NNPC MODIFIED FOUNDATION SKILLS TRAINING
PROGRAM
LECTURE NOTES
ON
FUNDAMENTALS OF REFINING AND PETROCHEMICALS PROCESSES
1
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF REFINING AND PETROCHEMICALS COMPLEX
2
CONTENT INTRODUCTION
REFINING PROCESSES PROCESSES - FUELS COMMON PROCESS PROCESS UNITS IN THE REFINERY REFINERY SITING OF REFINING PLANTS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMEN TAL CONCERNS EVOLUTION OF REFINING PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT OF REFINING IN NIGERIA REFINING OPERATIONS : TYPES OF REFINING PROCESSES ( 4 STEPS ) :
3
INTRODUCTION
Cru Crud !"# !"# $r $r!% !%& &&&"' "' "& * *"' "'#+ #+ *" *"d d ,!*rd *rd& ,. $r!du%/!' !0 0u#& *'d &! !'#+ * &*## 0r*%/!' !0 ",& $r!du%,& "& u&d 0!r &$%"*#,+ %."%*#& *'d $,r!%."%*#& $r!du%/!' Consequently Consequently e!ne"es e!ne"es #e set set u$ $"% $"%# #"l "ly y to $o& $o&u' u'e e t#n t#ns$ s$o ot# t#(o (on n )uel )uelss A"*/!' 0u#& G*&!#"'(P,r!#) *'d Au,!!/ G*& !"# (D"&# O"#) I, "& ,. 'd ,! $r!du% !r *'d !r !0 ,.& $r!d $r!du%,& u%,& 0r! 0r! ,. * 5*rr# 5*rr# !0 %rud %rud !"# ,.*, .*& .*& 5' 5' ,. ,. 0!r% !r% dr dr" ""' "' r6'" 6'"' ' $r $r!% !%& &&& d&" d&"' ' *' *'d d %*,*#+& %*,*#+&,, ,%.'!#!+ ,%.'!#!+ Pr!du%/! Pr!du%/!' ' !0 &$%"*#",+ &$%"*#",+ $r!du%,& $r!du%,& ( &!#',& #u5r"%*',& $,r!%."%*# 0d&,!%7& ,% ) "& *'%"##*r+ ,! ,r*'&$!r,*/!' ,r*'&$!r,*/!' 0u#& $r!du%/!' In&e In&ee e& %o&en n 'on+ 'on+e es" s"on on e!ne e!ney y out$ out$ut ut "s * %o&e unle#& unle#&e& e& ,#sol ,#sol"ne "ne -PMS. -PMS. *' *'d d ,. 5*#*'% !0 / "&
d"&,r" d"&,r"5u, 5u,d d 5, 5,' ' LPG LPG 8, 0u#& 0u#& D"&# D"&# 0u# 0u# %!7 %!7 S!# S!#' ',, E9,r E9,r*% *%/! /!' ' 0!r #u #u5r 5r"% "%*' *',& ,& * *'u 'u00*%,u *%,urr *' *'d d P,r ,r!%. !%." "%%*#& *#& u' u'", ",&& ,! r%! %!r r Pr!$ Pr!$' ' u, u,'& '& '; ';' ' T!#u' !#u' *'d <+#'& +#'& 0!r 0!r 0ur,. 0ur,.rr $r $r!% !%&& &&"' "' "',! P!#+r&
4
REFINING PROCESSES 0 FUELS
Crud !"# "& * r+ %!$#9 "9,ur !0 *,r"*#& &r*# ,.!u&*'d& !0 ,. * #!, !0 &! * #"=# !0 ,. !,.r& 5u, ,.!u&*'d !0 7"'d& "' *'+ %*& Crud !"#& %."%*# %!'&/,u',& *r+ ",. #!%*/!' * *'d ,. d$,. !0 ,. "'d""du*# ## A& * "9,ur Crud O"# "& !> #"=# $r*%/%*# u& 5u, *r *5# ,! !5,*"' !r ,.*' 1222 u&0u# *'d &*#*5# $r!du%,& 0r! ", P,r!#u R6'"'" P#*',& *r #*r &$r*#"' "'du&,r"*# %!$#9& ,+$"%*##+ ",. 9,'&" ',!r7 !0 $"$"'& %*rr+"' &,r*& !0 ?u"d& 5,' #*r %."%*# $r!%&&"' u'",& .r Crud O"# "& $r!%&&d "',! u&0u# $,r!#u $r!du%,& (LPG G*&!#"' @ P,r!# r!&' D"&# O"# H*/' O"#& Lu5r"%*',& *'d +$r!du%,&) I' !,.r !rd& * r6'r+ %!$r"&& r!u$ !0 *'u0*%,ur"' $#*',& (u'",&) ."%. *r+ "' 'u5r ",. ,. *r",+ !0 $r!du%,& $r!du%d R6'r+ +$r!du%,& *r $r!%&&d ,! $r!du%,& &u%. *& S!#',& D,r',& P#*&/%& E#*&,!r& (S+',./% Ru55r&) *'d F"5r& (N+#!' *'d P!#+&,r&) R6'"' $r!%&&& .* !#d %!'/'u!u+ &"'% ,. *d', !0 %rud d"&/##*/!' "' r&$!'& ,! %.*'"' %!'&ur d*'d 0!r *r"!u& $r"u $r!du%,& *'d '"r!'', $r!,%/!' T.r *r ,.r ,+$& !0 R6'r+ :
B
1
T!$$"' R6'r+ * &"$# r6'r+ *d u$ !0 CDU G*& $#*', *'d L"., .+dr!%*r5!' r%!r+ *'d ,. '%&&*r+ U/#",+ &+&, I, $r!du%& #*r *!u',& !0 u'6'"&.d !"#& R&"du*#&
2
H+dr!-&7""' R6'r+ T!$$"' R6'r+ "',! ."%. H+dr!-,r*/' *'d C*,*#+/% R0!r"' U'",& .* 5' "'%!r$!r*,d U&u*##+ *5!u, .*#0 !0 ",& !u,$u, "& r&"du*# 0u# !"# ( O#d PHC R6'r+) O$r*/!'& %*' 5 &r"!u+ !$*rd";d "' *' r* !0 #! &u#0ur 0u# !"# d*'d
3
C!'r&"!' R6'r+ H+dr!-&7""' R6'r+ $#u& C*, Cr*%7"' H+dr!-%r*%7"' C!7"' ,% ,! &.*r$#+ rdu% !r #""'*, r&"du*# 0u#&
COMMON PROCESS UNITS IN THE REFINER3
T. 'u5r *'d '*,ur !0 $r!%&& u'",& d,r"' C!$#9",+ I'd9 !0 * R6'r+ u, ,. R6'r+ C!'6ur*/!' "& ,. 'u5r !0 ,. ,+$& !0 $r!%&&& $#!+d ,! $r!du% ,. d&"rd $r!du%, *, T. 0!##!"' ",& *r .*, !' *+ 9$%, ,! 6'd "' * !dr' d*+ r6'r+ : T. D&*#,r rdu%& &*#,& *'d !,.r %!',*"'*',& 0r! Crud O"# 50!r d"&/##*/!' A,!&$.r"% D"&/##*/!' 0!r Crud O"# $r!%&&"' "',! ,. d">r', %u,& *'d V*%uu D"&/##*/!' 0!r R&"du& N*$.,.* H+dr!,r*,r ."%. &u5&,*'/*##+ rdu%& S N *'d ,*##"% "$ur"/& 0r! I',rd"*, &,!%7& C*,*#+/% R0!r"' $r!du%& .". !%,*' R0!r*, D"&/##*, H+dr!,r*,r d&u#$.ur"&& d'",r!'*,& *'d d,*##"&& M"dd# *'d H*+ d"&/##*,& F#u"d C*,*#+/% Cr*%7r u$r*d& .*+ 0r*%/!'& "',! #".,r *'d !r *#u5# $r!du%,& H+dr!%r*%7r "& %*,*#+/% %r*%7"' !0 .*+ 0r*%/!'& 5u, ",. .+dr!'*/!' &u$r"$!&d V"&5r*7r u$r*d& .*+ r&"du*# O"#& 5+ ,.r*# %r*%7"' "',! #".,r !r *#u*5# $r!du%,& ",. rdu%d "&%!&",+ C!7r (D#*+d F#u"d- *'d F#9"-) u'", $r!%&&& r+ .*+ r&"du*# O"#& "',! G*&!#"' D"&# O"# *'d P,r!#u C!7
Mr!9 u'", r!& 5*d !d!ur 0r! LPG r!&' *'d 8, Fu#& A#7+#*/!' u'", $r!du%& .". !%,*' G*&!#"' 5#'d %!$!'',& D"r"&*/!' u'", %!'r,& O#6'& ,! .". !%,*' G*&!#"' 5#'d %!$!'',& : u,' ,! I&!!%,' ,.' I&!!%,*' I&!r"&*/!' u'", %!'r,& #"'*r !#%u#& ,! .". !%,*' 5r*'%.d !#%u#& 0!r G*&!#"' 5#'d S,* R0!r"' 0!r H+dr!' $r!du%/!' *'d L"., O#6'& A"' G*& Tr*,r r!& *%"d *&& H+dr!' Su#$."d 0r! *& &,r*& C#*u& u'", %!'r,& H+dr!' Su#$."d "' T*"# G*&& ,! Su#$.ur LPG &,!r* S$.r& !r u##,& S,!r* ,*'7& 0!r Crud O"# I',rd"*, *'d F"'"&.d $r!du%,& u&u*##+ %+#"'dr"%*# ",. *$!ur "&&"!' %!',r!# &urr!u'dd 5+ !u'd *## ,! %!',*"' &$"##& U/#",+ u'",& &u%. *& :
C!!#"' T!r& 0!r %"r%u#*/' %!!#"' *,r
!"#r& 0!r &,* 'r*/!'
C!$r&&d A"r u'", 0!r "'&,ru', *"r *'d N",r!' $r!du%/!'
P!r 'r*/!' u'", *'d E#%,r"%*# Su5S,*/!'&
*&, *,r %!##%/!' *'d ,r*,', 0*%"#"/& ,! *7 0!u# *,r &u",*5# 0!r ru& !r d"&$!&*# S!#', R6'"' u'", ,! r! u'*',d *&$.*#,'"% *,r"*#& *'d $!#+'u%#*r *r!*/%& 0r! #u5 5*& &,!%7& S!#', D*9"' ,! r! .*+ *9+ %!$!'',& 0r! H". V*%uu d"&/##*,& 0!r $!ur $!"', %!',r!# S!#', D!"#"' !0 S#*%7 *9& ,! $r!du% H*rd *9&
SITING OF REFINER3 AND PETROCHEMICALS PLANT4
T. $r"'%"$#& *r &""#*r ,! ,.!& 0!r !,.r %."%*# $#*',&: R*&!'*5#
d"&,*'% 0r! r&"d'/*# *r*&
E*&+ *%%&& ,! r* *,r"*#& E*&+ *%%&& !0 $r!du%,& d#"r+ ,! *r7, AdJu*,
**#"5",+ !0 $r!%&&"' 'r+ rJu"r',&
N!
d"K%u/& "' *&, (#"Ju"d *'d &!#"d& ) d"&$!&*#
F!r
$#*',& ."%. u& #*r *!u',& !0 $r!%&& &,* *'d %!!#"' *,r *' *5u'd*', &!ur% !0 *,r "& "$!r,*', H'% #!%*/!' '*r '*"*5# r"r& !r !' * &* &.!r *&&!%"*,d ,! * $!r,
T."& *#&! *7& %.*$ ,r*'&$!r, 5+ r"r !r &* **"#*5# *#,.!u. ,r*'&$!r, 5+ $"$#"' "& !&, %!'!"%*# C.!"% !0 Ar*& .r *5u'd*', &$*% "& **"#*5# &! ,. &* %!$*'+ !r !,.r& %*' %!'&,ru%, P,r!%."%*#& P#*',& S!#', *'u0*%,ur"' !r &""#*r P#*',& ."%. "## ,.' .* *&+ *%%&& ,! #*r !u,$u, !0 R6'r+ $r!du%,& *'d +$r!du%,&
1
SAFET3 5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
P,r!#u R6'r+ *'d P,r!%."%*#& P#*',& r#*& 'ur!u& d">r', %."%*#& "',! ,. *,!&$.r ( 0u"/ "&&"!'& ) : ,.r "& &u5&,*'/*# *"r $!##u/!' *'d '!,*5# !d!ur *%%!$*'+ ,."r $r&'% O,.r %!'%r'& *r : *&, *,r %!'%r'& S!#"d *'d S#ud d"&$!&*# N!"& .*#,. .*;*rd& du ,! "'du&,r"*# '!"&& R"&7 !0 *%%"d',& &u%. *& 6r *'d 9$#!&"!'
T.r0!r *'+ !r'', *'%"& $#*% r&,r"%/!'& !' ,.& %!',*"'*',& $!##u/!' *'d r"&7& H'% !&, P#*',& .* "'&,*##d Ju"$', 'dd ,! %!$#+ ",. ,. rJu"r',& !0 ,. $r/'', E'"r!'',*# Pr!,%/!' Ru#*,!r+ A'%+ C!$#"*'% ",. ,.& rJu"r',& *7& ", d"K%u#, ,! %!'&,ru%, ' P#*',& "' &! %!u',r"& (M*r*,.!'& G*r+"## L!u"&&"*'* &"'% 1)
11
EVOLUTION OF REFINING PROCESSES (FIRST COMMERCIAL OIL ELL 1B) YEAR PROCESS NAME
PURPOSE
BY-PRODUCT
1862
Atmosph!"# D"st"$$%t"o&
P!o/(#/ )!os& "&"t"%$$.
N%phth%; t%!; t#
1870
'%#((m D"st"$$%t"o&
4(!"#%&ts o!"*"&%$$. C!%#)! ,/sto#)s 1930s
Asph%$t; !s"/(%$ Co)! ,/ sto#)s
1913
Th!m%$ C!%#)"&*
!%s/ *%so$"& p!o/(#t"o&
B(&)! ,($
1916
S+t&"&*
R/(#s s($,(!: o/o!
S($,(!
1930
Th!m%$ R,o!m"&*
mp!os o#t%& &(m!
Rs"/(%$
1932
./!o*&%t"o&
Rmo s($,(! %&/ N"t!o*&
S($,(!
1932
Co)"&*
P!o/(#s mo! *%so$"&
Co)
1933
So$&t t!%#t"o&
4(!"#%&t B%s o"$s; mp!os "s#os"t. "&/
A!om%t"#s
1935
So$&t D+%"&*
1935
C%t O$"*om!"%t"o&
mp!os po(! po"&t <%s mp!o *%so$"& ."$/ : o#t%& &(m!
Pt!o#hm"#%$ ,/sto#)s
YEAR PROCESS NAME
PURPOSE
BY-PRODUCT;
1937
C%t%$.t"# C!%#)"&*
"*h! o#t%& *%so$"& p!o/(#t
Pt!o#hm ,/ sto#)s
1939
'"s!%)"&*
R/(#s "s#os"t.
!%s/ /"st"$$%t; t%!
19=0
A$).$%t"o&
!%ss *%so$"& o#t%& : ."$/
19=0
som!"%t"o&
P!o/(#s %$).$%t"o& ,/sto#)
"*h-o#t%& *%so$"&
19=2
>$("/ C%t%$.t"# ./!o#!%#)! !%ss *%so$"& ."$/?o#t%&
N%phth%
1950
D%sph%$t"&*
Up*!%/s h%. ,!%#t"o&s
Pt!o#hm ,/ sto#)s
1952
C%t%$.t"# R,o!m"&*
!%ss #!%#)! ,/sto#)
Asph%$t
195=
./!o/s($,(!"%t"o&
T!%ts $o+-@(%$"t. &%phth%
A!om%t"#s
1956
&h""to! s+t&"&*
Rmos s($,(! : N"t!o*&
S($,(!
1957
C%t%$.t"# som!"%t"o&
Rmos m!#%pt%&s
D"s($,"/s
1960
./!o#!%#)"&*
Co&!ts to h"*h o#t%& &(m!
A$).$%t"o& ,/sto#)s
197=
C%t%$.t"# /+%"&*
mp!os @(%$"t.? !/(#s s($,(!
A$).$%t"o& ,/sto#)s
1975
Rs"/(%$ ./!o#!%#)"&*
mp!os po(! po"&t
<%
!%ss *%so$"& ."$/ ,!om !s"/(%$ O"$s
D"st"$$%ts
12
%"%t"o&
DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLEUM REFINING IN NIGERIA
OLD PORT HARCOURT REFINERY C!"&&"!'d
I' 1B I'"/*# C*$*%",+ 3B
PSD D5!=#-'%7d
I' 12 T! PSD
u"#,
T! Pr!du% Fu#& (PMS r! AGO) H",.r,! I$!r,d Fr! Eur!$
ARRI REFINERY C!"&&"!'d
I' 1 I'"/*# C*$*%",+: - 1
PSD D5!=#
N%7d I' 1 T! A C*$*%",+ O0 12B
PSD ADUNA REFINERY C!"&&"!'d
I' 1 I'"/*# C*$*%",+: - 1
PSD D5!=#
N%7d I' 1 T! A C*$*%",+ O0 11
PSD NE PORT HARCOURT REFINERY COMMISSIONED
IN 1 CAPACITY: - 1B
PSD
13
T3PES OF REFINING PROCESSES
R6'"' $r!%&&& %*' 5 %!''"',#+ r!u$d "',! 1 %#6o ty$es: S$*r*/!'
Pr!%&&& "'!#"' P.+&"%*# C.*'& ,.*, &$*r*, %rud "',! ,. *r"!u& 0r*%/!'& d$'d"' !' ,. '*,ur !0 ,. %rud
C!'r&"!'
Pr!%&&& "'!#"' C."%*# C.*'& @ R*%/!'& r&u#/' "' ,. $r!du%/!' !0 *r7,*5# *,r"*#& 0r! %rud 5+ &7#,*# *#,r*/!' !r ' *#,r*/!' 0! ,. %."%*# ,+$ !0 %rud %!$!'',& *'d *+ "'!# D%r*& @ I'%r*& "' Ar* M!#%u#*r ".,& !r '",.r
C*,*#+/% R0!r"' C*,*#+/% Cr*%7"' H+dr!%r*%7"' H+dr!d*#7+#*/!' A#7+#*/!' I&!r"&*/!' *'d P!#+r"&*/!' *## "'!# r*%/!'& "'"/*,d 5+ *%"d-,+$ %*,*#+&, ,.*, $r!!,& %*r5'"u "' 0!r*/!' T. !,.r $r!%&&& *r .,r!'!u& H+dr!'*/!' F"'"&."'
Pr!%&&& : u*#",+ I$r!', : r!*# !0 %!',*"'*',& *'d 5#'d"' *r"!u& &,!%7& *dd"' *$$r!$r"*, *dd"/& *'d $r!"d &.!r, ,r &,!r* 50!r $r!du%,& *r &!#d !u,
14
REFINING PROCESS 0 FUELS SCHEMES REFINING PROCESS SCHEMES DIFFERENT TYPES AND
COMPONENTS
P*& 11 ,! 13 #"&, d">r', ,+$& !0 Pr!%&& U'",& ,.*, *+ 5 &' "' * R6'r+ *'d ,. #*&, $* !0 ,."& '!, &.!& RPC Fu#& P#*', F#! S%.
C!$!'',& "## "'*r"*5#+ "'%#ud C!#u'& Dru& C!!#r& H*, 9%.*'r& F"rd .*,r& R*%,!r& F*'& Tur5"'& E#%,r"% M!,!r& Pu$& C!$r&&!r& *'d N, !r7& !0 $"$ #"' *'d I'&,ru',*/!' ",&
FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICE OF SCHEME :
A## %rud !"#& *r *&&*+d *'d *#ud d$'d"' !' ,."r $r!%&&"5"#",+ *'d $!,'/*# +"#d& Crud !"#& ",. #! *&&*+ 'u5r& %*##d O$$!r,u'",+ Crud&Q *r d"K%u#, ,! $r!%&& du ,! .".r ##& !0 %!',*"'*',& *'d *,r *'d *r %.*$
1B
RAW MATERIAL -FEED STOCK.
CRUDE OILS
1
RAW MATERIAL -FEED STOCKS. 7 CRUDE OILS INTRODUCTION8 WHAT IS CRUDE OIL
Crud O"# !r P,r!#u (G: P,r* R!%7 O#u O"# !r R!%7 O"#) 5%*u& 0!u'd !'#+ u'dr Sd"',*r+ R!%7& U&u*##+ r'"&. 5r!' !r 5#*%7"&. #*/'!u& *'d 0r ?!"' #"Ju"d ",. !"#"' P!"', r*': 3 !C ,! !C (1!F ,! 14!F) *'d *&"#+ ,r*'&$!r,d ,.r!u. $"$ #"'& 5*r& *'d !%*' #"'r& T. ,r %rud !"# "& ,. '* *$$#"d ,! ,. d*&&d r* $,r!#u ,.*, .*& 5' r!d 0r! ,. r!u'd P,r!#u !' ,. !,.r .*'d "& ,. 'r*# '* *$$#"d ,! *' !"#+ u&u*##+ d*r7-%!#!rd #"Ju"d ,.*, !%%ur '*,ur*##+ "' *'+ $*r,& !0 ,. !r#d P.+&"%*##+ $,r!#u "& * #"Ju"d %!',*"'"' *&!u& #"Ju"d *'d &!#"d #', *'d ",& %!'&"&,'%+ %*' *r+ 0r! * #"Ju"d *& ,."' *& 7r!&' ,! * #"Ju"d &! ,."%7 ,.*, ", %*' 5*r#+ ?! P,r!#u "& 5#"d ,! 5 ,. $r!du%, !0 d%!$!&"/!' !0 %r,*"' ,+$& !0 $#*',& !r *'"*#& Or * $r"!d !0 .u'drd& !0 +*r& ,.& d%!$!&d !0 !r*'"% &u5&,*'%& r 5ur"d 5+ ,. d%!$!&d !0 &*'d !r !,.r "'!r*'"% &u5&,*'%& *'d %."%*# *#,rd 5+ ,. *%/!' !0 .*, *'d $r&&ur d$ ",."' ,. *r,. ,! 0!r $,r!#u P,r!#u "& u&u*##+ *&&!%"*,d ",. &*#, *,r *'d ",. '*,ur*# *& 0!r"' ,.r #*+r& ",. ,. *& *5! *'d ,. &*#, *,r 5#! ,. $,r!#u .' * ## "& &u'7 "',! ,. $,r!#u #*+r ,. $,r!#u "& 0!r%d ,! ,. &ur0*% 5+ ,. $r&&ur !0 ,. '*,ur*# *&
1
Fr! ,. ##.*d ,. $,r!#u "& ru' ,! * .".$r&&ur &&# 0!r ?*&."' !> ,. d"&&!#d '*,ur*# *& 50!r 5"' ru' ,! %rud !"# &,!r* ,*'7& A, !' / $,r!#u *& !'#+ 5ur'd 0!r ",& 0u# %!',', 5u, ,!d*+ ", "& r6'd ,! *'u0*%,ur 0u#& &u%. *& *&!#"' d"&# !"# *'d %!7 $#u& &$%"*#,+ $r!du%,& &u%. *& 5';' *'d &,+r' A'!,.r d6'"/!' 0!r $,r!#u "& * '!'-.!!'!u& "9,ur !0 &u5&,*'%& !0 ."%. ,. *"' %!'&/,u',& *r .+dr!%*r5!'& *#!' ",. *r"!u& Ju*'//& !0 &u#0ur !9+' *'d '",r!' dr"*/& !0 .+dr!%*r5!'& P,r!#u *+ *#&! %!',*"' d"&&!#d *&& "' *r+"' *!u',& *'d &*## *!u',& !0 ,*##"% %!$!u'd& P,r!#u d">r& "d#+ *!' ,.&#& "' ,."r $.+&"%*# $r!$r/& T."& "& ,. r*/!& !0 .+dr!%*r5!' ,+$& $r&', N!'d"&&!#d *,r "& %!!'#+ *&&!%"*,d ",. $,r!#u T. r*/!& !0 ,. d">r', ,+$& !0 .+dr!%*r5!'& "' * &$%"6% %rud !"# *r "$!r,*', "' d,r"'"' ,. r6'"' $r!%&& ,! 5 u&d
ORIGIN OF CRUDE OIL
Crud !"#& *r %!'6rd ,! .* 5' 0!rd 0r! M*r"' Or*'"&& (5!,. P#*',& *'d A'"*#&) ,.*, #"d *'d d"d M"##"!'& !0 Y*r& *! A'd "d'% !0 ",& "!#!"%*# !r""' &,& 0r! $r&'% "' ", &! !0 ,.& %."%*# %!'&/,u',& : 1
I&!$r'!"d& : N*,ur*# ru55r !'!r S,r"!d&
: H!r!'&
P!r$.+r"'&
: U&u*##+ *&&!%"*,d ",. ,. ,*##"% ( V N" !r F ) %!',*"'*',& H*!#!5"' *'d C.#!r!$.+##
M*'+
!0 ",& %!$!u'd& .* ' 'u5r !0 %*r5!' *,!& (D-%*r5!9+#*/!')
A' Ar"%*' Ed"' L Dr*7 d"&%!rd ,. 6r&, %!r%"*# Crud O"# ## !'&.!r "' P''&+#*'"* 1B ##& *r '! dr"##d 5!,. !'- *'d !>-&.!r
COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OIL
Crud !"# "& * %!$#9 "9,ur ",. .".#+ "'d""du*# %!$!&"/!' '!, 9*%,#+ *,%.d 5+ *'+ !,.r %rud *'d %!'&"&,& *"'#+ !0 .+dr!%*r5!'& (HC %!$!u'd& !0 C*r5!' H+dr!' !'#+) COMPOSITION 93 ELEMENTS
C*r5!' 3
H+dr!' 1 14
Su#0ur 1 3 r*r#+ u$ ,!
