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EnSlishfo! Sclence bv FrdE:ZlnmerD.n Inc, by Pr€nticr-Hall, dddnal An€ricrDEditionPublish€d EnJewood citts, New JelseY,U s A" Copydsht (c) 1989by Pr€ndceHall, Inc.
for saleonly in Bul8..i! Ihis;tdon is authorlzed This edition is publishedjn Bulgrda by Tb€ OFn Society FuDd' Sona, 1992.
rsBN9s4520-008-1
Prcnde-Hall hremalional (UK) Llmned, rdtdo, Prenli.e-Hallof Australia PlV Limired lrdtE Prenrlce:HallCaqadiiil6c.; torb,r, Pende:rlall Hispanoam€ricam s.A., Mett@ prentic.-Hall of hdia Privale Limiled, Ne Del'i Prtnlic-Hall of Japan, rn., Tolro simon 6 schusGr Asia Ple. Ltd, stug4pore Editora Prenri(e-Hall do Brasil, Lrda.' RioAe Jdteirc
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Contenls DISCUSSIONPOINTS I7 WRITING SKILLS 17 Topic Sentences 17 wrhitV a Patallnphaf C|ltsifi.ation ii]
COMPARING:
The Elements
19
TNTRODUCTION I9 Shorl Reading The wonderMetals 20 USINC ENGLISH TO COMPARE 2I SenrcncePatterns 22 utiq d Tdbk 2) Uttlcttkltlihgcrhlparkahs22 cru.ltitv Convaita,lt 24 CradtintS'ftch.?s 24 Like aod As 25 UsiilgLlke afld Ar 2, READINC SKILLS 26 Vocabulary liuilding 26 vacdbulary itl Co text 26
skimming27 Cases28 Readingr TheLlfe-Supporting Uhdentandifl! tl1!Rcdditllt1a ' LISTENING SKILLS 30 vacdbuldry in Conkxl ll) Note-Taking 3l Uhdenladinqtlt Lceturu J2 DISCUSSIONPOINTS 32 WRITING SKILLS 33 Comparing 33 Transilion words l4 Writing a Paragraphof Comparison 34
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xii
contents DISCUSSIONPOINTS 65 WRITING SKILLS 65 Writing Conclusions 65 Writing a Paragraphwith a Conclusion 65
5
o""rr.,r*n,Enetw 67 INTRODUCTION 67 shon Reading TheMan! Forns oJEneryy 68' USING ENCLISH TO DEFINE 69 SentencePatterns 70 Ahalyzin!DeJinhionr71 CorrctthqDetrhitio,r.i71 Relative Clauses 72 Fotltulatinll Dqitliti'tlt 72 lJtikg ReldtivcClautas 72 CreatingDelinitiotls 7) . READING SKILLS 7] Vocabulary Bullding 73 cDdo',rnicro',rDacft)' z Adirsj ectdexo_, Vocabultlr!in Contcxt 75 Scannlng 75 ReadinS:E = mcr 76 tl1! Rcd.litv 78 Und?ntdl1.lit\1 LISTENINGSKILLS 7E vo1buldryfu contaxt 78 Nore-Taking 79 Uldc$tandilv tllt Ltcntre 79
DlscussloNPoINTS 80 WRITINGSKILLS 8I ExtendedDefinitions El Writing ad E,(tendedDefinitlon 8l EXEMPLIFYING: Ha4, 82 INTRODUCTION 82 of TatuperutureE3 Short Reading TheEfreets IJSING ENGLISH TO EXEMPLIFY 8] SentencePattems 85 Ra ltniznlll Erdntllls it6 Anallziq ExetnplitrMtia Ss
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xiv
Contents WRITTNCSKILLS IIO Giving Evidence ll0 Wriling with Evidence llo
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INTRODUCTION III Short Reading LightnitlgSttikes ll2 USINC ENGLISHTO GTVEDIRECTIONS I12 Giving Directions to Perform a Process I 13 Imperadve Verbs I l3 Reeotniziry lhperdlire Vefus 1lt Artunliq ltehaChrckololjrdll!, 1t4 Usih!bfipentiveverbs 115 Verb forms: Infinitives and Gerunds I 16 Chaosing verbFarnt 117 READING SKILLS I18 vocabularyBuilding 118 WarclRoott: blo-, aeto-,rhermo., hydro- ll9 Voeabulary in Conkxt 120 Scanning 120 R€ading: The Magic of a Magnet 120 UnderttandinS the Readhq 122 LISTENINGSKILLS I23 Voeabulat! in Coktert 12) Note-Taking 123 U degandiry.the Lecturc12) DISCUSSIONPOINTS I24 WRITING SKILLS 12' Directions 125 Wrltlng Directions 125
CALCULATING|
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126
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USING ENGUSH To CALCULATE I28 Tems 129 Mathematical .U derstanding Indefinite Anicles 129 Usin!IndeJinite Anieles t)a .
