FUSIBLES DE ALTA TENSIÓN (1.000 V A TRAVÉS DE 169 KV)
DEFINICIONES Estándares aplicables: Normas de la American National Standards Institute (ANSI) y el Instituto de Ingenieros Elctricos y Electr!nicos (IEEE) de"ne alta tensi!n en #usibles como #usibles clasi"cadas por encima de $%%% &' &' os #usibles de alto olta*e estan de"nidos en un rango de +asta $,-.& ' ANSI C/0'$1$-/- 23$4 de"ne los sistemas de media tensi!n 5ue tienen una tensi!n nominal superior a $%%% & y menos de $%%'%%% sistemas de alto olta*e &' se denominan #usibles de alta tension como tener una tensi!n nominal igual o superior a $%% %%% &6 e igual o in#erior a 78%'%%% &' os #usibles de alta tensi!n son6 por lo tanto6 utili9ados en ambos sistemas de tensi!n6 media y alta +asta sus alores máimos ' as siguientes normas se aplican a alta tensi!n #usibles: IEEE Std C8;'0%1$--8 IEEE Std C8;'0$17%%% ANSI C8;'071$--, 1 ANSI C8;'001$-/$ 1 ANSI C8;'0,1$-/$ 1 ANSI C8;'0;1$-/$ 1 IEEE Std C8;'0/1$-/; 1 ANSI C8;'<8'$1$-/-: C8;'<8'$1$-/-: =ES>ADO I?I@ADO= DE CO==IEN@E DE FSI3E:
n #usible capa9 de interrumpir todas las corrientes de su corriente nominal máima de interrupci!n de corriente aba*o a su nominal mBnima de interrupci!n de corriente' (IEEE Std C8;'0%1$--8) a corriente nominal minima de interrupci!n para #usibles limitadores de corriente se puede obtener de el #abricante' El #usible limitador de corriente de respaldo re5uiere otro dispositio en serie (por e*emplo6 un #usible de epulsi!n6 un contratista de motor controlado retransmitido) capa9 de interrumpir corrientes por deba*o de su actual interrupci!n mBnima' as
caracterBsticas de ambos dispositios deben estar coordinados para 5ue el dispositio de la serie y el #usible limitador de corriente de copia de seguridad se prote*an mutuamente a corrientes por encima o por deba*o de sus capacidades de interrupci!n'
I?I@ADO= DE CO==IEN@E DE FSI3E:
na unidad de #usible 5ue6 cuando su elemento1de corriente sensible es #undido por una corriente con un rango especi"cado de limitaci!n de corriente del #usible6 introduce bruscamente una alta resistencia para reducir la magnitud y duraci!n 5ue resulta en la interrupci!n de corriente subsiguiente actual' (IEEE Std C8;'0%1$--8) Este #usible interrumpe el circuito en una corriente cero natural para todas las corrientes por deba*o del rango de limitaci!n de corriente especi"cado' Sin embargo6 el #usible interrumpe en menos de la mitad de un ciclo en su modo de limitaci!n de corriente mediante la producci!n de un alto olta*e de arco a tras de sus terminales' El rango de limitaci!n de corriente especi"cada normalmente se produce por encima de aproimadamente 7< eces el alor nominal del #usible y limita la energBa de paso6 asB como la corriente máima disponible' FSI3E DE E>SION : n #usible de entilaci!n (unitario) en el 5ue el e#ecto de epulsi!n de los gases producidos por el arco interno6 ya sea solos o ayudados por otros mecanismos6 resulta en la interrupci!n de corriente' (IEEE Std C8;'0%1$--8) #usibles de epulsi!n de interrupci!n del circuito en una corriente natural de cero6 sin limitar el pico de la corriente de #allo disponible o la energBa disponible' os #usibles de epulsi!n no producen altos olta*es de arco durante la interrupci!n de #allo'
SERIE COMPLETA DE LIMITACIÓN DE CORRIENTE DEL FUSIBLE: Un f!"#$% &'' *% "n+%,,-", +*'! $'! &,,"%n+%! *% ! &,,"%n+% n-"n'$ ' $' &,,"%n+% &n+"n' -/n"-' % &'!' $' f!"n *% %$%-%n+(S) *%$ f!"#$%2 &n %$ f!"#$% %!+ ' $' +%-%,'+,' '-#"%n+% -34"-' %!%&"f"&'*' , %$ f'#,"&'n+% *%$ f!"#$%.