N",r!' #&& ,.*' 1 !%%*&&"!'*##+ *& .". *& 2
O9+' 2 u$ ,! 1B
O,.r& (Tr*%&) : V*'*d"u N"%7# S!d"u Ir!' C.#!r"' Ar&'"% C!$$r C* A H *'d L*d
1
V"r,u*##+ *## ,*# "$ur",& *r *, ,. 5!=! 'd
COMPOSITION 93 COMPOUND GROUPS
HYDROCARONS AND HC TYPES : P*r*K'& (A#7*'&): '!r*# *'d "&! N*$.,.'& (C+#! *#7*'&) : M!'! 5" *'d Tr"%+%#! $*r*>6'& Ar!*/%& : ';' N*$.,.*#' A',.r*%' P.'*',.r' F#u!r' P+r' ,% H+5r"d M!#%u#& ",. *#7+# r!u$& *=*%.d ,! N*$.,.' !r Ar!*/% r"' !r N*$.,.'!*r!*/%&
NON HC COMPONENTS Su#0ur ( !r*'"% *'d "'!r*'"% ) %!$!u'd&: H 2S A#7+#r%*$,*'& L"'*r *'d %+%#"% &u#6d& *'d D"&u#6d& T."!#& T."!$.'!# T."!$.' *'d D"$.'+# D"&u#6d N",r!' %!$!u'd&: "'%#ud P+rr!# I'd!# P+r"d"' H+dr!9"$+r"d"' u"'!#"'& H+dr!9"Ju"'!#"' C*r5*;!# A%r"d"' *'d P.'*',.r"d"' O9+' %!$!u'd&: P.'!#& Ar+# F*=+ A%"d& N*$.,.'"% A%"d& ,% *r r&$!'&"5# 0!r %rud !"# *%"d",+
M,*# ( V N" F ,% ) $r%ur&!r&
2
N98 O#6'"% *'d A%,+#'"% %!$!u'd& *r '!, u&u*##+
$r&', "' ,. %rud !"# 5u, *r $r!du%,& !0 ",& $r!%&&"'
CRUDE OIL ANAL3SIS
T. ,&,& ,.*, *r *$$#"d ,! %rud *'d ",& 0r*%/!'& 0!r >%/ u/#"&*/!' *'d $!,'/*# *r7, *#u *r:
P.+&"%*# Pr!$r/& M*&ur',& (SG V"&%!&",+ ,%) ASTM D"&/##*/!' 0!r TP %ur& C."%*# A'*#+&"& 0!r Su#0ur N",r!' C.#!r"d& *'d Tr*% ,*#& C!$!u'd& D*,* :
I'd""du*# S*,ur*,& u$ C
P*r*K'& u$ ,! C 3 *'d *5!
N*$.,.'&
Ar!*/%&
H+5r"d M!#%u#& : A#7+# '*$.,.'& *'d A#7+# *r!*/%& S"-$"r"%*# ,&,& P!ur P!"', C#!ud $!"', O%,*' R*/' ,%
T. d*,* &! 'r*,d $r!"d "'0!r*/!' 0!r P#*''"' P#*', C!'&,ru%/!' *'d *&&&&"' Su",*5"#",+ 0!r S$%"*#",+ Pr!du%,& *'u0*%,ur
21
CLASIFICATION OF CRUDE OILS
'!#d !0 ,. %!'&/,u',& !0 %rud !"# ,! 5 $r!%&&d "& "$!r,*', ,! * r6'r "0 ,. $ur$!& "& ,! $r!du% %."%*#& !r ,! !d"0+ $r!%&& *r"*5#& I' !&, r6'r"& .r *,!&$.r"% d"&/##*/!' "& !' !0 ,. $r!%&&& u&d ,! $r!du% %!''/!'*# 0u#& d,*"#d 7'!#d !0 ,. %rud !"# "& '!, '%&&*r+ F!r ,."& r*&!' $#u& ,. %!'!+ !0 * &"$# $r!%&& ,! d,r"' ,. %.*r*%,r"&/%& !0 %rud * 5r!*d %#*&&"6%*/!' !0 %rud& .*& 5' d#!$d 5*&d !' &! $.+&"%*# *'d %."%*# $r!$r/& Crud !"#& *r 'r*##+ %.*r*%,r";d *& 5#!'"' ,! !' !0 0!ur ,+$& d$'d"' u$!' ,. r#*/ *!u',& !0 *9& *'d *&$.*#,& $r&', T. *9 %!',', &.!& ,. dr ,! ."%. ,. %rud "& 1 Parafnic - %rud !"#& ",. * r#*/#+ #! *9 %!',', 2 Highly Parafnic - %rud ",. .". *9 %!',', *'d r#*/#+ #! *&$.*#, %!',', "' r&"du 3 Naphthenic - %rud !"#& ",. ,r*% *!u',& !0 *9& *'d .". *&$.*#, %!',', "' ,. r&"du 4 Aromac- %rud ",. .". *r!*/% %!',', "' ,. r&"du T. ,r "9d %rudQ "& u&d .' ,. %rud .*& *r* $r!$r/& 5,' $*r*K'"% *'d '*$.,.'"% S! ,+$& !0 %rud !"#& .* %!'!"% *d*',*& *& &!ur%& !0 0u#& *'d !r #u5r"%*',& ",. .".#+ 22
r&,r"%/ %.*r*%,r"&/%& 5%*u& ,.+ rJu"r #&& &$%"*#"&d $r!%&&& ,.*' ,.*, 'dd 0!r ,. $r!du%/!' !0 ,. &* $r!du%,& 0r! *'+ %ud !"# ,+$& O,.r& *+ %!',*"' u'u&u*##+ #! %!'%',r*/!'& !0 %!$!'',& ,.*, *r d&"r*5# 0!r 0u#& !r #u5"%*',& %!'&/,u',& *'d $r!du%/!' !0 ,.& ",& 0r! &u%. %rud& *+ '!, 5 %!'!"%*##+ 0*&"5# !r "*5# Crud& ",. .". API r*",+ *r 'r*##+ r"%. "' $*r*K'& *'d ,'d ,! +"#d r*,r $r!$!r/!'& !0 *&!#"' *'d #"., $,r!#u $r!du%,& Crud T+$ : L"., H*+
Pr!du%, +"#d : L"., & M"dd# D"&/##*,&
Pr!du%, u*#",+
I' 'r*# %rud !"# %.*r*%,r"&/%& *r r+ "$!r,*', "' /' $r!du%, d*'d *'d "' d,r"'"' .*, 0ur,.r $r!%&&& ,. "'"/*# 0r*%/!'& *+ rJu"r Su#0ur %!',', "& u&u*##+ %!'&"drd "' d,r"'"' %rud !"# %!r%"*# *#u& A'd 5%*u& L"., %rud& +"#d !r *#u*5# L"., *'d M"dd# D"&/##*,& ,.+ *r u&u*##+ &!#d *, .".r $r"%& Crud& %*' *#&! 5 %#*&&"6d 5*&d !' D'&",+ *& L"., Md"u *'d H*+ S$%"6%
Gr*",+ (SG): U$$r L"", !0 1 *'d L!r L"", !0 !r !API !0 1 4B
!
API 141B @ SG - 131B
23
API *r"& "'r&#+ *& ,. SG H". !API 0!r L"., Crud& *'d L! !API 0!r H*+ Crud&
T.r0!r
!
F!r L"., Crud& dr API "& 3 dr& *'d *5! F!r I',rd"*, Crud& dr API "& 22 ,! 3 dr& F!r H*+ Crud& dr API "& 22 dr& *'d 5#! SG "& u&u*##+ .". 0!r Ar!*/% @ N*$.,.'"% Crud& (#!r *&!#"' +"#d& ) *'d #! 0!r P*r*K'"% Crud& ( .".r *&!#"' +"#d& ) C#*&&"6%*/!' %*' *#&! 5 5*&d !' Su#$.ur C!',', : S, @ S!ur A L! Su#$.ur Crud .*& S !0 %!',', 1 Md"u Su#$.ur Crud& .* S %!',', !0 1 3 *'d H". Su#$.ur Crud& .* S %!',', 3 S, Crud& .* $r"u $r"%&
PH3SICAL SEPARATION
T. %rud "' ,. r!u'd "& u&u*##+ &*'d"%.d 5,' * *,r #*+r 5#! ", *'d A&&&!%"*,d N*,ur*# *& #*+r *5! T. d"&&!#d *& $r&&ur $r!$#& ,. %rud ,! ,. &ur0*% .r ", "& &u5%,d ,! d*,r"' &!#"d r!*# *'d *& r%!r+ 50!r 5"' *d r*d+ 0!r &*# T. *& Sd"', *'d *,r ( S ) u&u*##+ 1 3 "& !' !0 ,. *!r *r7, &$%"6%*/!'& O,.r& *r ,. SG API Gr*",+ V"&%!&",+ A&$.*#,' *'d *9 %!',',& ( ,r*'$!r,*/!' %!'&"dr*/!' ) H+dr!%*r5!'
24
,+$& Or*'"% *%"d& Su#0ur %!',', ( Pr!%&& %!'&"dr*/!'& ) ,%
TRANSPORTATION
Crud !"# "& '!r*##+ ,r*'&$!r,d 0r! ,. 6#d &,!r* ,*'7& ,.r!u. $"$#"' ,! ,. #!*d"' ,r"'*# ,.' ,! 5*r& !r !%*' #"'r& ,! ,. "$!r,r d&/'*/!' *'d 0r! * r%""' 8=+ *'d *'!,.r $"$#"' ,! &,!r* ,*'7& 0r! .r ", "& $u$d **"' ,.r!u. $"$#"' ,! ,. R6'r+ *'d 6'*##+ ,! ,. Pr!%&& U'",& T.r "& u&u*##+ * d&"'*,d %u&,!d+ ,r*'&0r $!"', .r Ju*#",+ *'d Ju*'/,+ *r *rd !' *$*r, 0r! !,.r &."$$"' d!%u',*/!'& 0!r 6'*'%"*# $ur$!&&
INITIAL AND FURTHER USES
T. $r"*r+ u& !0 %rud !"# 50!r ,. *d', !0 !,!r %*r *& *"'#+ 0!r 7r!&' $r!du%, ,! "##u"'*, #*$& ",. I'du&,r"*# R!#u/!' %* %.*'";*/!' *'d "dr u&& 0!r %rud !"# ,.r5+ *%%#r*/' ,. d#!$', !0 %!$#9 P,r!#u R6'"' *'d P,r!%."%*#& Pr!%&& T%.'!#!+ N! "'%r*&"' d*'d 0!r 'r+ *'d '"r!'',*# %!'%r'& *r ,. 0!r%& dr""' T%.'!#!+ M*"' dr""' 0!r%: r#*/#+ %.*$ &!ur% !0 E'r+ T. !r#d "& d$'d', !' F!&&"# Fu#&: O"# G*& *'d C!*# *& $r"*r+ 'r+ &!ur%& O"# - 3 G*& - 24 C!*# - 1 2B
N!' F!&&"# Fu#& - 14 Nu%#*r E'r+
-
1B
•
H+dr! E'r+
-
11
•
O,.r& ("'d S!#*r "!0u#) -
1B1
•
T! D*, P,r!#u 'r+ "& ,. !&, %!'!"%*# *'d K%"', 'r+ r&r 0!r ,r*'&$!r,*/!' 0u#&Q
RE>NERY
CRUDE DST44ATON P4US RE>ORMN
P4US CAT CRACER
P4US A4Y4ATON
Gas
1.0
7.0
2.4
Gasolines
23.5
33.4
38.0
Middle
13.5
11.8
11.8
Fuel Oil
2.0
4.1
4.1
!oss
"
1.7
1.7
TOTA4
1000
1000
1000
Product %Wt
Distillates
2
FUNDAMENTALS OF PROCESS ENGINEERING
2
CONTENTS
PROCESS PROCESS VARIALES DENSITY SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND API GRAVITY FLORATES MASS MOLE MASS FRACTION AND MOLE FRACTION AVERAGE ( MEAN ) MOLECULAR EIGHT CONCENTRATION PRESSURE TEMPERATURE TALE OF EUIVALENTS ( CONVERSION FACTORS ) VAPOR PRESSURE AND PARTIAL VAPOR PRESSURE DALTONS LA OF PARTIAL PRESSURES AND RAOULTS LA THEIR APPLICATION TO INARY MI
2
PROCESS
A Pr!%&& "& *'+ %.*' !r * &r"& !0 %.*'& >%,d ,! *%." * "' !*# T. %.*' *+ 5 %."%*# !r $.+&"%*# *'d 'r*##+ ,.r *r ,! &"d& ,! * $r!%&& : I'$u, ( Fd ) *'d Ou,$u, (Pr!du%, ) A $r!%&& %*' *#&! .* *'+ &,*& *%. 5"' %*rr"d !u, "' * U'", ."%. .*& ",& !' "'$u, *'d !u,$u, A $r!%&& %*' *#&! 5 * *,%. $r!%&& "' ."%. "'$u,& *r r*$"d#+ 0d ,! * ,*'7 *'d !u,$u,& ($r!du%,&) *'d u'u&d 0d& r!d &!/ #*,r .' ,. &+&, .*& %! ,! *' Ju"#"5r"u A %!'/'u!u& $r!%&& "'!#& !', !0 "'$u, &$%"& *'d !u,$u,& &$%"& %!'/'u!u+ ,.r!u.!u, ,. dur*/!' !0 ,. $r!%&& #"7 "' %!'/'u!u& d"&/##*/!' A &"5*,%. $r!%&& "& '",.r 5*,%. '!r %!'/'u!u& A' 9*$# "& ! 5#'d !0 &r*# #"Ju"d& "',! * ,*'7 0r! ."%. '!,."' "& 5"' r!d *, #*&, ,$!r*r"#+ Pr!%&& D&"' "'!#& d#!$"' * $r!%&& ?! d"*r* ."%. "'d"%*,& ,. *!u', %!$!&/!' *'d %!'d"/!'& !0 5!,. ,. "'$u, &,r*(&) *'d !u,$u, &,r*(&) Pr!%&& O$r*/!'& "& ,. d*"#+ r!u/' !'",!r"' !0 ,. $r!%&&& ,! '&ur ,.*, "'$u, *'d !u,$u, r*,& *r *& d&"'d *'d !u,$u, .*& ,. &$%"6d $r!$r/& ,.*, "& "& !'-&$% !r ,& &$%"6%*/!'& 2
I$!r,*', *r"*5#& "' d&"' *'d !$r*/!'& *r :
D'&",+() ."%. r#*,& ,. *&& *'d !#u !0 * "' Ju*'/,+ !0 * &u5&,*'%
S$%"6% r*",+ ( SG ) r#*,& ,. d'&",+ !0 * &u5&,*'% ,! ,.*, !0 * r0r'% &u5&,*'% u&u*##+ *,r *, * "' %!'d"/!' *'d &"'% ", "& * r*/! ", .*& '! d"'&"!'
D'&",+ !0 *,r *, 4 !C 1@%3 17@3 243#5()@W3
T. d'&",+ !0 *'+ #"Ju"d !r &!#"d "' @% 3 "& 'ur"%*##+ Ju*# ,! ",& &$%"6% r*",+ FLOW RATES : T."& "& u&u*##+ *$$#"d ,! ?u"d& ( #"Ju"d&
*'d *&& ) *'d %*' 5 *&& ?! r*, ( 7 !0 ?u"d@&% ) !r !#u,r"% !r %u5"% ?! r*, ( 3@&% ) T. ?u"d d'&",+ "& u&d ,! %!'r, !' ,! ,. !,.r F#! r*,& *r '!r*##+ *&urd ",. * R!,*,r !r *' Or"6% ,r u&"' ,. d">r'% "' $r&&ur 5,' ,. u$&,r* *'d d!'&,r* !0 *' !r"6% $#*, MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLE : T. !#%u#*r
"., !0 *'+ &u5&,*'% "& ,. &u*/!' !0 ,. *,!"% ".,& !0 ,. %!'&/,u', #',& T. %ole "& * "' *&& d""dd 5+ ,. !#%u#*r "., H'% :,%0%ole !r &"$#+ %ole !0 * &u5&,*'% "& ,. *&& "' ,.*, "& Ju*# ,! ",& !#%u#*r "., O,.r *+& !0 9$r&&"!' *r 7-!#(7!#) #5-!# ,!'-!# ,% 3
I' 'r*# "0 ,. !#%u#*r "., "& MQ ,.' ,.r "& M7@7!# M@!# o M#5()@#5!# N9 : 1-!# !0 *'+ &u5&,*'% %!',*"'& 29123
( A!*dr! Nu5r ) !#%u#& !0 ,. &u5&,*'% 4B4 1#5() 1!# !0 *& !%%u$"& 224#",r& X STP M*&& ?! r*, %*' r*d"#+ 5 %!'r,d ,! M!#*r ?! r*, 5+ d""d"' ,. *&& ?! 5+ ,. !#%u#*r "., MASS FRACTION; MOLE FRACTION AND AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
T.& ,r& *r u&d ,! d6' ,. %!$!&"/!' !0 "9,ur !0 &u5&,*'%& T. *&& 0r*%/!' !0 %!$!'', A (* A) M*&& !0 A @ T!,*# M*&& !0 *## %!$!'',& T. !# 0r*%/!' !0 %!$!'', A ( 9 A ) T!,*# M!#& !0 *## %!$!'',&
M!#& !0 A @
I, "& $!&&"5# ,! %!'r, !' ,! ,. !,.r C!'&"dr * *& "9,ur ",. ,. %!$!&"/!'( *&& 0r*%/!') : O 2 S,* 3 CO2 1 A&&u" * ,!,*# *&& !0 17 "& O 2917 27 !# 2@32 3
31
H2O() 3917 37 !# 3@1 3B CO 1917 17 !# 1@2 1 T!,*# !#& 3 3B 1 44 M!# 0r*%/!' 0!r O 3@44 133 M!# 0r*%/!' 0!r &,* 3B@44 3 M!# 0r*%/!' CO 1@44 12 T. A+e#,e 5 Me#n Mole'ul# We",
",.
M* 91M1 92M2 93M3 -------------- 9 "M" A'd "0 *1 "& ,. *&& 0r*%/!' ,.' 1@M* *1@M1 *2@M2 *3@M3 --------- *"@M" CONCENTRATION
C!'%',r*/!' %*' 5 9$r&&d *& *&& %!'%',r*/!' !r !#*r %!'%',r*/!' T. *&& %!'%',r*/!' !0 %!$!'', "' * "9,ur !r &!#u/!' "& ",& *&& $r u'", !#u !0 ,. %"=tue o solu(on ,.*, "& @%3 #5()@W3 !r 7@3 T. !#*r %!'%',r*/!' "& ,. 'u5r !0 !#& @ u'", !#u !#@%3 7!#@3 !r #5!#@W3 T. M!#*r",+ !0 * &!#u/!' "& ,. 'u5r !0 !#& !0 ,. &!#u, @ #",r !0 &!#u/!'
32
M*&& !r !#*r %!'%',r*/!' %*' 5 u&d ,! d,r"' &*$# !#u *'d *&& !r !#*r ?! r*,& *'d ,!,*# ?! r*, PARTS PER MILLION -$$%. AND PARTS PER 9ILLION -$$>. *r u&d ,! 9$r&& %!'%',r*/!'& !0 &u5&,*'%&
$r&', "' "'u, *!u',& "' * "9,ur !0 ?u"d& T.+ %*' 5 *&& r*/! 0!r #"Ju"d& *'d !#*r r*/! 0!r *&& *'d "'d"%*, $*r,& (r*& !r !#&) !0 ,. &u5&,*'% $r&', @ "##"!' !r 5"##"!' (r*& !r !#&) !0 ,. "9,urP*r,& $r ,.!u&*'d 5*rr#($t>) "& u&d ,! 9$r&& &*#, %!'%',r*/!' "' %rud I0 +" "& ,. 0r*%/!' !0 %!$!'', + "' &!#u/!' !r ,. "9,ur ,.' $$" 1-+" *'d $$5" 1-+" FLUID - LI?UID OR GAS . PRESSURE AND STATIC HEAD
Pr&&ur "& d6'd 5+ ,. Ju!/', !0 F!r% *'d ,. Ar* !' ."%. ,. 0!r% "& 9r,d ,.*, "& P F@A T. %!!' u'",& *r #5@"'2 ($&") d+'&@%2 !r N@2 1P*&%*#(P*) T. $r&&ur 9r,d 5+ * %!#u' !0 * #"Ju"d *, ,. 5!=! !0 ,. %!',*"'r "& "' 5+ : P @ Pto$ B,< .r r*",*/!' *%%#r*/!' *'d .
%!#u' ."., I0 P,!$ ,.' P . *'d &"'% *'d *r %!'&,*', ,.' P Z .
33
T. $r&&ur 9r,d 5+ * ."., !0 * ?u"d "& %*##d ,. H*d !0 ,. ?u"d ."%. 0!r *,r "& 433$&" &"'% ,. d'&",+ 0!r *,r "& 24#5@W 3(24@12 9 12) Pr&&ur "& u&u*##+ *&urd ",. !urd!' ,u5& 5##!& d"*$.r* !r !r %!!'#+ ",. * M*'!,r P*5&!#u, P*,!& P*u TEMPERATURE
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34
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VAPOR PRESSURE AND PARTIAL VAPOR PRESSURES
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3B
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C!'d'&*/!' 5+ H*, r#*& *'d 0!r * $ur &u5&,*'% H*, *5&!r5d *, *$!r*/!' "& 'ur"%*##+ Ju*# ,! ,. H*, r#*&d *, %!'d'&*/!' *, * %!'&,*', ,$ DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
D">r', *&& !r *$!r& "'&"d !' %!',*"'r d">u& !r "9 r*$"d#+ *'d *%. 9r,& * $r&&ur *& "0 ", *#!' !%%u$"& ,. ,!,*# &$*% "' ,. %!',*"'r T. $r&&ur ,.u& 9r,d "& %*##d ,. $*r/*# $r&&ur !0 ,. %!$!'', *'d "& * *&ur !0 ,. ,.r!d+'*"% *%/"/& !0 ",& !#%u#& G*&& "## *#*+& ?! 0r! * .".r P ,! * #!r P *'d ,. #*rr ,. \P ,. 0*&,r ,. ?! H'% *&& d"&&!# d">u& *'d r*%, *%%!rd"' ,! ,."r $*r/*# 3
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T."& #* d*#& ",. ,. 5.*"!r !0 #"Ju"d "9,ur T. VP !0 *' Id*# #"Ju"d &!#u/!' "& d$'d', !' ,. VP !0 *%. %!$!'', *'d ,. !# 0r*%/!' !0 ,. %!$!'', "' ,. &!#u/!' O'% ,. %!$!'',& "' 3
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3
T. d!=d #"'& "' ,. AJ#'<%ent- F", 41. *r $#!,& !0 $ * 9 *P*! *'d $5 9 5P5! !0 *%. %!$!'', *'d ,.& *r+ #"'*r#+ 0r! $* P*! 0!r 9* 1 *'d P 5! 0!r 95 ,! P*! *'d $5 P5! *, 95 1 T. PT 0!r *%. %!'%',r*/!' &*+ 9 #"& !' ,. &,r*"., #"' !"'"' P*! *'d P5! *'d "& *#&! ,. &u !0 ,. PP !rd"'*,& LI?UID 0 VAPOR COMPOSITION
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3
MASS OR MATERIAL 9ALANCE
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M*,.*/%*##+ r$r&',d 0!r * &+&, ",.!u, * %."%*# r*%/!' "& *& 0!##!& : INPUT @ OUTPUT ACCUMULATION
---------------(1)
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42
MASS AND ENERG3 9ALANCE Pr!du%,& !u,
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4B
PROCESS FLOW CHARTS
T. "d'/6%*/!' *'d dr*"' u$ * u'", !$r*/!' @$r!%&& "& $rrJu"&", 0!r *,r"*# 5*#*'% *'d "& 9$#*"'d 5#! F#! %.*r,& *r &%.*/% r$r&',*/!' !0 ,. $r!du%/!' $r!%&& "'!#"' *r"!u& "'$u, r&!ur%& %!'r&"!' &,$& *'d !u,$u, *'d r%+%# &,r*& T. $r!%&& ?! *+ 5 %!'&,ru%,d &,$"& " 5+ &$%"0+"' ,. "'$u, @ !u,$u, @ *&, *, *%. &,* !0 ,. $r!%&& *& &.!' "' ,. 6ur 5#! : In$uts
PROCESS
W#stes
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In$uts
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4
MASS 9ALANCE CALCULATIONS E=#%$le :
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12 [email protected]
FA9RIC FILTER
1B4 [email protected] B @N3
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DUST REMOVAL
Solu(on
*&d !' du&, 5*#*'% : M*&& I' M*&& Ou, I'#, *& &,r* du&, Ou,#, *& &,r* du&, H!$$r A&.
4
C*#%u#*, I'#, *'d Ou,#, du&, Ju*'//& "' 7@. I'#, u*'/,+ 123@. 9 4B@ 3 9 1@17@ 7@. Ou,#, u*'/,+ 1B43 @. 9 B@ 3 9 1@ 1 7@ 17@. A&. u*'/,+ RJd ,! 5 r!d @. "& "' 5+ H!$$r A&. I'#, du&, Ju*'/,+ !u,#, du&, Ju*'/,+ 7@.r - 17@. 17@. E=#%$le
C!'&"dr * urr+ ?!"' "',! * &=#"' ,*'7 ,! r! ,. &!#"d& ."%. *r %!##%,d *, ,. 5!=! !0 ,. ,*'7 u&"' * %!'+!r 5#, $*r,#+ &u5rd "' ,. ,*'7 *'d *,r 9", "* *' !r?! $"$ T.r *r ,.u& ,! &$%"& &!#"d& *'d *,r ."%. %!'%',r*, "' *%. !u,$u, &,r* " *,r ,! &!#"d r*/! 5"' .".r "' ,. !r?! ,.*' "' ,. "'#, *'d ,. &!#"d& %!'%',r*/!' *, ,. 9", !0 ,. 5#, "& *#&! .".r ,.*' *, ,. "'#, *& "'d"%*,d "' ,. &7,%.
