r o m a solid into a l i q u i d : Melt the butter in a small saucepan. /'memba/ noun [C] someone who belongs to a group or an organisation: a trade union member /'membajip/ noun [u] the fact of being a member of a club, o r g a n i s a t i o n or group: Several countries have applied for membership of the EU.
M
m e m o r i s e /'mema,raiz/ verb [T] to l e a r n something so that you can remember it perfectly: The children had memorised a poem.
/maed/ adj 1 v e r y s i l l y or stupid: You'll think I'm mad - I've just left my job. 2 an offensive way of describing someone who is mentally i l l m a d n e s s /'maednas/ noun [u] ideas and actions that show a lack of good j u d g m e n t and careful thought: It would be madness to give up your job just now. /maega'ziin/ noun [C] a large t h i n book w i t h a paper cover that is u s u a l l y published once a m o n t h or once a week: a fashion/gardening/motoring magazine m a g i c i a n /тэУзпГ(э)п/ noun [ci someone whose job is to e n t e r t a i n people by p e r f o r m i n g magic t r i c k s / т е т / adj most i m p o r t a n t or largest: We eat our main meal in the evening. /'memli/ adv 1 used for t a l k i n g about the largest or most i m p o r t a n t p a r t of something: This sauce is made mainly of milk and flour. 2 i n most cases: Our customers are mainly young mothers. m a k e u p /meik 'лр/ phr vb 1 to become f r i e n d l y w i t h someone again after an argument: Why don't you two forget your differences and make up? 2 to invent something such as a story or an explanation: He made up some excuse about the dog eating his homework. m a k e - u p /'meik,\p/ noun [U] substances that people put on t h e i r faces to make t h e m look attractive: Gina wears no make-up at all. m a n u a l /'maenjual/ noun [CI a book that contains i n s t r u c t i o n s for doing something, especially for operating a m a c h i n e /'maend3/ noun [c/u] the r e l a t i o n s h i p between t w o people who are husband and wife: a long and happy marriage /'masri/ verb [T] to p e r f o r m the ceremony i n w h i c h t w o people become husband and wife m a r v e l l o u s /'ma:valas/ adj extremely enjoyable, good or impressive: a marvellous performance/trip/party m a s t e r ' s d e g r e e /'ma:staz di,gri:/ noun [C] a u n i v e r s i t y degree that a student gets i f t h e y study for one or two years after t h e i r first degree m a t e /meit/ noun [q a friend /ma'tiarial/ noun [C/u] dress made from? /'msta/ verb [il
cloth: What sort of material
to be i m p o r t a n t : Education
is your
matters.
/mid/ noun [C] an occasion w h e n y o u eat, such as breakfast or l u n c h , or the food that y o u eat at that t i m e : He cooked us a delicious meal. Imv.nl adj 1 c r u e l or u n k i n d : Don't do that - it's mean. 2 not w i l l i n g to spend money: She was too mean to put the heating on. verb [T] to have a p a r t i c u l a r m e a n i n g : What does 'maudlin' mean? m e a s l e s /'mi:z(a)lz/ noun [u] a n infectious disease i n w h i c h you have red spots a l l over y o u r body and a h i g h temperature m e c h a n i c /mi'kaenik/ noun [ci someone whose job is to r e p a i r vehicles and machines
14
m e c h a n i c a l /mi'ka;nik(a)l/ adj operated by a machine, or r e l a t i n g to machines: a mechanical device
/'mem(a)ri/ noun [C] 1 something that you remember: What are your most vivid memories of that period? 2 the part of a computer i n w h i c h i n f o r m a t i o n is stored noun [singular] the a b i l i t y to remember t h i n g s : Your memory tends to get worse as you get older. m e n d /mend/ verb [T] to r e p a i r something that is broken or damaged: Have you mended the gate? /'menf(a)n/ verb [T] to refer to something, but not discuss it m u c h : He didn't mention her all evening. /mes/ noun [C/U] a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h a place is d i r t y , u n t i d y or i n bad c o n d i t i o n : The garden was a real mess, noun [singular] a difficult s i t u a t i o n w i t h a lot of problems: an economic mess /'mesid3/ noun [C] a piece of w r i t t e n or spoken i n f o r m a t i o n that you give or send to someone: I got your email message, thank you. m e s s y /'mesi/ adj d i r t y or v e r y u n t i d y m i d d l e - a g e d /midl'eidsd/ adj no longer young but not yet old, u s u a l l y between 40 and 60 years of age /'milit(a)ri/ adj forces: military service
r e l a t i n g to armed forces, or using armed
m i m e / m a i m / verb [l/T] to t e l l a story u s i n g only the movements of y o u r body and face, not u s i n g words /mamd/ noun [C/U] y o u r thoughts and attention, or the part of you that t h i n k s , knows and remembers t h i n g s : You never know what's going on in her mind, verb [i/т] to feel annoyed, upset or unhappy about something: We had to cancel, but Rosa didn t seem to mind, verb [T] to be careful about something: Mind the step! m i n e r /'mama/ noun [C] someone whose job is to d i g coal f r o m a mine /'mira/ noun [C] a piece of special glass i n w h i c h you can see y o u r s e l f or w h a t is b e h i n d you: a bathroom mirror m i s b e h a v e /misbi'heiv/ verb [i] to behave badly m i s e r y /'mizari/ noun [u] the state of being extremely unhappy or uncomfortable /mis/ verb [l/T] to f a i l to catch, h i t or reach something: / tried to catch the ball but missed, verb [T] 1 to f a i l to be present for someone or something: I had to miss a week of school. 2 to feel sad because someone is not w i t h you any longer, or because you do not have or cannot do something any longer: We miss him enormously. m i s s i o n /'mif(a)n/ noun [C] an i m p o r t a n t piece of w o r k that a person or group of people has to do for a government or large organisation, especially one that involves t r a v e l : a fact-finding/rescue mission noun [singular] an a i m that is very i m p o r t a n t to a person or organisation: Helping homeless people was Gina's mission in life. /mi'steik/ noun [C] 1 something that you have not done correctly, or something you say or t h i n k that is not correct: spelling/grammar mistakes 2 something that you do that you later w i s h you had not done, because it causes a lot of problems: You're making a big mistake. /miks/ verb [l/T] 1 to combine t w o or more substances so that they become a single substance: Add the eggs and mix thoroughly. 2 to combine t h i n g s such as a c t i v i t i e s , ideas, or styles: In this room, antique and modern furniture have been successfully mixed.
mixture
/'mikstfa/ noun [singular] a c o m b i n a t i o n of t w o or m o r e different people or t h i n g s : Her face showed a mixture offear and excitement, noun [C/U] a substance such as food t h a t is the r e s u l t of m i x i n g different t h i n g s : Spoon the mixture into the cake tins. /'mDd(d)n/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to o r b e l o n g i n g to the present time: the role of women in modern society 2 u s i n g the most recent methods, ideas, designs or equipment: We should replace the equipment with something more modern. / т л п в / noun [C] 1 one of the 12 periods t h a t a year is divided i n t o , for example J a n u a r y or F e b r u a r y : Could we meet earlier in the month? 2 a p e r i o d of about four weeks: They're getting married in a month's time. m o n u m e n t /'monjumant/ noun [C] 1 a s t r u c t u r e t h a t is b u i l t i n a public place i n order to celebrate a n i m p o r t a n t person or event 2 a place of h i s t o r i c a l i m p o r t a n c e /mu:d/ noun [C/U] the w a y t h a t someone is feeling, or the way t h a t a g r o u p of people is feeling at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Politicians have to be in touch with the public mood, noun [С] a group of verb forms t h a t are used to show whether, for example, a sentence is a statement, question o r o r d e r /'moral/ adj r e l a t i n g to r i g h t and w r o n g and the w a y t h a t people should behave: moral standards/principles/values m o s q u e /nrosk/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g i n w h i c h M u s l i m s w o r s h i p m o t h e r t o n g u e / т л б э Члп/ noun [С] the f i r s t language t h a t y o u learn to speak m o t h e r b o a r d / ' т л д э , Ь э У / noun [C] the m a i n c i r c u i t b o a r d i n a computer m o t h e r - i n - l a w /'mAda(r)in,b:/ noun [C] the m o t h e r of y o u r husband or wife
nuclear
N n a t i v e s p e a k e r /neitiv 'spkka/ noun [q someone who speaks a p a r t i c u l a r language as t h e i r first language n a v y /'neivi/ noun [C] the p a r t of a c o u n t r y ' s a r m e d forces t h a t uses ships /'nesas(a)ri/ adj i f s o m e t h i n g is necessary, y o u m u s t have i t or must do it: I don't want to be disturbed unless it's absolutely necessary. /пек/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body that j o i n s y o u r head to the rest of y o u r body 2 a l o n g n a r r o w p a r t of s o m e t h i n g such as a bottle or a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t and
/'neiba/ noun [C] neighbours
someone w h o lives near you:
friends
n e i g h b o u r h o o d /'neiba.hud/ noun [C] a p a r t i c u l a r area of a t o w n /'патбэ(г), 'пкбэ(г)/ conj, det, pron used for s h o w i n g t h a t a negative statement also applies to someone or s o m e t h i n g else: Adam was not invited, and neither were any of his friends. n e p h e w /'nefju:, 'nevju:/ noun [C] a son of y o u r b r o t h e r or sister, or a son of y o u r husband's or wife's b r o t h e r or sister /net/ noun [c/U] a m a t e r i a l made of s t r i n g or rope t h a t is woven i n t o a loose p a t t e r n w i t h spaces i n i t noun [С] 1 i n some sports, a n object made of net t h a t y o u h i t , k i c k or t h r o w the b a l l over or i n t o 2 the Net: the i n t e r n e t
m o t o r w a y /'mauta,wei/ noun [C] a w i d e fast r o a d w i t h several lanes of traffic g o i n g i n each d i r e c t i o n
/nju:z/ noun [U] 1 i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g t h a t has happened recently: I'm afraid I've got some bad news. 2 i n f o r m a t i o n about recent events t h a t is r e p o r t e d i n newspapers or on t e l e v i s i o n o r r a d i o : foreign/sports/financial news
/'mauntm/ noun [C] 1 a v e r y h i g h h i l l : They went walking and climbing in the mountains. 2 a l a r g e pile or a m o u n t of something: a mountain of paperwork
/'nju:z,peipa/ noun [C] a set of large p r i n t e d sheets of folded paper c o n t a i n i n g news, a r t i c l e s and other i n f o r m a t i o n that is p u b l i s h e d every day or every week: a local newspaper
m o u n t a i n r a n g e /'mauntm ,remd3/ noun [q a l o n g r o w o f m o u n t a i n s /maus/ noun [С] 1 a small f u r r y a n i m a l w i t h a long t a i l 2 a s m a l l object connected to a c o m p u t e r t h a t y o u move i n order to do t h i n g s on the computer screen: Click on the left mouse button. m o u s e p a d /'maus,paed/ noun [C] the flat p a r t o n a laptop t h a t y o u operate w i t h y o u r fingers to do t h i n g s o n a c o m p u t e r screen m o u s t a c h e /im'sta:J7 noun [q h a i r t h a t g r o w s above a man's m o u t h /'mu:vmant/ noun [C/U] 1 a w a y of m o v i n g y o u r body, or the a b i l i t y to move y o u r body: rhythmic movements 2 the process of m o v i n g s o m e t h i n g f r o m one place to another: The agreement governs the free movement of goods between countries.
n e w s r e a d e r /'nju:z,ri:da/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to read the news o n t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o n i e c e /ni:s/ noun [C] a daughter of y o u r b r o t h e r o r sister, or a daughter of y o u r husband's o r wife's b r o t h e r or sister n i g h t m a r e /'nait,mea/ noun [C] a v e r y f r i g h t e n i n g and unpleasant d r e a m : / still have terrible nightmares about the crash. /'naizi/ adj neighbours
m a k i n g a lot of noise, or f u l l of noise: noisy
n o n - a l c o h o l i c /nonadka'holik/ adj non-alcoholic d r i n k does not c o n t a i n alcohol
m o v i n g /'mu:virj/ adj 1 m a k i n g y o u feel sad or s y m p a t h e t i c 2 a moving object is s o m e t h i n g t h a t moves: He was pushed from a moving train.
n o n - r e s i d e n t /nnn'rezidant/ adj 1 not based i n a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y : The island does not tax non-resident companies. 2 not l i v i n g i n a house t h a t y o u o w n : These houses all belong to non resident owners. 3 not l i v i n g at the place w h e r e y o u w o r k : non resident teaching staff
m u g / т л д / verb [T] to attack someone i n a p u b l i c place and steal their money or possessions
n o n - s m o k i n g /nnrismaukirj/ adj a n o n - s m o k i n g area is one where you are not a l l o w e d to smoke
m u g g e r /'тлда(г)/ noun [C] someone w h o attacks people i n p u b l i c places and steals t h e i r money, j e w e l l e r y , o r other possessions
n o n - s t o p /nDn'stDp/ adj c o n t i n u i n g w i t h o u t stopping: non-stop entertainment
m u g g i n g /'тлдгп/ noun [C/U] a n attack o n someone i n a p u b l i c place i n order to steal t h e i r money, j e w e l l e r y o r other possessions / ' т з У э / noun [c/U] the c r i m e of deliberately k i l l i n g someone: The murder was committed over five years ago. m u r d e r e r /'m3:dara/ noun [C] someone w h o c o m m i t s m u r d e r /'m.As(d)l/ noun [C/u] a piece of flesh t h a t connects bones and moves a p a r t i c u l a r p a r t of y o u r body: These exercises are good for your stomach muscles. m y s t e r i o u s /mi'stiarias/ adj not e x p l a i n e d , u n d e r s t o o d or k n o w n : They are investigating the mysterious disappearance of a young man. /'mist(d)ri/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u cannot understand, e x p l a i n , or get i n f o r m a t i o n about: The exact origin of the universe remains a mystery. 2 a story, film or play i n w h i c h events take place t h a t are not e x p l a i n e d u n t i l the end: a murder mystery
/nauz/ noun [C] the p a r t of y o u r face t h a t is above y o u r m o u t h t h a t y o u use for s m e l l i n g and b r e a t h i n g : I'd like to punch him on the nose. /naut/ noun [C] 1 a short w r i t t e n message to someone: I've written him a note asking him to meet me tonight. 2 a piece of paper money: a £5 note noun [plural] notes: details f r o m s o m e t h i n g such as a l e c t u r e or a book t h a t y o u w r i t e on a piece of paper so t h a t y o u can remember t h e m : It'll help you later if you take notes. /'nDv(a)l/ noun [C] a long w r i t t e n s t o r y about i m a g i n a r y characters and events n o v e l i s t /'novelist/ noun [C] someone w h o w r i t e s novels divorced
/'naua,deiz/ adv nowadays.