>=O>SI@O ENE=A DE I?I@ACIN DE CO==IEN@E FSI3E: n #usible capa9 de interrumpir todas las corrientes de la corriente de interrupcion nominal a la corriente 5ue prooca la #usi!n del elemento #usible en no menos de $ +' Se debe tener cuidado para asegurar 5ue no eisten condiciones de circuito para producir la #usi!n del elemento #usible de una corriente de menos de $ + de corriente de #usi!n del #usible'
2
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(SENDOS A?>E=IOS A CAD=ADO) O ENE=A DE >ASO:
En la terminologBa de de #usible6 una representaci!n de la energBa6 ya 5ue6 para la mayorBa de los casos6
2
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tiene aproimadamente una relaci!n lineal
a la energBa' Fabricantes de #usible limitadores de corriente publican mBnimo de #usi!n y de los alores máimos
2
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de compensaci!n total de sus
productos' En consideraciones sobre la aplicaci!n de #usible donde el usuario desea minimi9ar el daGo a los e5uipos protegidos6 un #usible con la más ba*a 2
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energBa de paso es generalmente elegido'
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CARACTERSTICAS DE TIEMPO=CORRIENTE (TCCS):
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CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS FUSIBLES
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LIMITADORES DE CORRIENTE Y LOS DISEÑOS DE LOS FUSIBLES DE POTENCIA DE EXPULSIÓN
FUSIBLES DE POTENCIA CON LIMITADOR DE CORRIENTE L! F!"#$%! *% +%n&"' &n $"-"+'&"n *% &,,"%n+% &n!"!+%n 8%n%,'$-%n+% %n n !,+% '"!$'n+% ( %$ -n+'%) n' n"*'* *% f!"#$%. S! ,"n&"'$%! '$"&'&"n%! !n ',' $' ,+%&&"n *% 5$+'% ( +%n&"'$) +,'n!f,-'*,%! (VTS)2 +,'n!f,-'*,%! '4"$"',%!2 +,'n!f,-'*,%! *% +%n&"' #'+%,/'! *% &n*%n!'*,%!2 %n +,'! '$"&'&"n%! %n $'! % !! '$+! /n*"&%! *% "n+%,,&"n ,"%*'*%! $"-"+'*,%! *% &,,"%n+% !n #%n%f"&"!!. D%#"* ' % $! f!"#$%! $"-"+'*,%! *% &,,"%n+% n %-"+%n n"n8n 8'! *% %4$!"n2 % !% %*%n +"$"', %n ,%&"n+! #5%*'!. En $' '&+'$"*'*2 $' '$"&'&"n *% %!+! +"! *% f!"#$%! !% %n&%n+,' %n 3,%'! *n*% $' +%n!"n %!+3 %n+,% 2< V <.J V n-"n'$. L' n+'&"n%! ',' %!+% %!+"$ *% f!"#$%! !% -%!+,'n %n $' T'#$' 6=.
L! F!"#$%! *% +%n&"' &n $"-"+'*, *% &,,"%n+% +"%n%n +,%! &','&+%,/!+"&'! % @'n $$%5'* ' ! %4+%n! ! %n &",&"+! *% *"!+,"#&"n *% %n%,8/' *% -%*"' +%n!"n % +"%n%n '$+'! &,,"%n+%! *% f'$$': = L' In+%,,&"n *% !#,%&,,"%n+%! !% $$%5' ' &'# *% f,-' ,3"*' !"n $' %4$!"n *% $! ,*&+! *% ',& 8'!%! 2 ' % +*' $' %n%,8/' *%$ ',& *% $' %,'&"n %! '#!,#"*' , %$ ,%$$%n *% ',%n' *% %$ f!"#$% !+%,",-%n+% $"#%,'*' &- &'$, ' +%-%,'+,'! ,%$'+"5'-%n+% #''! . E!+' &','&+%,/!+"&' %,-"+% % %$ f!"#$% $"-"+'*, *% &,,"%n+% ',' ! ! %n "n+%,",%! %n ,%&"n+! *% %%? +'-'?. A*%-3!2 *'* % n @' 8'!%! &'$"%n+%! !n *'*! *% '$+' !$ %*%n !%, ,,&"n'*! %,-"!! #' n,-'. L' '!%n&"' *% %4$!"n , = ,*&+! +'-#"7n %,-"+% %$ f!"#$% ',' !%, !-%,8"* %n %$ f$"* *"%$7&+,"&. = E$ fn&"n'-"%n+ *% n f!"#$% $"-"+'*, *% &,,"%n+% ,5&' n' ,%*&&"n %n $' &,,"%n+% "& ' +,'57! *%$ f!"#$% ' n 5'$, -%n, % $' &,,"%n+% *"!n"#$% *%!*% %$ !"!+%-' *% '$"-%n+'&"n !" $' &,,"%n+% *% f'$$' %! - !%,", ' $' &''&"*'* *% &,,"%n+% &n+"n' *%$ f!"#$%. T'$ ,%*&&"n %n $' &,,"%n+% ,%*&% $'! +%n!"n%! !"#$%! *'?! %n %$ &",&"+ @'!+' *'?', '$ %" %n !" . P',' n f!"#$% $"-"+'*, *% &,,"%n+% !% +"$"' n -+, ',,'n%2 !% ,%"%,% % %$ &n+,'+"!+' !$ ',' % $' &,,"%n+% --%n+3n%' @'&%, $'! &''&"*'*%! '&+'$%! "8'$ ' $' -34"-' &,,"%n+% n-"n'$ % *%' '!', *% f!"#$% -3! 8,'n*% % !% +"$"' %n %$ -+, *% ',,'n% .