4
A&&u * &,*d+ &,*, *'d * '!'-r*%/ &+&, *%%uu#*/!' "& ;r! An#lys"s 8
A'*#+&"& !0 urr+ "& * *&& %!$!&"/!' !0 ,. "'#,: B &!#"d *'d B *,r ",. * *&& ?! r*, !0 17@"' *'d %!5"'d &!#"d *'d *,r !u,#, "& 7@"' S#urr+ r!*# K%"'%+ !0 ,. ,*'7 "& .*, "& ,. *,r@&!#"d *!u',& "' *%. !u,$u, &,r* _ Solu(on
S"'% K%"'%+ "& ,.' ,. *,r !u,#, "## %!',*"' 4 9 B&!#"d& 9 17@"' 27@"' !0 &!#"d& T. *!u', !0 *,r #*"' ",. &!#"d& !' ,. %!'+!r 5#, : ___ E=#%$le 1
S7" "#7 "& *d 5+ r!"' &! 0*, 0r! .!# "#7 T. &7" "#7 !' *'*#+&"& .*& ,. 0!##!"' %!$!&"/!' : B *,r 3B Pr!,"' B1 C*r5!.+dr*, 1 F*, *'d A&. G"' ,.*, ,. .!# "#7 %!',*"'& 4B F*, *'d ,.*, !'#+ 0*, *& r!d *'d '! #!&&& %*#%u#*, ,. %!$!&"/!' !0 ,. !r""'*# .!# "#7
INPUT: HOLE MIL FAT 4B
SIMMER
B
OUTPUT: SIM MIL ATER B PROTEIN 3B FAT 1 ASH CAROHYDRATE B
Solu(on
*&"& : A&&u 17 !0 &7" "#7 F*, %!',', 1 L, ,. 0*, r!d 0r! ,. .!# "#7 9 7 T.r0!r ,!,*# !r""'*# 0*, ( 9 1 ) 7 T!,*# !r""'*# *&& ( 1 9 ) 7 S"'% ,. !r""'*# 0*, "& 4B ,.' ( 9 1)@(1 9) 4B@1 4B 7 *'d ,."& "& < 47 A'd ,!,*# !r""'*# *&& 17 47 147 H'% ,. %!$!&"/!' !0 ,. .!# "#7 "## 5 : F*, 4B B@14 B*,r 3B@14 33$r!,"' B1@14 4 %*r5!.+dr*, A'd @14 *&. E=#%$le
A %!!' &*#, &!#u/!' *& $r$*rd 5+ d"&&!#"' 27 !0 &*#, "' 17 !0 *,r ,! " * &!#u/!' ",. * d'&",+ !0 13237@ 3 C*#%u#*, &*#, %!'%',r*/!' "' &!#u/!' *& : *) "., 0r*%/!' 5) ".,@!#u 0r*%/!' %) !# 0r*%/!' *'d d) !#*r %!'%',r*/!' Solu(on
*) "., 0r*%/!' : 2@ 12 1 ,@, 1 5) ".,@!#u : Fr! ,. d'&",+ 13 !0 &!#' ".&
B1
13237 .'% 13237 !0 &!#u/!' %!',*"'& 2913237 &*#,@12 22B7@ 3 ,@!#u 0r*%/!' 22B@1 22B 22B %) M!#& !0 *,r 1@1 BB M!#& !0 &*#, 2@BB 34 T!,*# !#& B H'% !# 0r*%/!' !0 &*#, 34@B B d) M!#*r %!'% ( M ) 22B@BB 3!#&@ 3 N!, : Fo &"lute solu(ons; %ole )#'(on o) solute #$$o= @ %oles o) solute5%oles o) sol+ent T<"s #$$l"es to sol"&5l"qu"& %"=tues4 Fo sol"&5sol"& %"=tue; 'on'ent#(ons #e no%#lly e=$esse& #s s"%$le e",elo R @ 2422% 1#t%5%oleK #n& : #t% @ :22 P# Wt 'on' @ nM5V; M @ G#s %ole'ul# t4 E=#%$le
A"r %!'&"&,& !0 , '",r!' *'d 23, !9+' C*#%u#*, : *) *' !#%u#*r , !0 *"r 5) !# 0r*%/!' !0 !9+' *'d %) %!'%',r*/!' !0 !9+' "' !#@ 3 *'d 7@3 *, 2B!C *'d 1B *, U& R *#u &u$$#"d *5! Solu(on
B2
*&"& : 17 !0 *"r *) M!#& !0 N @2 2B !#& !0 O 23@32 2 T!,*# !#& 2B 2 34 M*' !#%u#*r , !0 *"r 1@34 2 5) M!# 0r*%/!' !0 O 2@34 21 %) $V 'RT R 2 3*,@!# T 2 V 13 *'d $ 1B*, H'% ' $V@RT 1B 9 1@ 2 9 2 1 , !0 *"r 1 9 *' !# , 1 9 2 17@ 3 , !0 O 23 9 1 47@ 3 4@32 13!#@ 3 .' * *& "& d"&&!#d "' * #"Ju"d ,. *& !# 0r*%/!' "' ,. #"Ju"d "& %*#%u#*,d u&"' ,. G*& #* ,! !5,*"' ,. 'u5r !0 !#& T. ,!,*# !#u "& u&u*##+ ,*7' *& ,.*, !0 ,. #"Ju"d *'d ,.' !#& !0 #"Ju"d "& d,r"'d E=#%$le
I' ,. %*r5!'*/!' !0 * &!W dr"'7 ,. ,!,*# *!u', !0 CO 2 rJd "& Ju"*#', ,! 3 !#u& !0 *& ,! !' !#u !0 *,r *, !C *'d 1 *, P C*#%u#*, *) *&& 0r*%/!' *'d 5) !# 0r*%/!' !0 CO 2 "' ,. &!W dr"'7 "'!r"' *## !,.r %!$!'',& 9%$, CO2 *'d *,r Solu(on
*&"& : 13 !0 *,r 17 ( D'&",+ ) T.r0!r !#u !0 %*r5!' d"!9"d 33 Fr! G*& #* $V 'RT H'% ' 3 9 1 @ 2 9 23 134 , !0 %*r5!' d"!9"d 134 9 44 B7 B3
M*&& 0r*%/!' B @ 1 B B 9 1-3 M!# 0r*%/!' 134@ ( 1@1 134 ) 241 9 1 -3 CONTINUOUS PROCESSES
I' %!'/'u!u& $r!%&&& / ',r& "',! %!'&"dr*/!' *'d 5*#*'%& *r r#*,d ,! u'", / I0 *,r"*# .!#du$ "& %!'&,*', 5!,. "' *&& *'d %!$!&"/!' ,.' Ju*'//& ',r"' *'d #*"' "' d">r', &,r*& "' u'", / *r %!'&,*', *'d * *&& 5*#*'% %*' 5 r"=' !' ,."& 5*&"& Su%. *'*#+&"& *&&u& ,. $r!%&& "& "' * &,*d+ &,*, " ?!& *'d Ju*'//& .#d u$ d! '!, %.*' ",. / E=#%$le 8 MILK CENTRIFUGE 7 A CONTINUOUS PROCESS
3B7 !0 .!# "#7 ",. 4 0*, "& ,! 5 %',r"0ud "' .!ur& "',! &7" "#7 %!',*"'"' 4B 0*, *'d %r* ",. 4B 0*, .*, "## 5 ,. ?! r*,& !0 ,. ,! !u,$u, &,r*& 0r! ,. %!'/'u!u& %',r"0u ,! *%%!$#"&. ,."& &$*r*/!' _
INPUT: HOLE MIL 3B 7 FAT 4
CENTRIFUGE HOURS
OUTPUT SIM MIL ITH 4B FAT CREAM ITH 4B FAT
*&"& : 1 .!ur& ?! !0 .!# "#7 M*&& I' : T!,*# *&& !0 .!# "#[email protected] 3B@7 B337 F*, %!',', 4 9 B337 2337 H'% *,r *'d !,.r& (B33 233)7 B7 M*&& Ou, : I0 ,. *&& !0 %r* "& 9 7 ,.' ",& ,!,*# 0*, 4B9 7
B4
T.r0!r *&& !0 &7" "#7 (B33 9) 7 *'d ",& ,!,*# 0*, %!',', "& 4B(B33 9)7 M*&& *#*'% O' F*, F*, I' F*, Ou, 233 4B(B33 9 ) 4B9 9 4B7 H'% ,. ?! !0 %r* 4B7@.r *'d S7" "#7 (B33 4B)7@.r B37@.r E=#%$le
A &ru55r "& u&d ,! r! 6' $*r/%# !r du&, 0r! ,. "'#, *& &,r* ",. * &$r*+ !r * #"Ju"d ,+$"%*##+ *,r &! ,.*, ,. !u,#, *& &,r* ,& ,. rJu"rd $r!%&& !r "&&"!' &,*'d*rd ( & 6ur 5#! )
BB
H! u%. *,r u&, 5 %!'/'u*##+ *ddd ,! , ,. &%ru55r "' !rdr ,! 7$ ,. u'", ru''"' _ E*%. &,r* "& "d'/6d 5+ * 'u5r ",."' * d"*!'d &+5!# S,r* 1 "& ,. r%"r%u#*/!' #"Ju"d ?! &,r* 5*%7 ,! ,. &%ru55r *, 4B4[email protected] T. *&& ?! #"Ju"d 5"' ",.dr*' 0!r ,r*,', *'d d"&$!&*# ( &,r* 4 ) "& 4B47 [email protected] A&&u "'#, *& &,r* ( `2 ) "& %!$#,#+ dr+ *'d ,. !u#, &,r* ( ` ) .*& 2217@.r !0 !"&,ur *$!r*,d "' ,. &%ru55r T. *,r 5"' *ddd "& &,r* `B Solu(on Ste$ : : S, u$ *,r"*# 5*#*'% *r!u'd ,. &%ru55r
C!'r, 0!r 7@.r ,! [email protected] 0!r &,r* ` ,! 7$ u'",& %!'&/&,', 2217@.r 9 3@17 22 [email protected] T.' &, u$ M Ju*/!' *'d &!# 0!r &,r* `3 "; : I'$u,S%ru55r Ou,$u,S%ru55r S,r* 1 S,r* 2 S,r* 3 S,r* 4B4 [email protected] + [email protected] 22 [email protected] H'% S,r* 3 ( + [email protected] ) ( 4B4 22 ) [email protected] 42 [email protected] Ste$ : D! M *r!u'd ,. r%"r%u#*/!' ,*'7 *'d &!# 0!r
S,r* B I'$u,T*'7 Ou,$u,T*'7 S,r* 3 S,r* B S,r* 1 S,r* 4 42[email protected] 9 [email protected] 4B4[email protected] 4B4[email protected] H'% S,r* B 44 [email protected] - 42 [email protected]
B
24[email protected] I0 ", "& ,! %*#%u#*, !'#+ ,. *7u$ *,r S,r* B ,.' S,r* B ( 4B4 22 ) [email protected] 3 [email protected] O' !0 ,. 7+ &,$& "' &!#"' ,."& E9*$# "& dr*"' * &"$# &7,%. !0 ,. &+&, T."& "& *5&!#u,#+ '%&&*r+ &! ,.*, ", "& $!&&"5# ,! %!'du%, *,r"*# 5*#*'%& Dr*"'& *r * *#u*5# 6r&, &,$ .' &!#"' * "d *r",+ !0 $!r5#& ' !' ,.*, #!!7& &"$# D#"n, "s # +ey use)ul #y to su%%#"se <#t e no #n& <#t e nee& to no4 It
I0 ,. $r!5# "'!#& d"'&"!'*# Ju*'//& ,. d"'&"!'& &.!u#d 5 "'%#udd !' ,. &7,%. T
B
FUELS REFINING PROCESSES
B
CONTENTS PH3SICAL SEPARATION PROCESSES
CRUDE OIL DESALTING CRUDE DISTILLATION CRUDE DISTILLATION COLUMN INTERNALS DIFFFERENT COLUMN OVERHEADS AND PRODUCT DRA OFFS STAILISATION STRIPPING AND SPLITTING VACUUM DISTILLATION CONVERSION PROCESSES :
UALITY IMPROVEMENT : HYDROTREATING CATALYTIC REFORMING ISOMERISATION
DECREASING AVERAGE MOLECULAR EIGHT: CRACING - THERMAL AND CATALYTIC HYDROPROCESSING ( HYDROGENATION HYDROTREATING HYDROCRACING )
INCREASING AVERAGE MOLECULAR EIGHT: ALYLATION AND DIMERISATION
B
AUXILLAR3 PROCESSES
HYDROGEN GENERATION STEAM REFORMING AND SHIFT CONVERSION AMINE TREATMENT SULFUR RECOVERY
PH3SICAL SEPARATION PROCESSES
1
CRUDE OIL DESALTING
T."& "& ,. 6r&, $r!%&& %rud !"# "& &u5%,d ,! "' ,. r6'r+ Crud !"# !W' %!',*"'& *,r "'!r*'"% &*#,& &u&$'dd &!#"d& *'d *,r-&!#u5# %!$!u'd& !0 &! ,*#& D&*#,r& *r &";d ,! *##! *,r *'d !"# ,! &=# *'d &$*r*, *%%!rd"' ,! S,!7& #* D&*#/' $r!%&& .#$& ,! r! %!',*"'*',& 0r! %rud *'d .'% .#$& ,! rdu% %!rr!&"!' $#u"' *'d 0!u#"' !0 Ju"$', *'d ,! $r', $!"&!'"' ,. %*,*#+&,& "' d!'&,r* $r!%&&"' u'",& *'d ,.r0!r "$r!& !' ,. r#"*5"#",+ !0 ,.& u'",& *'d rdu%& ,!,*# %!&, !0 r6'r+ !$r*/!' T. *!r %!',*"'*',& T. %!',*"'*',&-&*#, *,r *ddd %."%*#& *'d &!#"d& "0 '!, r!d 0r! ,. %rud %*' %*u& &r"!u& d** ,! d"&/##*/!' Ju"$', #"", !'-&,* / *'d %*u& "'K%"', !$r*/!' ,.r!u.!u, ,. %rud d"&/##*/!' u'", S$%"6% >%,& r&u#/' 0r! ,. &*#,& "' ,. %rud *r (*) .+dr!#+&"& ,! .+dr!%.#!r"% *%"d ."%. "## %*u& &r %!rr!&"!' "' ,. %rud d"&/##*/!' ,!r *'d #"'& (5) ,. &*#, *%,& *& * %*,*#+&, 0!r %!7 0!r*/!' "' 0ur'*% ,u5& *'d ,r*'&0r #"'& (%) &*#,& *'d &!#"d& *r d$!&",d !' .*, 9%.*'r *'d 0ur'*% ,u5& %*u&"' $#u"' rdu%d .*, ,r*'&0r r*,& "' ,. 9%.*'r& *'d .!, &$!,&Q "' ,. 0ur'*% ,u5&
2
R&"du*# $r!du%,& &u%. *& *&$.*#, *'d 0u# !"#& *r %!',*"'*,d .' >%/ d&*#/' !0 ,. %rud "& '!, *%%!$#"&.d T."& "& du ,! ,. 0*%, ,.*, "'!r*'"% &*#,& r*"'"' "' ,. %rud ,'d ,! %!'%',r*, "' ,. d"&/##*/!' r&"duu& Su%. %!',*"'*/!' "' 0u# !"#& %*' %*u& %#!"' !0 5ur'r !r ,. d$!&"/!' !0 * !' 0ur'*% ,u5& *'d 5r"%7!r7 !0 5!"#r "'&,*##*/!'& T. !&, K%"',#+ d&"'d r6'r+ "## &u>r 0r! %!rr!&"!' *'d #!&, !'-&,* / "0 >%/ d&*#/' Ju"$', d!& '!, 0u'%/!' %!'/'u!u+ C!'&Ju',#+ ,. &$*r*/!' !0 %rud !"# &*#, *,r *'d !,.r "$ur"/& .*& 5' * *!r r6'"' $r!5# O' !0 ,. *r#+ ,.!d& !0 &$*r*/' %rud !"# 0r! ',r*"'d "$ur"/& %!'&"&,d $r"*r"#+ !0 &=#"' I$r!', *& *d 5+ .*/' ,. !"# 50!r &=#"' S!/& ,. *dd"/!' !0 %."%*# ,! ,. "9,ur 50!r &=#"' * 0ur,.r "$r!',& H!r !5,*"'"' %!'&"&,',#+ !!d r&u#,& *& d"K%u#, *'d $r*%/%*##+ *## r6'r& '! u& #%,r"%*# d&*#/' Ju"$', T. *!r %!',*"'*',& *r : -C.#!r"d &*#,& !0 N* C* *'d M -S!#"d& "r!' &u#6d& &*'d &"#,& %#*+ 0r! dr"##"' ud !&,#+ r&$!'&"5# 0!r 9%.*'r *'d .*,r 0!u#"' -*,r *& 5r"' 0r! ,. !"# 6#d (S$% 1 3 "' *,r) H". S rdu%& 0d r*, "'%r*&& 'r+ %!&,
3
%!',r"5u,& ,! d!'&,r* Ju"$', %!rr!&"!' *'d "'%r*&d *&, *,r $r!du%/!' '6,& !0 d&*#/' *r: -Pr!,%/!' !0 d!'&,r* Ju"$', -Rdu%& %!rr!&"!' *'d .'% *"','*'% %!&,& - M*9"";& ,.r!u.$u, -E9,'d& ru' #',. -S,*5"#"&& u'", !$r*/!'& -Rdu%& 'r+ %!&, -Rdu%& !$& ,r*,', %!&, Des#l(n, Po'ess :
Crud-!"# d&*#/' "& u&u*##+ 5+ %."%*# "'%/!' *'d #%,r!&,*/% &$*r*/!' !r $r%"$",*/!' * E#%,r"%*# d&*#/' "& ,. *$$#"%*/!' !0 .".-!#,* #%,r!&,*/% %.*r& ,! %!'%',r*, &u&$'dd *,r #!5u#& "' ,. 5!=! !0 ,. &=#"' ,*'7 ( D&*#,r) 5 *,r *'d %."%*# &ur0*%,*', (du#&"6r&) *r u&u*##+ *ddd ,! ,. .*,d %rud &! ,.*, &*#,& *'d !,.r "$ur"/& d"&&!# "',! ,. *,r ."%. ,.' &=#& !u,
4
PROCESS VARIA9LES
(*)*,r *'d &*#, %!',', (5)Pr&&ur dr!$ *%r!&& ,. "9"' *# aC."%*# *dd"/!' (d)*&. *,r r*,& 3 ,! 1 !#u $r %', 5*&d !' %rud !"# %.*r ()S=#"' / "' *%%!rd*'% ",. &,!7& #* (0)T$r*,ur *& d,r"'d 5+ ,. "&%!&",+ !0 ,. !"# ()A#,r'*/' #%,r"% 6#d (.)Pr&&ur ,! 7$ ,. &+&, 0r! 5!"#"' (")D&*#,r ## ()P. ."%. .*& >%, !' %!'du%/",+ (7)O#!$.!5"% "$ur"/& W<#t '#n ,o on, "t< &es#l(n, 8
-P!!r d.+dr*/!' !0 ,. %rud ( *,r %*rr+ !r) -O"# "' d&*#,r *,r ( !"# %*rr+ !r ) B
-L! !#,* !r .". %urr', -"d#+ ?u%,u*/' !#,* *'d %urr',
REFINING PROCESSES 0 SEPARATION PROCESSES ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
T. 6r&, &,$ "' %rud !"# r6'"' "& 5+ * $r!%&& 7'!' *& D"&/##*/!' dur"' ."%. ,. %rud "& &$*r*,d "',! * 'u5r !0 &,r*& %*##d )#'(ons *%. !' .*"' * %r,*"' 5!"#"' r*' *'d * d"&/'%, '* T. Crud D"&/##*/!' U'", %*rr"& !u, ,."& $r!%&& D"s(ll#(on T
A !r7"' 7'!#d !0 ,."& ,!$"% "& '%&&*r+ "' !rdr ,! .* *' u'dr&,*'d"' !0 ,. Crud U'", !$r*/!' .' * "9,ur !0 #"Ju"d& "& .*,d ,! 5!"# ,. 6r&, *$!r& 0r! ,. "9,ur *#!&, *#*+& .* * %!$!&"/!' ,.*, "& d">r', 0r! ,. %!$!&"/!' !0 ,. #"Ju"d "9,ur D"&/##*/!' "& $r!%&& "' ."%. * #"Ju"d !r *$!ur "9,ur !0 ,! !r !r &u5&,*'%& "& &$*r*,d "',! ",& %!$!'', 0r*%/!'& !0 d&"rd $ur",+ 5+ ,. *$$#"%*/!' !0 *'d r!*# !0 .*,Q D"&/##*/!' "& ,. !&, %!!' &$*r*/!' ,%.'"Ju I, "& u&d ,! &$*r*, "9,ur& 5+ 'r"%.', !0 $.*&& ."%. !%%ur& ",. 5!"#"' *'d d$'d& !' *,r"*#& .*"' d">r', 5!"#"' $!"',& A'+ ,! #"Ju"d& .*"' ,. &* 5!"#"' $!"',& %*' '!, 5 >%/#+ &$*r*,d 5+ d"&/##*/!'