at the present t i m e : Lots of people get
/'njurklia/ adj r e l a t i n g to energy t h a t is produced by c h a n g i n g the s t r u c t u r e of the c e n t r a l p a r t of an atom: nuclear power/energy
l
15
obey
partner
/a'bei/ verb [l/T] to do w h a t a person, law or r u l e says t h a t you must do: Officers expect their troops to obey them without question. /db'd3ektiv/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you p l a n to achieve: I'm not sure I understand the objective of this exercise. /'Dbvias/ adj
clear to almost anyone: an obvious
mistake
/ n b v i a s l i / adv i n a way t h a t is clear for almost anyone to see or u n d e r s t a n d : Richards was obviously disappointed at being left out of the team. /э'кег5(э)пэН/ adv sometimes, but not frequently or r e g u l a r l y : Simmer the sauce for ten minutes, stirring occasionally. /bfa/ verb [T] to let someone k n o w t h a t you w i l l give t h e m something or do something for t h e m i f t h e y w a n t i t : They haven't offered me the job yet. /Wis/ noun [C] a r o o m or b u i l d i n g where the people i n an o r g a n i s a t i o n or department w o r k , or the people w h o w o r k there: the company's Los Angeles office o n e - p a r e n t f a m i l y / w A n pearant 'faemali:/ noun [C] a f a m i l y i n w h i c h o n l y one parent lives i n the home and looks after the c h i l d r e n /'onlam/ adj connected to or available t h r o u g h a computer or a computer n e t w o r k , especially the Internet: an online bookshop o p e n - m i n d e d /eupan'maindid/ adj w i l l i n g to consider new ideas o p e r a t o r /'Dpa,reita/ noun [C] 1 someone who w o r k s for a telephone company and helps people w i t h calls 2 someone wdiose j o b is to operate a machine or piece of equipment: a crane operator /a'paunant/ noun [C] 1 someone who is c o m p e t i n g against y o u : His opponent received only 36 per cent of the vote. 2 someone who disagrees w i t h s o m e t h i n g and t r i e s to change or stop i t : opponents of the legislation /npa'tjuinati/ noun [C/u] a chance to do something, or a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h i t is easy for you to do something: The trip sounds like a wonderful opportunity. /'Dpazit/ adj 1 across f r o m , or on the other side of, someone or something: They sat at opposite ends of the room. 2 completely different: The car smashed into a lorry coming in the opposite direction. /'Dpjbjn/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you can choose to do: We discussed all the marketing options and chose television advertising. /'a:da/ verb [T] 1 to t e l l someone to do something, i n a way that shows that you have a u t h o r i t y : The government has ordered an investigation into the cause of the accident. 2 to put t h i n g s i n a p a r t i c u l a r order: The list of books is ordered alphabetically, verb [l/T] to ask for s o m e t h i n g to be brought to you or be made for y o u : Are you ready to order? /'a:d(a)n(a)ri/ adj n o r m a l or average, and not u n u s u a l or special: It was just an ordinary Saturday morning. o r g a n i s e d /'a:ga,naizd/ adj 1 planned c a r e f u l l y and effectively 2 an organised person arranges and plans a c t i v i t i e s c a r e f u l l y and effectively o r g a n i s e r /'a:ga,naiza/ noun [C] someone who makes a l l the arrangements for an event or a c t i v i t y /э'гк1з(э)пэ1/ adj 1 e x i s t i n g at the b e g i n n i n g of a p e r i o d or process, before any changes have been made: Do you know who the car's original owner was? 2 new, i n t e r e s t i n g , and different from a n y t h i n g else: a highly original design 3 not copied f r o m something else: The original painting is in a museum in Vienna. o u t d o o r s /aut'da:z/ adv not i n a b u i l d i n g o u t f i t /'autfit/ noun [C] a set of clothes t h a t are w o r n together o u t l a w /'autla:/ noun [C] a c r i m i n a l
/aut'said/ adj, adv, noun, prep 1 not inside a b u i l d i n g : Outside the sun was shining. 2 away f r o m a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y , area or t o w n : The postal service is better outside London. 3 not w i t h i n the l i m i t s of a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e , range or s i t u a t i o n : classes held outside normal school hours
16
/'auva(r)/ adv, prep 1 m o v i n g across the space above someone or s o m e t h i n g : Government troops fired a few shots over their heads. 2 on someone or s o m e t h i n g and c o v e r i n g them: She put her hands over her ears. 3 on the opposite side of a n area, l i n e , r o a d , r i v e r etc: Sandra's brother lives just over the road from our house. 4 f a l l i n g , h a n g i n g o r l o o k i n g d o w n f r o m the edge of s o m e t h i n g : Lava flowed over the rim of the volcano. 5 more t h a n a p a r t i c u l a r a m o u n t , n u m b e r o r age: Yeltsin was elected by a large majority with over 45 million votes. o v e r t i m e /'aova.taim/ noun [U] e x t r a h o u r s t h a t someone w o r k s at t h e i r job, or money t h a t is p a i d for w o r k i n g e x t r a h o u r s o v e r w e i g h t /auva'weit/ adj heavier t h a n y o u should be /'эипэ/ noun [C] someone w h o owns s o m e t h i n g : a restaurant/supermarket/hotel owner o z o n e l a y e r /'auzaun ,leia/ noun [singular] a layer of ozone i n the E a r t h ' s atmosphere t h a t protects the E a r t h f r o m the h a r m f u l effects of the S u n
P p a c i f i s t /'paesifist/ noun [C] someone w h o believes t h a t violence is w r o n g a n d refuses to fight i n w a r s p a c k a g i n g /'paekid3in/ noun [U] the boxes, plastic etc t h a t are used for w r a p p i n g products /'paekit/ noun [C] 1 a box, bag or piece of plastic w r a p p i n g , c o n t a i n i n g food t h a t is ready to be sold: The ingredients should be listed on the packet. 2 a s m a l l parcel or envelope c o n t a i n i n g a set of s i m i l a r t h i n g s : A packet of brochures arrived in the post. / р е ш / noun [c/U] a bad feeling i n p a r t of your body when you are h u r t or become i l l : An old injury was causing him intense pain. /'pemf(a)l/ adj causing p h y s i c a l p a i n : The sting can be excruciatingly painful. p a i n k i l l e r /'pem,kda/ noun [C] a medicine t h a t reduces p a i n /реэ/ noun [C] 1 a set of t w o t h i n g s of the same type: The vases were sold as a pair. 2 a single u n i t made up of two s i m i l a r p a r t s j o i n e d together: My glasses are getting old and I probably need a new pair. p a l /pad/ noun [C] a f r i e n d /peil/ adj 1 l i g h t and not b r i g h t i n colour: pale blue/yellow/ green 2 a pale person has s k i n t h a t is l i g h t e r t h a n usual because they are i l l , shocked or w o r r i e d : He looked pale and weary. p a l m t r e e /'pa:m ,tri:/ noun [С] a t r o p i c a l tree w i t h o u t branches that has large w i d e leaves g r o w i n g f r o m the top of its t r u n k p a p e r w o r k /'peipa,w3:k/ noun [U] the documents t h a t you need for a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y or occasion p a r a c e t a m o l /paera'sktamDl, ,paera'setamDl/ noun [c/U] a c o m m o n type of p a i n k i l l e r p a r a c h u t i n g /'paerajictin/ noun [U] the a c t i v i t y of j u m p i n g out of a plane w e a r i n g a parachute p a r c e l /'pa:s(a)l/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g w r a p p e d i n paper or i n a large envelope so t h a t i t can be sent by post p a r r o t /'paerat/ noun [C] a b r i g h t l y coloured t r o p i c a l b i r d that is often kept as a pet and can be taught to copy what people say p a r t i c l e /'pa:tik(a)l/ noun [C] 1 an extremely s m a l l piece or amount of s o m e t h i n g 2 an adverb or preposition used w i t h a verb to f o r m a p h r a s a l verb. For example i n the sentence 'He q u i c k l y put on his clothes', 'on' is a p a r t i c l e . /pa'tikjula/ adj used for emphasising t h a t you are t a l k i n g about one specific person or t h i n g and not anyone or a n y t h i n g else: Are there any particular topics that you would like me to explain further? /paitna/ noun [C] 1 someone who you live w i t h and have a sexual relationship w i t h : Are partners invited to the office party? 2 someone who you do a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y wdth: John is my tennis partner. 3 one of two or more people who o w n a company and share its profits and losses: He became a partner in his father's law firm.
part-time
positive
p a r t - t i m e / pa:t'taim/ adj d o n e for o n l y p a r t o f t h e t i m e t h a t a n
p i c t u r e s q u e /piktfa'resk/ adj a p i c t u r e s q u e p l a c e o r s c e n e i s a t t r a c t i v e
(
a c t i v i t y i s u s u a l l y p e r f o r m e d : a part-time
job
/ p i l / noun [C]
t y /"parti/ noun [C] * * * 1 a s o c i a l e v e n t a t w h i c h p e o p l e m e e t i n o r d e r to c e l e b r a t e s o m e t h i n g o r h a v e f u n : Did you invite her to your birthday
party?
/ p m / noun [q
2 a n o r g a n i s e d group of people w h o s h a r e
the s a m e i d e a s a b o u t h o w a c o u n t r y s h o u l d b e g o v e r n e d , a n d w h o t r y to get e l e c t e d : the two main political /'pa?f(a)n/ noun [c/u] refugees, noun [q classical
about
u s e d for h o l d i n g cloth i n place w h i l e y o u a r e s e w i n g
n u m b e r s t h a t y o u p u t i n t o a c a s h m a c h i n e i n o r d e r to t a k e m o n e y
the plight
out of y o u r b a n k a c c o u n t
of the
a s t r o n g e n t h u s i a s m o r i n t e r e s t : a passion
for
p i r a c y /'pairasi/ noun [u] 1 t h e c r i m e o f m a k i n g a n d s e l l i n g i l l e g a l copies of c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s , books, videos o r C D s 2 the c r i m e
music
p a s s w o r d /'pa:s,w3:d/ noun [С] a s e c r e t w o r d o r p h r a s e t h a t y o u n e e d i n o r d e r to get i n t o a r o o m , b u i l d i n g o r a r e a
of s t e a l i n g t h i n g s f r o m s h i p s w h i l e t h e y a r e s a i l i n g p i r a t e /'pairat/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s t e a l s t h i n g s f r o m s h i p s w h i l e they a r e s a i l i n g
/ р а : 6 / noun [C]
a w a y f r o m o n e p l a c e to a n o t h e r t h a t p e o p l e
c a n w a l k a l o n g : Amy
walked
up the path
to the
/pitJ7 noun [C]
house.
pitch
s o m e o n e w h o i s p a t i e n t i s a b l e to w a i t for /pleis/ verb [T]
a long t i m e o r d e a l w i t h a d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n w i t h o u t b e c o m i n g a n g r y o r u p s e t : Susan's
very patient
/'pa?t(a)n/ noun [C]
with the
of behaviour
in young
children.
the dish on the
/ p l a : n t / noun [C]
1 a s e r i e s of a c t i o n s o r events that
patterns
to p u t s o m e t h i n g s o m e w h e r e , u s u a l l y i n a
c a r e f u l w a y : Ella placed
children.
together s h o w h o w t h i n g s n o r m a l l y h a p p e n o r a r e d o n e :
with
3 a d r a w i n g or shape that you use w h e n you a r e
m a k i n g s o m e t h i n g , so t h a t y o u get t h e s h a p e a n d s i z e c o r r e c t
/'plaet,fa:m/ noun [C]
plant 1 a r a i s e d s t r u c t u r e for p e o p l e
to s t a n d o n s o t h a t t h e y c a n b e s e e n b y a n a u d i e n c e : The candidates session.
PC / pi: 'si:/ noun [C] 1 p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r : a c o m p u t e r t h a t i s
table.
a l i v i n g t h i n g that grows i n soil a n d h a s
l e a v e s a n d r o o t s : a strawberry
The 2 a set of
l i n e s , s h a p e s o r c o l o u r s t h a t a r e r e p e a t e d r e g u l a r l y : a carpet a pretty pattern
a flat a r e a o f g r o u n d t h a t i s u s e d for p l a y i n g
s p o r t s o n : a football/cricket/rugby
/'peif(a)nt/ adj
study examined
pills
a s m a l l t h i n piece of m e t a l w i t h a s h a r p point,
P I N / p i n / noun 1С] p e r s o n a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n n u m b e r : a s e t of f o u r
parties
a p o w e r f u l emotion s u c h a s love
or a n g e r : She spoke with great passion
a s m a l l piece of solid m e d i c i n e that y o u s w a l l o w
w i t h w a t e r : vitamin
shared
the platform
for the question
and
two
answer
2 a n a r e a n e x t to a r a i l w a y t r a c k w h e r e p a s s e n g e r s
get o n t o a n d o f f t r a i n s : The train
to Brussels
will depart
from
t
d e s i g n e d to b e u s e d b y o n e p e r s o n a t h o m e o r i n a n office 2 p o l i c e constable: a police officer of t h e lowest r a n k /pi:s/ noun [U]
peace in Europe.
/ p l e i / noun [C]
in
/'pi:sf(a)l/ adj
wanted
to
solution
to the crisis
surroundings.
t i m e , q u a n t i t y , d i s t a n c e e t c : He is paid £10 per
the
job.
of a
/'pokit/ noun [C]
a s m a l l b a g that forms p a r t of a piece of
pockets for
the car
her
keys.
y o u i l l i f y o u e a t , d r i n k o r b r e a t h e it verb [T] 1 to k i l l s o m e o n e , o r
1 u s e d for s a y i n g that y o u a r e not
m a k e t h e m v e r y i l l , b y g i v i n g t h e m p o i s o n : He was suspected
for
poisoning
moved away. 2 u s e d w h e n y o u a r e
factories
m a k i n g a suggestion, g i v i n g a d v i c e or m a k i n g a polite request: You don't look well - perhaps
plot
p o i s o n /'poiz(a)n/ noun [c/U] a s u b s t a n c e t h a t c a n k i l l y o u o r m a k e
school.
they've
a s e c r e t p l a n to do
c l o t h i n g a n d i s u s e d f o r h o l d i n g s m a l l o b j e c t s : She searched
the s t a n d a r d of s u c c e s s that
c e r t a i n w h e t h e r s o m e t h i n g i s t r u e : I haven't seen them months - perhaps
a series of related events that m a k e up
t h e m a i n s t o r y i n a b o o k , film e t c noun [C]
p i p e s a n d e q u i p m e n t t h a t a r e u s e d for s u p p l y i n g a n d s t o r i n g w a t e r
s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g a c h i e v e s : A healthy diet can improve
/pa'haeps/ adv
c a n play, e s p e c i a l l y at a s c h o o l
the act of p e r f o r m i n g a play,
d a n c e o r o t h e r f o r m o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t : The first performance the opera was in 1936. noun [c/U]
2 someone who plays a m u s i c a l
p l u m b e r / ' р 1 л т э / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to fit a n d r e p a i r t h e
t h i n g s to b e d o n e i n a p e r f e c t w a y /pa'fa:mans/ noun [C]
player
player
s o m e t h i n g b a d , m a d e b y t w o o r m o r e p e o p l e : a kidnap
p e r f e c t i o n i s t /pa'fekf(a)nist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o a l w a y s w a n t s
in
1 someone who plays a particular game
o r s p o r t : a tennis/cricket
/phot/ noun [c/u] hour for
play
p l a y g r o u n d /'plei.graund/ noun [C] a n a r e a o f l a n d w h e r e c h i l d r e n
talks
2 c a l m a n d quiet:
u s e d f o r s t a t i n g t h e r a t e o r c o s t for e a c h u n i t o f
child's performance
West End
i n s t r u m e n t : a piano
1 not i n v o l v i n g w a r or violence:
The hotel is set in peaceful
a p i e c e o f w r i t i n g t h a t i s i n t e n d e d to b e
/'pleia/ noun [С]
peace.
aimed at finding a peaceful
/ р э , р з : / prep
Shakespeare/
agreement
2 a c a l m quiet situation i n w h i c h
you a r e not a n n o y e d b y n o i s e o r o t h e r p e o p l e : He just read his newspaper
3.
performed by actors i n a theatre or on television or the radio: a
1 a situation i n w h i c h there is no w a r
b e t w e e n c o u n t r i e s o r g r o u p s : For many years the maintained
platform
you should
go to the
doctor.
of
his wife. 2 to p u t p o i s o n i n s o m e t h i n g : Waste from is poisoning
the water
the
supply.
p o l i c e f o r c e /'p(a)li:s ,fa:s/ noun [C] a n o r g a n i s e d g r o u p o f p o l i c e o f f i c e r s i n c h a r g e of a c o u n t r y o r a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a
/ ' р з : т э п э т / adj
h a p p e n i n g or e x i s t i n g for a
long t i m e , o r for a l l t i m e i n t h e f u t u r e : The illness can permanent
p o l i c e o f f i c e r /'p(a)li:s pfisa/ noun [ci a m e m b e r o f t h e p o l i c e
cause
/pa'laitli/ adv
blindness. /pa'mif(a)n/ noun [u]
t h e r i g h t to do s o m e t h i n g t h a t
is g i v e n to y o u b y s o m e o n e i n a u t h o r i t y : You are not allowed camp here without
/pa'sweid/ verb (Tj come with us, although
/рэ'1и:Дэ)п/ noun [u]
1 to m a k e s o m e o n e a g r e e to do it took a long time to persuade
2 to m a k e s o m e o n e b e l i e v e t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s t r u e : I managed persuade
him that it was not his
/'petral/ noun [u]
i n a p o l i t e w a y : 'Didyou
him. to
a l i q u i d that is u s e d a s a fuel for c a r s a n d
other vehicles:
pollution
someone who h a s a job i n politics chemicals a n d other substances
/ р э : / adj
levels from
2 not a s good a s e x p e c t e d o r needed: 3 u s e d for s h o w i n g t h a t y o u feel
poor health/eyesight/hearing
s o r r y f o r s o m e o n e : The poor child
most popular
girls
in the
had lost both his
l i k e d b y m a n y p e o p l e : Jenny
p o p u l a t i o n /pDpjo'leif(a)n/ noun [singular] w h o l i v e i n a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a : Los Angeles
p h o t o g r a p h e r /fa'tografa/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o t a k e s p h o t o g r a p h s ,
than 40% of the population
over 3 million.
the science that deals w i t h heat, light a n d
p i c n i c / ' p i k n i k / noun [ci a m e a l t h a t y o u e a t o u t s i d e
about
1 the n u m b e r of people
voted in the last
has a population
of Less
election.