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xvi
Contents Note-Taking 154 Uad.tstanding llc Lctltt?
15.
DrscusdroNPoINTs 155 WRITING SKILLS T55 Reporting 155 Writing a Report 156
II lI
Theuniverse lrj DESCRIBINGi INTRODUCTION I57 Shorl Readtng TheSuk an.l OthetStars 157 USING ENCLISHTO DESCRIBE I58 SenEnce Patterns 160 A'ithALli&tit'ts161 tJsinlPre.ise D$criqtio$ 160 Dcsttibilry -ed 'iry 16l with and Adjectives whh'c(l dnd'it\!, 162 fonttitll cotul\'u]ttlNouur 16J UsinfAtlieetives Wtititq Snao l Sentcnce:'!64 READING SKILLS 164 VocabularyBuilding 164 Wory'Rro6:aqua',lcrra-,pyR)',asl()- 165 Vocdbtiary in co,ttlxt 16, Skimming 166 Readlngi The Moon: A Nice Placeto visil? Maki g InJircncer 168 LISTENINCSKILLS 169 Vocabulary in Conlcxt 16, Nore-Taking 169 tht Ltdur\' l70 Unda$landi\ry DISCUSSIONPOINTS I7I WRITING SKILLS I7I Describing l?l Wdting a Description 172
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scienceconceptsthal are coveredbut not know how to cxprcssLhcm in English. Thc locus of the book, however, is always on languagcfalher than scicucc,and thcrc is no altempl to cover any scientifictopic thoroughly. No prcviousscicncc knowledgeis neededby the teacheror student.
ORGANIZATION
OF THE TEXT
Thcrc arc lwclvc chaplcrs in thc book. Each chapter has six mair scclions: Introduction, usingEnglishto... (ctassify, conpare,and so on), RcadingSkills, ListenilgSkills,Discussion PoinN,and writing Skills.
Itltroduction Each chapter beginsby intrcducing rhe rhetoricalfunclion, rclating it o thc scientificmethod, aDd preseDtingit ir a short readiDg.
Usi g English to,., This sectionbeginswilh aDcxplanalionoflhc rhctoricalIunction,usitUcxamdcs from the shor! reading.In most chapicrsthc cxplanalionis folbwed by a cha11of scntcncepalternsthal show how the function may be cxprcsscd,This chafl is not meantto list all possiblcpatterns,and in somcchaptcNlbc chart is omitled because fie topics do not lcnd thcmsclvcs10 any parricularsynlaclicstructure.Thc Dcxl item in thc sectionis a group of praclicccxcraiscs,sequcnced1()cnablc studcnls Io progressfrcm idcntifying the funclion to usir)git, Grammalicalslrllclureslhat occur frequenllyin sciencelexls arc also includcd in this seclkD whcn they scrve a communicativcpurposcrclatcd to lhc rhclorical lilnction.
Reading skitls This secdonlirsr prcscnrssraLcgicslor srudenlsto use in expandinglhcir vocabularicson an ongoingbasis.word roots and affixesinlroduccdarc thosccommonly occurringin scientificterminology (for examplc,hjdro , dyna ). Next, rhe sectionpreviewsthe vocabularyfrom thc long rcading.Thc obiectis 1()developa basicvocabularylhat wolrld be assumeda! the college'eniry1cvcl.Accordingly, termsthat would bc known to a nativewords sclecredforstudy are scien.e-related spcakjng,firs!-yearcollegestudent (for example, fammable,dehydrate , transparent , combstion,dilute, ir?e/lia).No specializedor rare words arc used in any of the rcadingsor lectures.