Teteen l"qu"& #n& +#$o 'o%$os"(ons "s t#s"s )o &"s(ll#(on o$e#(on #s e#l"e &"s'usse&4
T."& "& 5*&d !' ,. 0*%, ,.*, ,. *$!r !0 * 5!"#"' "9,ur "## 5 r"%.r "' ,. %!$!'',& ,.*, .* #!r 5!"#"' $!"',& ( .".r !#*/#"/& ) T.r0!r .' ,."& *$!r "& %!!#d *'d %!'d'&d ,. %!'d'&*, "## %!',*"' !r !0 ,. !#*/# %!$!'',& ."# ,. !r""'*# "9,ur "## %!',*"' !r !0 ,. #&& !#*/# %!$!'',& D"&/##*/!' %!#u'& *r d&"'d ,! *%." ,."& &$*r*/!' T.r0!r ,. "$!r,*', *r"*5#& "' d"&/##*/!' *r %!$!&"/!' $r&&ur *'d ,$r*,ur T. 5!"#"' $!"', !0 * "9,ur "& d,r"'d 5+ %!$!&"/!' *'d $r&&ur *'d &"'% d"&/##*/!' "& * 5!"#"' $r!%&& d"&/##*/!' $r&&ur *'d ,$r*,ur *r '!, "'d$'d', 0!r * 7'!' %!$!&"/!'4 F!r * 5"'*r+ &+&, ",. * %!$!'', 5!"#"' *, 1B !C *'d ,. &%!'d *, 2B!C "0 ,. $r&&ur *'d %!$!&"/!' *r 7'!' ,.' ,. P "& 69d *'d u&, 5 5,' ,.& ,! ,$r*,ur& F!r !r %!$#9 "9,ur& ,. %!$!&"/!' %*' !'#+ 5 &/*,d ",."' * %r,*"' r*' T. d $!"', "& ,. ,$r*,ur *, ."%. &*,ur*,d *$!r &,*r,& ,! %!'d'& *'d ,. 5u55# $!"', "& ,. ,$r*,ur *, ."%. ,. #"Ju"d &,*r,& ,! 5!"#
Crud &/##& *r ,. 6r&, *!r $r!%&& u'", "' ,. r6'r+ T.+ *r u&d ,! &$*r*, %rud !"#& "',! 0r*%/!'& *%%!rd"' ,! 5!"#"' $!"',& &! ,.*, ,. d!'&,r* $r!%&&"' u'",& "## .* 0d&,!%7& ,.*, , ,."r $*r/%u#*r &$%"6%*/!'& Crud d"&/##*/!' %!'&u& '!r!u& *!u',& !0 'r+ 5!,. "' ,r& !0 %!!#"' *'d .*/' rJu"r',& *'d %*' %!'&/,u, 4 ,! B !0 $#*', !$r*/' %!&,&
D"s(ll#(on Colu%n
A d"&/##*/!' !r 0r*%/!'*/' %!#u' "& * $"% !0 Ju"$', d&"'d ,! &$*r*, #"Ju"d "9,ur& %!'/'u!u+ 5+ 'r"%.', 0r! 5!"#"' 0*,ur !0 #"Ju"d "9,ur& "' * u#/&,* *''r 5+ %!'/'u!u+ 5!"#"' *'d %!'d'&"' "9,ur& !0 d">r', %!$!&"/!'& *, d">r', ,$r*,ur& T. 0d "9,ur %!& "',! ,. %!#u' &! .r "' ,. "dd# *'d $r!du%,& *r r!d 0r! ,. ,!$ *#!' ,. &"d *'d ,. 5!=! T. 5!=! "& .*,d ."# ,. ,!$ "& %!!#d ",. %!#d #"Ju"d ,! %r*, *
%!'/'u!u& ,$r*,ur $r!6# d!' ,. %!#u' 0!r 5!"#"' *'d %!'d'&"' I' '!r*# !$r*/!' ,. $r&&ur !0 ,. %!#u' "& .#d %!'&,*', *'d &"'% r+ %!$!'', 5!"#& *, * %r,*"' ,$r*,ur *'d $r&&ur *'d ",. ,. $r&&ur &, *' !5&r*/!' !0 ,. ,$r*,ur "## "'d"%*, .r "' ,. %!#u' * $*r/%u#*r %!$!'', "& #!%*,d I'&"d 0r*%/!'*/' %!#u' *r .!r";!',*# &,# ,r*+&( & ,. 6ur 5#!) ",. !$'"'& "' ,. ,! *##! *$!r& 0r! ,. ,r*+ 5#! ,! $*&& ,.r!u. ,. ,!$ ,r*+ *'d ,! 5u55# ,.r!u. ,. #"Ju"d ,.*, "& .#d u$ !' ,. ,!$ ,r*+ O' *%. ,r*+ ,. #"Ju"d 5!"#& *'d *$!r& *r %!'d'&d *, ,. ,$r*,ur !0 ,.*, ,r*+ E*%. ,r*+ .*& !r?! $"$ %*##d ,. d!' %!r .' ,. #"Ju"d ## !' * ,r*+ r*%.& * %r,*"' ."., ,. #"Ju"d &$"##& !r ,. d !0 ,. d!' %!r *'d dr*"'& ,. %!'d'&d #"Ju"d& 0r! *%. ,r*+ 5*%7 ,! ,. ,r*+ 5#! .r ,. .".r ,$r*,ur %*u&& r*$!r*/!' u'/# ,. d&"rd dr !0 $r!du%, $ur",+ "& r*%.d T. d!'%!r "., 5 * %"r%u#*r $"$ !r "., 5 *d !0 ,. %!#u' *## *'d * ?*, $#*, !u',d r/%*##+ *, !' &"d !0 ,. ,r*+ T. ,!$ d !0 ,. $"$ !r $#*, 0!r& * We" (u&u*##+ *5!u, 2Q .".) ,. ."., !0 ."%. d,r"'& ,. ."., !0 #"Ju"d !' ,. ,r*+ T.' &"d &,r*& 0r! %r,*"' ,r*+& *r ,*7' !> ,! !5,*"' ,. d&"rd 0r*%/!'&
1
D"*,r *'d H"., *r $r!$!r/!'*# ,! *$!ur *'d #"Ju"d r*,& *'d 'u5r !0 &,r*& !r 0r*%/!'& ,! 5 ",.dr*': A5!u, 11W : 3 ,r*+& *'d 4 &,r*& @ 0r*%/!'& *'d 1W : B ,r*+& *'d &,r*& @ 0r*%/!'& Tr*+& *r u&u*##+ &$*%d 12 "'%.& ( 3 ) ,! 24 "'%.& ( ) *$*r, C!#u'& *r 'r*##+ .".r *'d "r ",. #".,r *,r"*#& 5u, &.!r,r *'d "dr 0!r .*+ !'&
2
C!#u' "',r'*# *rr*'',& *'d %!'6ur*/!'& d">r d$'d"' !' ,. &r"% rJu"r', *'d d&"' %!'&"dr*/!' DIAGRAM OF A T3PICAL TRA3
T. *%/ *r* !0 * ,r*+ "& *5!u, !0 ,. ,r*+ *'d $r!"d& ,. %!',*%, 5,' u$ ?!"' *$!r r"%. ?u"d *'d %!u',r ?!"' #"Ju"d ."# * &=#"' $!r/!' 7'!' *& ,. 0r *r* &r& *& * ?! $u#&*/!' d*$'r T. &$*% 5,' ,. *## *'d ,. 'd !0 ,. ,r*+ "& .!##! ,! *##! 0!r d!' ?!"' #"Ju"d 0r! !' ,r*+ ,! *'!,.r ,. d!'%!r A "r "& u&d ,! %r*, * #"=# .*d !0 #"Ju"d !' ,. ,r*+ ,! '.*'% #"Ju"d @ *$!r %!',*%, TRA3 T3PES 8 T.r *r ,.r 5*&"% ,+$& $r0!r"'
&* 0u'%/!' 5u, u&"' d">r', ,.!d& 9u>>le C#$ T#y !&,
K%"', 5%*u& #"Ju"d *$!r %!',*%,
@ "& 3
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,.r "& '! &$%"*# *rr*'', 0!r #"Ju"d @ *$!r "9"' V#l+e T#y d">r& 0r! ,. &" ,r*+ 5+ *rr*'',
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4
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Po'ess V#"#>les
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T. ?*&.d *$!r& r"& u$ ,. %!#u' %!u',r-%urr', ,! ,. I',r'*# R?u9 ?!"' d!' ,. %!#u' T. #".,&, *,r"*#& !0 N*$.,.* r*' $*&& !r.*d *'d *r %!'d'&d "',! *' !r.*d r%"r U'%!'d'&*5#& #* ,. r%"r *& *&& *'d %*' 5 r%!rd 5+ %!$r&&"!' *& rJu"rd T. 0r*%/!'*,!r ,!$ ,$r*,ur "& !!d *&ur !0 '*$.,.* 'd $!"', *'d "& %!',r!##d 5+ r,ur'"' &! '*$.,.* *& r?u9 *#!' ",. '*$.,.* &"d %u, ,! ,. ,!$ !0 ,. %!#u' I'%r*&"' ,."& r?u9 r*, #!r& ,. ,!$ ,$r*,ur *'d d%r*&& ,. r*, !0 ,. ', !r.*d $r!du%, ",. * #!r 'd $!"', T."& #!&& u&, 5 r%!rd 0r! ,. r! dr* !> ,r*+ *'d ,."& "## rdu% ,. "'"/*# 5!"#"' $!"', !0 ,. *,r"*# 0r! ,."& ,r*+ E9,r'*# r?u9 0r! ,. ,!$ !0 ,. %!#u' ( !r.*d r%"r ) !& d!'*rd **"'&, r"&"' *$!r& T. #"., 'd& 0r! ", *r r-*$!r"&d *'d ! ,!*rd& ,. ,!$ ."# ,. .*+ 'd& "' r"&"' *$!r& *r %!'d'&d *'d ! d!' ,. %!#u' T."& %r*,& *' "',r'*# r?u9 &,r* ?!"' 0r! ,. ,!$ *## ,. *+ ,! ,. ?*&. ;!' *'d 5%!"' $r!r&&"#+ .*"r *& ", d&%'d& Pr!du%,& .*"r ,.*' ,. ', !r.*d *r ",.dr*' 0r! $!r/!'& !0 ,."& "',r'*# r?u9 &,r* T. 'd $!"', !0 * &"d %u, d$'d& !' ,. *!u', !0 #"Ju"d 5"' ",.dr*' I0 ,. &"d %u, ",.dr**# "& "'%r*&d ,. 9,r* $r!du%, "& $*r, !0 ,. *,r"*# ."%. *& 0!rr#+ ?!"' d!' ,. %!#u' *& "',r'*# r?u9 S"'% r?u9 ?! ,! ,. ,r*+ 5#! "& '! rdu%d
.*"r *$!r& %*' '! r"& ,! ,. ,r*+ *5! r&u#/' "' .*"r $r!du%, T.r0!r *r+"' dr* !> r*, "& ,. *+ &"d %u, 'd $!"', &$%& *r *"',*"'d T. ,$r*,ur !0 ,. dr* !> ,r*+ "& * 0*"r "'d"%*/!' !0 ,. $r!du%, 'd $!"', *'d *' 9$r"'%d !$r*,!r *+ "'%r*&@d%r*& ."& dr* !> r*, ,! .!#d * %!'&,*', ,r*+ ,$r*,ur *'d .'% 7$ $r!du%, !'&$% T. dr !0 0r*%/!'*/!' "& 'r*##+ udd 5+ ,. r#*/!'&."$ 5,' ASTM d"&/##*/!' ,$r*,ur *, B !#u !0 ,. #".,r $r!du%, *'d B !#u !0 ,. *d*%', .*"r $r!du%, S! u& IP ."%. *r"& ",. &,r"$$"' *'d EP !r FP I0 ,. \T ", "& %*##d * G#$ *'d &.!& !!d &$*r*/!' I0 \T ,.r "& *' O+el#$; * &"' !0 $!!r &$*r*/!' S!/& * *$ "& d"K%u#, ,! *%." *'d *## !' %*' d! "& ,! rdu% ,. !r#*$ *& u%. *& $!&&"5# Fr*%/!'*/!' %*' 5 "$r!d 5+ "'%r*&"' r?u9 r*, 5+ *' *$$r!$r"*, "'%r*& "' ,. COT R?u9 "& ,. #"Ju"d &,r* r,ur'd ,! ,. %!#u' *'d .#$& ,! *%." ,! $ur$!&& : 9,r*%/!' !0 .*, 0r! ,. %!#u' ."# *, ,. &* / &,r"$& .*+ 'd& 0r! ,. u$ ?!"' ?u"d (*$!r&) I, *#&! $ur"6& ,. d"&/##*, &,r* ."# $r!"d"' %!#u' &,*5"#",+
T.r *+ 5 !%%*&"!'& .r "',r'*# r?u9 rJu"rd 0!r !!d &$*r*/!' "& &! r*, ,.*, "0 ", *& *## &u$$#"d 0r! ,. ,!$ ,. ,!$ ,r*+& "## ?!!d A' I',rd"*, C"r%u#*/' R?u9 !r S"d R?u9 !r Pu$ Ar!u'dQ &!#& ,. $r!5# S! "',r'*# r?u9 *,r"*#& *r ",.dr*' $u$d ,.r!u. * %!!#r !r *' 9%.*'r *'d r,ur'd %!#dr ,! * 0 ,r*+& .".r "' ,. %!#u' T."& %!#d r?u9 %!'d'&& 9,r* *$!r& ,! #"Ju"d *'d "'%r*& ,. "',r'*# r?u9 5#! ,. "'#, $!"', S!/& * dr* !> ,r*+ "& $ulle& &y; ,.*, "& $r!du%, ",.dr**# r*, "& r*,r ,.*' "',r'*# r?u9 r*, T. ,r*+& 5#! 5%! dr+ *'d '! 0r*%/!'*/!' !%%ur& T.' ",.r rdu%"' $r!du%, ",.dr**# r*, !r "'%r*&"' "',r'*# r?u9 5+ "'%r*&"' ,. COT !r rdu%"' ,. r*, *, ."%. ,. '9, #".,r $r!du%, "& 5"' ",.dr*' "## %!rr%, ,. $r!5#
FACTORS AFFECTING COLUMN OPERATION 8
T. $r0!r*'% !0 * d"&/##*/!' %!#u' "& d,r"'d 5+ *'+ 0*%,!r& : -Fd C!'d"/!'&:- T. &,*, *'d %!$!&"/!' !0 ,. 0d *'d $r&'% !0 %!',*"'*',& ,.*, %*' &r#+ *>%, ,. *$!r-#"Ju"d Ju"#"5r"u -I',r'*# #"Ju"d *'d ?u"d ?! %!'d"/!'& ( r?u9 ) -S,*, !0 ,. ,r*+& *'d !r $*%7"'& *'d -*,.r %!'d"/!'& &$%"*##+ "' ,$r*, *r*&
O,.r 0*%,!r& "'%#ud %.*'"' !$r*/' %!'d"/!'& *'d ,.r!u.$u,& "$!&d 5+ %.*'& "' u$&,r* %!'d"/!'& *'d %.*'& "' ,. d*'d 0!r $r!du%,& A## !0 ,.& $#u& *&&!%"*,d %!',r!# &+&, &.!u#d 5 %!'&"drd *, ,. d&"' &,*& 5%*u& !'% * %!#u' "& 5u"#, *'d "'&,*##d '!,."' u%. %*' 5 d!' ,! r%/0+ ,. &",u*/!' ",.!u, "'%urr"' &"'"6%*', %!&,& CRUDE DISTILLATION8 (S D"*r* #!)
Crud !"# "& d-*,rd *'d d&*#,d
Pr-H*/' "' .*, 9%.*'r&
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1
CRUDE UNIT PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
2
DISTILLATION COLUMN WITH SIDESTREAM STEAM STRIPPER
3
T+$"%*# 0r*%/!'& 0r! ,. Crud T!r *r ,*5u#*,d 5#! :
FRACTION
P RANGE !C NIGERIAN GULF: YIELD
VENE[UELAN LAGOMAR: YIELD
HOLE NAPHTHA
B -1@1B 21
1
SR ERO
1B 24B@2B
2
1
LGO
23 3
2
1B
HGO
3 3
B
LONG RESID
3
2
4B
T. Crud U'", !r.*d #"Ju"d d"&/##*, "& %*##d N*$.,.* ."%. "& ,. 'r"% '* 0!r r+ *'+ d">r', .+dr!%*r5!'& ",. 5!"#"' r*' !0 B !C ,! 2@2B!C *'d ."%. %!',*"'& $*r*K'& '*$.,.'& *'d *r!*/%& r*'"' 0r! ,.!& ",. 0!ur %*r5!' *,!& ,! ,.!& ",. 1 !r 11 %*r5!' *,!& N*$.,.* %*' 5 0ur,.r &$*r*,d "',! LPG ( C 3 @ C4 ) L"., N*$.,.* ( C4 - C ) *'d H*+ N*$.,.* ( C C1 @ C11 ) ",. ,. 5!"#"' r*' !0 *5!u, !C ,! 2B!C
4
OVERALL REFINER3 FLOW
B
REFINER3 9LOCK FLOW DIAGRAM
VACUUM DISTILLATION
D"&/##*/!' "' r6'"' $r!%&& "& "' ,.r %#*&&&: At%os$out 0 1 o) tot#l 'u&e o"l ) 0!r %*,*#+/% %r*%7"' u'",& *'d #u5 5*& !"#& u'",& "' ,. $ur&, $!&&"5# 0!r *'d "s t
T. d"*,r !0 ,. V*%uu T!r "& u&u*##+ u%. #*rr ,.*' ,.*, !0 ,. Crud T!r "' !rdr ,! "'"";
#*r ?u%,u*/!'& "' $r&&ur r&u#/' 0r! ,. !#u !0 *$!r& $r u'", !#u !0 0d 5"' u%. #*rr T. $r"'%"$#& *r ,. &* *& ,.!& ,.*, !r' d"&/##*/!' H!r !$r*/!'& !0 * ,+$"%*# *%uu ,!r $r&',& *& u%. d"K%u#,+ ,! ,. !$r*,!r *& *'+ u'", Ju"$', T."& "& !&, $r*#', *, &,*r, u$ T. !&, '!/%*5# 0*"#ur "& *%uu #!&& ",. ,. "'&,*', *& u$ !0 ,. $u$& du ,! ,. #! $r&&ur *'d .". *$!r 9$*'&"!' T. !&, %!!' $r!5#& "'%#ud : -"'&uK%"', NPSH 0!r ,. 5!=! $u$ -$r&&ur 5u"#, u$ "' ,. ,!r -0*u#,+ %,!r& -$r!du%, #"'7* -$#ud &*# #&
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CONVERSION PROCESSES
CONVERSION PROCESSES
T.& *r r6'"' $r!%&&& ,.*, "'!# %."%*# r*%/!'& *'d *r !0 ,.r ,+$& : - ,.!& ,.*, "$r! Ju*#",+ H+dr!,r*/' R0!r"' A#7+#*/!' *'d I&!r"&*/!' -,.!& ,.*, d%r*& *r* !#%u#*r ".,& !0 .+dr!%*r5!'& Cr*%7"' $r!%&& *'d H+dr!%r*%7"'@H+dr!'!#+&"& Cr*%7"' $r!%&&& *7 ", $!&&"5# ,! !5,*"' !r *'d !r *#u*5# $r!du%,& 0r! * "' 5*rr# !0 %rud *& &.!' "' ,. T*5# !' $* 13 -,.!& ,.*, "'%r*& *r* !#%u#*r ".,& !0 .+dr!%*r5!'& A#7+#*/!' *'d D"r"&*/!'
H3DROTREATING5H3DRODESULPHURISATION-HDS.
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H'% HDS5HTU "& * .+dr!'!#+&"& r*%/!' *'d %*' u&"' ,.*',."!# *& *' 9*$# 5 9$r&&d *& : C2HBSH H2 à C2H H2S T
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NHU PROCESS VARA9LES Re#'to Pessue
T. u'", $r&&ur "& %.!&' 5+ %*,*#+&, #"0 *'d $r!du%, Ju*#",+ %!'&"dr*/!'& ,. %*,*#+&, "& 'r*##+ >%/ 0!r * #!'r *'d ,. r*%/!'& *r 5r!u., ,! * r*,r dr !0 %!$#/!' F!r d&u#0ur";*/!' 2 ,! 3B 7@%2 r*%,!r $r&&ur "& '!r*##+ u&d I0 0d '",r!' *'d@!r &u#0ur %!',',& *r .".r ,.*' '!r*# S""#*r#+ .".r !$r*/' $r&&ur& *r '%&&*r+ ,! %!$#,#+ r! !r*'"% .*#"d& T. &#%/!' !0 ,. $r&&ur ## "& "'?u'%d ,! * dr 5+ ,. .+dr!' ,! 0d r*/! &, "' ,. d&"' &"'% 5!,. !0 ,.& $*r*,r& d,r"' ,. .+dr!' $*r/*# $r&&ur "$!&d !' ,. %*,*#+&, T. .+dr!' $*r/*# $r&&ur %*' 5 "'%r*&d 5+ !$r*/!' *, * .".r r*/! !0 *& ,! #"Ju"d *, ,. r*%,!r "'#, T. 9,', !0 *r"*/!' "& d,r"'d 5+ %!'!"% %!'&"dr*/!'& M!&, u'",& .* 5' d&"'d &! ,.*, ,. d&u#0ur";*/!' *'d d'",r"6%*/!' r*%/!'& ! &u5&,*'/*##+ ,! %!$#/!' *, ,. d&"' r*%,!r ,$r*,ur 0!r * $*r/%u#*r 0d&,!%7 N!r*# *r"*/!'& "' $r&&ur !r .+dr!' *& r*,& "' ,. u'", "## '!, %*u& %.*'& .". '!u. ,! *>%, $r!du%, Ju*#",+ Te%$e#tue :
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&&'/*# ,.*, ,. PONA *'*#+&"& (0d u*#",+) !0 ,. ' 0d u&, %*rr"d !u, 0!r %!$*r"&!' *'d ud', !0 $!%&& *r"*5#& *du&,',
S$#'e Velo'"ty -SV. : ,."& "& ,. !#u !0 .+dr!%*r5!'
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Fd r*, "' 7@.r En& O) Run -EOR. : A& * r&u#, !0 &! u'*!"d*5#
.+dr!%r*%7"' !%%ur"' %!7 r*du*##+ 5u"#d& u$ !' ,. %*,*#+&, rdu%"' ",& *%/",+ Ru&, *'d !,.r &!#"d *,r"*#& 0r! u$&,r* Ju"$', d$!&", !' ,. ,!$ !0 ,. %*,*#+&, 5d r&,r"%/' ?! I'%r*&"' \T *'d \P *%r!&& ,. r*%,!r *'d r*%,!r "'#, ,$r*,ur *$$r!*%."' 3@4C ,! !5,*"' ,. d&"rd #&& ,.*' 1$$ !0 &u#0ur "' ,. ,r*,d .*+ '*$.,.* *r "'d"%*/ !0 EOR %!'d"/!'& *'d ,. u'", u&, 5 &.u, d!' 0!r %*,*#+&, r'r*/!' !r %.*' !u, "0 * $r"!u& r'r*/!'(&) 0*"#d ,! *%." ,. d&"rd r&u#,
NAPHTHA HDS UNIT PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
CATAL3TIC REFORMING
O' !0 ,. *!r $r!5#& !0 * r6'r "& "'*dJu*, !,!r *&!#"' !%,*' 'u5r O' r+ "$!r,*', $r!$r,+ !0 PMS "& ,. !%,*' 'u5r ."%. "'?u'%& j7'!%7"'j !r j$"'7"'j 5.*"!ur "' ,. '"' !0 %*r& F!rr#+ #*d %!$!u'd& (&$%"*##+ T,r*-,.+# #*d) r *ddd ,! $,r!# ,! "$r! ,. !%,*' 'u5r T."& .*& 5' d"&%!'/'ud du ,! .*#,.@'"r!'',*# r*&!'& O' !0 ,. $r!du%,& !0 %rud d"&/##*/!' $r!%&& "& * #! !%,*' *&!#"' 0r*%/!' '!r*##+ r0rrd ,! *& N*$.,.* P#*k!r"' "& ,. $r!%&& ."%. r0!r& ,. !#%u#& "' ,. #! !%,*' N*$.,.* 0d ,! $r!du% * .".-!%,*' *&!#"' %!$!'', ,. R0!r*, R0!r"' "& * r6'"' $r!%&& u&"' %!',r!##d .*, *'d $r&&ur "' ,. $r&'% !0 * %*,*#+&, ,! r*rr*' !r r&,ru%,ur ,. 0d !#%u#& ,.r5+ %!'r/' $*r*K'"% *'d '*$.,.'"% ,+$& !0 .+dr!%*r5!'& (#! !%,*' 5!"#"' r*' 0r*%/!'&) "',! $,r!%."%*# 0d &,!%7& *'d .".r !%,*' &,!%7& &u",*5# 0!r 5#'d"' "',! 6'"&.d *&!#"' T. !r*## r&u#, "& ,.*, ,. $r!du%, R0!r*, %!',*"'& HC& ",. !r %!$#9 !#%u#*r &.*$& ,.*' "' ,. '*$.,.* 0d T. R0!r*, "& * "9,ur !0 P*r*K'& N*$.,.'& *'d Ar!*/%& %!',*"'"' C4 ,! C *,!& I' d!"' &! .+dr!' *,!& *r &$*r*,d 0r! HC !#%u#& ,.r5+ *7"' r+ &"'"6%*', *!u',& !0 5+$r!du%, .+dr!' *& (*& "## 5 d"&%u&&d #*,r)
**"#*5# 0!r u& "' * 'u5r !0 !,.r $r!%&&& "' * !dr' $,r!#u r6'r+ O,.r 5+$r!du%,& *r &*## *!u',& !0 &*## !#%u#& !0 CH 4 C2H C3H *'d C4H1 &u&/' &! %r*%7"' *#&! !%%ur& T
1@11 %*r5!' *,!&) IP @1!C *'d FP 1@2B!C H*+ '*$.,.* "& u&d 5%*u& L"., '*$.,.* ,'d& ,! %r*%7 *&"#+ ,! $r!du% '!'-!%,*' '.*'%"' !#%u#& T. F!ur 5*&"% R0!r"' r*%/!'& *r : De
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Iso%e"Q#(on
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0!ur !#& !0 .+dr!' $r !# !0 $*r*K' ,r*'&0!rd !0 $*r*K'& &$%"*##+ .".r !'& ,! &*##r !#%u#& '-H$,*' !r M,.+#.9*' !r M,.+#%+%#!.9*' @ D",.+#%+%#!$',*' ( ,.& ,! "* r"' !$'"' ) ,! M,.*' E,.*' $r!$*' 5u,*'& $',*'& *'d .9*'& T. ', r&u#, "& %!'&u$/!' !0 .+dr!' #! r0!r*, +"#d #! .+dr!' $ur",+ *'d &.!r,r %*,*#+&, #"0 du ,! %!7 #*+ d!' H+dr!%r*%7"' "& $r!!,d *, .". &r",+ (.". ,$r*,ur&) !$r*/!' R*, "& #! *, #! ,$r*,ur 5u, "'%r*&& 0*&,r ,.*' !,.r r*%/!'& *& ,$r*,ur "'%r*&&
Hy&o'#'"n,5Hy&o,enolys"s
De#lyl#(on
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D"s%ut#(on
5
D"s$o$o(on#(on
T!#u' r*%/' ",. M,.+#%+%#!.9*' ,! $r!du% ';' *'d D",.+#%+%#!.9*' !r ,! !#%u#& !0 T!#u' ,r*'&0!rd ,! ';' *'d <+#'& Alyl#(on "&
$r!,d *, #! $r&&ur *'d .". ,$r*,ur ( B-BB!C ) I, d!& '!, "$r! !%,*' '!r %!&u .+dr!' 5u, #*d& ,! ,. $r!du%/!' !0 .*"r
!#%u#& 5!"#"' .".r ,.*' *&!#"' r*' T.& *r %!7 $r%ur&!r& T. 6r&, ,.r r*%/!'& $rd!"'*, *& &u%. ,. !r*## ', .+dr!' $r!du%, *, !C@!F *'d !' *,!&$.r "& B 23 !r 3 12W3 $r 13 !r 15*rr# !0 #"Ju"d N*$.,.* 0d T. 6r&, R*%,!r "& u&u*##+ ,. &*##&, %!',*"'"' ,. #*&, %*,*#+&, #!*d ,.*' !,.r& 5%*u& N*$.,.'& l Ar!*/%& r*%/!' Ju"#"5r"*,& 0*&,r ,.*' ,. !,.r r*%/!'& D.+dr!%+%#"&*/!' "& !r Ju"#"5r"*/' *, ,. 9", !0 `3 R*%,!r I&!r"&*/!' *'d H+dr!%r*%7"' *r r+ ! r*%."' Ju"#"5r"u *, ,. 9", !0 `4 R*%,!r H'% !,.r R*%,!r& .* $r!r&&"#+ !r %*,*#+&, #!*d ,.*' `1 R*%,!r *7"' `4 R*%,!r u&u*##+ ,. 5"&,
THESE ARE POSSI9LE REACTIONS OF n09UT3L9ENENE IN THE PRESENCE OF A T3PICAL REFORMING CATAL3ST
REFORMING CATAL3ST
C*,*#+&, "& '!5# ,*# P#*/'u !r %!5"'d P#*/'u@R.'"u !' %.#!r"'*,d *#u"'* &u$$!r, 5*&T. ,*# $r!!,& .+dr!'*/!'@ d.+dr!'*/!' r*%/!'& ."# ,. *#u"'* $r!"d& ,. L"& *%"d &",& 0!r %*r5!'"u "!' 0!r*/!' T."& du*# 0u'%/!' "& '%&&*r+ 0!r *r!*/&*/!' *'d "&!r"&*/!' P,@R %*,*#+&, .*& 5' 0!u'd ,! .* r*,r &,*5"#",+ "'%r*&d *%/",+ *'d &#%/",+ #*d"' ,! #!r $r&&ur !$r*/!'& P,@R r*/! !0 m B "& 5=r ,.*' * r*/! !0 1 *'d %*' ,!#r*, .".r %!7 ## (2-2B **"'&, 1B-2) *'d * .".r &u#0ur ## "' ,. N*$.,.* 0d ( 1 $$) r&u#/' "' "'%r*&d ru' #',.
REFORMING PROCESS
T.r *r *"' ,+$& !0 R0!r"' $r!%&& :
S"-r'r*/ 69d 5d R*%,!r& (3 !r 4 "' &r"&)
S"' R*%,!r &+&, (3 R*%,!r& *'d 1 &$*r r'r*,d R*%,!r !' &,*'d5+)
C!'/'u!u& C*,*#+&, R'r*/!' R0!rr (CCR)
CRU PROCESS VARIA9LES : Syste% Pessue : L! $r&&ur "& 0*!r*5# ,! *## ,.
r*%/!'& ,.*, $r!du% .+dr!' H".r $r&&ur& r&u#, "' %r*%7"' *'d #!r $r&&ur& %!7"' S+&, $r&&ur
"& r#*,d ,! %*,*#+&, *%/",+ *'d #"0 &$*' *'d ,. R%+%# G*& %!$r&&!r du,+ Te%$e#tue : R*%,!r "'#, ,$r*,ur "& ,. &* 0!r
*## ,. r*%,!r& *'d d%r*&& *%r!&& *%. r*%,!r du ,! ,. 'd!,.r"% '*,ur !0 !&, !0 ,. r*%/!'& T. \T "& .".&, *%r!&& R*%,!r `1 T. r*%/!' ,$r*,ur "& * 0u'%/!' !0 ,. %*,*#+&, *%/",+ *, *'+ $!"', "' / I0 !,.r %!'d"/!'& *r &,*d+ ,. ,$r*,ur .*& ,! 5 "'%r*&d ,! "'%r*& !%,*' 'u5r 'r*##+ 1:1 *, ,. SOR ,! "d-Ru' *'d #&& &! ,!*rd& ,. EOR H!r .".r ,$r*,ur "& u&u*##+ u&d *, #! %*,*#+&, *%/",+ 5u, r&u#,& "' #!r +"#d !0 r0!r*, *'d #!r .+dr!' $ur",+ We",
r&"d'% / !0 ,. 0d !' ,. %*,*#+&, *'d "& d6'd 5+ ,. Ju*/!' Fd R*,( ,!'[email protected]) Or*## C*,*#+&, u*'/,+(,!'&) A'+ %.*' "' SV r&u#,& "' %.*' !0 ,. 0d r*, *'d .'% "' ,$r*,ur %.*' 0!r ,. &* &r",+ *'d !%,*' 'u5r I0 SV "& ,! 5 "'%r*&d ,. ,$r*,ur 6r&, *'d ,.' 0d r*, .* ,! 5 rdu%d $r!$!r/!'*##+ T. &",u*/!' "& rr&d 5u, 0d r*, 6r&, ,.' ,$r*,ur 0!r *'+ d%r*& "' SV Hy&o,en 8 Hy&o'#>on R#(o : T."& "& u&u*##+ n *'d "&
d6'd 5+: Pur R%+%# H2 (7!# @ .r) Fd R*,(7!#@.r)
H". .+dr!' $ur",+ *'d .". r%+%# *& %!$r&&!r %*$*%",+ r&u#, "' .". H@HC r*/! ."%. r&u#,& "' #!r r*%,!r "'#, ,$r*,ur& A#&! .". r*/! "'%r*&& .+dr!' $*r/*# $r&&ur ."%. 9,'d& %*,*#+&, #"0 &"'% ", $r',& %!7 0!r*/!' 5u, .*& #"=# !r '! "'?u'% !' $r!du%, +"#d *'d !%,*' r*/' Fee& ?u#l"ty: T. $.+&"%*# $r!$r/& !0 *'d ,.