1 c o m p l e t e l y c e r t a i n : We'd met before - 1
that. 2 b e l i e v i n g t h a t g o o d t h i n g s w i l l h a p p e n ,
o r t h a t a s i t u a t i o n w i l l get b e t t e r : a positive
attitude
e x p e r i e n c e , s i t u a t i o n , r e s u l t e t c i s a g o o d o n e : School totally positive
is one of the
2 a l l the people w h o live i n a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a :
/'pDzativ/ adj was positive
parents.
school.
p h a r m a c y /'fa:masi/ noun [C] a p l a c e w h e r e m e d i c i n e s a r e p r e p a r e d and sold
especially as their job
to
rising
1 h a v i n g little m o n e y a n d few p o s s e s s i o n s : a
poor family/area/country
p o p u l a r /'popjula/ adj
p e t r o l s t a t i o n /'petral .steifan/ noun [C] a g a r a g e t h a t s e l l s p e t r o l for your c a r
/'fiziks/ noun [U]
well?'she
t h a t h a v e a h a r m f u l effect o n a i r , w a t e r o r l a n d : new measures prevent
fault.
other f o r m s of e n e r g y a n d h o w t h e y affect objects
sleep
politely. /,pDla'ti/(a)n/ noun [C]
to
permission.
s o m e t h i n g b y g i v i n g t h e m r e a s o n s w h y t h e y s h o u l d : He did finally
asked
experience
for
me.
3 a positive was a
possession
/pa'zef(a)n/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g that you o w n : Their family home and possessions were destroyed in the fire. /paust/ noun [ui the letters and parcels that are d e l i v e r e d to someone, or the system used for c o l l e c t i n g , c a r r y i n g a n d d e l i v e r i n g t h e m : There was no post for you today, verb [T] 1 to send a letter or p a r c e l to someone i n the post 2 to put i n f o r m a t i o n or a message where the p u b l i c can see i t , for example on a w a l l : The menu and prices are posted outside the door. 3 to put i n f o r m a t i o n on the I n t e r n e t : New job openings are posted every day on their website. p o t i o n /'рэи/(э)п/ noun [C] a d r i n k t h a t is believed to be magic, poisonous or useful as a m e d i c i n e /'раиэ/ noun [u] 1 the a b i l i t y to influence or c o n t r o l people: a power struggle within the party 2 energy t h a t is used for o p e r a t i n g equipment a n d machines: solar power 3 p h y s i c a l force or s t r e n g t h : The boy was thrown backwards by the power of the blast. /'praektik(a)l/ adj 1 i n v o l v i n g , or r e l a t i n g to, r e a l situations r a t h e r t h a n theories or ideas alone: Unfortunately this research has no practical use. 2 m a k i n g sensible decisions a n d choices based on w h a t can be successfully achieved: Despite their wealth, they were always practical about money. 3 intended to be useful or suitable, not j u s t fashionable or a t t r a c t i v e : a practical car for the family 4 able to m a k e r e p a i r s or do t h i n g s w i t h y o u r hands i n a s k i l f u l way /'praektis/ noun [C/U] occasions w h e n y o u do s o m e t h i n g i n order to become better at i t , or the t i m e t h a t y o u spend d o i n g t h i s : piano/basketball practice /'praektis/ verb [l/T] to repeat a n a c t i v i t y r e g u l a r l y so t h a t y o u become b e t t e r at i t : How many hours a day do you practise? /prei/ verb [l/T] to speak to God or a saint, for example to give t h a n k s or to ask for help: They prayed for peace. p r e d a t o r /'predata/ noun [C] a n a n i m a l t h a t k i l l s and eats other animals /prfdikt/ verb [T] to say w h a t y o u t h i n k w i l l happen i n the f u t u r e : They're predicting heavy rain for tomorrow. p r e s c r i p t i o n /prfsknpjan/ noun [C] a piece o f paper t h a t a doctor gives y o u t h a t says w h a t t y p e of m e d i c i n e y o u need: The drug is only available on prescription. /pres/ noun the press: newspapers a n d news magazines, or the j o u r n a l i s t s w h o w o r k on t h e m : the national/local/ American press /'preja/ noun [c/U] 1 a t t e m p t s t o persuade o r force someone to do s o m e t h i n g : Pressure for political change increased in the 1990s. 2 a w o r r i e d f e e l i n g t h a t y o u get w h e n you have to deal w i t h a d i f f i c u l t or c o m p l i c a t e d s i t u a t i o n : With greatly increased workloads, everyone is under pressure now. noun [U] a p h y s i c a l force t h a t is p r e s s i n g o n someone o r s o m e t h i n g : She became aware of the pressure of his hand on her shoulder. /'prhvias/ adj a p r e v i o u s event, p e r i o d or t h i n g happened or existed before the one t h a t y o u are t a l k i n g about: Mark has two children from a previous marriage. /prkst/ noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to p e r f o r m r e l i g i o u s duties and ceremonies i n some C h r i s t i a n churches: a Roman Catholic priest 2 a m a n w h o p e r f o r m s r e l i g i o u s duties i n some r e l i g i o n s t h a t are not C h r i s t i a n
quickly / p r a i z / noun [C] a r e w a r d t h a t y o u get for b e i n g s u c c e s s f u l i n a c o m p e t i t i o n , o r for b e i n g g o o d at s o m e t h i n g : the Nobel Prize
for
chemistry
/•prodAkt/ noun [C/u] s o m e t h i n g that is made, g r o w n or o b t a i n e d i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s so t h a t it c a n be s o l d : dairy/
pharmaceutical/software
1 r e l a t i n g to w o r k t h a t n e e d s
s p e c i a l s k i l l s a n d q u a l i f i c a t i o n s : Teachers
must be free to exercise
their professional judgment. 2 p l a y i n g a s p o r t o r t a k i n g p a r t i n a n a c t i v i t y a s a j o b r a t h e r t h a n for e n j o y m e n t : a professional
actor/photographer /pra'fesa/ noun [C]
u n i v e r s i t y : a professor
a s e n i o r t e a c h e r i n a college or
of
English
/'praugraem/ noun [C]
1 a s e r i e s of p l a n n e d e v e n t s :
a festival with an exciting musical programme 2 a t e l e v i s i o n o r r a d i o b r o a d c a s t : More people watch the news than any other programme. 3 a document that tells you what w i l l happen i n a p e r f o r m a n c e or event p r o g r a m m e r / ' р г а ц д г а е т э / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to c r e a t e computer programs /'prDd3ekt, ' p r a u d j e k t / noun [C] a p i e c e of w o r k t h a t i n v o l v e s c o l l e c t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n : The university has set up a new
research project to study language development /'promis/ verb [l/T]
in babies.
1 to t e l l s o m e o n e t h a t y o u w i l l
d e f i n i t e l y do s o m e t h i n g : The police chief promised tougher action against young criminals. 2 to m a k e s o m e t h i n g s e e m l i k e l y : This evening promises to be a lot of fun. /'propati/ noun [U] t h e t h i n g s t h a t y o u o w n : The books are my personal property, noun [c/U] l a n d a n d t h e b u i l d i n g s on
it: He owns several properties /pra'tekt/ verb [T]
Are you prepared
in
London.
to k e e p s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g safe:
to protect yourself
/pra'tekf(a)n/ noun [U]
in case of
attack?
t h e p r o c e s s of k e e p i n g
s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g safe: the protection
of the
countryside
p r o t e i n / ' p r a u t k n / noun [U] a s u b s t a n c e i n f o o d s s u c h a s m e a t , eggs and m i l k that keeps you healthy /'prautest/ noun [C/u]
a strong complaint or disagreement:
protest against the nuclear testing noun [C]
a formal
a n occasion
w h e n p e o p l e s h o w s t r o n g p u b l i c o p p o s i t i o n to s o m e t h i n g : a
protest
march
p r o t e s t /pra'test/ verb [i]
to s h o w p u b l i c l y t h a t y o u o p p o s e
s o m e t h i n g : Workers are protesting
against high
unemployment.
/ p r a o d / adj 1 f e e l i n g h a p p y a b o u t y o u r a c h i e v e m e n t s , y o u r p o s s e s s i o n s , o r p e o p l e w h o y o u a r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h : We're so proud of her for telling the truth. 2 a p r o u d p e r s o n d o e s not l i k e o t h e r p e o p l e to h e l p t h e m o r to t h i n k t h a t t h e y a r e w e a k : a proud
and
independent
nation
/pAbli'keif(a)n/ noun [U]
t h e p r o c e s s of p r o d u c i n g a
b o o k for people to buy: She became famous her first novel, noun [Ci
financial
after the publication
p u b l i s h e r /'рлЬЬ/э/ noun [C] a p e r s o n o r c o m p a n y t h a t p r o d u c e s a n d sells books / ' р л ш ] / verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g u n p l e a s a n t to s o m e o n e b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e d o n e s o m e t h i n g b a d o r i l l e g a l : He was
punished
for
/рз-s/
stealing.
noun [C]
a s m a l l b a g for c a r r y i n g m o n e y
S
/print/ verb [l/T] to produce words, n u m b e r s , p i c t u r e s etc on paper, u s i n g a p r i n t e r or p r i n t i n g press: The book is beautifully printed on quality paper, verb m 1 to p u b l i s h s o m e t h i n g i n a newspaper or magazine: They refused to print my letter. 2 to produce a p h o t o g r a p h on paper
Q
/'printa/ noun [C] 1 a piece of equipment that y o u use for p r i n t i n g documents t h a t y o u have created on a computer 2 a person or business that p r i n t s books, newspapers etc
q u e s t i o n n a i r e /kwestfa'nea/ noun [q a set of q u e s t i o n s t h a t a lot of p e o p l e a r e a s k e d a s a w a y o f g e t t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t w h a t p e o p l e g e n e r a l l y t h i n k o r do
/'pnz(a)n/ noun [C/u] a n i n s t i t u t i o n where people are kept as a p u n i s h m e n t for c o m m i t t i n g a c r i m e : He's currently in prison for tax fraud.
of
a m a g a z i n e , n e w s p a p e r o r book: a weekly
publication
p r i m e m i n i s t e r / p r a i m 'minista/ noun [C] the p o l i t i c a l leader i n c o u n t r i e s such as the U K t h a t are governed by a p a r l i a m e n t
18
products
/pra'fej"(a)nal/ adj
/ k j u : / noun [C]
a l i n e of p e o p l e t h a t a r e w a i t i n g for
s o m e t h i n g : There was a long queue for / ' k w i k l i / adv
tickets.
at a fast s p e e d : We have to work
quickly.
race
respect /'ref(d)rans/ noun [C/U] a comment that mentions s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : He made no reference to my untidy appearance, noun [C] a statement g i v i n g i n f o r m a t i o n about you that you a s k someone who k n o w s you or h a s worked w i t h you to p r o v i d e w h e n y o u a p p l y for a n e w j o b : Her former employer provided a reference for her.
/reis/ noun [C] a competition that decides who is the fastest at d o i n g s o m e t h i n g : He is training for a big race, noun [C/u] a g r o u p of people w h o a r e s i m i l a r b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e t h e s a m e s k i n c o l o u r or o t h e r p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s , o r b e c a u s e t h e y s p e a k t h e s a m e l a n g u a g e or h a v e t h e s a m e h i s t o r y or c u s t o m s : We do not discriminate on the basis of race or gender. r a i n f o r e s t /'rem.fDnst/ noun [C/U] a forest i n a t r o p i c a l r e g i o n of t h e w o r l d w h e r e it r a i n s a lot r a i s e y o u r v o i c e /,reiz j3 'VDIS/ phrase to s p e a k i n a l o u d a n g r y w a y : We told him not to raise his voice to our children. r a s h /гае// noun [c] a n a r e a of s m a l l r e d s p o t s o n y o u r s k i n t h a t i s c a u s e d by a n i l l n e s s or a r e a c t i o n to s o m e t h i n g /ri:t|7 verb [T] to a r r i v e s o m e w h e r e : We hoped to reach the camp before dark, verb [I] to m o v e y o u r h a n d t o w a r d s s o m e t h i n g y o u a r e t r y i n g to t o u c h o r p i c k u p : He turned round and reached for the phone, verb [i/т] to m a n a g e to t o u c h s o m e t h i n g or p i c k it u p b y s t r e t c h i n g out y o u r a r m : We keep the bottles up here so the children can't reach them. r e a d o u t /,ri:d 'aut/ phr vb to s a y t h e w o r d s t h a t y o u a r e r e a d i n g so that people c a n h e a r t h e m : He read the list of names
out.
r e a d u p o n / r i : d 'лр on/ phr vb to get i n f o r m a t i o n o n a p a r t i c u l a r subject by r e a d i n g a lot a b o u t it: I need to read up on my
r e b e l l i o u s /n'beljds/ adj o p p o s i n g a u t h o r i t y or t h e a c c e p t e d r u l e s of society
s o m e o n e r e b o o t s it, it s t a r t s a g a i n a f t e r it h a s b e e n t u r n e d off /n'si:t/ noun [C] a d o c u m e n t t h a t y o u get f r o m s o m e o n e s h o w i n g t h a t y o u h a v e g i v e n t h e m m o n e y or goods: Keep all your credit card receipts. h a p p e n i n g or s t a r t i n g a s h o r t t i m e ago: a
r e c e p t i o n i s t /n'sepjlajmst/ noun [q s o m e o n e w h o w o r k s i n r e c e p t i o n at a hotel o r office a n d w h o s e j o b i s to w e l c o m e v i s i t o r s , d e a l w i t h q u e s t i o n s etc /'resspi/ noun [C] a set of i n s t r u c t i o n s for c o o k i n g or p r e p a r i n g a p a r t i c u l a r food: a recipe for apple pie / r e k s ' m e n d / verb [T] to s a y t h a t s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g i s good a n d w o r t h u s i n g , h a v i n g or e x p e r i e n c i n g : you recommend a good restaurant?