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E!+! f!"#$%! %!+3n *"!n"#$%! %n *! %!+"$!: = E$ %!+"$ *% $' n"*'* f!"#$% %n %$ % %$ %$%-%n+ f!"#$%2 $' "n+%,,&"n *% $! -%*"! *% &-n"&'&"n2 %$ &nn+ !% &-#"n'n %n n +# '"!$'n+% +*' $' n"*'* !"%n* ,%%-$''#$% = E$ %!+"$ ,+'=f!"#$%! ,%$$%n n"*'*%! *% $'! % !$ $' n"*'* *% ,%&',8' !% !!+"+% *%!7! *% %,'&"n. E$ %!+"$ *% $' n"*'* f!"#$% !% +"$"' ,"n&"'$-%n+% '$ '",% $"#,% %n $! 5$+'%! *% +,'n!-"!"n !#+,'n!-"!"n (5%, F"8,' 6=J). S"n %-#',82 $! f!"#$%! %n %!+% %!+"$ +'-#"7n %!+3n *"!n"#$%! ',' ! ! %n $! 5$+'%! *% *"!+,"#&"n *% @'!+' <2J V2 %n &,,"%n+%! n-"n'$%! *% @'!+' <00 A. L'! n"*'*%! f!"#$%! %!+3n *"!%?'*! %!%&/f"&'-%n+% ',' n+' *% !+% %!+'&"n '$ '",% $"#,% ',' $! -n+'%!2 #5%*'! "n+%,",%! %"! +" %*%!+'$. ',n"&"n%! *% "n+%,", "n&,,'n n *"!!"+"5 *% &n+,$ *% %!&'% % &n+"%n% $' -',/' *% $! ,*&+! *% ',& *% "n+%,,&"n ,3&+"&'-%n+% %$"-"n' %$ ,"* % '&-'?' ' n' %,'&"n *%$ f!"#$%. E!+! *"!!"+"5! *% &n+,$ *% %!&'% n ,%"%,%n n' ,%*&&"n *% $' &''&"*'* *% "n+%,,&"n *%$ f!"#$%. L'! &$'!"f"&'&"n%! *%$ %!+"$ *% $' n"*'* f!"#$% !% *'n %n $' T'#$' 6=J. E$ %!+"$ *% ,%$$%n *% n"*'*%! *% f!"#$% !% +"$"' ' !%' %n "n+%,",%! '$ '",% $"#,% %n -%*"' +%n!"n2 !! &'$"f"&'&"n%! !% *'n %n $' T'#$' 6=6.
LOS NUEVOS TIPOS DE FUSIBLES L' *%-'n*' *% $! &",&"+! %$7&+,"&! !% @'n "n&,%-%n+'* %n $! $+"-! '?! &n %$ &,%&"-"%n+ *% $! !"!+%-'! "n*!+,"'$%! *% !%,5"&"! #$"&!. En -&@! &'!!2 $! f!"#$%! &#"%,+! , $'! n,-'! ' n !n '*%&'*!. En '$8n! &'!!2 $! ,%"!"+! ',' &,,"%n+% &n+"n' %4&%*%n $! f!"#$%! %4"!+%n+%!.