$r&'% !0 "$ur"/& "' ,. 0d *>%, u'", $r0!r*'% I' * 0u#& r6'r+ .r ,. %r",r"* "& ,! "'%r*& ,. !%,*' 'u5r !0 ,. *&!#"' 5+ ,. $r!du%/!' !0 *r!*/%& ,. 5!"#"' r*' !0 ,. 0d "& '!, *& &'&"/ * *r"*5# *& "' ,. %*& !0 * $,r!%."%*# r6'r+ .r $r!du%/!' !0 T< (';' T!#u' *'d <+#') "& %ru%"*# Re'y'le R#(o -Mole R#(o; R. "& d6'd 5+ ,. Ju*/!':
R GHM @ F R 7 !# H2@ 7 !# Fd G F#! !0 R%+%# G*& 7@.r H M!# 0r*%/!' !0 H 2 "' R%+%# *& ( L*5!r*,!r+) M M!#%u#*r "., !0 0d ( u&u*##+ *5!u, 11 d$'d"' !' 0d u*#",+) F Fd F#! R*, 7@.r Ar* M!#%u#*r "., !0 R%+%# G*& ( L*5!r*,!r+ )
FEED -TREATED HEAV3 NAPHTHA. AND REFORMATE HYDROCARON TYPES
COMPONENTS
HEAV3 NAPHTHA
REFORMATE
44 BB
3 B
- 2
NAPHTHENES
3 4
B 1
AROMATICS
B 1
4B
4
PARAFFINS OLEFINS
OCTANE `
CATAL3TIC REFORMING SIMPLIFIED PROCESS FLOW
REFORMER PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
En& O) Run Fo Se%"0Re,ene#(+e CRU
",. %!'/'ud !$r*/!'& ,. %*,*#+&,& "' ,. r*%,!r 5d& , $r!r&&"#+ d*%/*,d du %!7 #*+ d!' &u#0ur 5r*7,.r!u. *'d #!&& !0 *%"d &",& r&u#/' 0r! *,r 5r*7,.r!u. #*%."' !u, ,. %.#!r"' ,% T. ', r&u#,& *r .". \P *%r!&& ,. r*%,!r& r*du*# #!&& !0 '*/ \T d%r*& .+dr!' $ur",+ #!r H@HC r*/! *'d 6'*##+ %!'/'ud "'%r*& "' ,$r*,ur ,! !5,*"' ,. &* !%,*' 'u5r ."%. 0ur,.r "'%r*&& %!7 5u"#d u$ !' ,. %*,*#+&, A, ,."& $!"', ,. u'", .*& ,! 5 d-%!"&&"!'d 0!r %*,*#+&, r'r*/!' T."& %*' !%%ur 5,' , 24 !',.& !r !r d$'d"' !' ,. &r",+ !0 !$r*/!'
CRACKING
Cr*%7"' "& ,. $r!%&& .r5+ %!$#9 .". 5!"#"' .*+ H+dr!%*r5!'& *r 5r!7' "',! &"$#r *'d #".,r !#%u#& 5+ ,. %#** !0 C-C 5!'d& " #!' %.*"'& "',! &.!r,r !'& #*d"' ,! ,. "'%r*&d $r!du%/!' !0 .".r *#u L"., *'d M"dd# d"&/##*,& *'d #"., .+dr!%*r5!' G*&& Cr*%7"' *& "'"/*##+ T.r*#( T.r!#+&"&) P+r!#+&"& 5r*7& d!' d"u &"; *#7*'& "',! &*##r !r u&0u# *#7*'& *'d *#7'& T.r!#+&"& .*& '! 5' d"&$#*%d 5+ C*,*#+/% Cr*%7"' E9*$#& !0 ,.r*# %r*%7"' *r S,* R0!r"' P+r!#+&"& V"&5r*7r *'d C!7"' THERMAL CRACKING VIS9REAKER
A "&5r*7r "& u&d ,! rdu% ,. *!u', !0 #! *#u r&"du*#& ",. .". "&%!&",+ *'d .". $!ur $!"', ."%. %*' '!, 5 r*d"#+ u&d !r ,r*'&$!r,d &$%"*##+ "' %!#d %#"*,& du ,! ,. $r&'% !0 *9+ *,r"*#& *'d .'% ,! "'%r*& ,. +"#d !0 !r *#u*5# "dd# d"&/##*,& (d"&# *'d .*/' !"#& ) T. u'", ,.r*##+ %r*%7& #*r HC !#%u#& "' 0ur'*% ,u5& ,! rdu% "&%!&",+ *'d "' ,. $r!%&& $r!du% &*## *!u',& !0 #"., .+dr!%*r5!'& ( LPG *'d *&!#"') T. $r!%&& '* "&5r*7r r0r& ,! ,. 0*%, ,.*, ", rdu%&( " 5r*7& ) ,. "&%!&",+ !0 ,. 0d +"#d"' *& LPG *&!#"' *& !"#& *'d ,*r
T. ,*r %*' 5 $r!%&&d "' * V*%uu u'", ,! $r!du% VGO ."%. %*' 5 0ur,.r $r!%&&d "' * C*, %r*%7r H+dr!%r*%7r !r !,.r 0!r !0 ,.r!#+&"& T. *%uu?*&.d ,*r "& * 0d ,! * D#*+d %!7r ,! $r!du% &! &$%"*#,+ %!7& &u%. *& A'!d %!7 !r Nd# %!7 V*%uu R&"du ,! ,. V"&5r*7r "& %!$!&d !0 : A&.*#,'& : #*r $!#+%+%#"% HC& &u&$'dd "' !"# "' %!##!"d*# 0!r R&"'& : *#&! $!#+%+%#"% HC& 5u, !0 #!r !#%u#*r ".,& ,.*' *&$.*#,'& Ar!*/%& : dr"*/& !0 5';' ,!#u'& *'d 9+#'& P*r*K'& : *"'#+ *#7*'& Cr*%7"' ,$r*,ur "& u&u*##+ 42B - B !C Pr!$r/&
Fd
V"&5r*7r T*r
D'&",+ (7@#)
12
14
V"&%!&",+ X 1 !C (%S,)
3
11B
4
4
Su#0ur( , ) Po&u't 3"el&s- t .
G*& *'d LPG
3
G*&!#"'
M"dd# D"&/##*,&
1B
T*r ( R&"du )
COKER
A %!7r %!'r,& A,!&$.r"% R&"du !r V*%uu R&"du ,! #! !#%u#*r "., HC *&& '*$.,.*& LGO HGO *'d P,r!#u C!7 5+ ,.r*# %r*%7"' $r!%&& T. %!7 %*' 5 Fu# r*d ( .". "' &u#0ur *'d ,*#& ) !r A'!d r*d ( #! "' &u#0ur *'d ,*#& ) T. &,r*"., ru' %!7 *#&! %*##d Gr' %!7 "& 0ur,.r $r!%&&d 5+ %*#%"'"' *, 132!C "' * r!,*r+ 7#"' ,! r! r&"du*# !#*/# HC& T. %*#%"'d %!7 "& ,.' ,r*,d "' *' A'!d 5*7"' !' ,! +"#d *'!d %!7 !0 d&"rd &.*$ *'d $.+&"%*# $r!$r/& u&d *"'#+ "' ,. A#u"'"u *'d S,# "'du&,r"& C
O' !0 ,. *r#"&, ,.r*# %r*%7r& *& d#!$d "' 112 *'d !$r*,d *, 3 4 !C *'d $&"* ( 27P* ) I' 121 *' *d*'%d ,.r*# %r*%7r *& d#!$d *'d !$r*,d *, 4 4 !C M!dr' .". $r&&ur ,.r*# %r*%7r !$r*,& *, 7P* ( ".,#+ !r 1$&"* ) T. u&u*# 0d& *r C 3 ,! CB HC& *'d ,. !r*## r&u#, "& ,. 5r*7 d!' !0 .*+ !#%u#& "',! #"., !'& T. *%,u*# r*%/!' "& %*##d H!!#+/% 6&&"!' ."%. $r!du%& *#7'& 0!r ,. $r!du%/!' !0 $!#+r& A #*r 'u5r !0 %.*"' r*%/!'& !%%ur ."%. *r 5*&d !' Fr R*d"%*#& 'u,r*# !r u'%.*rd #!' !r u'$*"rd #%,r!' &$%"& ."%. *r 9,r#+ r*%/ *'d &.!r,#"d
T. *"' r*%/!'& "'%#ud : In"(#(on : .r * &"'# !#%u# d""d& "',! ,! 0r
r*d"%*#& ."%. ,.' dr"& ,. r&, !0 ,. r*%/!'& T. 5!'d 5r!7' "& u&u*##+ * C-C 5!'d r*,.r ,.*' * C-H 5!'d H3CoCH3 l 2H3p Po$#,#(on :
S,$ 1 : H A>st#'(on "' ,."& r*%/!' * 0r r*d"%*# *5&,r*%, * .+dr!' *,! 0r! * 'u,r*# !#%u# ,.r5+ %r*/' *'!,.r 0r r*d"%*# H3p CH3 CH3 l CH4 H3CopH2 S,$ 2 : R#&"'#l De'o%$os"(on - "' ."%. * 0r r*d"%*# 5r*7& *$*r, "',! ,! &$%"& !' *#7' *'d !' * 0r r*d"%*# H3C pH2 l H2C CH2 Hq R#&"'#l A&&"(on "& ,. rr& !0 S,$ 3 : d%!$!&"/!' "' ."%. * r*d"%*# *dd& !' ,! *' *#7' ,! 0!r * &"'# #*rr 0r r*d"%*# ."%. *+ #*d ,! $!#+r";*/!'
H2CCH2 H3C pH2 l H3C-CH2-CH2-pH2 S,$ 4 : Al$<#0 #n& 9et#0 S'"ss"on ,. 0!rr * 5r*7 !' %*r5!' **+ 0r! ,. 0r r*d"%*# $!"', ."# ,. #*=r "& ,! %*r5!' **+ T. *#$.*-&%"&&"!' $r!du%& d"r*d"%*# ."%. *5&,r*%, H *,!& 0r! 'u,r*# HC& ,! $r!du% ,.*' *'d *'!,.r 0r r*d"%*# ,*-&%"&&"!' $r!du%& *' *#$.*-*#7' *'d * $r"*r+ 0r r*d"%*# ",. %*r5!' *,! 'u5r !' 5"' ,. r*d"%*#
R-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-pH2 l R-CH2-pH2 H2CCH-CH3 Te%"n#(on : !%%ur& .' ,! 0r r*d"%*#& r*%, ,! "
$r!du%,& ."%. *r '!, 0r r*d"%*#& "' !' !0 ,! *+& : Re'o%>"n#(on : .r ,! r*d"%*#& %!5"' ,! 0!r
!' #*rr !#%u# H3p H3C-pH2 l
H3C-CH2-CH3
OR D"s$o$o(on#(on .r !' 0r r*d"%*# ,r*'&0r& * H
*,! ,! *'!,.r 0r r*d"%*# ,! " *' *#7' *'d *' *#7*' H3C-pH2 H3C-pH2 l H2CCH2 H3C-CH3
STEAM REFORMING5CRACKING
T."& "& ,.r*# %r*%7"' $r!%&& "' ."%. $*r*K'& *r 5r!7' d!' "',! &*##r !W' u'&*,ur*,d H+dr!%*r5!'& L"., H+dr!%*r5!' *&& !r #"Ju"d& &u%. *& E,.*' LPG !r L"., N*$.,.* (C *'d #&&) $r!du% #"., A#7'& &u%. *& E,.+#' Pr!$+#' Pr!$*d"' u,'& *'d u,*d"' *"'#+ 0!r ,. P,r!%."%*# "'du&,r+ T."& $r!%&& "& uu*##+ %*rr"d !u, *, r+ .". ,$r*,ur& B !C !r !r H". ,$r*,ur "& !r !#6'& !0 .".r !#%u#*r ".,& *'d Ar!*/%& H". !#%u#*r "., .+dr!%*r5!'& %r*%7 *, #!r ,$r*,ur& ,.*' ,. #! !#%u#*r "., !'& ( E,.*' *, bC N*$.,.* *, B-bC)
T. HC 0d "& d"#u,d ",. &,* *'d ,.' 5r"?+ .*,d "' * 0ur'*% *, *r!u'd !C I' !dr' $+r!#+&"& 0ur'*%& ,. r&"d'% / "& "' "##"&%!'d& "' !rdr ,! "$r! ,. +"#d !0 d&"rd $r!du%,& AWr ,. %r*%7"' ,$r*,ur .*& 5' r*%.d ,. *$!r& *r Ju"%7#+ Ju'%.d ,! &,!$ ,. r*%/!' T. $r!du%,& d$'d& !' ,. 0d %!$!&"/!' HC ,! &,* r*/! %r*%7"' ,$r*,ur *'d ,. 0ur'*% r&"d'% / L"., HC& ( ,.*' LPG *'d #"., '*$.,.*) +"#d #"., *#7'& "'%#ud"' ,.' $r!$' *'d 5u,*d"' H*"r HC& ( 0u## r*' !r .*+ '*$.,.* *'d !,.r&) '!, !'#+ $r!du% ,.& 5u, *#&! $r!du% &,r*& r"%. "' *r!*/%& *'d *,r"*#& &u",*5# 0!r "'%#u&"!' "' *&!#"' !r 0u# !"# T. .".r ,. %r*%7"' ,$r*,ur ( &r",+ ) ,. !r ,. ,.' *'d 5';' $r!du%d L!r &r",+ $r!du%& r#*/#+ .".r *!u',& !0 $r!$' C 4 HC& *'d #"Ju"d $r!du%,& T. $r!%&& u&u*##+ r&u#, "' %!7 d$!&", !' ,. "''r *## !0 ,. 0ur'*% ,u5& *'d ,. 0ur'*%& .* ,! 5 d-%!"&&"!'d !' *Wr ,. !,.r 0!r d-%!7"'
Et<#ne Re)o%"n,
INITIATION :
CH3-CH3 l 2pH3 CH3-CH3 l CH3-pH2 H CH3-CH3 pH3 l CH3pH2 CH4 CH3-CH3
l CH2CH2 H2 l 2C 3H2
2C
2H2O() l
2CO 2H2
PROPAGATION : CH2CH2 pH3 l CH3CH2pH2 l CH3CHCH2 H CH2CH2 CH3-pH2 l CH3CH2CH2pH2 s u,'-1
CH3CH2CHCH2 H
H".r .+dr!%*r5!'& &Ju'% !0 r*%/!'&
*r
$r!du%d
0r!
&""#*r
T. 0!##!"' "& *' 9*$# !0 %r*%7"' !0 n09ut#ne : : Poss">"l"ty - . : r*7"' !0 * CH3tCH2 5!'d ,!
$r!du%: Hp pHv-CHv-CH 0r r*d"%*#& ."%. *Wr * 'u5r !0 &,$& +"#d& : CHw *'d CHvCH-CH Poss">"l"ty - 1 . : r*7"' !0 ,. CHv-CHv 5!'d ,!
" ,. 0r r*d"%*#& pHv-CH pHv-CH ',u*##+ #*d"' ,! ,. $r!du%/!' !0 CH-CH *'d CHvCHv 1 Poss">"l"ty - : . : r*7"' !0 * C-H 5!'d ,! "
pHv-CHv-CHv-CH Hx #*d"' ,! ,. 0!r*/!' !0 CH-CHv-CHCHv Hv
ENERGETICS OF THERMAL CRACKING
T.r*# %r*%7"' 'r/%& "& d!"'*,d 5+ ',r!$+ %.*' (\Sb) r*,.r ,.*' 5+ ',.*#$+ %.*' (\Hb) "' ,. G"55& Fr E'r+ Ju*/!' : G @ H TS M"'u& \Gb*'& ,. r*%/!' "& 0*&"5# ;r! *#u *'& ,. $r!%&& "& "' Ju"#"5r"u *'d $!&"/ *#u *'& ,. r*%/!' "& '!, 0*&"5# A#,.!u. C-C 5!'d 'r+ "& r#*/#+ .". (3B78@!#) %r*%7"' "& .".#+ 'd!,.r"% $r!du%"' #*r $!&"/ ',r!$+ ( dr !0 d"&!rdr) r&u#/' 0r! ,. 0r*',*/!' !0 !' #*r !#%u# "',! &r*# &*##r !'& ."%. ,!,.r ",. ,. rJu"rd .". ,$r*,ur *7 ,. T\Sb ,r u%. #*rr ,.*' \Hb ,.r5+ 0*!r"' ,.r*# %r*%7"' r*%/!'&
CATAL3TIC CRACKING Eu' H!udr+ * Fr'%. %.*'"%*# '"'r $"!'rd %*,*#+/% %r*%7"' *'d d#!$d ,. 6r&, %!r%"*##+ &u%%&&0u# $r!%&& T. 6r&, %!r%"*# $#*', *& 5u"#, "' 13 T."& $r!%&& *#!&, d!u5#& ,. *!u', !0 *&!#"' ,.*, %!u#d 5 $r!du%d 0r! * 5*rr# !0 %rud T. FCC $r!du%& * .". +"#d !0 *&!#"' *'d LPG ."# ,. H+dr!%r*%7r "& * *!r &!ur% !0 LPG '*$.,.* , 0u# *'d d"&# !"# C*,*#+/%*##+ %r*%7d *&!#"' .*& .".r !%,*' ,.*' T.r*##+ %r*%7d *&!#"' du ,! ,. %*,*#+&, $r!!/' "&!r"&*/!' *'d d.+dr!%+%#"&*/!' r*%/!'& L"Ju"d $r!du%,& *r *#&! !r &,*5# du ,! #!r !#6'& %!',', !r &*,ur*,d %!$!'',& C*,*#+/% %r*%7"' u&& *%"d ( Ju"*#', ,! &u#0ur"% *%"d ) &"#"%*-*#u"'* *'d ;!#", %*,*#+&,& *'d !dr*,#+ .". ,$r*,ur& ( 4 B!C ) ,! *"d ,. $r!%&& !0 5r*7"' d!' #*r HC !#%u#& "',! &*##r !'& 5+ .,r!#+/% 5r*7* !0 5!'d& +"#d"' $*"r& !0 "!'& !0 !$$!&", %.*r& u&u*##+ %*r5'"u "!' *'d r+ u'&,*5# .+dr"d *'"!' C*r5!' #!%*#";d 0r r*d"%*#& *'d %*/!'& *r r+ u'&,*5# *'d u'dr! $r!%&&& !0 %.*"' r*rr*'', 5,*-C-C &%"&&"!' *'d "',r- *'d "',r*-!#%u#*r .+dr!' .+dr"d !r ,."d ,r*'&0r I' ",.r %*& ,. %!rr&$!'d"' r*%/ "',rd"*,& (r*d"%*#& !r "!'&) *r $r*'',#+ r'r*,d *'d ,.u& ,.+ $r!%d 5+ * �-$r!$**/' %.*"' %.*'"&
."%. "& ',u*##+ ,r"'*,d 5+ r*d"%*# !r "!' r%!5"'*/!' FLUID CATAL3TIC CRACKING -FCC.
.' .*+ !"# 0r*%/!'& u&u*##+ ",. IP !0 34 !C *'d *5! *r .*,d !r %#*+ ,+$ *,r"*#& %r*%7"' r*%/!'& !%%ur ."%. #*d ,! &"'"6%*', +"#d& !0 #".,r .+dr!%*r5!'& T. !dr' FCC u'", "& * %!'/'u!u& $r!%&& ."%. !$r*,& 24 @ 0!r *& u%. *& 2 ,! 3 +*r& 5,' &.u,d!' 0!r r!u/' *"','*'% T.r *r * 'u5r !0 $r!$r",*r+ d&"'& *%. !' **"#*5# u'dr * #"%'% ,.*, u&, 5 $ur%.*&d 0r! ,. d#!$r 5+ *'+ r6'r d&"r"' ,! %!'&,ru%, *'d !$r*, *' FCC !0 * $*r/%u#*r d&"' *&"%*##+ ,.r ,! d">r', %!'6ur*/!'& : ,. &,*%7dQ ,+$ .r ,. r*%,!r *'d ,. r'r*,!r *r %!',*"'d "' * &"'# &&# ",. ,. r*%,!r *5! ,. R' *'d ,. &"d-5+-&"dQ ,+$ .r ,. r*%,!r *'d ,. R' *r "' ,! &$*r*, &&#& A ,+$"%*# FCCU "& *d u$ !0 *'+ $*r,& : 1 T. A"r Pr.*,r 0!r "'"/*# *r u$ !0 ,. '/r %!#d C!'r,r 2 T. Fd Pr.*,r ."%. .*,& u$ ,. .+dr!%*r5!' 0d ,! 5,' 3 ,! 4bC 3 T. R"&r .r *%,u*# %r*%7"' !%%ur&
4 T. D"&'*r *'d S,r"$$r ."%. '&ur &$*r*/!' !0 %r*%7d HC *$!r& 0r! ,. $!drd %*,*#+&, B T. M*"' Fr*%/!'*,!r ."%. &$*r*,& ,. %r*%7d *$!r "',! ,. d">r', 0r*%/!'& T. R'r*,!r .r %!7 d$!&",d !' ,. %*,*#+&, "& 5ur', !> T. G*& !r V*$!r R%!r+ S+&, ,! *9""; LPG *'d *&!#"' +"#d& G*&!#"' A'd LPG Mr!9 S+&,& S,'"' $r!%&&& CO !"#r !r F#u G*& H*,r 0!r .*, r%!r+
A r+ &"$#"6d $r!%&& ?! "& &.!' 5#!:
FLUID CATAL3TIC CRACKING PROCESS
LEGEND CT @ PS @ RG @ RX @
CATAL3ST TRANSFER LINES PRODUCT SEPARATION REGENERATION REACTION
I' FCC .*+ !"# 0r*%/!'& *r $*&&d "' *$!r $.*& ,.r!u. * 5d !0 $!drd ;!#", %*,*#+&, *, * &u",*5# #!%",+ (1-@&) T. %*,*#+&, *'d ,. HC *$!r 0!r * &+&, ,.*, 5.*& #"7 #"Ju"d@?u"d ."%. %*' 5 %!'/'u!u+ ,r*'&$!r,d 0r! * r*%,!r &&# .r !&, !0 ,. %r*%7"' r*%/!'& ,*7 $#*% ,! ,. d"&'*r *'d ,. r'r*,!r &&#& *'d ,.' 5*%7 ,! ,. r*%,!r T
T. $r.*,d .". 5!"#"' 0d *, *5!u, 31B ,! 43bC *d u$ !0 #!' %.*"' HC !#%u#& "& %!5"'d ",. &! r%+%# urr+ 0r! ,. 5!=! !0 ,. M*"' Fr*%/!'*,!r *'d "'%,d "',! ,. R"&r .r ", "& *$!r";d *'d %r*%7d "',! &*##r !#%u#& !0 *$!r 5+ %!',*%, *'d "9"' ",. ,. r+ .!, $!drd %*,*#+&, 0r! ,. R'r*,!r A## !0 ,. %r*%7"' r*%/!'& !%%ur "' ,. R"&r T. HC *$!r& *'d $!drd %*,*#+&, ?! u$*rd "' ,. R"&r *, *r!u'd B2 - B3BbC *'d $r&&ur !0 *5!u, 15*r *'d ,.' $,+ "',! ,. D"&'*r .r ,. ,! *r &$*r*,d 5+ * &, !0 ,!-&,*d %+%#!'& T. &$', %*,*#+&, ?!& d!'*rd ,.r!u. * &,* S,r"$$r ,! r! *d.r"' HC !#%u#& 0r! ,. %*,*#+&, ."%. ,.' r,ur'& ,! ,. R'r*,!r ",. ,. ?! ru#*,d 5+ * S#"d !r P#u *# "' ,. &$', %*,*#+&, #"' T. %r*%7"' $r!%&& $r!du%& %*r5!'*%!u& *,r"*# ( %*##d C!7 ) ."%. d$!&",& !' ,. %*,*#+&, *'d ."%. r+ r*$"d#+ rdu%& ,. %*,*#+&, *%/",+ T. %*,*#+&, "&
r'r*,d 5+ 5ur'"' !> ,. %!7 ",. *"r 5#!' "',! ,. R'r*,!r ."%. "& !$r*,d *, *5!u, bC *'d 2415*r T. %!5u&/!' !0 ,. %!7 "& 9!,.r"% $r!du%"' * #*r *!u', !0 .*, ,.*, "& $*r/*##+ *5&!r5d 5+ ,. r'r*,d %*,*#+&, *'d $r!"d& ,. .*, rJu"rd 0!r ,. *$!r";*/!' !0 ,. 0d *'d ,. 'd!,.r"% %r*%7"' r*%/!'& T. .!, %*,*#+&, (*, bC) #*"' ,. R'r*,!r ?!& "',! ,. %*,*#+&, ",.dr**# ## .r ',r*"'d %!5u&/!' ?u *& &%*$& *'d ?!& 5*%7 ,! ,. u$$r $*r, !0 ,. R'r*,!r A'!,.r S#"d !r P#u *# "' ,. r'r*,d %*,*#+&, #"' %!',r!#& ,. ?! !0 ,. %*,*#+&, ,! ,. 0d "'%/!' $!"', u&, 5#! ,. R"&r T. .!, ?u *& #*& ,. R'r*,!r *Wr $*&&"' ,.r!u. u#/$# &,& !0 ,!-&,*d %+%#!'& ,.*, r! ',r*"'d %*,*#+&, 0r! ", T."& $r',& 9%&&" %*,*#+&, #!&&& T. *!u', !0 %*,*#+&, %"r%u#*/' 5,' ,. R'r*,!r *'d ,. R"&r "& *5!u, B7 $r 7 !0 0d ."%. "& Ju"*#', r!u.#+ ,! 47@ #",r !0 0d H'% *' FCC u'", $r!%&&"' B5*rr#& @ d*+ (*5!u, 12 #",r@ d*+) "## %"r%u#*, *5!u, BB,r"% ,!'& @ d*+ !0 %*,*#+&, C!'r&"!' "& "'%r*&d 5+ .".r ,$r*,ur #!'r r&"d'% / *'d .". %*,*#+&,@!"# r*/! *#,.!u. ,.& *#&! $r!!, %!7 #*+ d!'
