G Syllabus_contents IGCSE Chem CD

Syllabus coverage by book chapter Chapter 1 Planet Earth Topic The water cycle ! The carbon cycle ! The nitrogen cycle ! The composition and uses of the gases in the air ! The separation of air into its components ! The sources of air pollution ! The problems of air pollution and their solution ! ‘Greenhouse gases’ and climate change ! The water cycle sewage treatment ! Water treatment and sewage ! The pollution of water ! Metal ores and limestone ! Fossil fuels and the problems they cause ! Alternative sources of energy ! Hydrogen as a fuel ! The hydrogen fuel cell !

Syllabus section 11 11S 11; introduction 11 11S 11 11 11S 11 11 introduction 10.3; 13 14.2 introduction 6.2 6.2S

Chapter 2 The nature of matter Topic The three states of matter, and changes of state ! Separating and purifying substances ! Filtration ! Use of separating funnel ! Evaporation and crystallisation ! Distillation ! Paper chromatography ! Criteria of purity ! Elements and compounds ! Atomic theory ! The kinetic theory and changes of state ! Diffusion ! Atomic structure and sub-atomic particles ! Proton (atomic) number and nucleon (mass) number ! Isotopes ! Relative atomic mass ! Uses of radioactivity ! The arrangement of electrons in atoms !

© Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry

Syllabus section 1 2.2b 2.2b 2.2b 2.2b 2.2b 2.2a; 2.2aS 2.2a 3.2 3.1 1 1 & 1S 3.1 3.1 3.1 4 3.1 3.1 Syllabus contents per chapter

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Chapter 3 Elements and compounds Topic ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

The structure of the Periodic Table Metals and non-metals in the Periodic Table Electron arrangement in the Periodic Table Trends in Group 1 – the alkali metals Trends in Group 7 – the halogens The noble gases Trends across a period The transition elements Bonding in metals Bonding in non-metals Bonding in covalent compounds Bonding in ionic compounds Formulae and names of ionic compounds Formulae and names of covalent compounds The nature of metal crystals and alloys The nature of ionic crystals The nature of giant covalent structures

Syllabus section 9 9.1 9.1S 9.2 9.2 9.4 9.1 9.3 3.2S 3.2 3.2 3.2 4 4 3.2S 3.2S 3.2

Chapter 4 Chemical reactions Topic The differences between physical and chemical changes ! Word equations and balanced chemical equations for reactions ! Different types of chemical reaction, including oxidation/reduction ! Oxidation and reduction as the transfer of electrons ! The use of state symbols in an equation ! The writing of ionic equations ! Electricity and chemistry – conductivity of metals ! The electrolysis of ionic compounds ! Industrial applications of electrolysis – extraction of aluminium – the electrolysis of concentrated brine – electroplating – the refining of copper !

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Syllabus section introduction 4 7.3 7.3S 4S 4S 5 5; 5S 5S 5S 5 5S

Syllabus contents per chapter

Chapter 5 Acids, bases and salts Topic

Syllabus section

Common acids – where and how they occur 8.1 8.1 ! Organic acids and mineral acids 8.1 ! The pH scale 8.1 ! Indicators – the colour changes of litmus and Universal Indicator 8.1 ! The ions present in acid and alkali solutions 8.1 ! The differences between acids and alkalis 8.2 ! The acid–base properties of non-metal oxides and metal oxides 8.2S ! Neutral and amphoteric oxides 8.1 ! Some common examples of the importance of acids and pH, including soil pH and plant growth 8.1 ! Alkalis and bases ! Uses of common alkalis, bases, and ‘antacids’ including indigestion treatments, the treatment of acid soils, and waste water treatment 8.1 8.1 ! Characteristic reactions of acids – with metals – with alkalis and bases, called neutralisation – with metal carbonates 8.1; 8.4 ! Acids and alkalis in the analysis of salts introduction ! The importance of ‘common salt’ (sodium chloride) 8.3 ! The solubility of salts in water 8.3 ! The preparation of soluble salts by various methods, including titration 8.3S ! Choosing a method of salt preparation 8.3S ! The preparation of insoluble salts by precipitation 8.1S ! Strong acids and strong alkalis are completely ionised in water 8.1S ! Weak acids and weak alkalis are partially dissociated into ions in water 8.1S ! The ionic reactions in acid–base neutralisation 8.1S ! Acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors 8.1S ! The ‘basicity’ of acids !