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,rxii Preface ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My lhanks to Dr. Ann Johns of San Diego Slale U vers;ly for thc inspiralior to \t;i1e lhe book and to my daughterRaquelfor her imaginalivcilhstraliols And a specialtharks to Harry for his conslantsllppon aDdcncouragcmerl'and for alwayshaving mote faith in me than I had in mysclf
ql!^\ parsrl Jq plnoJ rPql slreJ uo prspq stu.urSpnf JIPLLTol pup serp! ^{ru ot spulLur!rqt urdo ol p)urprl rldord uJtl^ iluo p'up^pp rrurtrs urcpow 'rte rql q8norql lEoll uer pue urJs rq ot llpurs oor rrE lpql s8ulql 8u!^!l iq prsner rre srsprstplpql prrsrSSnsrq urq^ lE prq8nptseM rnrlspd s!nollsttsolotqq)ucrJ,s008Jaqlserrelspur^a.rsro^!unrnoJorrtu.rrqlse,M quPr rqr uPql rrqler uns rql tpqt lu.rurlpts srq )ireq rlpr ol prsnjrDq urqM qlErp LII!,{,\prurrprrql sp^ orMpS snlur3 uEnql lecjB .qt .rsrr^run rqt Jo slJrrss rqt rJ^o)un ol 3ul,{tt roJ suosud otul u^,\orqtuJAJato^\ slsllurlJs .seop! .Mruol pJsoddorr)^ aldord.srSV.lpp!W rql SulrnpssrrSordrlllrl,irr^ cpplu r)u;)l)s'pPilsul .rJruprroJ JlnJ e pcrr^oJslpro splro,r rJqto Llll^ pelp)runruulo) r^eq tq8ltu r^ '^lou ig .,{lrnbrtuerruts,{pporsu.rq pell rJurrrs Jo ss Sold aql JI rq tqBrlu J,!\ prJue^pp rrou r{)nt(l I\oLI lrpuo^,\ ot SullsalJlul sl tl 'iJrl Io srurolrrlduls urorJprdulr^rp peq s8ulrq uelunqlpqt prsodordrcpueurtxpuypue /uns rLIl punorepr^oLU!trer tql lcqt pitsrSSnssnqJrplslrv/uJolerqt Jo erpl aql pstPul3lrosntlrrouilc 'prl)lp;)rd plno) cq Dnlpu ur sluJAJ tpql puegsrr^!unrql ur Irpro se^|rrrLIllvql p)^rlli)qoq^{'sl)rrD lu5!rup)qt ql!^{ upSrqr)ur!)s urrtssM.sts!tuel)s iq prsn poqltLuJlseqrqlJo ss til!r\p up sejlnbrr lEtrrlplu)lJlturljs Sulpuptstrpun
poqraw )IJIluaIrs eql ol. uolDnpo4.uJ
2
Inrroduclionlo LheScienlilirMethod experiments. A procedure known as the scientific method was developed for gathering and testing information. Eachchapt€r in (his book is basedon some aspectof this method and how it is expressedin English.
.., ANDfiHEREARE IINISIBLE ,RGAN l5/v1s THAT FLOAr N
fHE AIR AND LIVE I/I'IDE
V o u RB o D Y . , ,
HN.,HN uh ux\
t 'rJPdsdn sc:lcl pLrPsseluro rqtrrn sPrllEr{ttLrrql{uesr rrlEw 'Irup oi IrtP^{rLIlpue 'rqlerrq non rrp I0 'lpoq rno,.{'}ooq srqr irJnpltl Jo slsrsuorsn punorP BurqurJ^3 tafiow lo atqrN a4I 'prgrssPl) iq i€tu rrlleu Moq t o purl pue rSesspd turr\otlolrql peru