D"s(ll#(on 5 F#'(on#(on Colu%n
T. r*%/!' $r!du%, *$!r& *, !r BbC *'d 125*r ?! 0r! ,. ,!$ !0 ,. D"&'*r ,! ,. 5!=! !0 ,. %!#u' .r ,.+ *r d"&/##d "',! ,. FCC 'd $r!du%,&: !>*& %r*%7d '*$.,.* *'d .*/'@0u# !"# ( L"., C+%# O"# *'d D%*',d !"#) *,r"*#& AWr * $r!%&& !0 &u#0ur r!*# ,. '*$.,.* 5%!& * .". !%,*' *&!#"' 5#'d %!$!'', T. !>*& "& &', ,! ,. *$!r r%!r+ u'", (VRU) .r ", "& &$*r*,d "',! #! !#%u#*r "., *&& ( H2 ,.*' ,.*' *'d ,.') $r!$*' *'d $r!$' ( B ) *'d 5u,*'& *'d 5u,'& (BB -) T. 5!=! $r!du%, !"# !0 ,. Fr*%/!'*,!r %!',*"'& r&"du*# %*,*#+&, $*r/%#& ."%. r '!, %!$#,#+ r!d 5+ ,. D"&'*r %+%#!'& T."& "& .+ ,."& !"# "& %*##d S#urr+ $*r, !0 ."%. "& r%+%#d 5*%7 ,! 0r*%/!'*,!r *5! ,. d"&'*d *$!r ',r+ $!"', ,! %!!# *'d $*r/*##+ %!'d'& ,. r*%/!' $r!du%, *$!r& *& ,.+ ',r ,. %!#u' *'d ,. 5*#*'% !0 ,. urr+ u&d *& 0u# !"# 5#'d %!$!'', *'d !r *'u0*%,ur !0 C*r5!' #*%7
Re,ene#to Flue G#s
T. %!5u&/!' *"r ?! ,! ,. R' "& %!',r!##d ,! .* ,. d&"rd r*/! !0 %*r5!' d"!9"d *'d %*r5!' !'!9"d "' ,. .!, ?u *& (*5!u, bC *'d 2415*r) T."& "& ,.' &', ,! ,. S*# P!, !r * 7"'d !0 &$*r*,!r ,! r! ,! !0 ,. ',r*"'d %*,*#+&, $*r/%#& 50!r ,. ?u *& "& ",.r u&d 6r&, "' * ,ur5!-9$*'dr ,! 'r*, $!r *'d ,.' "' ,. CO !"#r @ F#u G*& H*,r ,! $r!du% .". $r&&ur &,* !r &,r*"., 0!r &,* 'r*/!' !'#+ C
T. 6ur 5#! "& * r+ &"$#"6d d"*r* !0 .! .". 5!"#"' &,r*"., %.*"' $*r*K'& *r 5r!7' d!' "',! &*##r &,r*"., *'d 5r*'%.d *#7*'& 5r*'%.d *#7'& *'d %+%#!*#7*'& ( '*$.,.'&) S! !0 ,. &*##r !#%u#& *r 0ur,.r %!'r,d "',! &/## &*##r *#7'& *'d 5r*'%.d *#7'& &u%. *& ,.*' $r!$' 5u,'& *'d "&!5u,'& 0!r u& *& $,r!%."%*# 0d&,!%7& Pr!$' 5u,*'& *'d "&!5u,'& *r *#&! u&d "' ,. A#7+#*/!' u'", ,! $r!du% .".-!%,*' *&!#"' 5#'d"' %!$!'',& T. "'"/*##+ 0!rd '*$.,.'& *r %!'r,d ,! *r!*/%& &u%. *& 5';' ,!#u' *'d 9+#'& ."%. 5!"# "' ,. *&!#"' 5!"#"' r*' *'d .* u%. .".r !%,*' r*/'& ,.*' *#7*'& A r+ &"$#"6d &r"& !0 %."%*# r*%/!'& !%%urr"' dur"' %r*%7"' "& 9$#"6d "' ,. F"ur :
Flu"& C#t#ly(' C#'"n, In Su%%#y8 -See D"#,#% 9elo.
M*9"";& Pr!du%/!' !0 G*&!#"'
H*/' *'d R*%/!'
C*,*#+&,@V*$!ur D"&'*',
Fr*%/!'*/!'
G*& R%!r+ 0!r LPG $r!du%/!'
C*,*#+&, R'r*/!'
UNICRACKER PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
COMPARISON 9ETWEEN CATAL3TIC AND THERMAL CRACKING
C*,*#+/% Cr*%7"' "& d">r', 0r! T.r*# Cr*%7"' "' ,. 0!##!"' *+&: U&& * %*,*#+&, L!r ,$r*,ur L!r $r&&ur M!r ?9"5# D">r',
r*%/!' %.*'"&& - "!'"% & 0r r*d"%*# H". ,.r*# K%"'%+ G!!d "',r*/!' !0 %r*%7"' *'d r'r*/!' H". +"#d& !0 *&!#"' *'d !,.r d"&/##*,& L! *& +"#d& H". $r!du%, &#%/",+ L! '-*#7*' +"#d& H". !%,*' 'u5r C.*"'-5r*'%."' *'d .". +"#d !0 C4 !#6'& H". +"#d& !0 *r!*/%&
134
UNICRACER PROCESS FLO DIAGRAM
ALK3LATION PROCESS
T."& "& %."%*# $r!%&& .!& $ur$!& "& ,! u& #"., !#6'& *'d #"., "&!-$*r*K'& ,! $r!du% .". !%,*' *&!#"' 5#'d %!$!'',& *'d "& 5*&"%*##+ ,. rr& !0 %r*%7"' ,.*, "& %!5"'*/!' !0 !#6'& ",. $*r*K'& ,! 0!r .".r "&!-$*r*K'& "'"/*##+ "&!-5u,*' ",. '5u,' ,! 0!r "&!-!%,*' I' A#7+#*/!' &*## !#%u#& *r %!5"'d ,! $r!du% #*rr !#%u#& "' ,. *&!#"' 5!"#"' r*' #*d"' ,! *' "'%r*& "' ,. *r* !#%u#*r "., T. r*%/!' "& *%"d %*,*#+&d *'d $r!%d& 5+ "!'"% ( %*r5'"u "!') %.*'"& &""#*r ,! C*, Cr*%7"' F!r 9*$# u,'& r*%, ",. I&!-5u,*' ,! +"#d *"'#+ 224 ,r",.+#$',*' ( I&!-!%,*' ) I&!-5u,*' "& u&u*##+ u&d "'&,*d !0 "&!-$',*' 5%*u& ,. #*=r *#r*d+ .*& * &uK%"',#+ .". !%,*' 'u5r ."# ,. !#6'& u&u*##+ u&d *r $r!$' 5u,'& @ I&!5u,' *'d $','& (*+#') : O#6'& "& u&u*##+ 3 : 12 u,'& $r!du% ,. .".&, !%,*' $','& "',rd"*, !%,*' *'d $r!$' ,. #!&, !%,*' H!r *## " !%,*' r*,r ,.*' C!!'#+ u&d *%"d& *r %!'%',r*,d (*5! ) &u#0ur"% *%"d (!r "d#+ u&d) *'d %!'%',r*,d .+dr!?u!r"% *%"d (!r r"&7+) Pr!du%,& *r LPG r*d $r!$*' #"Ju"d '-5u,*' #"Ju"d Cy *#7+#*, *'d T*r (H*+ *#7+#*, ,! Fu# !"#& *,r"*#&)
13B
Alyl#(on Re#'(ons8
E9*$#: u, 2 ' I&!-5u,*'
I'"/*/!': C C C C H
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CCCC
CC
C Add"/!': C C C
C C
C
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$#u&
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ISOMERISATION PROCESS
I&!r"&*/!' *& "'"/*##+ *', ,! %!'r, '-5u,*' ,! "&!-5u,*' ,! $r!"d 0d 0!r ,. A#7+#*/!' $r!%&& I, "& * &*## !#u 5u, "$!r,*', r6'r+ $r!%&& ,! $r!du% .".#+ 5r*'%.d .+dr!%*r5!' "9,ur& 0!r *&!#"' 5#'d I, %!'r,& '!r*# $*r*K'& %!$!'',& !0 #! !%,*' #"., *&!#"' 0r*%/!' ( C 4 CB *'d C ) .". !%,*' %!'&/,u',& !0 *&!#"' "' ,. $r&'% !0 du*# 0u'%/!' %*,*#+&, *%/*,d ",.r 5+ !r*'"% !r "'!r*'"% %.#!r"d& *r P, ",. ;!#", 5*& !r A#u"'u %.#!r"d *%/*,d ",. .+dr!%.#!r"% *%"d ."%. $r!!,& %*r5'"u "!' 0!r*/!' ",.r 5+ .+dr"d "!' 13
*5&,r*%/!' 5+ ,. %*,*#+&, L"& *%"d &",& !r !#6'& 0!rd !' ,. %*,*#+&, &ur0*% $r!,!'*,d 0!##!d 5+ 12-.+dr"d@,."d &."W H+dr!' "& u&u*##+ *ddd ,! "'."5", &"d r*%/!'& (%r*%7"' *'d !#6'& 0!r*/!') N!r*# H9*' +"#d& 22-d",.+#5u,*' 23-d",.+#5u,*' 2,.+#$',*' 3-,.+#$',*' *'d
13
AUXILIAR3 PROCESSES
13
H3DROGEN PRODUCTION
T. .+dr!' $r!du%/!' 0r! ,. CRU "& 'r*##+ '!, &uK%"', "' * .". %!'r&"!' R6'r+ 0!r ,. H+dr!,r*/' *'d H+dr!%r*%7"' $r!%&&& C!'&Ju',#+ *#,r'*/ &!ur% !0 !r .+dr!' .*& ,! 5 0!u'd O' !0 ,. ,.!d& u&d "& :
13
Ste#% Re)o%"n, : M,.*' *'d &,* *r r*%,d ,!,.r "' *'
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r0!r"' r*%/!' #*d"' ,! ,. 0!r*/!' !0 ,.*' ."%. %!',*"'*,& *'d rdu%& ,. +"#d !0 ,. $r!du%d .+dr!' *'d !%%ur& &$%"*##+ !r N" @ A#v O %*,*#+&, *, r!u.#+ 22bC: CO COv
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M!'!,.*'!#*"' !r M,.*'!#*"' MEA
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A"'!,.!9+,.*'!# !r D"#+%!#*"' ( DGA )
Tr",.*'!#*"' TEA
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* R'r*,!r %!#u' *'d ,."r *%%&&!r+ Ju"$', I' ,. *5&!r5r * d!'?!"' *"' &!#u/!' *5&!r5& ,. ,! *%"d& *&& 0r! *' u$?!"' &!ur *& &,r* +"#d"' * &,'d *& *, ,. ,!$ *'d *' *"' &!#u/!' r"%. "' ,. *5&!r5d *%"d *&& *, ,. 5!=! T. ^r"%. *"' &!#u/!' "& ,.' r!u,d "',! ,. r'r*,!r (* &,r"$$r ",. * r5!"#r) ,! $r!du% r'r*,d !r ^#*' *"' ,.*, "& r%+%#d 0!r ru& "' ,. *5&!r5r T. &,r"$$d !r.*d *& 0r! ,. r'r*,!r "& %!'%',r*,d HvS *'d COv (& ,. ?! d"*r* 5#!) T."& HvS-r"%. &,r"$$d *& &,r* "& ,.' '!r*##+ &', ,! * C#*u& u'", ,! 5 %!'r,d ,! #',*# &u#0ur
141
142
SULFUR RECOVER3:
T. C#*u& $r!%&& ,. !&, "$!r,*', *& d&u#0ur"&*/!' $r!%&& $r!du%"' #',*# &u#0ur 0r! .+dr!' &u#6d *& "'',d &! 1 +*r& *! *'d .*& 5%! ,. "'du&,r+ &,*'d*rd Su5&,*'/*# *!u', !0 ,. !r 4 M"##"!' ,r"% ,!'& !0 &u#0ur $r!du%d !r#d"d *& 5+$r!du%, &u#0ur 0r! ,. r6'r"& *'d !,.r .+dr!%*r5!' $r!%&&"' $#*',& G*&& ",. *' HS %!',', !0 !r 2B *r &u",*5# 0!r &,r*"., ,.r!u. C#*u& u'", ."# #*'r 0d& %*' 5 0d "',! * &$#",-?! &, u$ !r 0d *'d *"r $r.*/' u'", T. C#*u& ,%.'!#!+ "& d""dd "',! ,! &,$& *& &.!' "' ,. d"*r* 5#! T. 6r&, "& ,. T.r*# &,$ .r ,. *%"d *& r*%,& z &,!"%."!,r"% r*/! !0 *"r *, !r BbC &u%. ,.*, #',*# &u#0ur $r%"$",*,& "' ,. d!'&,r* %!!#r T. ur'r R*%,!r r*%/!' "' ,."& &,* "& : 2HvS
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.". ,$r*,ur "' ,. 6r&, %!'r,r &,* .#$& ,! d%!$!& ,.& %!$!u'd& T. r*%/!' 0!r ,. %*,*#+/% &,* "& : 2HvS SOv l
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144
14B
CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCT PIPELINES
A ,!,*# !0 1
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14
LU9ES 9ASE OILS; WAXES AND ASPHALT REFINING
14
CONTENT INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF LU9RICANTS
LIUID - OILS SEMI SOLIDS GREASES AND THEIR PROPERTIES PROPERTIES CLASSIFICATION 9ASE OILS FUNCTIONS PROPERTIES COMPOSITION NAPHTHENIC PARAFFINIC
ADDITIVES CRUDE SELECTION FOR 9ASE OILS PRODUCTION PROCESSING SCHEMES MAN UFACTURE ACTURE FEED STOCK MANUF
HIGH VACUUM DISTILLATION UNIT (HVDU) PROPANE DEASPHALTING UNIT (PDU)
VISCOSIT3 INDEX AND COLOR IMPROVEMENT
FURFURAL E
14
POUR POINT IMPROVEMENT
ME@TOLUENE DEA
WAXES8 COMPOSITION; USES AND PRODUCTION
ME@TOLUENE DEOILING UNIT (MDOU) A< HYDROFINISHING GRADES OF A
PRODUCTION OF ASPHALT
ASPHALT LOING UNIT (AU) GRADES OF ASPHALT : LIUIDS AND SOLIDS
INTRODUCTION TO LU9RICATION
A ,*# &ur0*% '! *=r .! ## $!#"&.d "& 'r !,r"%*##+ ?*, 5u, .*& &! "%r!&%!$"% "%r!&%!$"% r!u.'&& du ,! *&$r"/& ."%. ,'d 1B
,! "',r#!%7 *'d $r', !' &ur0*% 0r! #"d"' !r ,. !,.r .' ,! ,*# &ur0*%& *r "' %!',*%, T."& r&"&,*'% "& %*##d )"'(on *'d &! 0!r% u&, 5 *$$#"d ,! !r%! ", 0!r ,. &ur0*%& ,! #"d Dr+ 0r"%/!' 0r"%/!' 'r* 'r*, ,&& .*, .*, 'r 'r++ r&u# r&u#/' /' "' &r"! &r"!u& u& *r& *r& *'d ' ',u ,u*# *##+ #+ &"; &";ur ur . .' ' ,. ,. , ,*#& *#& #, #, C!'& C!'&J Ju u', ',#+ #+ ru ru55 55"' "' ,*# &ur0*%& .* ,! 5 &$*r*,d 5+ * 6# !0 #u5r"%*', ."%. &r &r& & ,! r$#* $#*% % , ,*#- *#-,* ,*## 0r"% 0r"%/! /!' ' ",. ",. u u%. %. #! #!rr "' "', ,r' r'*# *# 0r"%/!' *&urd 5+ ,. "&%!&",+ !0 ,. #u5r"%*', &$*r*/' ,. &! ,.*, ,.*, ,. ,. *&$ *&$r" r"/ /&& '! #!' #!'r r ,!u% ,!u%. . Hen'e # lu>"'#nt 'ontols )"'(on )"'(on #n& e# >y "nto "nto&u'" &u'"n, n, # )"'(on )"'(on e&u'"n e&u'"n, , !l% >eteen >eteen %o+"n, su)#'es ,.r5+ 0*%"#",*/' !/!'
A'!,.r "$!r,*', 0u'%/!' !0 * #u5r"%*', "& ,! r! ,. .*, 'r*,d "' ,. Ju"$', 5"' #u5r"%*,d *'d &!#"d& 0r! %!',*%, *r* *'d $r!,%, **"'&, %!rr!&"!' 5+ !"&,ur A #u5r"%*', %*' 5 * F#u"d S!#"d !r P!#+r
CLASSIFICATION OF LU9RICANTS
F#u"d& S!#"d&
-
O"#& *' *&& Gr*$.", 1B1
S" S!#"d
-
Gr*&&:
Ge#ses #e use& "'#nts '#n not $o+"&e equ"e& $ote'(on4 T
S,*+ "' $#*% Pr!"d &*#"' *%/!' Pr!"d 9,r* 6# ,."%7'&& Co%$onents o) Ge#ses :
*& O"#& T."%7'r& Add"/&
CLASSIFICATION OF LU9E OILS :
C#*&&"6%*/!' "& 5*&d !' &!ur%&: P,r!#u : P,r!-#u5& • "!#!"%*# : A'"*# *'d P#*', Lu5& T.& '! #!'r &r !dr' rJu"r',& "' '*,ur *'d !#u • S+',./% Lu5& • C!$!u'dd Lu5& Lu5 !"#& %*' 5 $r!du%d 0r! !&, %rud !"#& T.+ *+ 5 •
d"&/##*,& 0r! V*%uu D"&/##*/!' !0 A,!&$.r"% R&"du *'d r*' 0r! ,."' 0r-?!"' L"., S$"'d# !"# ,! ,. ,."%7 "&%!u& C+#"'dr O"# !r r"., S,!%7 C!'&Ju',#+ ,. L!' R&"du "& r*rdd *& ,. 5*& *,r"*# 0!r ,. *'u0*%,ur !0 #u5 !"#& V*%uu d"&/##*/!' !0 ,. r&"du*# %rud +"#d& 0r*%/!'& !0 "'%r*&"' 5!"#"' r*'& *'d "&%!&"/& 1B2
*'d ,. S.!r, !r V*%uu R&"du &r& *& ,. r* *,r"*# r+ "&%!u& #u5 !"# C+#"'dr O"# !r r"., S,!%7
Peto Lu>es #e tle "%$oss">le to %#e te o) P"%#y - 9#se. o"ls #e %#nu)#'tue& %#nu)#'tue& "n tlen&e& "n +#"ous $o$o(ons "t< o "te o"ls "t< tes #e #e 'l#ss"!e& "n to #ys : 5*&d !' .! ,.+ *r
$r!du%d !r !' !' ,."r *$$#"%*/!' Cl#ss"!'#(on 9#se& On Ho Po&u'e& : *& ",.r
*) D"&/##* D"&/##*, ,&& *'d *'d 5) S !r !r CO CO *) D"s(ll#tes 0*## "',! t<ee &u5-%#*&&& : L! V"&%!&",+ I'd9 (LVI) O"#& ",. VI #&& ,.*' 3 Md"u V"&%!&",+ I'd9 (MVI) O"#& ",. VI !0 3 ,! B H". V"&%!&",+ I'd9 (HVI) O"#& ",. VI r*,r B LVI o"ls #e )o% N#$
%!',', rJu"r"' #"=# !r '! d-*9"' ,! !5,*"' ,. d&"rd P!ur P!"', L! VI !"#& *r u&d .r VI *'d !9"d*/!' &,*5"#",+ *r !0 &%!'d*r+ "$!r,*'% 1B3
MVI o"ls *r 0r! 5!,. N*$.,.'"% (MVIN) *'d P*r*K'"%
D"&/##*,& D"&/##*,& (MVIP) ",. d-*9"' d-*9"' !0 ,. $*r*K'"% $*r*K'"% d"&/##*,& d"&/##*,& T.+ *r 'r*# $ur$!& #u5r"%*',& 0!r *$$#"%*/!' .r ,. u& LVI !"#& "& * d"&*d*',* HVI o"ls *r $r!du%d 5+ S!#', E9,r*%/!' *'d D-*9"' !0
$*r*K'"% d""&/##*,& S!#', 9,r*%/!' "$r!& VI !9"d*/!' *'d %!#!r &,*5"#",+ HVI !"#& *r u&d .r !!d VI *'d !9"d*/!' %.*r*%,r"&/%& %.*r*%,r"&/%& *r !0 "$!r, !,!r !"# *'d ,ur5"' !"# 5) 9",#se& On A$$l"'#(ons 8
I'du&,r"*# Lu5&: S$"'d# Tur5"' M*%."' G*r C!$r&&!r O"#& ,%
I',r'*# C!5u&/!' E'"' O"#&:
L*'d P,r!# P,r!# *'d D"&# E'"' O"#& M*r"' C+#"'dr *'d S+&, S+&, O"#& H+dr*u#"% O"# Au,!*/% Tr*'&"&&"!' F#u"d (ATF) 1B4
M,*# Pr!%&&"' Pr!%&&"' A& Cu{' Gr"'d"' R!##"' R!##"' *'d Pr&&"' Pr&&"' O"#&
Pr&r*/!'@A'/ru&, Lu5&
T"'#nts #e :
Sr *& *' A'/0r"%/!' Sr *& * C!!#*', Sr *& * S*#*', H#$ ,! d"&$r& d"&$r& S,r&& S,r&& (L!*d %*rr+"' %*rr+"' %*$*%",+) Du&, *'d Ru&, $r'/!' C#*'"' @ D,r'%+ I'&u#*/!' (Tr*'&0!rr O"#)
Po$e(es : T. 0!##!"' $r!$r/& *r rJu"rd 0!r $r!$r
0u'%/!'"': • • • • •
V"&%!&",+ dur"' &r"% &.!u#d 5 %!'&,*', A .". ?*&. $!"', A #! $!ur $!"', S.!u#d 5 N!'-%!rr!&" P!&& !&&&& &&"! "!' ' !0 !9"d !9"d*/ */!' !' &,*5" &,*5"#", #",+: +: u' u'&&,*5# ,*5# !"#& !"#& d" d"&% &%!# !#!r !r "' &,!r &,!r* * du du ,! ,. ,. 0!r* !r*/! /!' ' !0 &! &! "' "'&! &!#u #u5# 5# * *, ,r" r"*# *#& & 9$!&ur ,! !9+' * .".r ,$r*,ur& *+ %*u& 0!r*/!' !0 %!rr!&" *%"d& *'d ud& r&u#/' "' "'%r*& "' "&%!&",+ Res"st#n'e o) #n o"l to o="(on "s '#lle& o="(on st#>"l"ty4
• •
S*/&0*%,!r+ *'d &,*5# %!#!ur 0!r *r7/' $ur$!&& Mu&, .* #! %r*%7"' ,'d'%+
C
Lu5& d"&/##*,& %!'&"&, !0 %!$#9 .+dr!%*r5!'& !0 P*r*K'"% N*$.,.'"% *'d Ar!*/% &,ru%,ur& ",. %*r5!' *,! 'u5r& r*'"' 0r! C to C1 S! d"&/##*,& d"&/##*,& *#&! %!',*"' %!',*"' N",r!' O9+' *'d Su#0ur %!$!u'd& T.& *r"!u& .+dr!%*r5!' ,+$& d">r %!'&"dr*5#+ %!'&"dr*5#+ "' ,."r &u",*5"#,+ *& #u5 5*& &,!%7& &,!%7& P*r*K'& .* r+ !!d VI %.*r*%,r"&/%& N!r*# $*r*K'& "' #u5!"# 5!"#"' r*' .* .". #/' $!"',& *'d .'% *r '!, &u",*5# 0!r u& *'d *r r!d 5+ D-*9"' $r!%&& I&!-$*r*K'& I&!-$*r*K'& .* u%. #!r # !r #/' $!"',& 5u, *r u'0!r,u'*,#+ u'0!r,u'*,#+ $r&', $r&', *& "'!r %!$!'',& %!$!'',& "' ,. #u5 !"# 5!"#"' r*' Ar!*/%& .* $!!r VI $r!$r/& *'d *r ,. #*&, &u",*5# 0!r u& *& #u5!"# # u5!"# %!'&/,u',& H+5r"d HC !#%u#& ",. '*$.,.'"% r"'& *'d #!' "&!-$*r*K' &"d %.*"'& .* 5' 0!u'd ,! 5 ,. !&, &u",*5# 0!r u& *& #u5!"#& So%e So%e $o"ls4
.' HC& !0 d">r', ,+$ 5u, !0 ,. &* 'u5r !0 C*r5!' *,!& *r %!$*rd : SG "'%r*&& "' ,. !rdr $*r*K'& '*$.,.'& *'d *r!*/%& 1B
V"&%!&",+ "'%r*&& 5u, VI d%r*&& "' ,. &* !rdr A& * r&u#, !0 ,.& N*$.,.'"% $,r!-#u5& u&u*##+ .* '"# !r r+ #! *9 %!',', #! VI !0 2B *'d *r !r !9"d*/!' &,*5# ."# P*r*K'"% $,r!-#u5& !' ,. !,.r .*'d .* .". *9 %!',', .". VI !0 B -1B 5u, #!r !9"d*/!' &,*5"#",+ ADDITIVES : T.& *r *,r"*#& u&u*##+ %."%*# %!$!u'd&
*ddd ,! * 5*& &,!%7 ,! r"'0!r% 9"&/' Ju*#"/& !r %!'0r *dd"/!'*# %.*r*%,r"&/%& *'d $r0!r*'% T.+ *r u&u*##+ '*d *Wr ,."r $*r/%u#*r 0u'%/!'& *'d &! *r u#/-0u'%/!'*# E9*$#& *r : L!
