GARDEN CITY CONCEPT
GARDEN CITY–SIR EBENEZER HOWARD… GARDEN
CITY MOST POTENT PLANNING MODEL IN WESTERN URBAN PLANNING. CREATED
BY EBENEZER HOWARD IN 1898 TO SOLVE URBAN AND RURAL PROBLEMS. HOWARD
READ WIDELY, INCLUDING EDWARD BELLAMY'S 1888 UTOPIAN NOVEL, LOOKING BACKWARD, AND HENRY GEORGE'S ECONOMIC TREATISE, PROGRESS AND POVERTY , AND THOUGHT MUCH ABOUT SOCIAL ISSUES. HE DISLIKED THE WA WAY Y MODERN CITIES WERE BEING DEVELOPED AND THOUGHT PEOPLE SHOULD LIVE IN PLACES THAT SHOULD COMBINE THE BEST ASPECTS OF BOTH CITIES AND TOWNS. THE
ONLY PUBLICATION HE WROTE IN HIS LIFE WAS TITLED AS GARDEN CITIES OF TO-MORROW. THIS BOOK OFFERED A VISION OF TOWNS FREE OF SLUMS AND ENJOYING THE BENEFITS OF BOTH TOWN (SUCH AS OPPORTUNITY, AMUSEMENT AND GOOD WAGES) AND COUNTRY (SUCH AS BEAUTY, FRESH AIR AND LOW RENTS). HE ILLUSTRATED THE IDEA WITH HIS FAMOUS THREE MAGNETS . SOURCE
CENTURY.
OF MANY KEY PLANNING IDEAS DURING 20TH
SIR EBENZER HOWARD
THE CONCEPT
GARDEN
CITY AN IMPRESSIVE DIAGRAM OF THE THREE MAGNETS NAMELY THE TOWN MAGNET MAGNET,, THE COUNTRY MAGNET WITH THEIR ADV ADVANT ANTAGES AGES AND DISADVANTAGES DISADVANT AGES AND THE THIRD MAGNET WITH ATTRACTIVE A TTRACTIVE FEATURES FEATURES OF BOTH TOWN AND COUNTRY LIFE. –
NATURALLY PEOPLE PEOP LE NATURALLY PREFFERED THE THIRD ONE NAMELY GARDEN CITY.
THE CONCEPT
CORE GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLES: PRINCIPLES:
STRONG COMMUNITY ORDERED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
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THESE WERE TO BE ACHIEVED BY :
UNIFIED OWNERSHIP OF LAND TO PREVENT INDIVIDUAL LAND. SPECULATION AND MAXIMIZE COMMUNTIY BENEFITS. CAREFUL PLANNING TO PROVIDE GENEROUS LIVING AND WORKING SPACE WHILE MAINTAINING NATURAL QUALITIES. SOCIAL MIX AND GOOD COMMUNITY FACILITIES. LIMIT TO GROWTH OF EACH GARDEN CITY. LOCAL PARTICIPATION IN DECISION ABOUT DEVELOPMENT. •
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THE ORIGINAL
GARDEN CITY CONCEPT
THE CONCEPT AFFORDABILITY: HOWARD
WANTED GARDEN CITY FOR ALL INCOMES. MOST
ORIGINALLY FOR THOSE OF MODEST INCOMES.
THERE
ATTRACTIVNESS AS LIVING ENVIRONMENTS HAS OFTEN MADE THEM BECAME MORE POPULAR WITH BETTER OFF PEOPLE. IT
IS AN IDEAL CITY INDUSTRY IS BALANCED WITH AGRICULTURE, HOUSING CAREFULLY DISTRIBUTED, AND TRANSPORT RATIONALISED.
HOWEVER,
THE 32,000 INHABITANTS OF THIS GARDEN CITY ARE MORE MIXED, BY AGE, OCCUPATION AND ABILITIES.
ALONG
DETAIL DETAIL SECTION OF GARDEN CITY
WITH BRICKFIELDS, FACTORIES FACTORIES AND MARKETS ARE CHILDREN’S COTTAG COTTAGE E HOMES, INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, CONVALESCENT HOMES, ASYLUMS FOR THE BLIND AND DEAF, AND EVEN A FARM FOR EPILEPTICS. THIS IS A CITY FOR THE STRONG AND WEAK, AND WHERE THE WEAK GROW IN STRENGTH.