Can
/'rek3:d/ noun [C] 1 i n f o r m a t i o n that is kept about s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s h a p p e n e d or t h a t s o m e o n e h a s done: medical/ historical records 2 t h e best a c h i e v e m e n t so f a r i n a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y , e s p e c i a l l y a s p o r t : She holds the world record in the 800 metres. 3 a l a r g e c i r c u l a r b l a c k p i e c e of p l a s t i c c o n t a i n i n g m u s i c or o t h e r s o u n d s : an original Beatles' record /ri'kj:d/ verb [T] to m a k e a r e c o r d of s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s h a p p e n e d , u s u a l l y by w r i t i n g it d o w n : They were asked to record the time at which the attack happened, verb [i/т] to p u t s o u n d s o r i m a g e s onto a DVD, CD or v i d e o : Can you record the football for me at 10 o'clock? / п ' к л у э / verb [I]
to b e c o m e fit a n d h e a l t h y a g a i n a f t e r a n
i l l n e s s o r i n j u r y : I haven't fully recovered from the flu.
verb [T]
to get b a c k s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s b e e n lost o r s t o l e n o r i s o w e d : thieves were caught, but many of the items were never
The
recovered.
r e c y c l e /rirsaik(a)l/ verb m to t r e a t w a s t e m a t e r i a l s so t h a t t h e y c a n be u s e d a g a i n /n'dju:s/ verb [T]
to m a k e s o m e t h i n g s m a l l e r o r l e s s i n
size, a m o u n t , i m p o r t a n c e , p r i c e etc: Try to reduce the amount of fat in your diet. r e e f /ri:f/ noun [C] a l o n g l i n e of r o c k or c o r a l i n t h e s e a , w i t h its top j u s t below or j u s t above t h e s u r f a c e r e f e r e e /refd'ri:/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to m a k e s u r e t h a t p l a y e r s i n a g a m e obey t h e r u l e s
/'regjutali/ adv 1 a f t e r e q u a l a m o u n t s of t i m e h a v e p a s s e d : The committee meets regularly. 2 f r e q u e n t l y : The equipment needs to be checked regularly. /ri'leitid/ adj 1 c o n n e c t e d : We think the two crimes are related in some way. 2 b e l o n g i n g to t h e s a m e f a m i l y : Annie's related to the director. /ri'leif(3)nfip/ noun [C] 1 the w a y i n w h i c h two or m o r e people or t h i n g s a r e c o n n e c t e d : There is a close relationship between poverty and crime. 2 a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h two people a r e s e x u a l or r o m a n t i c p a r t n e r s : / was already in a relationship when I met Ben. /'reldtivli/ adv
i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h s o m e o n e or
s o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r : a relatively
small
flat
/niaekst/ adj c a l m a n d not w o r r i e d : Bill came back from holiday looking relaxed and tanned.
his
/ri'li:s/ verb [T] 1 to let s o m e o n e l e a v e a p l a c e w h e r e t h e y h a v e b e e n kept: The authorities had recently released two suspects. 2 to stop h o l d i n g s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : She slowly released her grip on Louisa's hand. /п'1аюЬ(э)1/ adj
r e b o o t /ri:'bu:t/ verb [l/T] i f a c o m p u t e r or s y s t e m r e b o o t s , or i f
/'ri:s(a)nt/ adj discovery
ar /"regjula/ adj 1 a r r a n g e d so t h a t t h e r e i s t h e s a m e a m o u n t of t i m e or s p a c e b e t w e e n t h i n g s : regular monthly meetings 2 d o i n g s o m e t h i n g o r done f r e q u e n t l y : a regular customer 3 f o l l o w i n g t h e n o r m a l p a t t e r n s of g r a m m a r : regular verbs
r e l a x i n g /n'laeksm/ adj p l e a s a n t a n d m a k i n g y o u feel r e l a x e d
British
history.
recent
r e f i n e /rffain/ verb m to r e m o v e t h i n g s f r o m a n a t u r a l s u b s t a n c e i n o r d e r to m a k e it p u r e
able to be t r u s t e d : a reliable
workman/car
r e l y o n /n'lai pnl phr vb 1 to n e e d s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to c o n t i n u e l i v i n g , e x i s t i n g , o r o p e r a t i n g : The museum relies on voluntary donations to keep open. 2 to t r u s t s o m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g to do s o m e t h i n g for y o u : Sometimes you just have to rely on your own judgment. /'reniddi/ noun [C] 1 a s o l u t i o n to a p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m : There are no easy remedies for learning difficulties. 2 a c u r e for p a i n o r for a m i n o r i l l n e s s : homeopathic/herbal remedies r e m o t e c o n t r o l /n.maut kan'traul/ noun [u] a s y s t e m of c o n t r o l l i n g a m a c h i n e or a vehicle from a distance r e n e w a b l e /n'nju:ab(3)l/ adj 1 a r e n e w a b l e c o n t r a c t o r a r r a n g e m e n t c a n be c o n t i n u e d for a l o n g e r p e r i o d of t i m e 2 r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y a n d n a t u r a l m a t e r i a l s r e p l a c e t h e m s e l v e s by n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s , so t h a t they a r e n e v e r completely u s e d up |y / r r p l a i / verb [l/T] • * * to s a y , w r i t e o r do s o m e t h i n g a s a n a n s w e r : Tknow,' Corbett replied quietly. /п'рэ:г7 noun [C] 1 a s p o k e n o r w r i t t e n d e s c r i p t i o n of a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t , s i t u a t i o n o r event: A new report shows violent crime is on the increase. 2 a n a r t i c l e or b r o a d c a s t t h a t g i v e s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t s o m e t h i n g i n t h e n e w s : Did you see that report about house prices in London? 3 a d o c u m e n t t h a t i s w r i t t e n by a t e a c h e r , g i v i n g d e t a i l s of a s t u d e n t ' s s c h o o l w o r k verb [i/т] to give i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g i n a news a r t i c l e or broadcast: Three journalists were sent to report on the conflict, verb [T] to p r o d u c e a n o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t o r a w r i t t e n d o c u m e n t a b o u t a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t : The committee will report the results of its investigation tomorrow. /,repju'teif(d)n/ noun [C/u] t h e o p i n i o n p e o p l e h a v e about h o w good o r b a d s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g i s : The town has a bad reputation. /rfsartf, 'ri:s3:tJ7 noun [U] the d e t a i l e d s t u d y of s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to d i s c o v e r n e w facts: medical/historical/linguistic research /'rezid(d)nt/ noun [C] someone who lives i n a p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e : Many local residents have objected to the new road. /n'spekt/ noun [U] 1 the attitude that someone is i m p o r t a n t a n d s h o u l d be a d m i r e d , a n d t h a t y o u s h o u l d t r e a t t h e m p o l i t e l y : She has worked hard to gain the respect of her colleagues. 2 a feeling that s o m e t h i n g is i m p o r t a n t a n d deserves s e r i o u s a t t e n t i o n : a healthy respect for the law verb [T] to t r e a t s o m e o n e in a way that shows that you t h i n k they a r e important a n d should b e a d m i r e d : He is highly respected in his profession.
responsibility
/ri.spDnsa'bilati/ noun [u] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you have to do as a d u t y or a job: She has a lot of responsibility as a nurse. /ri'spDns3b(a)l/ adj 1 i f you are responsible for something that has happened, you caused i t , or you deserve to be blamed for i t : Parents feel responsible when things go wrong. 2 i n charge of someone or s o m e t h i n g : The manager is responsible for the running of the theatre. /rest/ noun [singular] the p a r t of s o m e t h i n g that r e m a i n s , or the people or t h i n g s t h a t r e m a i n : I'm not really hungry - do you want the rest? noun [c/U] a p e r i o d of t i m e t h a t you spend r e l a x i n g or sleeping: Can we stop for a minute? I need a rest, verb [l] 1 to spend a period of t i m e r e l a x i n g or sleeping: It would be nice to sit down and rest for a while. 2 to not use a p a r t of y o u r body that is t i r e d or i n j u r e d , so that it can get better: You'll need to rest your foot for at least two days. r e s t r i c t i o n /ri'stnkftain/ noun [C] something, for example a law, that l i m i t s what you can do /n'zAlt/ noun [c/U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t is caused d i r e c t l y by s o m e t h i n g else: He said the argument was the result of a misunderstanding, noun [С] 1 the final score i n a sports game, the n u m b e r of votes t h a t someone gets i n an election or the n u m b e r of points that someone gets i n a c o m p e t i t i o n : The election result was a disaster for the party. 2 a piece of i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t you get by e x a m i n i n g , s t u d y i n g or c a l c u l a t i n g something: The results of the survey will be published shortly, noun [plural] results: success t h a t you achieve: He breaks rules, but he gets results. /пЧаю/ verb [I] to stop w o r k i n g permanently, especially when you are old: He retired from the army last month.
science fiction
/'глЫГ/ noun [U] 1 t h i n g s that you t h r o w away because they are no longer useful: The streets were littered with rubbish. 2 t h i n g s that someone says or w r i t e s t h a t are not reasonable or sensible: As usual, he was talking complete rubbish. 3 something t h a t is of v e r y low q u a l i t y : Critics have described the paintings as worthless rubbish. r u c k s a c k /'rAk.sask/ noun [C] a bag that you c a r r y on your back /ru:d/ adj be alone.
not polite: I don't want to seem rude, but I'd
rather
r u i n /'ru:m/ verb [T] to spoil or destroy something: She had ruined mother's chances of getting a job.
/rud/ noun [C] a statement that explains what you can or cannot do i n a p a r t i c u l a r situation: grammatical rules noun [U] the person, group, or c o u n t r y that officially controls a place: British rule over Hong Kong ended in 1997. r u n n e r /'глпэ/ noun [C] a person or a n i m a l that r u n s i n a race, or someone who r u n s for pleasure
s
Лаек/ verb [T]
workers
to f o r c e s o m e o n e to l e a v e t h e i r j o b : Hundreds
are to be sacked
at the
/seed/ adj f e e l i n g u n h a p p y , m a k i n g y o u feel u n h a p p y o r s h o w i n g t h a t y o u feel u n h a p p y : It was a sad day when we sold
r e u n i o n /ri:'ju:nian/ noun [c] a social event for people who have not seen each other for a long t i m e : a family reunion
home.
r e v i s i o n /n'vi3(a)n/ noun [c/u] the process of c h a n g i n g , i m p r o v i n g or m a k i n g additions to something: He intends to undertake a major revision of the constitution, noun [U] the w o r k of s t u d y i n g for an e x a m i n a t i o n : I can't go out-I've got to do some revision for my exams. /ritjy adj 1 h a v i n g a lot of money, p r o p e r t y or valuable possessions: a rich man 2 c o n t a i n i n g a lot of t h i n g s such as butter, eggs or cream that make y o u r stomach feel f u l l very q u i c k l y : a rich chocolate dessert /raid/ verb [i/т] to sit on a bicycle, motorcycle or an a n i m a l such as a horse and c o n t r o l i t as i t moves: / learned to ride a bike when I was five. r i g h t - h a n d e d /rait 'haendid/ adj n a t u r a l l y t e n d i n g to use y o u r r i g h t h a n d r a t h e r t h a n y o u r left to do t h i n g s such as w r i t i n g /nrj/ noun [C] 1 a piece of j e w e l l e r y i n the f o r m of a circle t h a t you wear on a finger: She had a ring on every finger. 2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is i n the shape of a circle: onion rings /risk/ noun [C/U] the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t s o m e t h i n g unpleasant or dangerous m i g h t happen: The risks to consumers are being analysed, verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g a l t h o u g h you k n o w t h a t something t h a t is bad could happen as a result: He risked a lot of money on the company. r i v e r b a n k /'nva ,baer)k/ noun [C] the l a n d at the side of a r i v e r
r o b /rob/ verb [T] to take money or p r o p e r t y f r o m someone i l l e g a l l y : They were planning to rob the museum.
was filled with pain and
Joan's
s a i l i n g /'seihrj/ noun [U] t h e s p o r t o r a c t i v i t y of t r a v e l l i n g a c r o s s w a t e r i n a s a i l i n g boat /'sadari/ noun [C] a fixed a m o u n t of m o n e y t h a t y o u e a r n e a c h m o n t h o r y e a r f r o m y o u r j o b : an annual salary of £25.000 /saend/ noun [U] a p a l e b r o w n s u b s t a n c e t h a t y o u find at a b e a c h o r i n t h e d e s e r t , f o r m e d f r o m v e r y s m a l l p i e c e s of r o c k :
The children
were playing
in the
sand.
/sa:s/ noun [c/U] a l i q u i d food t h a t y o u p u t o n o t h e r foods to g i v e t h e m a p a r t i c u l a r f l a v o u r : tomato sauce /seiv/ verb [T] 1 to m a k e it p o s s i b l e for s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g to a v o i d d a n g e r , h a r m , i n j u r y etc: campaigns to save the planet 2 to a v o i d u s i n g s o m e t h i n g s u c h a s m o n e y , t i m e o r
e n e r g y , o r to u s e l e s s of it: You can save £25 if you buy your before Saturday.
it i n t h e f u t u r e : Save some energy for the end of the race, verb [l/T] if a g o a l k e e p e r s a v e s a b a l l i n a sport s u c h a s football, they prevent the b a l l from going into the net s c a n d a l /'skaend(a)l/ noun [c/U] a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h p e o p l e b e h a v e i n a d i s h o n e s t o r i m m o r a l w a y t h a t s h o c k s people: a sex scandal s c a n n e r /'skaena/ noun [С] 1 a p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t t h a t y o u u s e for c o p y i n g a p i c t u r e o r d o c u m e n t i n t o a c o m p u t e r 2 a p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t t h a t i s u s e d for p r o d u c i n g a p i c t u r e of t h e i n s i d e of a n o b j e c t o r a p a r t of y o u r b o d y s c a r /ska:/ noun [С] a p e r m a n e n t m a r k o n y o u r s k i n w h e r e y o u h a v e
b e e n i n j u r e d : He has a scar under his left eye. the
/skead/ adj operation.
f r i g h t e n e d o r w o r r i e d : I'm scared stiff of
s c a r y /'skeari/ adj f r i g h t e n i n g : a scary
s c h o l a r s h i p /'skDlaJip/ noun [C] a n a m o u n t of m o n e y t h a t a n o r g a n i s a t i o n g i v e s to s o m e o n e s o t h a t t h e y c a n s t u d y at a p a r t i c u l a r s c h o o l o r u n i v e r s i t y : Sophie was awarded a
/гэир/ noun [C/U] a type of v e r y t h i c k s t r i n g t h a t can be used for t y i n g or p u l l i n g t h i n g s /ru:t/ noun [C] the roads or paths t h a t you use w h e n you go from one place to another: The tunnel is the route taken by most drivers.
tickets
3 to k e e p o r s t o r e s o m e t h i n g so t h a t y o u c a n u s e
r o b b e r y /'robari/ noun [c/U] the c r i m e of s t e a l i n g money or p r o p e r t y
r o o m m a t e /'ru:m,meit/ noun [C] someone who you share a r o o m w i t h
our
sadness.
r o b b e r /'гоЬэ/ noun [C] someone who steals money or p r o p e r t y r o m a n c e /rau'maens/ noun [U] the b e h a v i o u r t h a t is t y p i c a l of t w o people who love each other: She wasn't in a mood for romance, noun [C] a book or film about a r o m a n t i c relationship
120
s a d n e s s /'saednas/ noun [u] t h e f e e l i n g of b e i n g u n h a p p y :
childhood
of
factory.
r e t i r e d /n'taiad/ adj no longer w o r k i n g at a job, especially when you are old: a retired teacher/police officer
r e v i s e /ri'vaiz/ verb [T] to change, i m p r o v e or make additions to something: a revised draft of the treaty verb [l/T] to study y o u r notes and i n f o r m a t i o n again i n order to prepare for an e x a m i n a t i o n
her
scholarship
to attend Boston
having
story
University.