qulptaa uoqs 'rrorssJrdx.puE rqSnoqtrutlurlJs or Jrspqtu:^ snql sl uotr€rlJlssPl:) s)llsurlrerpqJ str d ueJ lsrSolorq p ,srlrrds ro ,dnorS r)rp rPlnrrtredpJorrqrrrlu e spIEmrupue 8ur,{JrssElr Iq,.rr^JMoH ruo qreo,{pntsol elqrssodrulipPrlr sr tr ,qupe uo slEruruepup sruEldlo spurl uonlrttl Iprr^rs crp rrrlll rJuIs'^pelurtS prtJlprrd .q upr sitlrrdord str ,rurLuorqpuEauuoltlr se dnoiS rlrrEscql ot SurBuolaq se prrJrruiprs! rurporJr ?snql .sanrrdordprlplrj LIlr,MsdnoiSotul slurlucloIII llp 3u!3uerB,{q suollezllprrurSriELUupr lnq 'rurulrl: irt^r ipnts louueJ/.)ldtuexrrol ,sls!ulrql .Iprre ue otu! uortpulrolu! petPIJrdno.r8stslluJlJs.uoutu.loJu! )uJllrrlr lueuodutl Juo r^pq llp lpql s8u!qtJo dnolS e Sutue:)Lu-ssr/rpro.n iql uro.rJsrltlo or/rllilr"/r p.ro^4e\I slrouic sdlqsuollplir pulJ ot pue sDeJJql IJrss'', Ouo.runrrn nt ,Or"u tr'tllll'l rqf qBnou) tou sl st)eJSunlillo) ,{l.t.rrlu1r^c/\^oH.rrott0luro,ur BuljrqteB pue sw)llB^rrsqo3u11eur;,r1o,ru!qriprsJ )lJllurlrs .lo soSels,{lle, rql NOTI)N(IOUINI
"tailvw lo uotltsodwo) aql
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4
Classitying
6A6 as cilhef solid,liqtli(],or gas Soli(l\are llrnr .rl(l Al1 nlatlcrmay be classificd havea dcnnitcfornl.Rubbcr,wood,glass,jrorr,conorl,nnd sarr(iarc.ll tl.ssilic(l ol lorccwould be nccdcdlo changclhc shiPcor voLL'ntc as sdids.A considerablc .rc dcnsclv Lhcat(nnsor nlnccrlcs ot n soli(l an iron bar,for crample.Lr€cansc packcdand havevrry lilllc Irccdomof movcarcrrl. .nnn ltloLrs.R()cks crynallinc,rrxl nraybc furLhcrdividcdinlolwo classcs: Soli(is $lid\ nrc nli(lc trl) of solids Cryslnllinc wood, fapcr, and collonare crystallirrc hcate(l' th( ch.rrgc1o Whcn thcscvtkls arc al(rmsarrangedin a dcllnilcpatler'n. inclu(lc sLLLrsLantcs a 1(uid, knowD as mellirrg,is sharpan(l clc.r. Ann)rfhoLrs y is not o|1lc ol lhc alonls lhc lilL1cl1l aDdsulfir. In lhcscsubs(anccs, rubbcr,glass, .nd whcn hcalcd,thcy lraduallysoftcn. Liquids,on lhc othcr lTand,arc not rigid.ll walcr,lrrilk,or oil is pourc(lon a ol liqrri(lsalll.lcl rablc,it will llow all ovcf 1hcsurfacc.Thc nt(tlls or r)rolcculcs slftlcltrrc(i l(x)scly idstoUow.Bul thcscaL(tns.1rc ca(llothcrandthercbyc|rablcliq ol conlaillcr thc shaPc any a liquidwill lakc aDddo nol kccp!bcir$apc. Thcrefore qtran ol nrilk vohrnrc; n in which ii is DotreLl.Howcvcr,liquidsh.vc a dcfirrite cannolfit in a Pir)tcoulaittcr, suchas air,oxylcn, and carbondioxidc'havcllo lixcdshal)cor volunrf Gascs, of thcir owr. Thcy dilluscor slrcadoul () lill any cont.rrrcflf watcris prrl inl() a tirc,it will nrn to tln)bo(tonlrif air is pu( ir)to<1lire,iLllllslhc wholcsl)accinsidc ofgascsarc widclyspaccdnrrdmovcvcry ral)idly. thc tirc.TIlcatomsor molc(Lllcs Thcy cilher conllress or cxfand rc adapl to any .lrca lornl. Lalcr wc knolv is nladcof maltcrin solid,liquidor gascolrs EvcrythiDg (his may bc classilicd. ways nlatlcr othcr in chaplcr,wc rvill discuss
USING ENGLTSHTO CLASSIFY includes: A classificalion l. a gcneralclass, 2. a specificilem or il€ms, aDd il i1 which is ffequcntlytrt slatedbccaLrsc L a basislbr classificalioo, elsewhcrc. or cxllained undcrstood Considerlhis sample(cntcDcc: All matter may be classified as either solid,liquid, or gas.