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F'#,"&'n+%! *% f!"#$%! ,%!n*"%,n ' %!+'! n%&%!"*'*%! %n $' *7&'*' *% 19>0 -%*"'n+% $' &-#"n'&"n "n+%8,'&"n *% n%5'! +%&n$8/'! &n *"!%?! *% f!"#$%! %4"!+%n+%!. P, $ +'n+2 n' 5',"%*'* *% *"!!"+"5! *% f!"#$%! -*%,n! !% @'n *%!',,$$'*2 % @'&%n ! *% n' -3! *% $'! !"8"%n+%! +%&n$8/'!: *%+%&&"n %$%&+,n"&' *"!',2 ",+%&n"' ',' '-%n+', $' 5%$&"*'* *% "n+%,,&"n2 *% 5'&/ -%,'*' -'8n7+"&'-%n+% "n+%,,&"n SF6. E$ ! *% &",&"+! 'n'$8"&! *"8"+'$%! ,,&"n' ',' n' '-$"' 5',"%*'* *% &,5'! TCC2 $' f$%4"#"$"*'* "n@%,%n+% *% %!+'! &,5'! %*% ,%!$+', %n n' !%$%&+"5"*'* -%,'*' %n %!%-'! *% &,*"n'&"n ',%+'*!
FUSIBLES DE POTENCIA UTILIANDO LA TECNOLOA DE SF6 INTERRUPCIÓN VACO
FUSIBLES DE POTENCIA EN VACO L! F!"#$%! *% +%n&"' %- 5'&/ !n n' %4+%n!"n *% $! "n+%,,+,%! *% +%n&"' '$
5'&/. Un &'#$% &,+&",&"+'* !% -'n+"%n% '4"'$-%n+% %n+,% *! %$%&+,*! , $ +'n+ @' n #' 5$+'% *% ',& &'n* %$ '$'-#,% f!"#$% !% fn*% , $' !#,%&,,"%n+%. P, $ +'n+ $' &','&+%,/!+"&' ++'$ *% &-%n!'&"n %! !"-"$', ' n f!"#$% *% %4$!"n.L' "n+%,,&"n +"%n% $8', ' n' &,,"%n+% &%,2 $' ,%&%,'&"n *"%$7&+,"&' %! %n '$+ 5'&/. FUSIBLES DE POTENCIA SF6 C- !% fn*% %$ '$'-#,% f!"#$% ,%$'+"5'-%n+% &,+2 n ',& !% f,-' *%n+, *% n' &3-',' *% SF6. E!+% ',& !% &n-+' *%!*% %$ %$%&+,* "nf%,", *% $' &',&'!'. Un' ##"n' &'4"'$ %! &n%&+'* %n !%,"% ' $' &',&'!'. L' ##"n' ,*&% n &'- -'8n7+"& '4"'$. S% @'&% % %$ ',& 8",% ,'*"'$-%n+% %n+,% %$ '$'-"%n+ &- %$ ,"-%, %$%&+,* n &,,%*, &%n+,'$ *% ',& %n %$ !%8n* %$%&+,* @'!+' % !% '$&'n' n' &,,"%n+% &%,2 %n & n+ +"%n% $8', $' "n+%,,&"n
APLICACIÓN DE LOS FUSIBLES DE ALTO VOLTAJE En '$"&'&"n%! "n*!+,"'$%!2 *n*% $' &',8' +,"f3!"&' &n%&+'*' ' -%n* %n2 $' +%n!"n -34"-' *%$ f!"#$% *%#% !%, !%,", ' $' -34"-' +%n!"n *% $/n%' ' $/n%' *%$ !"!+%-'2 "n*%%n*"%n+%-%n+% *% $'! &n*"&"n%! *% %!+' ' +"%,,' *%$ !"!+%-'. P',' '$"&'&"n%! +,"f3!"&'! %n !"!+%-'! %n %!+,%$$'=+"%,,'=%!+,%$$' '+%,,"'*'2 '$8n'! %-,%!'! *% !%,5"&"! +"%n%n $' &!+-#,% *% +"$"', f!"#$%! $"-"+'*,%! *% &,,"%n+% n-"n'$ ',' $' +%n!"n *% $/n%' ' +"%,,'. E!+' ,3&+"&' %,-"+% %$ ! *% n f!"#$% -3! %%? % ,*&% n' +%n!"n *% ',& "nf%,",. An+%! *% +"$"', f!"#$%! &n +'$%! ,'n8!2 !% ,%&-"%n*' n' %5'$'&"n &-$%+' #'!'*' %n %$ !"#$% -'$ fn&"n'-"%n+ *% %!+! f!"#$%! %n &'! *% n' f'$$' *% &n%4"n ' +"%,,' *% f'!% ' f'!% %n n +,'n!f,-'*, !