/'saians/ noun [U] t h e s t u d y a n d k n o w d e d g e of t h e p h y s i c a l w o r l d a n d its b e h a v i o u r , t h a t i s b a s e d o n e x p e r i m e n t s a n d f a c t s a n d i s o r g a n i s e d i n t o a s y s t e m : recent advances in
science s c i e n c e f i c t i o n / s a i a n s 'fikfan/ noun [u] b o o k s a n d films a b o u t i m a g i n a r y f u t u r e e v e n t s t h a t often i n c l u d e s p a c e t r a v e l a n d creatures from other planets
scientist
simplify
/'saisntist/ noun [C] someone w h o is t r a i n e d i n science, especially someone whose j o b is to do scientific r e s e a r c h /sky./ noun [C] the n u m b e r of p o i n t s t h a t someone gains i n a game o r test: The average score for the test was 75. verb [l/T] to get a p o i n t i n a game or sport: No one scored in the first half. /skri:n/ noun [C] the flat surface o n a computer, t e l e v i s i o n or piece of electronic e q u i p m e n t where w o r d s and p i c t u r e s are shown: Suddenly the screen went blank. s c u b a d i v i n g /'sku:ba d a i v m / noun [ii] the a c t i v i t y of s w i m m i n g under w a t e r w i t h a c o n t a i n e r of a i r o n y o u r back and a tube for breathing through s e a l e v e l /'si: ,leval/ noun [u] the average level of the sea. I t is used for m e a s u r i n g the h e i g h t of p a r t s of the l a n d . s e a r c h e n g i n e /'s3:tf .endjm/ noun [C] a c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m t h a t is used for s e a r c h i n g for i n f o r m a t i o n on the I n t e r n e t s e a s i c k /'si:,sik/ adj feeling i l l f r o m the movement of the boat t h a t you are t r a v e l l i n g o n s e a s i c k n e s s /'si: siknis/ noun [u] s e a s i d e /'si:,said/ noun [singular] a n area t h a t is n e a r the sea, especially one where people go for a h o l i d a y : This was their first family holiday together at the seaside. /siit/ noun [C] vans have leather
s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u c a n sit o n : Some of the seats.
>n ДекДэ)п/ Houn [С] 1 a p e r s o n , g r o u p , p a r t , or area t h a t forms p a r t of s o m e t h i n g l a r g e r : The frozen-foods section is in the rear of the shop. 2 a p a r t of a newspaper, book, o r other piece of w r i t i n g t h a t may be considered separately: The story was reported on the front page of the business section. /si'kjuardti/ noun [U] 1 safety f r o m attack, h a r m , or damage: The information received is highly confidential and relates to national security. 2 the d e p a r t m e n t w i t h i n a n organisation t h a t protects b u i l d i n g s a n d w o r k e r s : If you won't leave, I'll have to call security. /si:d/ noun [c/U] a s m a l l h a r d p a r t produced by a p l a n t t h a t can g r o w i n t o a new p l a n t of the same t y p e : a packet of seeds /si:m/ verb [l] to appear to be s o m e t h i n g , or t o appear to have a p a r t i c u l a r q u a l i t y : John seems nice. s e l e c t i v e /si'lektiv/ adj c a r e f u l about w h a t y o u choose or accept: He is very selective in his reading. s e l f - c e n t r e d /selfsentad/ dj too interested i n yourself, so t h a t y o u do not t h i n k about w h a t other people feel or need s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e /self'konfidans/ noun [U] the f e e l i n g t h a t y o u can do t h i n g s w e l l and t h a t people respect y o u s e l f - e m p l o y e d /self i m ' p b i d / adj w o r k i n g for y o u r s e l f r a t h e r t h a n being employed d i r e c t l y by a company or o r g a n i s a t i o n s e l f i s h /'selfif/ adj t h i n k i n g o n l y about y o u r s e l f and not c a r i n g about other people: a greedy selfish man s e l f - r e l i a n t /selfn'laiant/ adj able to do t h i n g s for y o u r s e l f w i t h o u t depending o n other people /sel/ verb [T] to let someone have s o m e t h i n g i n exchange for money: We've decided to sell our house and move to Spain. s e n i o r c i t i z e n /sknia 'sitizan/ noun [C] someone w h o is at or past the age w h e n most people stop w o r k i n g s e n s a t i o n /seriseif(3)n/ noun [C/U] the a b i l i t y to feel s o m e t h i n g , or s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u feel: When she awoke she had lost all sensation in her legs. s e n s a t i o n a l i s m /sen'seij(3)n3,liz(3)m/ noun [U] a w a y o f r e p o r t i n g events, especially i n a newspaper, t h a t makes t h e m seem as e x c i t i n g or s h o c k i n g as possible /'sentans/ noun [C] 1 a g r o u p of words, u s u a l l y i n c l u d i n g a subject a n d a verb, t h a t expresses a statement, question or i n s t r u c t i o n 2 a p u n i s h m e n t t h a t is o f f i c i a l l y g i v e n by a judge: She received the maximum sentence of ten years. /'sep(3)ret/ adj 1 not together: My brother and I always had separate rooms. 2 not connected w i t h s o m e t h i n g t h a t is s i m i l a r : Police have arrested seven drug smugglers in three separate incidents this week. /'siariiz/ noun [С] 1 a set of t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o programmes t h a t are a l l about a p a r t i c u l a r subject, person o r
g r o u p of people: Tonight's programme is the second in a three-part series. 2 a set o f t h i n g s t h a t are made w i t h the same design, o r made i n the same way: a popular new series of children's books /'siarias/ adj 1 bad or dangerous enough to m a k e y o u w o r r i e d : It's not a serious problem. 2 m e a n i n g w h a t y o u say or do, a n d not m a k i n g a j o k e : I'm sorry, I didn't realise you were being serious. /'s3:vis/ noun [С] * * * 1 a system t h a t provides t h i n g s t h a t the p u b l i c needs: transport/education services 2 a r e l i g i o u s ceremony: a church service s e t u p /set л р / phr vb [l/T] to s t a r t s o m e t h i n g such as a business, o r g a n i s a t i o n o r i n s t i t u t i o n : The group plans to set up an import business. /Jip/ noun [C] a v e r y l a r g e boat t h a t is used for c a r r y i n g people or goods l o n g distances: His ship sailed from Pearl Harbor on Monday. /Jbk/ noun [singular/u] the f e e l i n g of b e i n g v e r y s u r p r i s e d by s o m e t h i n g bad t h a t happens unexpectedly: Jessica's face was blank with shock, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t happens u n e x p e c t e d l y a n d makes y o u feel v e r y s u r p r i s e d a n d upset: The price of housing was quite a shock for us. /Jbkt/ t h a t happens sudden death. you consider the film.
adj 1 v e r y s u r p r i s e d a n d upset by s o m e t h i n g bad unexpectedly: We were deeply shocked to hear of his 2 v e r y offended or e m b a r r a s s e d by s o m e t h i n g t h a t i m m o r a l : People were shocked by the sex scenes in
/Ju:t/ verb [l/T] 1 to f i r e a g u n : We were ordered not to shoot until he gave the signal. 2 i n sport, to t h r o w or k i c k a b a l l i n an a t t e m p t to score p o i n t s : He shot the ball straight at the goalkeeper. verb ГП * * * t o h i t someone o r s o m e t h i n g w i t h a b u l l e t f r o m a g u n : The man was shot in the head as he left the bar. s h o p a s s i s t a n t /Jbp a.sistant/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to serve people i n a shop s h o p l i f t i n g /jbpjiftir)/ noun [U] the c r i m e of s t e a l i n g t h i n g s f r o m a shop s h o r t s t o r y Ijxt 'std:ri/ noun [C] a s h o r t piece of w r i t i n g about an imaginary situation /Jaut/ verb [l/T] 1 to say s o m e t h i n g i n a loud voice: He was one of those speakers who shout into the microphone. 2 to make a sudden loud noise because y o u are a f r a i d or y o u feel p a i n : A man in the next bed was shouting wildly in pain. /fan/ noun [C] 1 a p e r f o r m a n c e i n a theatre: the new show at the Aldwych Theatre 2 a t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e : It's the funniest comedy show on television. 3 a n e x h i b i t i o n : a fashion/ flower show / / а и э / noun [C] 1 a piece of e q u i p m e n t t h a t forces s m a l l drops of w a t e r i n t o the a i r and is used for w a s h i n g y o u r body, or a s m a l l area w i t h a shower i n i t : The shower isn't working. 2 the a c t i v i t y of w a s h i n g y o u r s e l f by s t a n d i n g u n d e r a shower: I'm going to have a shower. /fai/ adj n e r v o u s and e m b a r r a s s e d i n the c o m p a n y of other people, especially people w h o y o u do not k n o w : I'd love to meet her but I'm too shy to introduce myself. s i b l i n g /'siblm/ noun [C] y o u r s i b l i n g s are y o u r b r o t h e r s and sisters /sik/ adj i f y o u are sick, food t h a t y o u have eaten suddenly comes out of y o u r stomach t h r o u g h y o u r m o u t h : I'm going to be sick! s i d e r o a d /'said ,reud/ noun [C] a s m a l l r o a d t h a t is connected to a major r o a d /sain/ noun [C] a flat object w i t h w o r d s o r p i c t u r e s o n i t , put i n a p u b l i c place i n o r d e r to p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n or to advertise s o m e t h i n g : a flashing neon sign /'sadant/ adj 1 not t a l k i n g o r m a k i n g any noise: a crowd of silent onlookers 2 not p r o n o u n c e d : The 'b' in 'thumb' is silent. /'sili/ adj 1 not i n t e l l i g e n t o r sensible: a silly mistake 2 not i m p o r t a n t : Don't get upset over silly things that people say. /'simp(3)l/ adj 1 easy to u n d e r s t a n d or do: Students were given a simple skills test. 2 p l a i n , w i t h o u t any c o m p l i c a t e d features o r d e c o r a t i o n : a simple meal s i m p l i f y /'simphfai/ verb [T] t o m a k e s o m e t h i n g less c o m p l i c a t e d or difficult
121
singer
stepfather
s i n g e r /'sma/ noun и someone who sings, especially someone w h o sings w e l l or as t h e i r j o b /'siijg(a)l/ adj 1 o n l y one: a single sheet of paper 2 not m a r r i e d , or not i n a r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p : Please state whether you are single, married or divorced. s i n i s t e r /'sinista/ adj t h r e a t e n i n g to do s o m e t h i n g h a r m f u l or e v i l : a sinister remark /'sista/ noun [C] a g i r l or w o m a n who has the same parents as y o u : He has two brothers and two sisters. s i s t e r - i n - l a w /'sista(r)in,b:/ noun [C] 1 the sister of y o u r h u s b a n d or wife 2 the wife of y o u r b r o t h e r s i t c o m /'sit.kom/ noun [C] a h u m o r o u s t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o series about a group of characters /,sitju'eif(a)n/ noun [C] the set o f c o n d i t i o n s t h a t exist at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e i n a p a r t i c u l a r place: The country is facing a very difficult economic situation. /saiz/ noun [C/u] a measurement of h o w large or s m a l l s o m e t h i n g is: balloons of all shapes and sizes s k a t e /skeit/ noun [C] 1 a t y p e of shoe w i t h a t h i n m e t a l blade on the b o t t o m , used for m o v i n g q u i c k l y on ice 2 a t y p e of shoe w i t h f o u r t h i c k wheels on the b o t t o m , used for m o v i n g q u i c k l y on a smooth surface verb [i] to move over a surface u s i n g skates s k i /ski:/ verb [I] to slide over snow on s k i s /skil/ noun [C/u] the a b i l i t y to do s o m e t h i n g w e l l , u s u a l l y as a r e s u l t of experience a n d t r a i n i n g : I admired the skill and dedication of the nursing staff. s k i l l e d /skild/ adj s k i l f u l : a skilled
craftsman
s k i n n y /'skini/ adj v e r y t h i n /'slaitli/ adv
a l i t t l e : /feel slightly better
today.
/slip/ verb [l] 1 i f you slip, y o u r feet slide a c c i d e n t a l l y a n d y o u f a l l or lose y o u r balance: Margaret slipped and broke her arm. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g slips, it slides out o f the p o s i t i o n i t s h o u l d be i n : The knife slipped and cut my finger. s l o w d o w n /slao daun/ phr vb to move at a slower speed, or to make someone or s o m e t h i n g move at a slower speed: Slow down.' You're driving too fast. /smo:t/ adj 1 i n t e l l i g e n t : Sophie is a smart hard-working student. 2 clean and t i d y i n appearance and dressed i n nice clothes: smart new clothes /smauk/ verb [l/T] to suck smoke f r o m a cigarette, pipe etc i n t o y o u r m o u t h and lungs: Phil was reading the paper and smoking a cigarette. S M S /,es em 'es/ noun [U] short message service: a m e t h o d of sending a w r i t t e n message u s i n g a m o b i l e phone /snau/ noun [U] s m a l l soft w h i t e pieces of ice t h a t f a l l f r o m the sky and cover the g r o u n d : The path was hidden under a blanket of snow. /saop/ noun [C/U] a substance t h a t y o u use w i t h w a t e r i n order to wash y o u r body or a n object: a bar of soap noun [С] a soap opera s o c i a b l e /'saufob(a)l/ adj a sociable person is f r i e n d l y and enjoys being w i t h other people /'saujiajl/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to society and to people's lives i n general: a period of enormous political and social change 2 r e l a t i n g to a c t i v i t i e s t h a t involve b e i n g w i t h other people, especially a c t i v i t i e s that y o u do for pleasure: a social activity/ engagement /'snf(t),wea/ noun [U] the p r o g r a m s used by computers for d o i n g p a r t i c u l a r jobs: word-processing software Л э о И з э / noun [C]
someone who is a member of an a r m y
/'solid/ adj a solid substance is firm a n d h a r d and is not a l i q u i d or a gas: The lake was frozen solid. /sa'lu:J"(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a way to solve a p r o b l e m or deal w i t h a bad s i t u a t i o n : Putting children in prison is not the solution. 2 the answer to a question i n a game or a p r o b l e m i n mathematics / S D I V / verb [T] 1 to find a s o l u t i o n to s o m e t h i n g t h a t is causing d i f f i c u l t i e s : solve a crisis/dispute/conflict 2 to find the
22
reason or e x p l a n a t i o n for s o m e t h i n g : solve a riddle Ллп/ noun [C]
mystery/puzzle/
y o u r male c h i l d : My younger son is a doctor.