APPLICATION LETCHWORTH, ENGLAND, UK LETCHWORTH
35MILES FROM LONDON. LAND OF 3822 ACRES. 1300 ACRES. RESERVED GREEN BELT DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM OF 35OOO POPULATION. POPULATION . IN 30 YEARS DEVELOPED WITH 15000 POPULA POPULATION TION AND 150 SHOPS, INDUSTRIES.. INDUSTRIES –
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THE LAND USED WAS PURCHASED BY QUAKERS WHO HAD INTENDED TO FARM THE AREA AND BUILD A QUAKER COMMUNITY.
THE
TOWN WAS LAID OUT BY RAYMOND UNWIN AS A DEMONSTRATION OF THE PRINCIPLES ESTABLISHED BY EBENEZER HOWARD WHO SOUGHT TO CREATE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE INDUSTRIAL CITY BY COMBINING BE BEST OF TOWN AND COUNTRY LIVING.
IT
IS ALSO HOME TO THE UNITED KINGDOM'S FIRST ROUNDABOUT, WHICH WAS BUILT IN 1909.
APPLICATION WELWYN, UK WELWYN
24 MILES FROM LONDON. LAND OF 2378 ACRES. DESIGNED FOR A MAXIMUM OF 40000 POPULATION. IN 15 YEARS DEVELOPED WITH 10000 POPULATION POPULATION AND 50 SHOPS, INDUSTRIES.. INDUSTRIES –
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CITY IS A TOWN WITHIN THE WELWYN HATFIELD BOROUGH OF HERTFORDSHIRE HERTFORDSHIRE,, ENGLAND. WELWYN
PLANNED
BY LOUIS DE SOISSONS 1921 WELWYN
GARDEN CITY WAS THE SECOND GARDEN CITY IN ENGLAND (FOUNDED 1920) AND ONE OF THE FIRST NEW TOWNS (DESIGNATED 1948). IT
IS UNIQUE IN BEING BOTH A GARDEN CITY AND A NEW TOWN AND EXEMPLIFIES THE PHYSICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PLANNING IDEALS OF
RADBURN, NEW JERSEY A PLANNED COMMUNITY
INTRODUCTION
RADBURN IS AN UNINCORPORATED PLANNED COMMUNITY LOCATED WITHIN FAIR LAWN, IN BERGEN COUNTY,, NEW COUNTY NE W JERSEY JE RSEY,, UNITED UNI TED STA STATES. TES.
RADBURN WAS FOUNDED IN 1929 AS "A TOWN FOR THE MOTOR AGE".
ITS PLANNERS, CLARENCE STEIN AND HENRY WRIGHT, AND ITS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT MARJORIE SEWELL CAUTLEY AIMED TO INCORPORATE MODERN PLANNING PRINCIPLES, WHICH WERE THEN BEING INTRODUCED INTO ENGLAND'S GARDEN CITIES, FOLLOWING IDEAS ADVOCATED BY URBAN PLANNERS EBENEZER HOWARD ( TOWN + COUNTRY), SIR PATRICK PATRICK GEDDES (FOLK + WORK + PLACE) AND CLARENCE PERRY(NEIGHBOURHOOD PERRY(NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING).
HENRY WRIGHT
RADBURN WAS EXPLICITLY DESIGNED TO SEPARATE TRAFFIC BY MODE, WITH A PEDESTRIAN PATH SYSTEM THAT DOES NOT CROSS ANY MAJOR ROADS AT GRADE.
RADBURN INTRODUCED THE LARGELY LARGELY RESIDENTIAL "SUPERBLOCK" AND IS CREDITED WITH INCORPORATING INCORPORATING SOME OF THE EARLIEST CULS-DE-SAC IN THE UNITED STATES.