%&n*',". E$ $"-"+'*, *% &,,"%n+% +"%n% fn&"n%! *% f!"#$%! -%*"'n+% %$ *%!',,$$ *% n' f%,' %$%&+,-+," @'&"' '+,3!2 %n $! *"!%?! *% f!"#$% +"$"'n* %$%-%n+! *% '$'-#,%2 %!+' f%,' %$%&+,-+," %! n' fn&"n *% ! +%n!"n n-"n'$ -34"-' %n $8', *% $' +%n!"n *%$ !"!+%-'. En +,'! '$'#,'!2 !% *%#% +%n%, &"*'* %n $' !%$%&&"n *% $' +%n!"n n-"n'$ *%$ f!"#$% $"-"+'*, *% &,,"%n+% %$%-%n+ *% '$'-#,%2 -"%n+,'! % +%n"%n* %n &%n+' $'! !"#$%! !#,%+%n!"n%! (57'!% $' T'#$' 6=1) ',' % &"n&"*' &n $' +%n!"n *% !"!+%-' *% n"5%$%! '"!$'n+%. S" %! n%&%!',"2 %$ f'#,"&'n+% *% f!"#$%! *%#% !%, &n!$+'* !#,% $' '$"&'&"n *% +"! *% f!"#$%! %!%&/f"&!. Sn A$"n%'*! &n f"#,' T'n+ $! f!"#$%! *% +%n&"' $' %4$!"n *% -'+%,"'$ !$"* n !n +%n!"n &,/+"&' %n % &n !%8,"*'* !% %*%n '$"&', ' 5$+'%! "nf%,",%! ' ! +%n!"n n-"n'$2 !"n %f%&+! %,*"&"'$%!. E!+! f!"#$%! +"%n%n n' &''&"*'* *% &,,"%n+% &n!+'n+% "n+%,,-", 2 &- -&@2 n $"8%, '-%n+ %n $' &''&"*'* *% &,,"%n+% "n+%,,-", &'n* !% '$"&' ' $! !"!+%-'! %,'+"5! n -3! n"5%$%! *% +%n!"n , *%#' *% $! f!"#$%!. CORRIENTES NOMINALES En $' !%$%&&"n *% n f!"#$%2 $' &''&"*'* *% &,,"%n+% &n+"n' *%$ f!"#$% *%#% !%, "8'$ -', % $' &,,"%n+% -34"-' &n+"n' % !% *,/' %!%,', ',' '!', ' +,'57! *%$
f!"#$%. P, $ +'n+2 %n '$"&'&"n%! %n $'! % %$ %" %!+3 ,+%8"* , %$ f!"#$% %*% %!+', !#,%&',8'* (&- &'n* n +,'n!f,-'*, !% %,' , %n&"-' *% ! 5'$, n-"n'$ &n+"n2 %, *%n+, *% $! $/-"+%! *% &',8' *% &,+' *,'&"n #$"&'*!)2 $' &''&"*'* *% &,,"%n+% &n+"n' *%$ f!"#$% *%#% !%$%&&"n',!% !#,% $' #'!% *% -34"-' &,,"%n+% *% !#,%&',8' %!%,'*'2 n $' &,,"%n+% n-"n'$. L! f!"#$%! *% +%n&"' *% -'+%,"'$ !$"* +"%n%n $' &''&"*'* &n+"n' *% !#,%&',8'2 %$ f'#,"&'n+% *%#% !%, &n!$+'* !" %$ ! *% n f!"#$% &n n' &''&"*'* *% &,,"%n+% &n+"n' -%n, % $' &,,"%n+% &n+"n' -34"-' ,%%,"*' ',' !% *%!%' $' '$"&'&"n. F!"#$%! *% n' &,,"%n+% n-"n'$ !%,", %*%n !%, ,%%,"*! , +,'! ,'n%!2 +'$%! &- ',' #+%n%, $' &,*"n'&"n &n +,! *"!!"+"5! *% ,+%&&"n ',' $$%5', ' &,,"%n+%! -3! '$+'! ',' %,/*! -3! &,+! *% +"%-. INTERRUPCIÓN NOMINAL L' &''&"*'* *% "n+%,,&"n *% n f!"#$% !% %4,%!' %n '-%,"! !"-7+,"&! ,-!. L'! N,-'! ,%"%,%n L! f!"#$%! *% +%n&"' *% %n!' &n n' ,%$'&"n R n -%n! *% 102 '!/ % $' &$'!"f"&'&"n '!"-7+,"&' %! 12JJ 5%&%! %$ 5'$, n-"n'$ !"-7+,"&. (A$8n! f'#,"&'n+%! *% ,%#'! ' n' ,%$'&"n R -', % 102 , n f'&+, *% '!"-%+,/' *% 126.) S" n f!"