/su:n/ adv w i t h i n a short t i m e : If we don't leave soon, we're going to miss our bus. 2 q u i c k l y : How soon can this package be delivered to Brussels? s o r e IsxJ adj p a i n f u l and uncomfortable, u s u a l l y as a result of an i n j u r y , i n f e c t i o n or too m u c h exercise: I always feel stiff and sore after gardening. /saund/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u can hear: Laura didn't make a sound as she left the room, noun [u] the loudness of a r a d i o , t e l e v i s i o n etc: Turn the sound up a bit -1 can't hear. s o u n d t r a c k /'saun(d),traek/ noun [C] the music that is played d u r i n g a f i l m or t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e , or a CD of t h i s music /speis/ noun [C/u] a n e m p t y or available area: We replaced the bath with a shower to create more space, noun [U] 1 the whole of the u n i v e r s e outside the Earth's atmosphere: a space mission 2 the area i n w h i c h e v e r y t h i n g exists: different points in space and time /spea/ adj 1 kept i n a d d i t i o n to other s i m i l a r t h i n g s , so that you can use i t i f y o u need i t : a spare key/battery 2 available: Have you got any spare room in your car? /'spi:ka/ noun [C] 1 someone who t a l k s about a subject to a g r o u p : She's a very interesting speaker. 2 someone who is able to speak a p a r t i c u l a r language: an English speaker 3 a piece of e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t t h a t sends out sound /'spejalist/ noun [C] someone whose t r a i n i n g , education, or experience makes t h e m a n expert i n a p a r t i c u l a r subject: a web design specialist /'spi:fi:z/ noun [C] a plant or a n i m a l group whose members a l l have s i m i l a r general features and are able to produce y o u n g plants or a n i m a l s together: the human species s p e c t a c u l a r /spek'taekjub/ adj e x t r e m e l y impressive /spi:d/ noun [c/u] the rate at w h i c h s o m e t h i n g or someone moves or w o r k s : They were working with incredible speed. /spend/ verb [l/T] to use money to pay for t h i n g s : How much money did you spend? verb [T] to stay somewhere, or to do s o m e t h i n g , for a p e r i o d of t i m e : We spent the day at the beach. s p i l l /spil/ noun [c/U] an a m o u n t of l i q u i d that has accidentally flowed out of its container: an oil spill s p l i t u p /split 'лр/ phr vb to end a sexual or r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p /spred/ verb [i/T] 1 to g r a d u a l l y affect a l a r g e r area or a large n u m b e r of people or t h i n g s , or to make something do t h i s : Rain will spread from the west this evening. 2 to put t h i n g s i n m a n y p a r t s of a n area, or to be present i n m a n y parts of a large area: There are 54 community colleges spread across California. 3 i f i n f o r m a t i o n spreads, or i f y o u spread i t , it becomes k n o w n by m o r e people t h a n before: Someone has been spreading nasty rumours about Stella's private life. s p y /spai/ verb [l] to w o r k as a spy /steid3/ noun [C] 1 a particular point i n time d u r i n g a process or series of events: We were now on the last stage of our journey. 2 the p a r t o f a theatre where the actors or musicians p e r f o r m : They had now been on stage for over four hours. /stea/ verb [i] to look at someone or s o m e t h i n g v e r y d i r e c t l y for a l o n g t i m e : It's rude to stare. s t a t e s c h o o l /'steit ,sku:l/ noun [C] i n the U K , a school that is paid for by the g o v e r n m e n t and that provides free education /'steif(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a b u i l d i n g or place where t r a i n s or buses stop so t h a t passengers can get on or off: It was dark when we arrived at the station. 2 a company t h a t broadcasts television or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e s : Listen to your local radio station for travel information. s t a y i n /stei i n / phr vb to r e m a i n i n y o u r home and not go out: / think I'd rather stay in tonight. /stid/ verb [l/T] to take s o m e t h i n g that belongs to someone else w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n : She was caught stealing food from the supermarket. s t e p f a t h e r /'step,fa:6a/ noun [C] the m a n who is m a r r i e d to y o u r mother, b u t w h o is not y o u r father
stepmother
survive
s t e p m o t h e r Дтер.тлЭэ/ noun [Ci t h e w o m a n w h o i s m a r r i e d to y o u r father, but w h o i s not y o u r m o t h e r /std/ adv u s e d for s a y i n g t h a t a s i t u a t i o n c o n t i n u e s to e x i s t u p to a n d i n c l u d i n g a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Her hair was still damp from her walk in the rain. Мз:/ verb [l/T] to m o v e food o r a l i q u i d a r o u n d u s i n g a s p o o n o r o t h e r object: Stir the sauce gently over a low heat. / ' Я л т э к / noun [С] 1 t h e soft p a r t at t h e f r o n t o f y o u r b o d y t h a t i s b e t w e e n y o u r c h e s t a n d y o u r legs: A horse had kicked her in the stomach. 2 t h e o r g a n i n s i d e y o u r b o d y w h e r e food g o e s w h e n y o u h a v e e a t e n it: She'll feel better when she has some food in her stomach. s t o m a c h a c h e noun [c/u] p a i n i n y o u r s t o m a c h /staun/ noun [u] the h a r d substance that r o c k s a r e made of: a cottage built of stone noun [C] 1 a s m a l l piece of rock: Children threw stones at him. 2 a l a r g e h a r d s e e d t h a t i s i n s i d e a p i e c e of f r u i t : a peach stone /staim/ noun [C] a n o c c a s i o n w h e n a lot o f r a i n o r s n o w f a l l s v e r y q u i c k l y , often w i t h v e r y s t r o n g w i n d s o r t h u n d e r a n d l i g h t n i n g : A fierce storm hit the west coast of Florida early this morning. /stremd3/ adj 1 u n u s u a l or unexpected i n a w a y that s u r p r i s e s , w o r r i e s o r f r i g h t e n s y o u : Ian is a very strange person. 2 not f a m i l i a r o r k n o w n to y o u : When you arrive in a new country, everything seems strange. /stress/ noun [C/u] 1 a w o r r i e d o r n e r v o u s f e e l i n g t h a t m a k e s y o u u n a b l e to r e l a x , o r a s i t u a t i o n t h a t m a k e s y o u f e e l l i k e t h i s : the stresses and strains of everyday living 2 t h e e m p h a s i s t h a t y o u p u t o n a p a r t i c u l a r w o r d o r p a r t o f a w o r d b y s a y i n g it m o r e loudly /stnkt/ adj 1 s o m e o n e w h o i s s t r i c t e x p e c t s p e o p l e to o b e y r u l e s c o m p l e t e l y , o r o b e y s r u l e s c o m p l e t e l y t h e m s e l v e s : The coach is very strict about our diet. 2 s t r i c t r u l e s o r c o n d i t i o n s m u s t be o b e y e d c o m p l e t e l y : They operate within strict time limits. /strorj/ adj 1 p h y s i c a l l y p o w e r f u l a n d h e a l t h y : Are you strong enough to carry that? 2 n o t e a s i l y b r o k e n , d a m a g e d o r d e s t r o y e d : a strong fabric/glue/rope 3 someone who is strong h a s c o n f i d e n c e , d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d e m o t i o n a l s t r e n g t h : You've got to be strong and not let their jokes bother you. 4 v e r y n o t i c e a b l e : a strong light/colour s t u b b o r n ЛглЬэп/ adj 1 n o t w i l l i n g to c h a n g e y o u r i d e a s o r d e c i s i o n s : Stop being so stubborn! 2 v e r y d i f f i c u l t to c h a n g e , defeat o r r e m o v e : stubborn opposition s t u c k / s u k / adj c a u g h t o r h e l d i n a p o s i t i o n s o t h a t y o u c a n n o t m o v e : Carl's car got stuck in the mud. /'stju:d(a)nt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o g o e s to a u n i v e r s i t y , c o l l e g e o r s c h o o l : Jennifer is one of my best students. /'stAdi/ verb [l/T] to l e a r n a b o u t a s u b j e c t b y g o i n g to s c h o o l , u n i v e r s i t y e t c : She's studying history at university, verb [l] to do w o r k s u c h a s r e a d i n g a n d h o m e w o r k : You need to study hard if you want to pass. /stAf/ noun [U] 1 o b j e c t s o r t h i n g s : What's all this stuff on my desk? 2 a m a t e r i a l , o r a s u b s t a n c e : The costumes were made of thin, gauzy stuff. 3 g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n : I already know all that stuff. s t y l i s h /'stailif/ adj a t t r a c t i v e a n d f a s h i o n a b l e : stylish
clothes
s u b t i t l e /'sAb,tait(a)l/ noun [plural] s u b t i t l e s : a t r a n s l a t i o n o f w h a t people a r e s a y i n g i n a foreign l a n g u a g e f i l m o r t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e w h i c h a p p e a r s at t h e b o t t o m o f t h e s c r e e n noun [C] a n a d d i t i o n a l title that a p p e a r s after t h e m a i n title of a piece of writing /sak'shd/ verb [I] to a c h i e v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u p l a n n e d to do o r a t t e m p t e d to do: Everyone wants the peace process to succeed. /sak'sesf(a)l/ adj • * * • 1 a c h i e v i n g t h e r e s u l t t h a t y o u w a n t : The team has had a highly successful season. 2 a s u c c e s s f u l p e r s o n d o e s w e l l i n t h e i r c a r e e r : a successful businesswoman 3a s u c c e s s f u l b u s i n e s s m a k e s a lot o f m o n e y : It was another very successful year for the bank. /'sAd(a)nli/ adv strange feeling suddenly
quickly a n d without any w a r n i n g : A came over him.
/'sAfa/ verb [l/T]
to e x p e r i e n c e s o m e t h i n g v e r y u n p l e a s a n t
o r p a i n f u l : In wars, it's usually /s3'fif(s)nt/ adj not sufficient
innocent
civilians
that
suffer.
a s m u c h a s i s n e e d e d : The wages
were
for people to live on.
/ s a f e s t / verb [T] 1 to offer a n i d e a o r a p l a n for s o m e o n e to c o n s i d e r : He suggested that we have dinner first, and then watch the film. 2 to m a k e p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g e x i s t s o r i s t r u e : Evidence suggests a link between asthma and pollution. /sad3estf(a)n/ noun [C] a n i d e a o r p l a n t h a t y o u offer for s o m e o n e to c o n s i d e r : Could I make a suggestion? noun [U] t h e a c t of s u g g e s t i n g s o m e t h i n g : It was at Larry's suggestion that I attended the meeting. /suit/ noun [C] 1 a set of clothes m a d e f r o m the s a m e cloth, u s u a l l y a j a c k e t w i t h t r o u s e r s o r a s k i r t : He was wearing a dark suit and a tie. 2 a t y p e o f c l o t h i n g t h a t y o u w e a r for a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y : a diving/jogging suit s u m u p / s A m л р / phr vb to g i v e a s u m m a r y of s o m e t h i n g /'sAmari/ noun [C] a short a c c o u n t of s o m e t h i n g that g i v e s o n l y t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n : The text provides summaries of the plots of Shakespeare's plays. Л л т э / noun [C/U] * * * t h e s e a s o n b e t w e e n s p r i n g a n d a u t u m n , w h e n t h e w e a t h e r i s h o t t e s t : the summer of 1973 s u n g l a s s e s /'sAn,gla:siz/ noun [plural] d a r k g l a s s e s t h a t y o u w e a r to protect y o u r eyes w h e n the s u n is bright /sa'pa:t/ noun [U] 1 h e l p a n d a p p r o v a l t h a t y o u g i v e to a p a r t i c u l a r i d e a , p o l i t i c i a n , o r g a n i s a t i o n e t c : / urge my colleagues to join me in support of this plan. 2 h e l p a n d k i n d n e s s t h a t y o u g i v e to s o m e o n e w h o i s h a v i n g a d i f f i c u l t t i m e : / am grateful to my family for their love and support, noun [C/U] something that h o l d s t h e w e i g h t o f a n o b j e c t , b u i l d i n g o r s t r u c t u r e so t h a t it d o e s n o t m o v e o r f a l l verb [T] 1 to h e l p s o m e o n e a n d be k i n d to t h e m w h e n t h e y a r e i n a d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n : My friends have supported me through the entire trial. 2 to h o l d t h e w e i g h t of s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g so t h a t t h e y do n o t m o v e o r f a l l : The plants were supported with wire. 3 to l i k e a p a r t i c u l a r s p o r t s t e a m a n d a l w a y s w a n t t h e m to w i n : I support West Ham - who do you support? /sa'pauz/ verb [T] to t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s p r o b a b l y t r u e , r i g h t o r p o s s i b l e : I suppose she must be delighted about getting the job. /fx, Jba/ adj 1 c e r t a i n that something is real, true or c o r r e c t : / think she's called Monica, but I'm not sure. 2 c e r t a i n to h a p p e n o r s u c c e e d : Everyone thought that the deal was a sure thing. s u r f /s3:f/ verb [i] to r i d e o n w a v e s i n t h e s e a o n a s u r f b o a r d verb [i/T] to l o o k at v a r i o u s p l a c e s o n e a f t e r a n o t h e r o n t h e I n t e r n e t o r o n t e l e v i s i o n : She spends hours every day just surfing the Net. s u r f i n g /'sxfm/ noun [U] 1 a s p o r t i n w h i c h p e o p l e r i d e o n w a v e s u s i n g s u r f b o a r d s 2 t h e a c t i v i t y of l o o k i n g at d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s o n t h e I n t e r n e t o r o n t e l e v i s i o n i n o r d e r to f i n d s o m e t h i n g interesting s u r g e o n ЛзУз(э)п/ noun [C] a d o c t o r w h o d o e s o p e r a t i o n s /'S3:d3ari/ noun [U] m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t i n w h i c h a d o c t o r c u t s o p e n s o m e o n e ' s b o d y noun [C] a p l a c e w h e r e p e o p l e c a n v i s i t a doctor or a dentist /sa'praiz/ noun [C] a n u n u s u a l event, o r a n unexpected p i e c e o f n e w s : The news came as a big surprise to everyone, noun [U] the feeling that y o u h a v e w h e n s o m e t h i n g u n u s u a l or u n e x p e c t e d h a p p e n s : Many students expressed surprise at the news. /sa'praizd/ adj
feeling s u r p r i s e because
u n e x p e c t e d h a s h a p p e n e d : We were surprised the
something
by Ben's reaction
to
news.
surprising
/sa'praiziq/ adj u n u s u a l o r u n e x p e c t e d : It's not at all that she's angry, considering what you said.
s u r r o u n d i n g s /sa'raundinz/ noun [plural] a p l a c e a n d a l l t h e t h i n g s i n it: She soon became accustomed to her new surroundings. /sa'vaiv/ verb [i/T]
1 to c o n t i n u e to e x i s t o r l i v e i n a
d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n : Only one of the museum's paintings fire. think
survived
2 to s t a y a l i v e a f t e r a n i n j u r y , i l l n e s s o r a t t a c k : Doctors the victims
will
the don't
survive.