Jre
( al'q prpnl)ul tou ore teql spllosl.qto IFnor^qo .Llt 's! leql ltuo8ue) lejru;B iql Jo suols!^lpqnsilqt IIe r.^or ,{l!pssrJ'U. lou op slurll rglJcd$rqt,lBtauoS ot rulrrds ruo{ 8ur,{JrsselJ uaqM) 'tpltos sb ptlJlsspp ttD puot puo 'uo a u t ,ssttl6 paa$ ra|qk[ ltD
lVU!rNe50r fHtf,ads wouJ DNrAcrssv'r3
'stlt1LltlJ1uu, pu! aulllttst\Jj :se|top o/1r',! olu! paplAlpJrquklaq tput spllos
'suo1s!^lpqns rriqt rsrql ul prpnl)ul sl trletu lpqt JloN) llB '516ra 'pvbtt pltos)aqtDrp pa{lssttpaq tDw ra nu llv lI:IIf,AdS OI'IVUIINIID I IO{C DNIAIIISSV.If . 'trpu ro'plt1@'uvr 9e \pns ',(ll 'uosprr qts$d srql roC Jo slpporuureluor I0 rnbr{ s.)urlu.s rrorlerlrsselr 'Jrrr^rluou ro J!t\!l rrqtr.rse uo codrul)rlp)rruiq)sI Jo (r\el Jql uo pJrlrsscP rq \PLUt|rlrlurpxr I'l l.)Un\ct)Jq ipu;DtLU \r\ .rLroucqt.)roru\r Jrrqt tng 'iJuJluts rql u! p. onuru lou sr qJrqM 'rrllpur Jo rlPls Iprlsiqd aqr sl LrollerulssplrroJ srsPq)ql srt pue p|\lb!l pltos.re sLLratrgrtradsaqJ ,,rrltr sl sselJJeJJuiS.ql g SutlJtssel)
6 Classifying Rock, wood,paper, and cottonare cryslallinesolids.
(Norethat a classificationis likc an upsidc-dotm lrcc The lrutlk of a trcc is divided inlo largebranchcs,cach large branch is subdividcdinto smallcr branches,and smallcrbranchcsnray sobdividcagain into evcn sm.lllcr branches.)
NOTES l . The passiveform is usedfrcqucntly il1 scntcncesof classilicaliorand in all
scientificwriting becausclhc cmphasisiD scicnccis usllally or thc acliotl, rlol on thc perso[ performinglhe actbn. 2 . Thc presentsimplc tcnseis the mosl commonly Llscdtcnscill scientific (For cxample, wakltIreezes dt lf C ) wrling becauscit cxprcssesLllrivcrsals, t . In a sentencelike, Oxygenis a gat, o ly rhe meanirgsof lhc words oxrrc, and 9dr will {ygal which is the ScneralcalcgoryaDdwhich is thc sPecificitcnr.
t
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o 1ox'tatduntt luo Io ts t^rxa4t.tdutn
'stuz|ta atqlssod lltt b tuatJod ar aras tsatl :aDN
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Classifying ofconllxnrnds.rcircids,base\.s.lts.nr0lirlli(oxidcs, l. Fivc inDonantclasses and non etallicoxidcs. 4. A deer is a lJrnmmal. nnd nnnxphoLrs. t. carboncxistsin threefonns:graphilc,dianlon(1, 6. Rocksarc grcLrpedinto three cat€goricsiitjrlcoul, nrclanmrPhlc,and sedimenlary. 7. Collee,lea,and paiit arc colloids. as ilrcls. 8. Coal,wood,and oil may bc classilicd 9. Sallsare inorganicc(Jmpounds, aci(l(DNA)ilird 10. Thc Lwokindsofnuclcica(idsarc dcoxylibonucleic riborucleicacid (RNA). Trcnsfefting Infothatior. Rcadlhc followirrg parngraphnrrd lin(l .ruhcr way Thcnuscthc inli)rnration in thc passagc lo corrrl)lclc rbal mat1er lnay be classilic{1. lhc chart. I;LHCTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY con(luclivily ir a conaccol.diDg lo iLsclcclr'ical Mattefis licqucrrllycla\silic(l (l,rc|or, th.1nfc Colrdu(loNhavcnlnllyclcctfons noncoDLlr,rctor, or scnriconduct(r', clcclficculrcnl.All r