CLARENCE STEIN
RADBURN’S PLANNING 1929 25000 149 430 90 54 93
RADBURN CREATED
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED RAPID
INDUSTRILISATION AFTER PEOPLE WORLD WAR 1 ACRES MIGRATION OF RURAL TO CITIES DRAMATIC GROWTH OF CITIES SINGLE HOUSES HOUSING SHORTAGE SHORTAGE ROW HOUSES THE NEED TO PROVIDE HOUSING SEMI ATTACHED HOUSES AND PROTECT FROM MOTORISED APARTMENT APARTMENT UNIT TRAFFIC
RADBURN’S PLANNING INSPIRATION…. HENRY WRIGHT’S “ SIX PLANKS FOR HOUSING PLATFORM” PLAN
SIMPLY , BUT COMPREHENSIVELY C OMPREHENSIVELY.DONT .DONT STOP AT AT THE INDIVIDUAL I NDIVIDUAL PROPERTY
LINE. ADJUST PA PAVING,SIDEWALKS,SEWERS VING,SIDEWALKS,SEWERS AND THE LIKE LIKE TO THE PARTICULA PARTICULAR R NEEDS OF THE PATTERN.ARRANGE BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS SO AS TO GIVE SUNLIGHT ,AIR AND A TOLERAB TOLERABLE LE OUTLOOK TO EVEN THE SMALLEST AND THE CHEAPEST CHEAPEST HOUSE. HOUSE. PROVIDE
AMPLE AM PLE SITES IN THE PLACE FOR COMMUNITY USE ;I.E PLATGROUND,SCHOOL GARDEN,SCHOOLS,THETERS,CHURCHES,PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND STORES. PUT
FACTORIES AND OTHER OTH ER INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WHERE THEY CAN BE USED WITHOUT WASTEFUL TRANSPORTATIONOF GOODS OR PEOPLE.
CARS
MUST BE PARKED AND STORED ,DELIVERIES MADE,WASTE COLLECTED (VEHICULAR MOVEMENT)-PLAN FOR SUCH SERVICE WITH A MINIMUM OF DANGER ,NOISE AND CONFUSION. CONFUSION . RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN BUILDING. BUILDING . DEVELOP COLLECTIVELY SUCH SERVICES AS WILL ADD TO THE COMFORT OF THE INDIVIDUAL,AT LOWER COST THAN IS POSSIBLE UNDER INDIVIDUAL OPERTION.
RADBURN’S CONCEPT SEAPARATION OF PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR TRAFFIC. SUPER BLOCK - LARGE BLOCK SURROUNDED BY MAIN ROADS. HOUSES GROUPED AROUND SMALL CUL DE SACS EACH ACCESSED FROM MAIN ROAD, LIVING, BEDROOM FACED FACED GARDENS AND PARKS, SERVICE AREA TO ACCESS TO ACCESS ROADS PARK REMAINING LAND AREAS. WALKWAYS DESIGNED SUCH THAT PEDESTRIANS CAN REACH SOCIAL PLACES WITHOUT CROSSING AUTOMOBILE STREET. THIS CONCEPT IS ALSO APPLIED IN CHANDIGARH, INDIA, –
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MARJORIE SEWELL CAUTLEY, CLARENCE STEIN + HENRY WRIGHT|RADBURN PLAN
PARKS
WITHOUT WI THOUT ADDITIONAL COST FROM RESIDENTS. SAVINGS FROM MINIMIZING ROADS REQUIRES LESS ROAD AREA. GAVE 12-15 12-1 5 % OF 25% LESS AREA GAVE TOTAL PARK PARK AREA. AR EA.
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the street network structure of Radburn Separate pedestrian paths run through the green spaces between the culs-de-sac and
VILLE RADIUSE VILLE
RADIEUSE OR THE RADIANT CITY WAS AN UNREALIZED PROJECT OF LE CORBUSIER, CORBUSIER, ALTHOUGH HIS UTOPIAN IDEAS FORMED THE BASIS OF A NUMBER OF URBAN PLANS DURING 1930 AND 40’S . INFLUENCED
BY LINEAR CITY IDEAS OF MILYUTIN AND THE THEORIES OF SYNDICALIST MOVEMENTS HE FORMULATED THE VISION OF AN IDEAL CITY. IT REPRESENTED A UTOPIAN DREAM TO REUNITE MAN WITHIN A WELL ORDERED ENVIRONMENT. IT
WAS A LINEAR CITY BASED UPON THE ABSTRACT SHAPE OF THE HUMAN BODY WITH HEAD, SPINE, ARMS AND LEGS. THE
DESIGN MAINTAINED MAINTAINED THE IDEA OF HIGH RISE HOUSING BLOCKS, BLOCKS, FREE CIRCULATION CIRCULATION AND ABUNDANT GREEN SPACES. THE
BLOCKS OF HOUSES WERE LAID OUT IN LONG LINES STEPPING IN AND OUT.