Chapter 6 Quantitative chemistry Topic ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

The relative atomic mass of elements The relative formula mass of compounds Calculating the percentage by mass of an element in a compound That substances react in fixed proportions by mass The mole as the ‘accounting unit’ in chemistry Simple calculations on the mole The empirical formula of a compound Molecular formula of a compound The mole and reacting masses – calculations Percentage yield and percentage purity Calculations involving gases The concentration of solutions The titration of acid and alkali solutions Solubility curves


Syllabus section 4 4 4 4 4.1S 4.1S 4.1S 4.1S 4.1S 4.1S 4.1S 4.1S 4.1S 4.1S Syllabus contents per chapter

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Chapter 7 How far? How fast? Topic ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Exothermic and endothermic reactions Experiments on heat of reaction Breaking bonds in a reaction as an endothermic process Making bonds as an exothermic process Heat of reaction for burning fuels Factors affecting the rate of reaction The role of catalysts in a reaction Experiments on rates of reaction Enzymes as biological catalysts Collision theory and activation energy Photochemical reactions – photosynthesis Photography using silver salts Some reactions are reversible Chemical equilibrium The Haber process as an industrially important reversible reaction – the effect of changing conditions

Syllabus section 6.1 6.1 6.1S 6.1S 6.2 7.1 7.1 7.1; 7.1S 7.1 7.1S 7.1S 7.1S 7.2 7.2S 7.2S

Chapter 8 Patterns and properties of metals Topic The alkali metals – trends in properties ! Aluminium and its protective oxide layer ! The transition elements – distinctive properties of these metals ! The reactivity series ! Methods of extraction in relation to reactivity ! Metal displacement reactions ! Electrochemical cells – link to reactivity !

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Syllabus section 9.2 10.2S 9.3 10.2; 10.2S 10.3 10.2S 6.2S


Chapter 9 Industrial inorganic chemistry Topic ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Syllabus section

The production of iron in the blast furnace Steel making Rusting of iron and its prevention The extraction of zinc The extraction of copper The extraction of aluminium The Haber–Bosch process for the manufacture of ammonia Manufacture and use of fertilisers The contact process for the manufacture of sulfuric acid The uses of sulfur compounds The commercial electrolysis of brine The uses of chlorine Limestone and its uses The production of lime and its uses The economics of the chemical industry The siting of chemical plants The environmental cost of industry Recycling

10.3 10.3 11; 11S 10.3S 5S 5S 11S 11 12S 12S 5S 5; 11 13 13 introduction introduction introduction introduction

Chapter 10 Organic chemistry Topic

Syllabus section

The unique properties of carbon ! Hydrocarbons as compounds of carbon and hydrogen only ! The alkanes and their properties ! Isomerism ! The halogen compounds of the alkanes ! The alkenes ! The reactivity of the C C double bond in alkenes ! Addition reactions ! The alcohols as a homologous series ! Fermentation as a source of ethanol ! Comparing the methods of ethanol production ! The reactions of ethanol ! Carboxylic acids as a homologous series ! Ethanoic acid as a weak acid ! Esterification ! Soap-making (saponification) !

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introduction 14.1 14.1; 14.1S 14.3S 14.4 14.5; 14.5S 14.5; 14.5S 14.5S 14.6 14.6; 14.8(b) 14.8(b) 14.6; 14.7S 14.7S 14.7S 14.7S 14.8(b)


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Chapter 11 Petrochemicals and polymers Topic

Syllabus section

Fossil fuels ! The formation and fractional distillation of petroleum ! Catalytic cracking ! Alternative transport fuels ! Biogas ! Addition polymerisation ! Condensation polymerisation ! The disposal and recycling of plastic waste ! Biological condensation polymers – proteins – carbohydrates – food

14.2 14.2 14.5 introduction 11S 14.5; 14.8(a)S 14.8(a)S; 14.8(b)S 14.8(a)S

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14.8(b)S 14.8(b)S 14.8(b)S

Chapter 12 Chemical analysis and investigation Topic ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Syllabus section

Testing for anions Testing for cations Testing for gases Collecting and drying gases Testing pH Testing for water Test for unsaturated hydrocarbons Ethanol and ethanoic acid Chromatography

8.4 8.4 8.4 2.1 8.1 7.2; 2.2 14.5 14.7 2.2

The following areas are assessed in the ‘practical assessment’ part of the examination. This assessment is the same for all candidates. ! the ! ! ! !

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nature of the scientific method planning experimental investigations controlling variables sources of error and the display of results interpreting observations and data



G Syllabus_contents IGCSE Chem CD

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