I
survivor
toothbrush
s u r v i v o r /sa'vaiva/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o i s s t i l l a l i v e a f t e r a n accident, illness or attack
t e r r i f y i n g Д е г э Д а п п / adj e x t r e m e l y f r i g h t e n i n g : a experience
s u s p e c t /'sAspekt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o m i g h t h a v e c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e : a murder suspect
t e x t b o o k /'teks(t),buk/ noun [C] a b o o k t h a t c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n about a p a r t i c u l a r subject
/sa'spekt/ verb [T] t o believe t h a t s o m e t h i n g is t r u e : Police suspected that she had some connection with the robbery. s u s p i c i o u s /sa'spijas/ adj 1 i f y o u a r e s u s p i c i o u s , y o u d o n o t trust someone or y o u t h i n k that something bad m i g h t have h a p p e n e d : Colleagues became suspicious when he started acting strangely. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g i s s u s p i c i o u s , y o u t h i n k t h a t i t m i g h t b e b a d o r d a n g e r o u s : Customers noticed a suspicious package by the door. / s w i : t / adj 1 foods a n d d r i n k s t h a t a r e sweet taste l i k e s u g a r : I'd like something sweet, like a piece of cake. 2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t i s s w e e t h a s a n i c e s m e l l , s o u n d o r a p p e a r a n c e : The room is filled with the sweet fragrance offlowers. 3 k i n d a n d g e n t l e : He's such a sweet man. s w i t c h o f f /switf "of/ phr vb 1 t o s t o p l i s t e n i n g t o s o m e o n e , o r t o s t o p t h i n k i n g a b o u t s o m e t h i n g : He just switches off and ignores me. 2 i f y o u s w i t c h o f f s o m e t h i n g s u c h as a l i g h t o r a m a c h i n e , o r i f i t s w i t c h e s o f f , i t s t o p s w o r k i n g : The heating has switched off. s w i t c h o n /switf ton/ phr vb i f y o u s w i t c h o n s o m e t h i n g s u c h a s a l i g h t o r a m a c h i n e , o r i f i t s w i t c h e s o n , i t s t a r t s w o r k i n g : Don't switch on the light.
terrifying
t h e f t / 9 e f t / noun [c/u] t h e c r i m e o f s t e a l i n g s o m e t h i n g t h e m e p a r k / ' 6 i : m ,pa:k/ noun [C] a l a r g e p a r k w h e r e p e o p l e p a y t o play games a n d have f u n a n d where a l l the entertainment is designed according to one theme / 9 i k / adj 1 a t h i c k object o r m a t e r i a l has a long distance b e t w e e n t w o o p p o s i t e s i d e s , e d g e s o r s u r f a c e s : a thick woollen sweater 2 u s e d f o r s t a t i n g t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e o p p o s i t e s u r f a c e s o r e d g e s o f a s o l i d o b j e c t : The walls are only a few inches thick. 3 a t h i c k l i q u i d i s m o r e s t i f f o r s o l i d t h a n n o r m a l a n d d o e s n o t flow e a s i l y : a thick cream sauce 4 s t u p i d t h i e f /Girt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s t e a l s s o m e t h i n g / 9 ш / adj 1 a t h i n object or m a t e r i a l has only a short d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o o p p o s i t e s i d e s , e d g e s o r s u r f a c e s : a thin layer of dust 2 s o m e o n e w h o i s t h i n h a s v e r y l i t t l e f a t o n t h e i r b o d y : Charles was thin and very tall. 3 a t h i n l i q u i d c o n t a i n s m o s t l y w a t e r , s o t h a t i t f l o w s e a s i l y : a plate of meat covered with thin gravy /"G3:sti/ adj f e e l i n g t h a t y o u w a n t o r n e e d t o d r i n k s o m e t h i n g : I'm really thirsty - could I have a glass of water? / б а и / adv, conj 1 b u t : / really enjoyed your lecture, though there were some parts I didn t quite understand. 2 used w h e n a d d i n g a statement o r question that seems s u r p r i s i n g after the p r e v i o u s s t a t e m e n t : 'The Savoy's a very nice hotel.'Tsn't it rather expensive, though?' t h r i l l e r /'GrikV noun [C] a b o o k , p l a y o r f i l m t h a t t e l l s a n e x c i t i n g story
t a b l o i d / ' t a e b b i d / noun [C] a n e w s p a p e r t h a t h a s s m a l l p a g e s a n d n o t m u c h serious news t a k e o v e r / t e i k 'auva/ phr vb 1 t o b e g i n t o d o s o m e t h i n g t h a t s o m e o n e e l s e w a s d o i n g : Jane took over as director after Richard retired. 2 t o t a k e c o n t r o l o f s o m e t h i n g , e s p e c i a l l y a n o t h e r company t a l k a t i v e / ' t a i k a t i v / adj s o m e o n e w h o i s t a l k a t i v e t a l k s a l o t / t e i s t / verb [linking verb] to have a p a r t i c u l a r flavour: Although the meal was cold, it tasted delicious, verb [T] t o eat o r d r i n k s o m e t h i n g a n d e x p e r i e n c e i t s flavour: The dinner was one of the best meals I have ever tasted, noun [c/U] 1 t h e flavour t h a t s o m e t h i n g c r e a t e s i n y o u r m o u t h w h e n y o u e a t o r d r i n k i t : / love the taste of chocolate. 2 t h e t y p e s o f t h i n g t h a t y o u l i k e : The meals are designed to suit all tastes. / ' t k t f e / noun [C] French/maths/piano
someone whose j o b is to teach: a teacher
/ t i : m / noun [C] 1 a g r o u p o f people w h o play a sport o r g a m e a g a i n s t a n o t h e r g r o u p : a football/basketball team 2 a g r o u p o f p e o p l e w h o w o r k t o g e t h e r : a negotiating team t e c h n i c i a n / t e k ' m f ( a ) n / noun [C] s o m e o n e w d t h t e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g whose job involves w o r k i n g w i t h a n d t a k i n g care o f special equipment /tek'nDtad3i/ noun [C/U] advanced scientific knowledge that is used for p r a c t i c a l purposes, especially i n i n d u s t r y : computer/military technology /'ti:n,eid3a/ noun [C]
a y o u n g p e r s o n b e t w e e n t h e ages o f
13 a n d 19 / ' t e m p r i , t j a / noun [C/U] a measurement ofhow hot o r c o l d a p l a c e o r o b j e c t i s : The plants need a temperature of at least 15°C to grow well. / ' t e m p ( a ) r a r i / adj 1 existing, done or used for only a l i m i t e d p e r i o d o f t i m e : These measures are only temporary. 2 t e m p o r a r y w o r k e r s do a j o b for a l i m i t e d p e r i o d o f t i m e : a temporary lecturer /хз:т/ noun [C] 1 a w o r d o r phrase that is used for r e f e r r i n g t o o r d e s c r i b i n g s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : a technical/ medical term 2 o n e o f t h e p e r i o d s o f t i m e t h a t t h e y e a r i s d i v i d e d i n t o f o r s t u d e n t s : What classes are you taking this term? t e r r i f i e d / ' t e r a f a i d / adj e x t r e m e l y f r i g h t e n e d
124
/Graut/ noun [C] 1 t h e a r e a at t h e back o f y o u r m o u t h a n d i n s i d e y o u r n e c k : She's in bed with a throat infection. 2 t h e f r o n t p a r t o f y o u r n e c k : The bigger man grabbed him by the throat. t h u n d e r /'GAnda/ noun [u] t h e l o u d n o i s e t h a t y o u s o m e t i m e s h e a r i n the sky d u r i n g a storm o n t i m e / n n ' t a i m / phrase a r r i v i n g a t t h e c o r r e c t t i m e a n d n o t l a t e : The train was on time. / ' t a i n i / adj female motoring
e x t r e m e l y s m a l l : She is one of a tiny minority journalists.
of
/ t i p / noun [С] 1 a n a r r o w o r p o i n t e d e n d , e s p e c i a l l y o f s o m e t h i n g l o n g o r t h i n : the tip of your nose/finger 2 an amount of money that y o u give to someone i n addition to the price o f a s e r v i c e : Shall we leave a tip for the waiter?'3 a u s e f u l s u g g e s t i o n o r p i e c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t s o m e o n e g i v e s y o u : The booklet gives some good tips on getting the most out of your software. / ' t a i a d / adj tired.
n e e d i n g t o r e s t o r s l e e p : Your mother
looked
t i r i n g / ' t a i a r m / adj m a k i n g y o u f e e l t i r e d / t a u / noun [C] o n e o f t h e f i v e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t s a t t h e e n d o f y o u r f o o t : Vera slipped off her shoes and wriggled her toes. Д э ' д е б э / adv 1 i f you put or join t w oor more things t o g e t h e r , y o u c o m b i n e o r c o n n e c t t h e m : Mix together the flour, eggs, and water. 2 w i t h e a c h o t h e r : Kevin, Jack and Dave share a house together. t o l e r a n t / ' t D l a r a n t / adj w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t o t h e r p e o p l e ' s b e l i e f s , w a y o f l i f e etc w i t h o u t c r i t i c i s i n g t h e m , even i f y o u d i s a g r e e w i t h them t o n n e Д л п / noun [C] a u n i t f o r m e a s u r i n g w e i g h t , e q u a l t o 1,000 kilograms / t u : l / noun [C] 1 a piece o f e q u i p m e n t that y o u hold to do a p a r t i c u l a r t y p e o f w o r k : kitchen/gardening tools 2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u u s e i n o r d e r t o p e r f o r m a j o b o r a c h i e v e a n a i m : The Internet has become an important research tool for students. / t u : 6 / noun [C] a n y o f t h e h a r d w h i t e objects inside y o u r m o u t h t h a t y o u u s e f o r b i t i n g : a loose/missing/broken tooth t o o t h a c h e / ' t u : 6 e i k / noun [singular/u] a p a i n i n o n e o r m o r e o f y o u r teeth t o o t h b r u s h Ди:6,Ьгл)7 noun [C] a s m a l l b r u s h t h a t y o u u s e f o r cleaning y o u r teeth
toothpaste
unofficial
t o o t h p a s t e /'tu:9,peist/ noun [C/U] a soft t h i c k substance t h a t y o u put on a t o o t h b r u s h to clean y o u r teeth /top/ noun [C] 1 the highest place, p o i n t , p a r t or surface of something: We could see mountain tops in the distance. 2 a l i d or cover for a c o n t a i n e r or pen: the top of the shampoo bottle 3 a piece of c l o t h i n g t h a t covers the upper p a r t of y o u r body: She was wearing a red skirt and a black top.
t u r n i n t o /t3:n i n t u i / phr vb to change or develop i n t o s o m e t h i n g different, or to m a k e s o m e t h i n g change or develop i n t o s o m e t h i n g different: Our holiday turned into a nightmare. t u r n o n /,t3:n ton/ phr vb to s t a r t u s i n g a piece of equipment or a supply of gas, e l e c t r i c i t y or water by pressing, t u r n i n g , or m o v i n g s o m e t h i n g : Is your computer turned on?
/tre'dif(a)n/ noun [c/U] a v e r y o l d custom, b e l i e f or story: Native American culture and traditions
t u r n o f f /Гз:п 'nil phr vb 1 to leave the r o a d t h a t y o u are t r a v e l l i n g a l o n g i n order to go along a n o t h e r one: If you're coming on the M4, turn off at junction 26. 2 to stop u s i n g a piece of equipment or a supply of gas, e l e c t r i c i t y or water by pressing, t u r n i n g or m o v i n g s o m e t h i n g : Will you turn the television off, please?
/tra'dij'(a)nal/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to v e r y o l d customs, beliefs or stories: traditional Mediterranean cooking 2 t y p i c a l of the t h i n g s people have u s u a l l y done: Our house was built in a traditional style.
t u r n o v e r /t3:n 'auva/ phr vb 1 to stop w a t c h i n g one t e l e v i s i o n station a n d s t a r t w a t c h i n g another: Let's turn over-this is really boring. 2 to t u r n a page i n a book or a sheet o f paper so t h a t the other side is t o w a r d s y o u : You may turn over your exam papers now.
Л а и э / noun [C] a b u i l d i n g : a water
a t a l l n a r r o w s t r u c t u r e , b u i l d i n g or p a r t of tower
t r a f f i c j a m /'traefik У з з е т / noun [C] a l i n e of vehicles w a i t i n g b e h i n d s o m e t h i n g that is b l o c k i n g the r o a d t r a i n e r s /'tremaz/ noun [plural] a t y p e of comfortable shoe t h a t y o u
wear i n i n f o r m a l situations or for d o i n g sport t r a n s i s t o r /traen'zista/ noun [C] a n object t h a t controls the flow of e l e c t r i c i t y inside electronic e q u i p m e n t /traens'leit/ verb [i/T] to change spoken or w r i t t e n w o r d s i n t o a different language: I don't speak Russian, so someone will have to translate, verb ш to cause a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n or r e s u l t : Will the sales increase translate into more jobs? /traens'leif(a)n/ noun [C] a piece of w o r k i n w h i c h spoken or w r i t t e n words have been changed i n t o a different language: Some people like to make lists of words with translations in their own language, noun [U] the a c t i v i t y of c h a n g i n g spoken or w r i t t e n words i n t o a different language: Most legal translation is done by lawyers with foreign language training. t r a n s l a t o r /traens'leita/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to t r a n s l a t e spoken or w r i t t e n words i n t o a different language t r a n s m i s s i o n /traenz'mif(a)n/ noun [C/u] the process o f s e n d i n g electronic signals such as r a d i o or t e l e v i s i o n signals, or a s i g n a l that is sent i n t h i s way: New telephone lines allow faster data transmission by fax or modem, noun [U] the process by w h i c h s o m e t h i n g spreads f r o m one person to another: the transmission of disease t r a n s m i t /traenz'mit/ verb [T] 1 to send a n electronic s i g n a l such as a radio or television s i g n a l : The Cup Final was transmitted via satellite to over 20 countries. 2 to pass i n f o r m a t i o n , beliefs or attitudes to other people: We transmit our values to our children. 3 to spread a disease f r o m one person to another: HIV can be transmitted by sexual contact. t r i b e /traib/ noun [C] a large group of related f a m i l i e s w h o l i v e i n the same area and share a c o m m o n language, r e l i g i o n and customs: Native American tribes /trip/ noun [C] a n occasion w h e n y o u go somewhere and come back again: a fishing/camping/sightseeing trip t r o l l /trol, traul/ noun [C] 1 a n i m a g i n a r y , v e r y ugly, c r e a t u r e i n old S c a n d i n a v i a n stories t h a t lives i n a cave a n d is e i t h e r v e r y s m a l l or very t a l l 2 an ugly or unpleasant person t r o l l e y /'trod/ noun [C] a large c o n t a i n e r w i t h wheels t h a t y o u push and use for c a r r y i n g t h i n g s i n a s u p e r m a r k e t or at a n a i r p o r t /trAst/ noun [U] a feeling that y o u t r u s t someone or something: The doctor-patient relationship has to be based on trust, verb [T] to believe that someone or s o m e t h i n g is good, honest or reliable: Both communities have to trust each other. t r u s t w o r t h y /'trAs(t),w3:6i/ adj someone w h o is t r u s t w o r t h y c a n be trusted /trai/ verb [i/T] to attempt to do s o m e t h i n g : Owen tried a shot at goal, but the ball went wide, verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g i n order to find out w h e t h e r i t is enjoyable, suitable or effective: Haveyou tried these biscuits? They're great! /tju:b/ noun [C] 1 a l o n g n a r r o w object s i m i l a r to a pipe t h a t l i q u i d or gas can move t h r o u g h : Nurses had to feed Dan through a tube. 2 a long n a r r o w plastic or m e t a l c o n t a i n e r t h a t y o u squeeze i n order to push out the soft substance inside: a tube of toothpaste noun [singular] the tube: the system of u n d e r g r o u n d t r a i n s i n London: a tube station/train
t u r n r o u n d /Гз:п 'raund/ phr vb to change the p o s i t i o n of y o u r body or head so t h a t y o u are f a c i n g i n a different d i r e c t i o n : The girls in front turned round and grinned. t u r n u p /t3:n 'лр/ phr vb 1 to a r r i v e somewhere: She failed to turn up for work on Monday. 2 to increase the a m o u n t of sound, heat or l i g h t t h a t is p r o d u c e d by a piece of equipment, by pressing a b u t t o n or by m o v i n g a s w i t c h : Can you turn the volume up a bit? :e /twais/ adv * + * two times: He's phoned morning.
twice already
this
/ t w i n / noun [C] one of t w o c h i l d r e n w h o were b o r n at the same t i m e to the same m o t h e r : my twin brother/sister /twist/ verb [i/т] to bend or t u r n i n t o a different shape, or to force s o m e t h i n g out of its o r i g i n a l shape by b e n d i n g i t or t u r n i n g it: The force of the explosion had twisted the metal, verb [T] 1 to i n j u r e a p a r t of y o u r body by suddenly b e n d i n g i t too m u c h : I've twisted my ankle so I won't be able to play. 2 to change the i n t e n d e d m e a n i n g of s o m e t h i n g s l i g h t l y , so t h a t i t means w h a t you w a n t i t to mean: You're twisting my words.