THEY
WERE GLAZED ON THEIR SOUTH SIDE AND WERE RAISED UP ON PILOTIS.
THEY
HAD ROOF TERRACES AND RUNNING TRACKS ON THEIR ROOFS.
HE HE
CRITICIZED THE SKYSCRAPER OF MANHATTAN FOR BEING TOO SMALL AND TOO CLOSE TOGETHER.
PROPOSED REPLACING ALL THE EXISTING BUILDINGS WITH ONE HUGE CARTESIAN SKYSCRAPER EQUIPPED WITH LIVING AND WORKING UNITS AS THIS WOULD CLEAR THE WAY FOR MORE PARKLAND CONFIRMING THE IDEALS OF RADIANT CITY.
CITY OF THREE MILLION
PERSPECTIVE OF THE CITY OF THREE MILLIONS
MODEL OF THE HYPOTHETICAL HYPOTHETICAL CITY
IT
IS A HYPOTHETICAL HYPOTHETICAL CITY DESIGNED BY LE CORBUSIER AND IS DEFINED AS A VAST LANDSCAPE OF IDENTICAL SKYSCRAPERS.
THE
PLAN OF THE CITY WAS A DIRECT CONSEQUENCE OF PURELY GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS.
TRANSPORTATION SUBWAYS
WAS CLEAN, ORGANIZED AND PARTIALLY INVISIBLE.
WOULD RUN BENEATH THE VAST CITY OF TOWERS AND PLANES WOULD LAND IN THE CENTRE CUTTING SEAMLESSLY AMONG THE BUILDINGS.
OBUS PLAN
OBUS MODEL HE
UNDERTOOK TOWN PLANNING PROPOSAL FOR ALGIERS. AND THE RESULTING OBUS PLAN WAS A VARIATION OF THE RADIANT CITY.
IT
COMPRISED OF FOUR MAIN ELEMENTS : 1. AN ADMINISTRATION AREA BY THE WATER IN TWO SLAB BLOCKS. APARTMENT BLOCKS FOR THE MIDDLE CLASSES UP ON THE SLOPES 2. CONVEX AND CONCAVE APARTMENT ABOVE THE T HE CITY. CITY. 3. AN ELEVATED ROAD ON NORTH SOUTH AXIS. 4. AND A MEANDERING VIADUCT WHICH WAS LATER REPLACED BY HIGHWAYS.
BRASILIA BRASILIA WAS BASED ON THE IDEAS OF THE RADIANT CITY. CITY.
OSCAR
NIEMEYER AND LUCIO COST COSTA A WERE THE ARCHITECTS OF THE CITY. IN
BRASILIA'S ELABORATE CENTRAL PLAN HOUSING, WORK, AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONAL WERE SEGREGATED INTO DIFFERENT ZONES AS LE CORBUSIER DEMANDED. ALL
RESIDENTS RECEIVE SIMILAR HOUSING. BRAZILIAN PLANNERS GROUPED THE APARTM APARTMENTS ENTS INTO SUPERQUADRA ( APPROX 360 APARTMENTS) TO FOSTER A COLLECTIVE LIFE. EACH
SUPERQUADRA HAD ITS OWN NURSERY AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOL .
GROUPING
OF FOUR SUPERQUADRA HAD A SECONDARY SCHOOL, CINEMA, SOCIAL CLUB SPORT FACILITIES AND RETAIL SECTOR.
NO
STREET FUNCTION AS PUBLIC GATHERING PLACES THERE ARE ONLY ROADS AND HIGHWAYS TO BE EXECUTED.
Design of Brasilia based on the principles of radiant city