#$% *% +%n&"' %! ',' !%, '$"&'* %n %$ &'! "n!'$ *% % $' ,%$'&"n R %! !%,", ' 1J ( 0)2 %$ f'#,"&'n+% *%#% !%, &n!$+'* ',' f'&+,%! *% ,%*&&"n. A$8n! f'#,"&'n+%! +'-#"7n #$"&'n V'$,%! n-"n'$%! -3! '$+! *% "n+%,,&"n %n ,%$'&"n%! R -3! #''!. L! f!"#$%! *% *"!+,"#&"n %n &,+=&",&"+ !% '$"&'n %n $'! $/n%'! !%,",%!2 *n*% $' ,,&"n R %! "nf%,", ' $' *% $! !"!+%-'! *% &'#$% '$"&'&"n%! *% !#%!+'&"n%! 8,'n*%!. P, $ +'n+2 %$$! !% ,%#'n %n n' ,%$'&"n R *% > 1 (% &,,%!n*% ' n f'&+, *% '!"-%+,/' *% 12< 12J) %n fn&"n *% $' +%n!"n "n+%,,&"n n-"n'$. L' -',/' *% $! f'#,"&'n+%! #$"&'n *'+! ',' '-%n+', *"!-"n", $! 5'$,%! n-"n'$%! ,-! !"-7+,"&! *% "n+%,,&"n *% &,+'&",&"+! *% *"!+,"#&"n ',' ,%$'&"n%! R -3! #''! -3! '$+'!. CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE LA APLICACIONES ESPECIALES L'! &n!"*%,'&"n%! !#,% $' '$"&'&"n *% $! f!"#$%! *% '$+' +%n!"n !n *"f%,%n+%! *%%n*"%n* *% !" !% +"$"'n ',' $' ,+%&&"n *%$ !"!+%-' $' ,+%&&"n *% %"! +'$%! &- +,'n!f,-'*,%! *% +%n&"'2 +,'n!f,-'*,%! *% *"!+,"#&"n2 -+,%! &n*%n!'*,%!. PROTECCIÓN DEL SISTEMA ENERAL D%!*% %$ &n&%+ #3!"& *% ,+%&&"n &n+,' !#,%&,,"%n+% '$"&'#$% ' $! !"!+%-'! *% *"!+,"#&"n *% '$+' +%n!"n +"$"'*! %n $'n+'! "n*!+,"'$%! %*"f"&"! &-%,&"'$%! *% -%*"'n 2 !% @'&% %5"*%n+% % $'! fn&"n%! ,"n&"'$%! *% $! *"!!"+"5! *% ,+%&&"n &n+,' !#,%&,,"%n+% !n ',' *%+%&+', &n*"&"n%! *% f'$$ % "n+%,,-", %!+!
5'$,%! '$+! *% !#,%&,,"%n+% ,3"*'-%n+%. L! f!"#$%! ,,&"n'n n *%!%% ,3"* *% &,,"%n+%! *% f'$$' *% '$+' -'8n"+*2 , $ 8%n%,'$ %n %$ ,*%n *% n &"&$ -%n!. S fn&"n !%&n*',"' %! $' *% '&+', &- ,+%&&"n &n+,' !#,%&,,"%n+% *% ,%!'$* !" %$ !"8"%n+% *"!!"+"5 *% !#,%&,,"%n+% -3! &%,&'n ' $' f'$$' ' !%' *%' *% fn&"n', *%#"* ' n' '5%,/' fn&"n' - $%n+'-%n+% *%#"* ' $' &nf"8,'&"n "n&,,%&+'. L! f!"#$%! *% +%n&"' *% '$+' +%n!"n +"%n%n $'! &''&"*'*%! &','&+%,/!+"&'! ',' ,,&"n', %!+' ,+%&&"n *% !#,%&,,"%n+% 5"+'$ ',' ,3&+"&'-%n+% +*! $! +"! +'-'?! *% $! !"!+%-'! *% *"!+,"#&"n % 5'n *%!*% n &",&"+ ,'*"'$ !"-$% *n*% !% !-"n"!+,' '$"-%n+'&"n %n -%*"' +%n!"n &n n +,'n!f,-'*, ',' ,,&"n', 5$+'% *% +"$"'&"n2 @'!+' %$ ,"n&"'$ &-$% *% &",&"+! !%$%&+"5! *% !-"n"!+, *% '$"-%n+'*,%! &n%&+'*! ' n n-%, *% !#%!+'&"n%! *% +,'n!f,-'&"n=,"-',"' (57'!% $' F"8,' 6=6 $' F"8,' 6=;). E!+! f!"#$%!2 +"$"'*! &n "n+%,,+,%! *% &',8'2 !% %*%n '$"&', '$ '",% $"#,%2 %n $'! #5%*'! %n &%$*'!.