Clals, oI corl(lLrcljnS, ficc () nmvcan(larc usclirlirl cnrryirrll, pa icuh y silvct,coppcr,gold,and alu|ni|rur, arc goodcon(luclonSrLl)slnr]ccs lhc) do rrol or insulalo$,llccausc with lcw licc eicct()nsarccallcdnoncor)ductors, carryclcclriccharycnrxl carlbc rscd to prcvcrllclcori(.ilylionl llov!ingwhcrc iLis nol lil(f ca \rn, A lcw suL)nirn(|\, arr(iplaslicafc insr.rlators. w.r\rcd.Air, wood,glass, r'\"r \ i l j L . ' | rl r ( l ; ( 1 r ' r r r r . r r r , l ,r , , ll . r ' rl r r l , , ( r r l L f { ' r r r r r " ( , r l ' : ' I ' .l'l , ! . , r i ln(lio\. and afc usM in suchclcctroni(dcviccsas Lfnnsislof as Jcmicon(luclors
'lerurLrP Jo 'sluPId
E 'rp sileJqJuJ^rrl ' 8 ,q rpJ PlriDeg
Jre suerqrqduP puPsJlrldcu' 9 'JlLruiirourpue JrueBJo : Jq ,{E(u IJNPW
'srluJqtui^LrlsP
aq ueJ stJJsul
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's t -€
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o.Mlo.re rqt .l
sluEld P5.s
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rre qEluruppue sl pldJo srlro3rlpJIIElou lpql ircN) .no,{dl ol / J -1pdJ)urtlros rqt rsn .sr)urnrJs Sur^^ollojJqt rlJId(x)J .raJrr,rrrs 6 !!a4wo) 6 3u!^J!ssPl)
l0
classifiing
The Passhte voice The passivcform of a vcrb is usedfrequcntly in classifyingand in all scicr)lific writing. This is becauselhc cnlphasisin scicn(t is uslrally on thc acti(t],,?dl on thc personperfonningthc actidr. A scntenceis drliv?if lhe srbjccl Pcrft)rmsthc aclior. 11is pa.uivfit thc subjeclrcccivcs1hcaclioD.Look al lhcse examplcsi scientists classify mercury as a metal. fd.livr, Mercury is classified as a metal. (pdssir?) Thc sccondscnlcnccii prefeffedbccarlscit conccnlmlcsou how nlcrcllry is clas_ sifiid. (wc know fial scicntislsdo lhe classiliing) Formula lbr a passivcscDtcDccl
Objcclof vcrb from activc +
pKrPcr fonrl ol +
sclltcllcc
vcru ld ,?
Meraury
is
pasr participlc
+
by"phrasc (optionnr)
classified as a metal' (by scientists).
Ilrhe aclkD is in thc prescnl,usclltc preseDllcnscol lhe ve r lo l,a:a il lhc subiccl is sinsular,lln if lhc subicctis plrral. If thc acli(n)is il) thc Pasl,usclhc pas(lensc of rhc vcrb ,o ,cr lvr?Jor wrrJ, wllcn thcre is ,1nnxlll, lik( ,i or n,ri'I, tlic ,1?,rI'i {l) .Ji'rrrafs)is nol us((l h('(nusc \tr tllustbe, lF tlrc cxanrpleat',)v(, rhc Lty-Phft]sc it is uDders()od,Hcrc are sonlc activc senlenccsarrd lhcir (orrcspol)dillglassivc forDrs. PASSIVE
ACTIVE
ThcyErowcoffeein Brazilarld Cohmbia, wc usclasersin Dlaceof ncccllcs in courlMrlisc recorclingi,---diamondsin Thcydiscovercd SoulhAfricain the ninclccnlh cenrury, Crick JaDres WatsonaDdFraDcis fonnulalcdthc lhcoryof lhe doublehclix.
Collcc is g()wD iD Brazil and colunrbia. Lascrs.rre u$c(lin placeol rccdlcs iu conrl)ad ciiscrccordings.
Penicillincan curetnclrnronia.
PncuDrolrin cnn bc curcdbv
Dianlor)dswcrc discovcrcdir) Soulh Africa iu lhc inclecullr The lheory ol lhc doublc hclix wns foflrulalc(l by Janleswa(s(nl ar)d
r;"'iiilli..