,$r*,ur d,r',& *dd"/& H". ,$r*,ur d,r',& *dd"/& A'/!9"d*',& VI "$r!r P!ur $!"', d$r&&*',& A'/-*r A'/-0!*r& A'/-ru&, Eu#&"6r& L!*d %*rr+"' "$r!r& 0!r "#d *'d 9,r $r&&ur %!'d"/!'& CRUDE OIL SELECTION FOR 9ASE OILS PRODUCTION
S'#le o) O$e#(on Fo Lu>"'#nts 8 Lu>"'#nts 'ons(tute : 7 o) tot#l $etoleu% $o&u'ts 'onsu%e& #n& only 0 e!ney out$ut o) Cu&e t<ou,<$ut4 1B
C!'&Ju',#+ ,."r $r!du%/!' "& %!'%',r*,d *, &#%,d R6'r"& ,! 5'6, 0r! S'#le o) O$e#(on Q T. *$$r!9"*, 5!"#"' r*'& !0 $*r*K'"% 5*& !"# *r: OILS
APPROXIMATE 9OILING RANGES -oC.
L"., S$"'d# O"# (LSPO) 1N
3 41
H*+ S$"'d# O"# (HSPO) 1BN
41 4B
L". M*%."' O"# (LMO) 2BN
44 4
Md"u M*%."' O"# (MMO) BN
4B B2B
r"., S,!%7 (S)
B2B
F!r N*$.,.'"% ,+$ !0 ,. &* "&%!&",+ ## ,. 5!"#"' r*'& *r *5!u, 2!C #&& Cu&e O"l Co%$os"(on Inuen'"n, Lu>es Po$e(es8
T. 'r*# %!$!&"/!' %ud !"#& .*d *#r*d+ 5' d"&%u&&d "' &! $r"!u& M!du# 9#se& on Lu>e o"l $o&u'(on; P##Yn"' Cu&es ,"+e <",< VI $o&u'ts <"le N#$
All !n"s#se o"ls <#te+e >e to"l"n, )#'(ons $esent "n suY'"ent o &es"e& qu#n(ty to >e o>t#"ne& >y Re!n"n, te#t%ents4
H'% !'#+ &#%,d Crud& *r u&d 0!r #u5& 5*& !"#& $r!du%/!' $#*%"' &! %!'&,r*"', !' ,. R6'r+ 0!r ,. &*7 !0 ,.& &$%"*# $r!du%,& *!u'/' ,! !'#+ 2 - 4 !0 Crud "'$u, 1B
PROCESSING SCHEMES *& !"#& $r!du%/!' 0r! Crud !"#& "& u&u*##+ 5r!7' "',! ,.r S,*& "; 1 Fd S,!%7& M*'u0*%,ur"' &,* 2 V"&%!&",+ I'd9 *'d C!#!r I$r!', &,* *'d 3 P!ur P!"', I$r!', &,* Fee& Sto' M#nu)#'tue
H",< V#'uu% D"s(ll#(on Un"t -HVDU.
T."& u'", &$*r*,& A,!&$.r"% R&"du@L!' R&"du (AR@LRS) P 3B@3C "',! V*%uu G*& O"# 0!r FCCU *9+ D"&/##*,& *'d V*%uu !r S.!r, R&"du AR "& d"&/##d u'dr *%uu ( H *5& *, ,. %!#u' ,!$ *'d 12 1BH *5& *, F#*&. [!') S,* "& "'%,d "',! ,. #*&, !0 %!"#& "' ,. 0ur'*% r*d"*',
;!' ,! rdu% r&"d'% / ,! rdu% %!7"' (%r*%7"') *'d "',! ,. %!#u' 5!=! ,! *"d 0r*%/!'*/!' HVDU "& d">r', 0r! ,. Fu#& V*%uu u'", "' ,.*, !r 0r*%/!'& *r $r!du%d T.r0!r ",& %!#u' .*& !r ,r*+& rJu"r"' "',rd"*, %u,& *, *r+"' .".,& *#!' ,. %!#u' ,! &u$$#+ ,. '%&&*r+ r?u9& D"&,r $*d& $r', ',r*"'', !0 .*"r 0r*%/!'& "',! ,. *9+ d"&/##*,& 1B
V*%uu G*& O"# (VGO) "& ,. ,!$!&, &,r* *'d "& *' FCCU 0d F!ur #u5 !"# d"&/##*,& (%*##d *9+ D"&/##*,&) !0 "'%r*&"' "&%!&",+ LSPO; HSPO; LMO #n& MMO *r ",.dr*' r&$%/#+ *, &#%,d $!"',& d!' ,. %!#u' T. *9+ d"&/##*,& *r &,* &,r"$$d "' &$*r*, &,r"$$r& ,! "$r! &$*r*/!' *9+ d"&/##*,& .*"r ,.*' &$"'d# !"# &!#"d"0+ *, r!! ,$r*,ur du ,! .". *9 %!',', T. #*%7 V*%uu !r S.!r, R&"du &/## %!',*"'"' .".&, "&%!&",+ !"# (r"., S,!%7- S) "& ,. %!#u' 5!=! $r!du%,
Po$#ne De#s$<#l(n, Un"t -PDU.
S.!r, R&"du !0 '*$.,.'"% %rud& "& u&u*##+ d"&$!&d !0 *& 0u# !"# 5#'d %!$!'', !r *& 5",u' u, S.!r, R&"du !0 *9+ %rud& %!',*"'"' ,. .*"&, !"# *'d *&$.*#, "& ,. 0d 0!r ,. $r!du%/!' !0 * *#u*5# .".#+ "&%!u& 5*& !"# r"., S,!%7 (S) T. 9,r*%/!' !0 ,."& #u5r"%*/' &,!%7 ( %*##d D-*&$.*#,d !"# DAO) "' PDU "& ,. 6r&, &,* "' ,. $r!du%/!' !0 S R* r+ "&%!u& #u5 !"# (S) "& d"&&!#d !u, !0 ,. V*%uu R&"du 5+ %!u',r %urr', *&."' ",. #"Ju"d $r!$*' !0 4 "'"u $ur",+ "' * R!,*/' D"&% C!',*%,!r (RDC) S d"*r* 5#! T. RDC .*& &=#"' %!$*r,',& 5!,. *, ,. ,!$ *'d 5!=! T.& *r &$*r*,d 0r! ,. ,ur5u#', &%/!' 5+ %*#"' r"d& T. !"# d"&&!#& $r0r'/*##+ "' #"Ju"d $r!$*' ,. &!#u5"#",+ "'%r*&"' /. $r&&ur 5u, d%r*&& ",. ,$r*,ur A&$.*#, &!#u5"#",+ d%r*&& ",. "'%r*&"' !#u !0 #"Ju"d $r!$*' u&d T. $r!%&&& "'!#d *r : 1
E9,r*%/!' DAO R%!r+ A&$.*#, R%!r+ Pr!$*' C!$r&&"!' 0!r r-u& RDC ,$r*,ur r*d"', "& -B !C *, ,. ,!$ *'d 3-4 !C *, ,. 5!=! *& $r&&ur "& *5!u, 2-327@%2 Fd ,$r*,ur "& *5!u, BbC T. .*"r *%uu r&"du 0d (SG *5!u, ) $rd"#u,d ",. ,. &!#', ,! rdu% "&%!&",+ *'d $r!!, d"&,r"5u/!' ',r& 0r! ,. ,!$ *'d #".,r #"Ju"d $r!$*' (SG 4 *, 4 !C) 0r! ,. 5!=! L"Ju"d $r!$*' d"&&!#& ,. !"# *'d ,. D*&$.*#,d !"# (DAO) #*& *, ,. ,!r ,!$ (1 , O"# , #"Ju"d $r!$*') Pr!$*' *&$.*#, (PAS) #*"' ,. 5*& %!',*"'& *5!u, 23, !0 #"J"ud $r!$*' T. *!u', !0 $r!$*' u&d "& 5,' B!#& *'d 1!#&@!#u !0 0d &,!%7 !,. &,r*& ! ,! d">r', *$!r*,!r& *'d &,r"$$r& 0!r $r!$*' r%!r+ Pr!$*' *$!ur 0r! 5!,. r%!r+ &%/!'& "& %!$r&&d %!!#d "',! *' *%%uu#*,!r 0!r r%+%#"' ,! ,. RDC T
11
T. DAO "& 0ur,.r $r!%&&d "' MDU ,! rdu% ,. *9 %!',', *'d ,. PAS "& * 5#'d %!$!'', 0!r ,. A&$.*#, #!"' U'", !r 0!r Cu,5*%7 *&$.*#, $r!du%/!'
12
SETTLING COMPACTMENT
SETTLING COMPARTMENT
13
V"s'os"ty In&e= An& Colo I%$o+e%ent
Fu)u#l E=t#'(on Un"t -FEU.
T. *9+ d"&/##*,& 0!r HVDU *'d ,. DAO 0r! PDU %!',*"' %!$#9 $!#+'u%#*r *r!*/%& r&u#/' "' ,."r .*"' $!!r !9"d*/!' &,*5"#",+ *'d $!!r VI T. '!'-*r!*/%& !9"d"& &$%"*##+ *, .". ,$r*,ur& 0!r"' *%"d& 5u, #"=# ud T. *r!*/%& !9"d"& 0!r"' &u5&,*'/*# *!u', !0 ud T.& u'd&"r*5# *r!*/%& $r&', "' r* #u5 !"#& *r r!d "' * %!u',r %urr', L"Ju"d L"Ju"d 9,r*%/!' $r!%&& u&"' P.'!# !r Fur0ur*# (!&, "d#+ u&d *& ,. &!#',) T. &!#', $r0r'/*##+ d"&&!#& ,. *r!*/%& T.r0!r FEU 0u'%/!'& ,! rdu% ,. *r!*/% %!',', !0 ",& 0d ",. ,. *" !0 "'%r*&"' VI "$r!"' !9"d*/!' *'d %!#!r &,*5"#",+ *'d &u&%$/5"#",+ ,! !9"d*/!' "'."5",!r& T. !$r*/!' "& %*rr"d !u, "' *' RDC &""#*r ,! ,.*, !0 PDU T. &!#', *##!& ,! $.*&& ,! 0!r : * &!#', r"%. E9,r*%, $.*& *'d * &!#', d6%"', R*K'*, $.*& T. .*"r Fur0ur*# ',r& 0r! ,. ,!$ *'d ,. !"# 0r! ,. 5*& !0 ,. RDC O$r*/!' "& 5*,%. "& !r 5#!%7 !$r*/!' *%. 0d $r!%&&d &$*r*,#+
14
T. 9,r*%/!' ,$r*,ur *, ,. ,!$ *'d 5!=! !0 ,. RDC *'d Fur0ur*# ,! !"# r*/! *r *du&,d ,! &u", *%. 0d ,! !5,*"' ,. rJu"rd VI T+$"%*##+ ,. RDC ,!$ ,$r*,ur "& *r!u'd 3 -11 !C d$'d"' !' 0d "&%!&",+ *'d ,. 5!=! ,$r*,ur "& *5!u, !C R*/! : Fur0ur*# ,! !"# "& 1B !# ,! 4 !#& !r "&%!u& !"#& rJu"r"' .*"r ,r*,',& T. R*K'*, &,r* #*"' ,. ,!$ %!',*"'& 1B 2 !0 Fur0ur*# *'d B *9+ R*K'*, ."# ,. 9,r*%, &,r* #*"' ,. 5!=! %!',*"'& - Fur0ur*# *'d 2 - 1B E9,r*%, !,. &,r*& ! ,.r!u. "'d$'d', &!#', r%!r+ *'d &,* &,r"$$"' ,! r! *## Fur0ur*# ."%. "& %!'d'&d 'u,r*#"&d ,! rdu% *%"d",+ dr"d *'d r%+%#d ,! ,. RDC + r!"' *5!u, 2 !r !r !0 *r!*/% 9,r*%, 0r! ,. 0d ,. *9 !r""'*##+ $r&', .*& 5' %!'%',r*,d 5+ * %!rr&$!'d"' *!u', T. !"# $r!du%,& *r r0rrd ,! *& *9+ R*K'*,& *'d *r '*d : 1N 0r! LSPO 1BN 0r! HSPO 2BN 0r! LMO BN 0r! MMO *'d S 0r! DAO
1B
T.+ *r 0d ,! ,. D-*9"' U'", "' 5*,%. !$r*/!' ."# ,. E9,r*%,& *r u&d 0!r AU 0d !r Fu# !"# 5#'d
T. 6ur 5#! &.!& ,. &,ru%,ur !0 * ,+$"%*# RDC
1
SETTLING COMPACTMENT
ou
RAFFINATE OUTLET
FURFURAL INLET
OIL INLET
SETTLING COMPARTMENT
E
PouPo"nt I%$o+e%ent
Sol+ent MEK5TOLUENE De#="n, Un"t -MDU.
Du ,! ,. .". *9 %!',', !0 ,. *9+ R*K'*,& ,."r $!ur $!"',& *r &! .". ,.*, ,.+ %!'*# *&"#+ *, *5"', ,$r*,ur& T. *9 %*' '!, *&"#+ 5 r!d 5+ d"r%, 6#,r*/!' 5%*u& !0 ,. .". "&%!&",+ !0 ,. !"#& T.r0!r ,! &$*r*, ,. *9 0r! !"# &!#', 9,r*%/!' 0!##!d 5+ %."##"' ,.' 6#,r*/!' "& u&d T. !&, %!!'#+ u&d &!#', "& * 5#'d !0 M,.+#,.+#7,!' (ME) *'d T!#u' ,. !&, !d' d*9"' $r!%&& Toluene &"ssol+es tle #%ount o) o"l4
T. &!#', "9 r*/! "& B2@4 ME@T!#u' T. *9+ r*K'*, "& "9d ",. &!#', ($r"*r+ d"#u/!' &!#',) *'d .*,d ,! * ,$r*,ur !0 2B !C ,! '&ur ,.*, ,. *9 d"&&!#& %!$#,#+ T. %.*r "9 "& ,.' %!!#d ,! ,. 6#,r*/!' ,$r*,ur '!r*##+ *r!u'd -2 !C ",. ,. *dd"/!' !0 0ur,.r *!u',& !0 &!#', T. %.*r "9 "& %."##d "' &%r*$d-&ur0*% d!u5# $"$ .*, 9%.*'r& *'d %."##r& H*, 9%.*' "& ",. %!#d 6#,r*/!' *'d ,. %."##"' d"u "& u&u*##+ *$!r*/' $r!$*' #"Ju6d 5+ %!$r&&"!' *'d %!!#"' T. %."##d "9,ur !& ,! ,. r!,*r+ 6#,r& .r 6#,r*/!' ,*7& $#*% u'dr *%uu "' %!'/'u!u& !$r*/!'
1
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Con&"(ons #e #&6uste& to o>t#"n $o&u't o"l &es"e& $ou $o"nt usu#lly 0Z to 02 oC4
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T. T*5# !' ,. '9, $* "& ,+$"%*# 0d *'d $r!du%, $r!$r/&:
11
W#=es An& T
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Uses o) W#=es: A5!u, B !0 %!r%"*# *9& *9& "& u&d "' %!*/'
*'d "$r'*/' $*$r (*, ( *,r-$r r-$r!!6') !!6') 1 "' ,. *'u0*%,ur *'u0*%,ur !0 %*'d#& *'d ,. r&, "' ,9/# #*,.r %!&/%& #%,r"%*# 13
"'&u#*/!' #%,r!,+$"' $!#"&. %!$!u'd"' ,+r *'u0*%,ur *'u0*%,ur ,% T.& *'+ u&& !0 $,r!#u *9& 9$#*"' .+ ,.+ *r *d "' d">r', r*d& r*d& ,! , ,. rJu"r',& !0 ,. d">r', 'd u&r& W#= W#= Po&u'(on P o&u'(on
Sol+ent MEK5TOLUENE Deo"l"n, Un"t -MDOU.
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14
T. *%7 *9& *r d!"#d 5+ u&"' * &!#', "9,ur (ME *'d T!#u') T. $r!%&& u&d ,! rdu% ,. !"# %!',', "' *%7 *9& (d!"#"') "& r+ &""#*r ,! ,.*, !0 d*9"' ."%. .*& *#r*d+ 5' d"&%u&&d u'dr MDU T. 0d&,!%7 "& d!"#d ",. * &!#', "9,ur (ME *'d T!#u') T. $r"'%"$# !0 ,. $r!%&& "& ,.*, ,. 0d "& "9d ",. ,. &!#', *'d %."##d ,! * %r,*"' ,$r*,ur *'d ,. *9 ."%. "& %r+&,*##";d *, ,."& ,$r*,ur "& &$*r*,d 0r! ,. !"# 5+ 6#,r*/!' ,.r!u. * r!,*r+ *%uu *%u u 6#,r 6 #,r Er+,."' Er+,."' r*rd"' %.!"% !0 ,. &!#', "& Ju*##+ *#"d I' ,."& $*r/%u#*r %*& u& "& *d !0 * ME@T!#u' ME@T!#u' "9,ur ,. %!$!&"/!' !0 ."%. *r"& 0r! @4 ('!r*#) ,! @3 M,.+# E,.+# ,!' "& ,. *', ."%. $r%"$",*,& ,. *9& " "' ,.*, *9& *r 5*r#+ &!#u5# "' ", *& ,. ,$r*,ur 0*##& ,.+ &$*r*, "' ,. 0!r !0 %r+&,*#& !0 * &"; &u",*5# 0!r ,. &u5&Ju', 6#,r*/!' H!r *& ",& &!#'%+ r&u& !"# "& *#&! #"",d * #*r Ju*'/,+ !0 !"# !u#d *#&! &$*r*, ",. ,. *9& T. $ur$!& !0 u&"' ,!#u' ",. ,. ME "& ,! 7$ ,. !"# "' &!#u/!' *, ,. &* / rdu%"' ",& "&%!&",+ *, #! ,$r*,ur& ,$r*,ur& ,! *"d &$*r*/!' dur"' 6#,r*/!' T!#u' !' ",& !' !u#d ,'d ,! d"&&!# ' #*r Ju*'//& !0 *9& 5u, ,. $r&'% !0 ME $r',& ,."& T. $ur$!& !0 *&."' ,. *9 %*7 "& ,! r! ,. !"# *'d ,. &!W *9 ,.*, r*"' 5#!%7d 5,' ,. *9 %r+&,*#& ", "& ,.u& !5"!u& ,.*, #*r %r+&,*#& ",..!#d #*r Ju*'//& !0 u'*',d %!$!u'd& 1B
."%. !r&' ,. $r!$r/& !0 ,. 6'"&.d *9 ( ,. #/' $!"', 0*##& *'d $',r*/!' $',r*/!' "'%r*&&) I' ,. u#/$# d"#u/!' &+&, &+&, ,. &!#', "& *ddd ,! ,. 0d "' "'%r',*# "'%r',*# *!u',& * !u',& 50!r 50!r *'d dur"' %."##"' Fo # $#('ul# sl#' #= )ee& t
T. Fd *'d $r!du%, $r!du%, H*rd *9 *9 $r!$r/& *r &.!' "' ,. T*5# T*5# "' ,. 5#! 5#! GRADES
PROPERTIES
A
9
C
Slack Slack Wax Wax Hard Hard Wax Wax Slack Slack Wax Wax Hard Hard Wax Wax Slack Slack Wax Wax Hard Hard Wax Wax
F#*&. P!"', (bC)
1B
1B
22
22
22B
22B
C!'*#"' P!"', 4 (bC)
4 B4
B4
B -2
M*9 O"# C!',', 1B (".,)
B
2
B
2B
1
W#= Hy&o!n"s<"n, Un"t - WHU .
1
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T. r*%/!' !%%ur& "' * 69d 5d r*%,!r $*%7d ",. * %*,*#+&, %!',*"'"' N"%7# *'d Tu'&,' ( !#0r* ) !' *#u"'* &u$$!r, 5*& *, ,$r*,ur r*' !0 2B C ,! 4C *'d $r&&ur !0 B ,! 1 7 @ %2 T. *"' r*%/!' "& ,. ,. d-*r!*/&*/!' d-*r!*/&*/!' !0 ,. *r!*/%& *r!*/%& *'d $!#+*r!*/%& $!#+*r!*/%& ,! '*$.,.'& *'d '*$.,.'& 0u&d ",. *r!*/%& r*7 d!' !0 !r*'! &u#0ur '",r!' *'d !9+' %!$!u'd& *#&! !%%ur& ,! $r!du% H 2S *!'"* *'d *,r ",. * &*## *!u', !0
1
.+dr!%*r5!'& .+dr!%*r5!'& ",. #!r !#%u#*r ".,& *'d #!r 5!"#"' $!"',& ,.*' ,. $*r', !r*'"% %!$!u'd& Hy&o'#'"n, #n& "so%e"s#(on #e #lso $oss">le >ut >e'#use tst#n(#lly %"n"%se&4
T. T*5# 5#! "& ,. 7+ $r!$r/& !0 ,. .+dr!6'"&.d *9&
PROPERTIES
GRADES A
1 CONGEALING@ MELTING PT C
2 SULFUR T
3 MA< OIL CONTENT T
9
B4 - B
B
-
-
B
B
HITE
C
1
-
1
4 COLOR
HITE
B FDA TEST
PASSED PASSED PASSED
1
HITE
ASPHALT 9LOWING UNIT -A9U.
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Sou'es o) R# As$<#lt8
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As$<#lt Po&u't Ty$es8 •
S!#"d r*d : @1 P',r*/!' @ P',r*/!' B@ P',r*/!'
•
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11
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T. r*%/!' "& 9!,.r"% *'d ,$r*,ur r"&& *& ,. *"r r*, "'%r*&& Te%$e#tue 'ontol "s t
%!'d"/!'& ,! $r!du% $r!du%,& ",. d&"rd $r!$r/& F#! ,.r!u. ,. !9"d";r "& %!u',r %urr',: A&$.*#, 0r! ,. ,!$ *'d *"r 5#!"' 0r! ,. 5!=! A&$.*#, $r!du%, &,r* "& ",.dr*' 0r! ,. 5!=! *'d %r*%7d !"# *$!ur *'d *&& 0r! ,. ,!$ T. !"# "& &%ru55d ,! r%!r ", *& FCCU 0d T. &%ru55d !r.*d *$!ur "& 5ur', "' ,. I'%"'r*,!r As$<#lt 9len&"n, 8
O'#+ Cu,5*%7& *'d @1 r*d *r 5#'dd I'-#"' 5#'d"' "& %*rr"d !u, 5*&d !' #*5!r*,!r+ 5'%. r&u#, ,! d,r"' %!$!'',& r*/! *'d ru#*r ,&,& 0!r &!W'"' $!"', $',r*/!' *'d ?*&. $!"', *r %*rr"d !u, *& %!',r!# *&ur& 12
13
LU9ES PLANT PROCESS SCHEME SOLVENT CRUDE UNIT
VACUUM UNIT
EXTRACTION
DEWAXING
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CONTENT
INTRODUCTION SOURCES OF RA MATERIALS EUIPMENT COMMON REACTIONS PETROCHEMICALS PROCESSES ANIONIC SURFACTANTS : DETERGENT ALYLATES LINEAR ALYLEN[ENES ( LA ) PROCESS SCHEMES CARON LAC PROCESS SCHEME POLYMERISATION POLYMERS ALENE MONOMER PRODUCTION POLYETHENE PROCESS SCHEME POLYPROPENE PROCESS SCHEME USES OF POLYMERS
22
INTRODUCTION
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?UANTIT3 3IELD - MT5D .
-WT.