L' &,5' TCC *% -/n"- n+ *% f!"n "n*"&' %$ +"%- % n f!"#$% $$%5' n' &,,"%n+% *%!"8n'*' 'n+%! *% %,', (!n"%n* % n @' &',8' "n"&"'$). F"8,' 6=> "$!+,' n' +/"&' f'-"$"' *% '/!%! % ',+'n &n+"n8%n+%! -/n"-! *% f!"n *% L! f!"#$%! *% +%n&"' $"-"+'*,%! *% &,,"%n+%. L' F"8,' 6=9 -%!+,' $! '/!%! % ',+'n &n+"n8%n+%! -/n"-! *% f!"n ',' n' $/n%' ,%,%!%n+'n+% *% L! f!"#$%! *% +%n&"' *% -'+%,"'$ !$"*. E!+'! &,5'! *%#%n "n*"&', $' +$%,'n&"' %n +7,-"n! *% +"%- &,,"%n+%. E!+'! &,5'! *%#%n "n*"&',2 '*%-3!2 !" %$ f!"#$% %*% ,%'$"', !"n
*'?', $' &,,"%n+% *%!"8n'*' , n +"%- % *% "n-%*"'+ !% '&%,&' $' @,' "n*"&'*' , $' &,5'. C,5'! *% '! ++'$ TCC ',' %!+! *! +"! *% f!"#$%! !% -%!+,'n %n $' F"8,' 6=10 $' F"8,' 6=112 ,%!%&+"5'-%n+%.
PROTECCION CONTRA FALLAS
Un f!"#$% ,"-'," !%$%&&"n'* ',' $' ,+%&&"n *%$ +,'n!f,-'*, *%#% !%, &'' *% $$%5', ' $'! &,,"%n+%! *% !#,%&',8' !%8,'. A*%-3!2 *%#% !%, $ !f"&"%n+%-%n+% 8,'n*% &- ',' &,*"n', &n $! *"!!"+"5! %n %$ $'* !%&n*',". E$ $/-"+% !%,", ',' %$ +'-'? *%$ f!"#$% !%$%&&"n'* %! n' fn&"n *% $' n,-' NEC %$ 5'$, n-"n'$ !%' !%,", ' +,%! 5%&%! %n $%n' &',8' *%$ +,'n!f,-'*,. L! f!"#$%! %*%n ,,&"n', n' %4&%$%n+% ,+%&&"n ',' %$ +,'n!f,-'*, ',' +'$%! f'$$'! &'n* !% !%$%&&"n' &,,%&+'-%n+%.
PROTECCIÓN DE LA SOBRECARA Un' P,+%&&"n *% !#,%&',8' *%$ +,'n!f,-'*, ,%&"!' &-n-%n+% !% ,%"%,%. Un -%*" %! %$ ! *% "n+%,,+,%! *% &",&"+ "n+%,n'!. O+, -7+* ',' $' ,+%&&"n *% !#,%&',8' %!+3 *"!n"#$% ',' +,'n!f,-'*,%!+" P%*%!+'$ 2 $ % &-n-%n+% !% !'n !n f!"#$%! *% %4$!"n *% #'n%+'. En $8', *% +"$"', &n5%n&"n'$ -'+%,"'$ *% &#,% %!+'? *% f!"#$%! *% #'n%+'2 % n ,%'&&"n'n ' $' +%-%,'+,' *%$ '&%"+% *%$ +,'n!f,-'*,2 %$%-%n+! %+7&+"&! &"n'$%! !% %*%n !', ',' ,,&"n', +'n+ !#,%&,,"%n+% ,+%&&"n *% !#,%&',8'. A *"f%,%n&"' *% %$%-%n+! *% $! f!"#$%! &n5%n&"n'$%!2 $! !%n+"*! *% %$%-%n+! %+7&+"&! +'n+ %$ %f%&+ +7,-"& *% $! f$ *% &,,"%n+% %$ '-%n+ *% $' +%-%,'+,' *% '&%"+%. L' +%-%,'+,' *%$ '&%"+% %! *%#"* ' 7,*"*'! %n %$ n&$% $' ##"n' &-#"n'* &n &n*"&"n%! *% +%-%,'+,' '-#"%n+%. E$ %$%-%n+ %+7&+"&' !% fn*% ' n' ,%*%+%,-"n'*' +%-%,'+,' '#,% %$ &",&"+. P, $ +'n+2 %$ !"!+%-' *% '"!$'-"%n+ *%$ +,'n!f,-'*, %!+3 ,+%8"* *% $'! +%-%,'+,'! %4+,%-'! % ,%*&%n !"8n"f"&'+"5'-%n+% ! 5"*' +"$.