Uu /лдИ/ adj 1 unpleasant to look at 2 a n u g l y s i t u a t i o n involves v i o l e n t or a n g r y b e h a v i o u r : an ugly confrontation u m p i r e / л т р а г э / noun [C] someone whose j o b is to make sure t h a t players obey the r u l e s i n some sports, for example tennis, baseball a n d c r i c k e t /'лпк(э)1/ noun [C] the b r o t h e r of one of y o u r parents, or the h u s b a n d of y o u r aunt: The business was owned by my uncle. u n d e r g r a d u a t e /,Anda'graed3uat/ noun [C] a student w h o is s t u d y i n g for a first degree at a college or u n i v e r s i t y unemployed
/ д ш т ' р к ж ! / adj w i t h o u t a j o b : Haveyou for a year or more?
been
u n e x p e c t e d l y /Anik'spektidli/ adv s o m e t h i n g t h a t is s u r p r i s i n g because y o u d i d not expect i t at a l l , or y o u expected i t to happen i n a different way: His response was unexpectedly positive. Mn'haepi/ adj 1 feeling sad or upset: Why are you so unhappy? 2 not satisfied: People are very unhappy about the high ticket prices. u n h e a l t h y /An'heiei/ adj 1 i l l , or not p h y s i c a l l y fit 2 not good for you /'ju:ni,fa:m/ noun [C] a set of clothes t h a t y o u w e a r to show t h a t y o u are p a r t of a p a r t i c u l a r o r g a n i s a t i o n or school: He was still wearing his school uniform. /An'kaind/ adj
u n f r i e n d l y , i n s u l t i n g or c r u e l : an
unkind
remark u n l e a d e d An'ledid/ adj unleaded p e t r o l does not c o n t a i n lead /An'nesas(a)ri/ adj not needed: Remove unnecessary files from your computer.
all
u n o f f i c i a l /лпэ'П/(э)1/ adj 1 not organised or f o r m a l l y approved by anyone i n a u t h o r i t y 2 not h a v i n g a n official p o s i t i o n or status
125
untidy
wild
u n t i d y /An'taidi/ adj 1 not a r r a n g e d i n a w a y t h a t is t i d y : an untidy desk 2 not k e e p i n g t h i n g s t i d y : He's always criticising me for being untidy. /лп]шзиэ1/ adj 1 not n o r m a l , c o m m o n or o r d i n a r y : You're in a very unusual situation. 2 different f r o m other people or t h i n g s i n a way t h a t is i n t e r e s t i n g , a t t r a c t i v e or i m p r e s s i v e : The designers have chosen unusual colour combinations. /Ap'set/ adj 1 sad, w o r r i e d o r a n g r y about s o m e t h i n g : Why are you so upset? 2 i f y o u r stomach is upset, y o u have a n i l l n e s s affecting y o u r stomach, u s u a l l y caused by s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u have eaten or d r u n k : Phone and tell them you've got an upset stomach, verb [T] to m a k e someone feel sad, w o r r i e d o r a n g r y : I'm sorry, I didn't mean to upset you. /'з:Ьэп/ adj r e l a t i n g to t o w n s a n d cities: People moved to the urban areas for jobs. /'3:d3(a)nt/ adj u r g e n t t h i n g s are t h i n g s t h a t y o u need to deal w i t h i m m e d i a t e l y : He had some urgent business to attend to. U S B p o r t / j u : es 'bi: pa:t/ noun [C] a place o n a c o m p u t e r w h e r e y o u c a n attach a cable for c o n n e c t i n g a p r i n t e r , k e y b o a r d , m o d e m etc /'ju:sf(d)l/ adj h e l p f u l for d o i n g o r a c h i e v i n g s o m e t h i n g : a useful tool/technique/gadget
V v a c a n c y /'veikansi/ noun [C] 1 a j o b t h a t is a v a i l a b l e : We have several vacancies to fill in the Sales Department. 2 a r o o m i n a h o t e l t h a t is available: We have no vacancies at all during July. /'vadi/ noun [ci a l o w area of l a n d between t w o m o u n t a i n s or h i l l s , often w i t h a r i v e r f l o w i n g t h r o u g h i t : Their house has wonderful views across the valley. v a n d a l /"vaend(ad/ noun [C] someone w h o deliberately damages o r destroys t h i n g s , especially p u b l i c p r o p e r t y v a n d a l i s e /'vaenda.laiz/ verb [T] to d e l i b e r a t e l y damage or destroy t h i n g s , especially p u b l i c p r o p e r t y /va'raiati/ noun [singular] a n u m b e r of different people or t h i n g s : Adults study for a variety of reasons, noun [С] a p a r t i c u l a r t y p e of t h i n g : a new variety of tomato /'vearias/ adj several d i f f e r e n t : There are various of solving the problem.
ways
v e g e t a r i a n /,ved3a'tearian/ adj r e l a t i n g to o r i n t e n d e d for vegetarians: a vegetarian diet/cookbook/restaurant /'УЗ:/(Э)П/ noun [C] a f o r m of s o m e t h i n g t h a t is d i f f e r e n t f r o m other f o r m s or f r o m the o r i g i n a l : The software comes in several different versions.
ж
m\
m
/weid3/ noun [C] a r e g u l a r amount of money that you earn for w o r k i n g : a daily/hourly/weekly wage w a i t i n g r o o m /'weitin ,ru:m/ noun [C] a r o o m where you w a i t for s o m e t h i n g such as a t r a i n , or for someone such as a doctor to be ready to see y o u w a l k i n g s t i c k /"wutkirj ,stik/ noun [c] a stick t h a t some people use to help t h e m to w a l k /weist/ verb [T] to use more of s o m e t h i n g t h a n is necessary, or to use i t i n a way t h a t does not produce the best results: There were accusations that the government was wasting public money. w a t e r /'wa:ta/ verb [T] to p o u r water on plants i n order to keep them h e a l t h y verb т 1 i f y o u r eyes water, tears f o r m i n them because s o m e t h i n g is h u r t i n g t h e m 2 i f y o u r m o u t h waters when you see or s m e l l nice food, saliva begins to f o r m i n your m o u t h /weiv/ noun [C] 1 a l i n e of water that rises up on the surface of a sea, lake or r i v e r : The boat was smashed by a huge wave. 2 a movement t h a t y o u make w i t h y o u r h a n d or w i t h an object as a way of saying hello or goodbye to someone or as a s i g n a l to them verb [l/T] to move y o u r hand i n order to say hello or goodbye: He smiled and waved when he saw me. verb Dl to move something a r o u n d i n the a i r : People clapped and cheered and children waved flags. /wi:k/ adj 1 l a c k i n g physical s t r e n g t h or good health: The illness had left him too weak to speak. 2 l a c k i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n and easily persuaded to do s o m e t h i n g that y o u should not do: weak, indecisive leadership 3 bad i n q u a l i t y or a b i l i t y : Her written work is good, but her oral skills are rather weak. /'wkknas/ noun [U] the state or c o n d i t i o n of being weak: the increasing weakness of the government noun [C] a fault or p r o b l e m that makes someone or something less effective or a t t r a c t i v e : They listed the strengths and weaknesses of their product. w e a l t h y /'wel9i/ adj r i c h : a wealthy
businessman
w e b c a m /'web.kaem/ noun [C] a camera that is connected to a computer and produces images on a website w e b s i t e /'web,sait/ noun [C] a place on the I n t e r n e t where i n f o r m a t i o n is available about a p a r t i c u l a r subject, company, u n i v e r s i t y etc w e d d i n g a n n i v e r s a r y /'wedin aeni'v3:sari/ noun [C] a celebration of the n u m b e r of years t h a t two people have been m a r r i e d /weit/ noun [U] a measurement of how heavy a person or t h i n g is: It was about 12 pounds in weight, noun [C] a piece of heavy m e t a l t h a t is designed for l i f t i n g for exercise or as a sport w e l l - b e h a v e d /,wel bi'heivd/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a way that is polite and quiet and does not upset people
/ ' v i k t i m / noun [C] 1 someone w h o has been h a r m e d o r k i l l e d as the r e s u l t of a c r i m e : a murder victim 2 someone w h o has been affected by s o m e t h i n g such as a n accident or i l l n e s s : flood/earthquake victims
w e l l - b u i l t /,wel 'bilt/ adj a w e l l - b u i l t person has an attractive, strong body
/Vaialans/ noun [U] 1 v i o l e n t b e h a v i o u r : acts of violence 2 a s t r o n g force t h a t s o m e t h i n g has, often one t h a t causes a lot of damage: the violence of the storm
w e l l - o f f /'welpf/ dj r i c h
/'vaialant/ adj 1 u s i n g p h y s i c a l force to h u r t people or damage p r o p e r t y : There were several violent incidents on the streets. 2 a v i o l e n t w i n d , s t o r m or explosion happens w i t h a lot of force and causes serious damage /'vairas/ noun [C] 1 a v e r y s m a l l l i v i n g t h i n g t h a t can enter y o u r body and m a k e y o u i l l , o r a disease o r i l l n e s s caused by t h i s : Malaria is caused by a virus. 2 a p r o g r a m t h a t enters y o u r computer and damages o r destroys i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t y o u have stored: Most viruses are spread over the Internet. v o c a t i o n a l /vau'keif(a)nal/ adj r e l a t i n g to the s k i l l s t h a t y o u need for a p a r t i c u l a r job: a vocational course/qualification v o l l e y b a l l /'vDli,bad/ noun [u] a s p o r t i n w h i c h t w o teams use t h e i r hands and a r m s to h i t a b a l l to each other over a h i g h net v o w e l /'vaual/ noun [C] one of the letters a, e, i , о o r u , or the sounds t h a t they represent
w e l l - k n o w n /'wel.naun/ adj k n o w n by m a n y people, or by the people involved i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n
w e l l - p a i d /'wel,peid/ adj r e c e i v i n g a satisfactory amount of money for the w o r k t h a t y o u do /'wispa/ verb [i/T] to speak v e r y q u i e t l y to someone, so that other people cannot hear you: Stop whispering, you two! /haul/ adj 1 a l l of something: My whole family came to watch me playing in the concert. 2 not d i v i d e d or broken: Add three whole eggs plus two additional yolks. w i c k e d /'wikid/ adj m o r a l l y w r o n g and deliberately i n t e n d i n g to h u r t people /wad/ noun [C] the w o m a n t h a t a m a n is m a r r i e d to: I'd better phone my wife and tell her I'll be late. /waild/ adj 1 a w i l d a n i m a l or plant lives or grows on its own i n n a t u r a l conditions and is not raised by humans: The wild rose is a familiar sight in woods and hedges. 2 a w i l d area is one where people do not l i v e or cannot live: wild, mountainous regions 3 e x c i t i n g and enjoyable: They have some pretty wild parties.
wing
zone
/ w i n / noun [C] 1 one of the p a r t s o n a b i r d or insect t h a t move up and d o w n and a l l o w i t to fly: a moth's delicate wings 2 one of the long flat p a r t s on b o t h sides of a plane t h a t a l l o w i t to f l y
w r e c k /гек/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t has been badly damaged o r is i n v e r y bad c o n d i t i o n 2 someone w h o looks or feels v e r y i l l or tired
/'wmtd/ noun [C/U] the season after a u t u m n and before spring, w h e n i t is u s u a l l y cold: a cold/severe/hard winter
w r i n k l e /'пг)к(э)1/ noun [C] a l i n e t h a t appears o n y o u r s k i n w h e n y o u get older, o r w h e n y o u r s k i n has been damaged by the sun
w i r e l e s s /'waialas/ adj not u s i n g w i r e s : wireless
w r i t e d o w n /rait 'daun/ phr vb to w r i t e s o m e t h i n g on a piece of paper
phones
w i s d o m /'wizdam/ noun [U] the a b i l i t y to m a k e good decisions based on knowledge and experience: The Egyptian leader was praised for his courage and wisdom. /waiz/ adj 1 a wise a c t i o n or decision is sensible and shows that y o u have good j u d g m e n t : You made a wise decision when you chose to study Spanish. 2 a wise person is able to make good choices and decisions because they have a lot of experience w i t c h /witJ7 noun [C] a w o m a n w i t h magic powers /wi6'aut/ adv, prep used for s a y i n g w h a t someone or s o m e t h i n g does not have: I can't find the answer without a calculator.
/ W n d a / verb [i/т] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g because you want to k n o w more facts, or because y o u are w o r r i e d : 'How did they find out?'she wondered, verb [i] to be v e r y impressed or s u r p r i s e d by s o m e t h i n g : It's hard not to wonder at the miracle of a newborn baby. made of wood: a wooden
someone w h o w r i t e s books, stories or
X X - r a y '/eks ,rei/ noun [С] 1 a t y p e of r a d i a t i o n t h a t is used for l o o k i n g i n s i d e t h i n g s such as y o u r body 2 a p i c t u r e of the inside of someone's body t h a t is t a k e n u s i n g X-rays
w o l f /wulf/ noun [C] a w i l d a n i m a l t h a t looks l i k e a large dog
/'wud(a)n/ adj
/'raita/ noun [C] a r t i c l e s as t h e i r j o b
box
w o r k o u t /w3:k 'aut/ phr vb 1 to do p h y s i c a l exercise as a w a y of keeping fit 2 to find an answer to s o m e t h i n g by c a l c u l a t i n g i t : Use the chart to work out how much tax you have to pay. t h e W o r l d W i d e W e b /бэ ,w3:id waid 'web/ noun [singular] a v e r y large
Y y e l l /jel/ verb [i/т] t o shout l o u d l y y o g h u r t /'jDqa(r)t/ noun [C/u] a food made f r o m m i l k t h a t has become t h i c k a n d s l i g h t l y sour
collection of documents, pictures, sounds etc stored on computers i n m a n y different places and connected t h r o u g h the I n t e r n e t /'wArid/ adj nervous and upset because y o u are t h i n k i n g about y o u r problems or about bad t h i n g s t h a t c o u l d happen: Everyone was very worried when John didn't show up. w o r r y i n g /'wArim/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel w o r r i e d /rasp/ verb [T] to cover someone or s o m e t h i n g by p u t t i n g paper, cloth etc r o u n d t h e m : Keep the cheeses fresh by wrapping each one individually.
/zaun/ noun [C] earthquake zone
a n area w h e r e a p a r t i c u l a r t h i n g happens: an
gHM
MACMILLAN
DICTIONARY
www.macmillandictionary.com
online dictionary specifically designed for learners of English clear and simple definitions example sentences show words in context thesaurus of related words audio pronunciations help you pronounce words correctly Keep t h e
w i n d o w o p e n as y o u prepare for your exams