1
OFF GAS
B1
4B
2
HARD CARON LAC B4B
B21B
3
TOTAL
1
14B1
21
T! *"' ,+$& !0 C *r $r!du%d: T3PES
GRADES
H". A5r*&"!' Fur'*'% (HAF) I',rd"*, Su$r A5r*&"!' Fur'*'% (ISAF)
N32 N33 *'d N3B N22
T3PICAL FLOW SCHEME OF A CAR9ON 9LACK PLANT
21
SOME USES OF CAR9ON 9LACK : o
C!#!r"' *', 0!r I'7 *'d P*"',&
o
#*%7 $"', 0!r "'7, "'7 *'d ,!'r&
o
o
R&"'& *'d F"# %!#!r"' *',&: 5%*u& !0 ",& .". /'/' &,r',. ,.r*# &,*5"#",+ *'d 9%##', .". UV *5&!r5"' %*$*%",+ ", "& u&d ",. r&"'& 0!r ,. *'u0*%,ur !0 %*r 5u$r& "r %!r"'& ( "'&u##*/!' ) *'d &,# $"$ #"'"'& E#%,r"% C!'du%/ A', : C .*& r*$.", ,+$ &,ru%,ur *'d .'% .*& 21
.". #%,r"% %!'du%/",+ H'% ",& u& *& %!'du%/ 6##r "' $#*&/%& #*&,!r& $*"',& 6#& *d.&"& *'d $*&,& A'd "' 0u# ,*'7 %*$& *'d $"$& "' %*r& ,! $r', 'r*/!' !0 &,*/% #%,r"%",+ *& *' 9%##', *'/&,*%/% *', o
o
E#%,r!'"% EJu"$', R#*,d M*,r"*#& : du ,! ",& &,*5# r&"&,*'% ", "& u&d "' d"&$#*+ %!$!'',& *'d *'/% r%!rd"' *,r"*#& I, .*& r"'0!r%"' %*$*5"#",+ *'d .'% "$*r,& * .". ,'&"# &,r',. *'d *5r*&"!' r&"&,*'% ,! ru55r& ,.r0!r ",& u& "' ,+r 0*' 5#, *'d %!'+!r 5#, *'u0*%,ur
POL3MERISATION AND POL3MERS
A P!#+r ( Gr7 : $!#+r!& *'+ $*r,& !r &',& ) "& .". !#%u#*r "., (5,' * 0 ,.!u&*'d *'d * 0 .u'drd ,.!u&*'d&*+ 1 2) *,r"*# %!'&"&/' !0 #!' %.*"'& !0 r$*/' &"'# !#%u#& !r "., !d"6%*/!' !0 ,. %*##d M!'!r& Cl#ss"!'#(on
T.r *r ,! *+& !0 %#*&&"0+"' P!#+r& 1 9#se& On T
21
N#tu#l Pote"ns ( !!# &"#7 #*dr u&%# 65r& ';+& 'u%#"% *%"d& ) Polys#''<#"&es
( &,*r%. %##u#!& e %!=!' !!d $*$r .$ &"&*# #"'' i *'d Ru>>e
Synt
N+#!' ,% A>out 2 o) ol& o,#n"' '
S+',./% $!#+r& *r *& d"r& *& ,. '*,ur*# !'& $u, !' $!#+&,r %#!,.& &", !' PVC %.*"r& r", !' 0!r"%* ,*5# ,!$ !r7 !' 0!r"%* 7",%.' ,*5# ,!$ !ur %*r$,& *'d ru& *r $!#+r *,r"*#& $*"', !ur *##& ",. #*,9 $*"',& *'d !!d' ?!!r& ",. $!#+ur,.*' Our %*r& .* *' *d ru55r ,+r& *'d "'+# u$.!#&,r+ Our d"&.& *+ 5 #*"' O,.r& *r 0!!d *'d 5r*d r*$$r& &.!$$"' 5*& ,?!' %!*,d 0r+"' $*'& ,!!,. 5ru&.& .*"r 5ru&.& #%,r"%*# "'&u#*,!r& $#*&/% u& $#*,& %u$& 5u%7,& !#& %u,#r+ *'d .*r, *#& *"r%r*W "'d&."d& ,% Tes. #e t
2 9#se& On Stu'tu#l M#e U$ :
P!#+r& *r %#*&&"6d *& E#*&,!r& P#*&/%& *'d F"5r& d$'d"' !' ,."r "'"/*# !du#" !0 #*&/%",+:
22
E#*&,!r& ( ",. #*&/% $r!$r/& ): 1B 1B $&" N*,ur*# ru55r $!#+%.#!r!$r' $!#+"&!5u,' *'d $!#+5u,*d"' ,% P#*&/%& ( ,."' &.,& .*rd *'d !u#d*5# &!#"d& %!*/' *d.&"& ): 1B 1B $&" PVC PVA *'d $!#+&,+r' ,% F"5r& ( ,.r*d-#"7 ): 1B 1B $&" &"#7 %##u#!& $!#+*"d& *'d ,r+#' r*+!' ,%
P!#+r $r!$r/& !0 .". "&%!&",+ ,'&"# *'d "$*%, &,r',. *'d ,!u.'&& d$'d !' !#%u#*r "., *'d %.*"' #',. M%.*'"%*# &,r',. d#!$& 0r! %.*"' #',. !0 *5!u, B !'!r& *'d "'%r*&& u$ ,! * %.*"' #',. !0 B u'",& *Wr ."%. '!, u%. d">r'% "& !5&rd S+',./% $!#+r& *r u&u*##+ '*d *Wr ,. !'!r @ !'!r& ",. ,. $r69 poly $!#+,.+#' $!#+"'+# %.#!r"d $!#+"'+#"d' %.#!r"d $!#+,.+#,.*%r+#*, AS ( $!#+ *%r+#!'",r"#5u,*d"'&,+r' ) ,% PLASTICS
T.r *r ,! *!r ,+$&: T.r!$#*&/%& *'d T.r!&,& T
.' .*,d #, ,! #"Ju"d ."%. !' %!!#"' 0!r& * &!#"d ",. '! %.*' "' *'+ !0 ",& $r!$r/& *'d ,.& $r!%&&& %*' 5 r$*,d !r *'d !r **"' 221
A%/!' !0 .*, !'#+ *7& ,. &!#"d $#*&/% *'d $#"*5# P!#+,.+#' P!#+"'+#%.#!r"d P!#+$r!$+#' P!#+&,+r' ,% T
S, 5+ ,. *%/!' !0 .*, ,.*, "& !'% ,. $!#+r "& .*,d 0!rd "',! * &.*$ *'d %!!#d d!' '! *!u', !0 .*/' "## %*u& ,. $!#+r ,! #, ,. &%!'d / R*,.r ", "## d%!$!& !r 5ur' ",. "'%r*&"' ,$r*,ur T.& "& du ,! %r!&& #"'7*& "' ,."r &,ru%,ur& *7#",: * P.'!# -F!r*#d.+d $!#+r
PLASTICS : POL3OLEFINS -POL3ETH3LENE 7 PE POL3PROP3LENE 0 PP.
Fd S,!%7& %*' 5 $r!du%d 5+ :
Cr*%7"' !0 #"., *#7*'& NGL ,! $r!du% *"'#+ E,.+#' *'d Pr!$+#'
Cr*%7"' !0 N*$.,.*
Cr*%7"' !0 R&"du*# O"#& ( H+dr!%r*%7"' V"&5r*7"' *'d C!7"')
222
S,r"$$"' !0 FCCU LPG ."%. "& r"%. "' Pr!$' *'d u,'& ( see Sou''es O) R# M#te"#ls #>o+e )
THE OLEFINS PLANT
T. d"*r* 5#! "& * Pr!%&& F#! D"*r* !0 * ,+$"%*# O#6'& P#*', .r ,. 0d NGL ( MTPA ) "& &,* r0!rd ( %r*%7d ) *'d MTPA !0 Pr!$+#' R"%. Fd ( PRF ) #*,r *ddd ,! ,. %r*%7d *,r"*#& ,! $r!du% $!#+r r*d& !0 ,.' ( 2MTPA ) *'d $r!$' ( 12MTPA ) *& ,. *"' $r!du%,& NGL *, * $r&&ur !0 *5!u, 37@&J% *'d * ,$r*ur !0 34bC "& 6r&, $r0r*%/!'*,d "' * %!#u' 0r! ."%. V"r"' Cy "& ,*7' *, ,. 5!=! *'d Cv - Cw *#7*'& *r r!d 0r! ,. !r.*d T.& *r ,.' $r.*,d *'d "9d ",. d"#u/!' &,* *'d DMDS ,! rdu% %!7"' 50!r 5"' r!u,d ,! ,. P+r!#+&"& 0ur'*%& 6r&, ,.r!u. ,. C!'%/!' &%/!' .r ,. "9,ur "& .*,d ,! 24bC *'d ,.' d"&,r"5u,d "',! 12 r*d"*', ,u5& 0!r %r*%7"' *, *5!u, 1bC *'d r+ &.!r, r&"d'% / ( "##"&%!'d& ) ,! $r!du% !#6'r"%. *& !r *$!r I0 ,.r *r &"9 0ur'*%& 6 *r u&u*##+ "' %r*%7"' !d *'d ,. &"9,. !' d%!7 *Wr *5!u, 12 d*+& "' !$r*/!' *'d ,.' 7$, !' &,*'d5+ ,! 5 $u, 5*%7 "',! &r"% *& &!!' *& !' !,.r 0ur'*% "& r*d+ 0!r d%!7"'
223
T. %r*%7d *$!r 0r! ,. !$r*/' 0ur'*%& *r r*$"d#+ %!!#d 5+ 5"' u&d ,! 'r*, u#,r* .". $r&&ur &,* *, *5!u, 1B7@% 2 "' * &r"& !0 Ju'%. .*, 9.*'r& ,! rdu% &%!'d*r+ %r*%7"' r*%/!'& ."%. %*' rdu% ,.+#' *'d $r!$+#' +"#d& I' 0*%, ,.r ##& !0 &,* "& 'r*,d "' ,."& P#*', : U#,r* H". Pr&&ur S,* *, 1B7@&J% *'d BBbC H". Pr&&ur S,* *, 47@&J% *'d 4bC *'d L! Pr&&ur D"#u/!' S,* *, 7@&J% *'d 12bC T. *$!r& ex ,.& 9%.*'r& *r 0d "',! * *,r &%ru55r ,! *&. *'d 0ur,.r %!!# ,. *$!r& T. HC #*dd' Ju'%. *,r "& %!!#d ,! *r!u'd bC 50!r 5"' &', ,! * &$*r*,!r .r u'%. *,r $r!%&& %!'d'&*,& #"., *'d .*+ !"#& *r &$*r*,d T. !"#& *r $u$d ,! ,. O>&", 0!r 5ur'"' T. *& !r *$!r 9"/' ,. ,!$ !0 ,. S%ru55r "& %!$r&&d "' 6 &,*& 0r! 327@% 2 *'d 3b C ",. "',r&,* %!!#"' *'d *,r dr*"'"' 0r! ,. "',r&,* 7'!%7 !u, dru& ,! 47@&J% T. *$!r& *r &u5%,d ,! %*u&/% *&. *Wr ,. 0!ur,. &,* ,! r! A%"d G*&& ( *"'#+ .+dr!' &u#6d *'d %*r5!' d"!9"d )
224
T. B,. &,* d"&%.*r "& ,.' %!5"'d ",. * Pr!$+#' r"%. 0d ( PRF ) %!!#d ,! *5!u, 13bC *'d &', ,! * &$*r*,!r 0r! ,. ,!$ !0 ."%. ,. Pr!%&& *& !& ,! ,. G*& dr+r $*%7d ",. !#%u#*r &"& *'d ,.' * 6#,rd ,! r! *,r ,! #&& ,.*' 1$$ T. Pr!%&& #"Ju"d 0r! ,. &$*r*,!r "& &', ,! * %!*#&%r *'d ,.' ,! * #"Ju"d dr+r 50!r !"'"' ,. *& &,r* 0!r * &r"& !0 %!!#"' *'d %."##"' ,! -12bC $r"!r ,! ',r"' ,. D-,.*'"&r Hr ,. !r.*d ,.*' "& &', ,! Fu# G*& *'d ,. B $ur .+dr!' &', ,! * H+dr!' Pur"6%*/!' u'", ,! +"#d B $ur .+dr!' 0!r .+dr!'*/!' "' ,. C!'r,r& T. 5!=! !0 ,. D-,.*'"&r "& 0d ,! ,. D,.*'"&r T. ,!$ $r!du%, "& C 2 *,r"*# %!',*"'"' ,.' *'d *%,+#' "& r!u,d ,! ,. A%,+#' C!'r,r .r ,. *%,+#' %!',', "& "#d#+ %*,*#+/%*##+ .+dr!'*,d ,! ,.' ,.*' *'d Gr' !"# T. r' !"# "& r!d "' ,. Gr' O"# A5&!r5r *'d ,. C 2- @ C2 "9,ur !& ,! ,. C 2 S$#"=r ( B .". ) 0r! .r ,. ,!$ ,.' $r!du%, "& &', ,! &,!r* ,*'7 !r *& d"r%, 0d ,! ,. P!#+,.+#' P#*', T. 5!=! ,.*' $r!du%, "& r%+%#d ,! ,. 0ur'*%& 0!r %r*%7"' T. D-,.*'"&r 5!=! "& &', ,! ,. D$r!$*'"&r ,! r! $r!$'@$r!$*' "9,ur 0r! ,. ,!$ T."& "9,ur "& &', ,! ,. M,.+#*%,+#'@Pr!$*d"' ( MAPD ) C!'r,r .r ,.& %!$!u'd& *r "#d#+ %*,*#+/%*##+
22B
.+dr!'*,d ,! $r!$' *'d $r!$*' T. C!'r,r cu', "& ,.' &', ,! ,. C 3 S$#"=r ( * 2-"'-1 .". 0r*%/!'*,!r ",.1 ,r*+& ) ."%. &$*r*,& $r!$' *& ,. ,!$ $r!du%, ."%. "& &', ,! ,*'7 *'d ,. 5!=! $r!$*' "& *#&! r%+%#d ,! ,. 0ur'*%& 0!r %r*%7"' T. 5!=! !0 ,. D-$r!$*'"&r !& ,! ,. D5u,*'"&r ,! r! C 4 *,r"*# *& ,. ,!$ $r!du%, ."%. "& &', ,! ,. C 4 H+dr!'*/!' R*%,!r ,! %!'r, u,'&@u,*d"' ,! u,*' ."%. "& r%+%#d ,! ,. 0ur'*%& 0!r %r*%7"' T. D-5u,*'"&r 5!=! "& .*,d 6#,rd *'d d*,rd 50!r 5"' &', ,! * %!*#&%r *'d ,.' ,! * CB H+dr!'*/!' R*%,!r ,! $r!du% Cr*7d CB *& ,. *"' $r!du%,
22
OLEFINS PLANT 9LOCK FLOW DIAGRAM
22
POL3ETH3LENE - PE . PROCESS SCHEME
T. $r!%&& d&%r"$/!' *$$#"& ,! EPCL PE P#*', ",. * %*$*%",+ !0 2MTPA !0 P!#+,.+#' *'d 22MTPA !0 5u,-1-' T. 0d "& ,.' @ .+dr!' "9,ur ",. %+%#!.9*' *& * %*rr"r &!#', T. P#*', "& d""dd "',! Ar*& : 1 S+',.&"& Ar* T. R*%,!r& ,% 2 F"'"&."' Ar* E9,ru&"!' P##/&*/!' ,% 3 S!#', R%!r+ Ar* E,.+#' 0r! ,*'7 *'d !r 0r! ,. O#6'& P#*', "& *d"=d "',! * &ur dru *Wr ."%. ", "& %!$r&&d ,! 437@&J% %!!#d *'d &', ,! * $ur"6r@dr+r ,! r! *,r *'d !,.r "$ur"/& T. dr"d *'d %!!#d *&!u& !'!r "& %!5"'d ",. dr"d #"Ju"d "9,ur !0 %+%#!.9*' *'d 5u,-1-' 0!r"' * #"Ju"d-*& "9,ur ."%. "& *#&! %!!#d 50!r 5"' &', ,! *' A5&!r5r ",. * $*%7d "',r'*#& .r ,.' *'d %+%#!.9*' *r *5&!r5d "' *' 9!,.r"% $r!%&& rJu"r"' .*, r!*# T. %!5"'d 0d "& $u$d ,! 347@&J% ,.' ,! 17@&J% 50!r 5"' %!!#d ,! ,. R*%,!r "'#, ,$r*,ur !0 ".,#+ !r 1bC T.r R*%,!r& *r u&d d$'d"' !' ,. $!#+r r*d ,! 5 $r!du%d : 22
S/rrd Au,!%#* R*%,!r %*##d R*%,!r `1 Tr"r R*%,!r ( &""#*r ,! ,. Tu5u#*r r*%,!r ) %*##d R*%,!r `2 P"$ !r Tu5u#*r R*%,!r %*##d R*%,!r `3 T. r*%/!' "& 0*&, *, *5!u, 2bC *'d 17@&J% *'d ,.+#' %!'r&"!' !0 u$,! B "& *%." *'d !&, !0 ,. %!-!'!r "& *#&! %!'r,d H+dr!' "& *ddd *, * $r&&ur d$'d"' !' ,. r*d ,! %!',r!# ,. r*d *'d *%, *& %.*"' ,r"'*,!r C*,*#+&, u&d "& ["#r-N*=* ,+$ *"'#+ T",*'"u ,,r*%.#!r"d 5#'dd ",. %!-%*,*#+&,& ,r",.+#*#u'"u d",.+#*#u"'"u %.#!r"d *'d ,,r*"&!5u,+#-*#u"'!9*' T. r*d !0 PE ,! 5 $r!du%d d,r"'& ,. r#*/ *!u, !0 %*,*#+&, *'d %!-%*,*#+&,& ,! 5 u&d C*,*#+&, *'d %!-%*,*#+&, *r u&u&*##+ "'%,d ,! R*%,!r `1 *'d d-*%/*,!r& P#*r!'"% *%"d *'d A%,+#*%,!' *ddd *Wr r*%,!r `2 ,! .#$ ,r"'*, ,. r*%/!' *'d *7 0!r *&+ &$*r*/!' !0 u'u&d %*,*#+&, &+&, 0r! ,. $!#+r "' *' A5&!5r ,.*, *5&!r5& ,. %*,*#+&, &+&, Pr!du%, &$*r*/!' !%%ur& "' ,! &,*& *, ,. I',rd"*, Pr&&ur S$*r*,!r ( IPS ) *'d L! Pr&&ur S$*r*,!r ( LPS ) .r !&, !0 ,. &!#', %*rr"r %+%#!.9*' *'d !,.r *$!r& *r ?*&.d !> T. $!#+r 9"/' ,. LPS "& 0d ,! ,. E9,rudr .r *dd"/& *r *ddd T. 9,rudr $u&.& ,. $!#+r ,! 22
* D" P#*, ",. 1 .!#& A P##/&r ",. 1 7'"& %u, ,. $!#+r "',! &*## $##,& *& ", r& 0r! ,. D" $#*, A *,r %urr', ,r*'&$!r,& ,. $##,& ,! ,. D#u$r ,! r! !r &"; $##,&@r&"'& ,.' ,! * S,r"$$r ,! r! r&"du*# %+%#!.9*' ."%. "& r!u,d ,! ,. R%!r+ *r* T. r&"'& *r ,.' %!'+d ,! S$"' dr+r& .r ,. r&"'& *r &$*r*,d 0r! *,r u&"' * &,r* !0 .!, *"r T. dr"d $r!du%, "& &', ,! H!#d-u$ "'& ,.' ,! ,. #'dr& *'d 6'*##+ ,! $r!du%, S"#!& r*d+ 0!r 5*"' *'d $*%7*"'
23
231
POL3PROP3LENE - PP . PROCESS SCHEME
T. %*$*%",+ !0 ,. PP P#*', "& MTPA *'d ", "& *&"#+ 9$*'d*5# ,! 12MTPA T. $#*', %*' *#&! $r!du% %!-$!#+r ",. ,.+#' T. 7+ $!"',& *r : T. r*%/!' "& "' #"Ju"d $.*& "' ,u5u#*r R*%,!r& T. $r!%&& "& %!'/'u!u& ",. &.!r, r&"d'% / "' ,. r*%,!r& T. %*,*#+&, "& ( ["#r-N*=* ) T",*'"u ,,r*%.#!r"d &u$$!r,d "' M*'&"u %.#!r"d 0!r &,r!-&$%"6%",+ C!-%*,*#+&,& u&d *r Tr",.+# %+%#!.9*' d",.+# &"#*'
*#u"'"u
*'d
A' *'/-0!u#*', "& *ddd d!'&,r* !0 ,. r*%,!r& ,! rdu% ,. ,'d'%+ !0 #"Ju"d $!#+r 0!u#"' ,. r*%,!r 5+ &/%7"' !' ,."r .!, *##& H+dr!' "& *ddd ,! ,. &+&, *& * %.*"' ,r"'*,!r *'d *& &u%. d,r"'& ,. !#%u#*r "., d"&,r"5u/!' *'d ,. &,r',. !0 ,. $!#+r T. 0d ,! ,. $#*', $r!$+#' 0r! ,. !u,&"d 5*=r+ #"", ( OSL ) *, *5!u, B $ur",+ I, "& 0ur,.r $ur"6d ,! *r!u'd $ur",+ ",."' ,. P#*', T. "$ur"/& r!d *r *"'#+ %*r5!' !'!9"d r%*$,*'& *'d !"&,ur
232
C*,*#+&, %!5"'*/!' d,r"'& ,. &,r!-ru#*r",+ !0 ,. 6'"&.d $r!du%, T.r *r ,.r 7"'d& !0 PP ."%. *r %.*r*%,r"&d 5+ ,. ru#*r",+ !0 ,. M,.+# r!u$& *#!' ,. .+dr!%*r5!' %.*"' PP $r!du%, "& &,r!ru#*r ,.*, "& ,. ,.+# r!u$& *r !r"',d ,! ,. 5*%75!' !0 ,. !#%u# "' * ru#*r *+: I' ,. I&!,*%/% 0!r ,.+ *## #" !' !' &"d !0 ,. %.*"' I' ,. &+'d"!,*%/% 0!r ,.+ *r !' *#,r'*, &"d& S,r!ru#*r $!#+r& $*%7 ,!,.r !r *&"#+ ,.*' '!'-&,r!ru#*r ( *,*%/% ) !'& "' ."%. ,. ,.+# r!u$& .*$.*;*rd#+ *rr*'d !' ,. %.*"' T."& *%%!u',& 0!r .+ &,r!ru#*r $r!du%,& *r !r %r+&,*##"' *'d !r r""d Test $o&u't to %#e "s one t<#t "s Z "sot#'(' #n& #t#'('4 T<"s %#es )o e#sy $o'ess"n, >y t
C*,*#+&, urr+ "& $r$*rd 5+ *dd"' &$%"*# "'r*# !"# *'d $,r!#*,u "' * &/rrd dru 0!r .!!'"&*/!' T. &Ju'% !0 $r!%dur *, &,*r, u$ "& : Pr!$' *dd"/!' Add %!-%*,*#+&,& ,r",.+#*#u"'"u *'d ,. &"#*' *Wr 1 .!ur Add .+dr!' *Wr *'!,.r 1 .!ur Add ,. %*,*#+&, *Wr +, *'!,.r 1 .!ur 233
T."& &Ju'% *7& 0!r &,*5"#",+ *'d $r',& ru'-**+ r*%/!' T. r*%/!' !%%ur& "' ,.r r*%,!r& : T. 6r&, "& ,. Pr-$!#+r r*%,!r .r r*%/!' "& "'"/*,d *'d ,. %*,*#+&, '%*$&u#*,d T. r*%/!' "& 9!,.r"% "& %!',r!##d *, 2bC *'d 327@&J% ",. * r&"d'% / !0 4 "'u,& T. !,.r ,! r*%,!r& *r !$r*,d *, bC *'d &* $r&&ur 0!r 1-B .!ur& *%. C!'r&"!' !0 B "& *%."d "' ,. &%!'d r*%,!r *'d ,. 5*#*'% !0 3B "' ,. ,."rd r*%,!r T. r*%,!r cu', ,.' !& ,! ,. Pr"*r+ F#*&. #"' *'d "& ,.' r!u,d ,! ,. C+%#!' !r D+'*"% S$*r*,!r ."%. "& !$r*,d *, 17@&J% .r u'r*%,d *&& *r &$*r*,d 0r! ,. .*+ $!#+r urr+ T. $!#+r 0r! ,. 5!=! !0 ,. %+%#!' "& 0d ,! ,. * 6#,r& *, 1 7@&J% 0!r 0ur,.r ?*&."' *'d r!*# !0 ',r*"'d 6'& T. &!#"d $!#+r ,.' !& ,! ,. &,*r ,! r! r&"du*# *&& *'d d-*%,*, ,. %*,*#+&, Dr+"' "& 5+ * &,r* !0 .!, '",r!' A'/!9"d*',& *r *ddd ,! ,. $!dr+ $!#+r 50!r !"' ,! ,. E9,rudr ,.' ,! ,. P##/&r 0r! .r ,. $##,& *r !d "' * &,r* !0 d"' *,r ,! ,. dr+r T. dr"d r&"'& *r !d ,! ,. #'dr *'d 6'*##+ ,! ,. &,!r* S"#!& r*d+ 0!r 5*"' *'d $*%7*"'
234
POLYPROPYLENE PLANT SIMPLIFIED FLO DIAGRAM 23B
POLYPROPYLENE PLANT E
SUMMAR3
PE *'d PP *r $r!du%d u&"' #! ,$r*,ur *'d #! $r&&ur $r!%&&& "' ,. $r&'% !0 ["#rN*=* %*,*#+&, (* "9,ur !0 Tr",.+#*#u"'"u E,3A# *'d /,*'"u ,,r*%.#!r"d T"C#4)
R*%/!'& *r Ju", 9!,.r"% &! .*, r!*# "& ",*# *'d u&, 5 %*r0u#+ %!',r!##d
R*%/!' %!'d"/!'& %*' 5 *du&,d ,! $r!du% LLDPE !r HDPE
LLDPE !#%u#*r "., "& 1 4 ",. d'&",+ !0 2@% 3
HDPE .*& * d'&",+ !0 @% 3
I' 5!,. %*&& "' PE P#*', r*%,!r cu', "& 0d ,! &r"& !0 ?*&. dru& ,! r! &!#', (u&u*##+ %+%#!.9*') *'d u'r*%,d 0d *,r "& ,.' *ddd ,! d&,r!+ r&"du*# %*,*#+&, *'d ,. urr+ %',r"0ud dr"d *'d $##/;d
HDPE "& u'5r*'%.d *'d %r+&,*##"' *'d .*& .".r ,'&"# &,r',. r*,r r""d",+ *'d .". &!W'"' $!"', ,.*' LDPE
I, %*' *#&! ",.&,*'d 5!"#"' *,r *'d '!, r*d"#+ *=*%7d 5+ &!#',& 23
LPDE .*& r*,r ,r*'&$*r'%+
PP
.*& .". &,r',. #! d'&",+ .". r&"#'% "' !u#dd $*r,& .". &!W'"' $!"', 9%##', r&"&,*'% ,! !"&,ur *'d &,r&& %r*%7"' *'d !!d #%,r"%*# $r!$r/&
H!r
5%*u& !0 5r*'%."' ", "& r+ #"*5# ,! !9"d*/!' $r!!,d 5+ #"., .*, !r ,r*% ,*#& .'% ",& u& ",. *'/!"d*',& *'d #"., (UV) &,*5#";r&
USES OF POL3MERS
#! M!u#d"'
-
!=#&
I'%, M!u#d"'
-
u%7,& !#& Du&,5"'& ,%
R!,! M!u#d"' F"#*',& *'d F"5r& P"$& C!'du", ,% E#%,r"%*# I'&u#*/!' M*,r"*#& F"#& *'d S.,& E'"'r"' P#*&/%& ( u&d "' $#*% !0 ,*#&) Fur'",ur (0!r"%*) U$.!#&,r+ ( PVC ) *'d F!*& @ M*=r&&& ( P!#+ur,.*'& ) V'd"' Cu$& C*r,!!'& *'d P*%7*"'& H!u&.!#d *r& *'d T!+&
23
Fr"d TV R*d"! C*&"'& u&"'&& M*%."'&@T#$.!'@C!$u,r C*&"'& C!5& ru&.& ,% L"., F"{'& *'d S"'& S.! H#& *'d S!#& F#!r P!,& *'d O,.r C!'&ur Dur*5#&
23