LA COORDINACIÓN DE FUSIBLES PARARRAOS L! *%!&',8'*,%! *% !#,%+%n!"n%! !n *"!!"+"5! *% !#,%+%n!"n % ,%!%n+'n n' #'' ,%!"!+%n&"' &'n* $' +%n!"n %4&%*% n 5'$, ,%*%+%,-"n'*2 n' '$+' ,%!"!+%n&"' *,'n+% %$ fn&"n'-"%n+ n,-'$. A!/ % !%+'n $' !#,%+%n!"n ' n n"5%$ *%!%'* *%!5"'n* %$ %4&%! *% %n%,8/' ' $' +"%,,'. D%#"* ' % $! *%!&',8'*,%! n +"%n%n 8,'n -'!'2 n $/-"+% +7,-"& '#!,#% $' %n%,8/' *,'n+% %$ %,/* *% !#,%+%n!"n.
APLICACIÓN ESPECIAL DE LAS NUEVAS TECNOLOAS
A$8n! *% $! n%5! *"!%?! *% $! f!"#$%! *% +%n&"' !n n"&! %n $' &-#"n'&"n *% -&@'! *% $'! &','&+%,/!+"&'! *% $! *! ,%$7! f!"#$%! *"!','*!. A$ "8'$ % $! ,%$7!2 %*%n !%, %"'*'! &n n' 5',"%*'* *% &','&+%,/!+"&'! *% ,%!%!+' "n&$%n* "n!+'n+3n%'2 +"%- *% ,%+',*2 "n5%,!'2 &-#"n'&"n%! *% %!+'! &','&+%,/!+"&'!. En $! '$+! n"5%$%! '&+'$%!2 "n+%,,-%n %n n -* *% $"-"+'&"n *% &,,"%n+% %n n' f,'&&"n *% n &"&$. E!+3n *"!n"#$%! &n '$+'! &'$"f"&'&"n%! &n+"n' &,,"%n+% *% <00 A2 600 A2 100 A2 000 A 000 A. CONCLUSIONES
D%!*% %$ &n&%+ #3!"& *% ,+%&&"n &n+,' !#,%&,,"%n+% '$"&'#$% ' $! !"!+%-'! *% *"!+,"#&"n *% '$+' +%n!"n +"$"'*! %n $'n+'! "n*!+,"'$%! %*"f"&"! &-%,&"'$%! *% -%*"'n 2 !% @'&% %5"*%n+% % $'! fn&"n%! ,"n&"'$%! *% $! *"!!"+"5! *% ,+%&&"n &n+,' !#,%&,,"%n+% !n ',' *%+%&+', &n*"&"n%! *% f'$$ % "n+%,,-", %!+! 5'$,%! '$+! *% !#,%&,,"%n+% ,3"*'-%n+%.
L! f!"#$%! ,,&"n'n n *%!%% ,3"* *% &,,"%n+%! *% f'$$' *% '$+' -'8n"+*2 , $ 8%n%,'$ %n %$ ,*%n *% n &"&$ -%n!. S fn&"n !%&n*',"' %! $' *% '&+', &- ,+%&&"n &n+,' !#,%&,,"%n+% *% ,%!'$* !" %$ !"8"%n+% *"!!"+"5 *% !#,%&,,"%n+% -3! &%,&'n ' $' f'$$' ' !%' *%' *% fn&"n', *%#"* ' n' '5%,/' fn&"n' - $%n+'-%n+% *%#"* ' $' &nf"8,'&"n "n&,,%&+'.
E! , %!+ % %$ ! *% f!"#$%! %n $! !"!+%-'! *% +%n&"' %! *% 8,'n "-,+'n&"' .