Cha ging Actit/e voice to Passive Voice. ChaDge ca.h 01 thc following a.tivc scntcnces10 lhc Passivclbrm. Bc carclll l{) choosc thc corrccl tcnsc (Prc\cnl {'r
\
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'i\.)ro.(t uorsr)j rqt !L,ls r)1(prru) srrnlcl'llturt qiJrq,{t urrlrr :rsncJrqqrrul .|lrtrnUorurrLIt L'(ltur)
qL'r0qu)8(xp,{(trq.L 9 rl)rxorplrlr u n r s s p l ( xrlo l t l l l p o s q t l ^ ^ l p J lcltlruD
r o r l i l p r r i i i ^ i i l l t r o ( 1, { q ( i r n r ) p l n u o r L r )
dPoS s
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tuo:) 't
lilp^\ 'l|LlrU
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F'a/7"AQaal/t
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)r',uts.rsrrlui,r(i lrt(tr,)^ iLIr.Jo ru.ror)^tssu(r iU,,,,,,,,, -il;:;l];;
)rurtrlrr r)rr)rn(luo) D
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ro,{).urtp) ,"oo,,j}'.1:',fili:l::tl'il 'r.)rllrHol slprtrrup pup stupl(l s.rrLrrr.rtiirs f)lll,)Lto,:rlarLrrs,qrsscl:, srs,;u1,,,1 .urx)ru,)rlt LI(rs.rrtD.rr| prslltr llq!(lord s.ro.rtrw crr)t)Dqiolts)p rrlt rn s.rlrsndroi:Dn1,u,rq1 troolq uonDrUrnbrl i(l rrDrrll rlro.rt rrrilollrut)p.lxr uD) stsrtu)q:)' 9 .Jtdo)(tilrDLLI p) ,(tt:)o)tx)r! ur )le bqul,) 9g6I )rtr tI curpuedrLIl prl)rtllro) srr)$M t tl6t Ur lErrD:)
,,,,:",',,,,,,,.
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t '99l. ur ft:)]]pqr|lrJlr :'rttprlur^ur lrlp^llr)rSrrrt' z l
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lror )rrrprlo^ ttl()rj lulns Dplxr JA{ ,l
'J)urtu:)sr^rssedrqt ot tlrplrodurrsr (i)Lrrt Lrrsr^rl)e rql.l0 Drlqns.qr 3l rcql) l)Jlqns rqt )u[ll no,(LrrqM)se]rJd tcur,Stro Iq L'.]pDlrut .at ,r qrr^ rLIl r(U (tpntd ro rptnSurs) rrqrxnu Drrror rql puDllspd lI
Sur,qrsspt:)
l2 classifying READING SKILLS Vocabulary Building il will will helpyou \ir'ithcveryaspeclol conrmunicalior'l; A goodvocabulary yon 1o sl)cak will cDablc your and reading and iislening comprehensiol improve profcssiol you good succccd in arry will hclp A vocabulary and wrile belt€r. you icanrcvcrydaywordslhal arc repcatcd whcn you first sludya language, pall permancni Howcver, allcf vocabtrlary, ofyour dley soon bccome sooflcnthal you haveacquircda basicvocabulary, therc is alwaysa dc'dincin vocairuhry growthralc. Readingand speakinglhe langualcwill increascyour llucnry but yourvocabularyThisis beLausc lhc wordsyou arc incrcase will '?olaubnradcally lcanlingappcarlcssfrcquendyand are lhus n rc dillicull1()rcmcnllrcr.Al lhis slageof languagcdcvclopmcrl,you must lnakca spccialeffofl lo acquircnew liom thc scclion$in this book wcreselccLc(l All thc wordsin lhc vocabulary thcyappcarfrcquenllyirl s('icntifi(discou$eTl)erc readirgsand leclurcsbccausc words,Thc word partsar('dln) lhoselblllrd fucqlcnlly arc Do rarcor spccialized for thevocalrulary sccii(tlscolltainstrnlcgics In addi1kt1, in scicntifia lcrnrinology. gr)wth n lhat i$, ibr DlakingvocaL)llaly lo buildyour vocabulary, conlil1uing lifc!imehabi1.
voubuur! 1 Co text. circla lhc lcltcr of thc nnswcrthdt bcsl nralchoslhc nrcaningof thc ihlicizcdword as it is uscdin cachof thoscscDlcllccs iD sizc, L Aloms arc it?,4t?rlt5i,rdl
\!y' rrny
b. hlgc
studythe compositiotof Daturaltrrrsld,?dt 2. Chcnrists b, machincs a. malerlals 3. Thc whalcsuddcnlyefidrredfrcnl thc walcr' b. disappearcd a. atosc inlo 4. All malleris cithcrliquid,soli(i,ol gas,andsolklsmaybc srrlt,llL'id.tl cryslallincand amorphous. q bi)kclLdown .". b.tll]r,p lhcy arealnost /r?/.'.{.1:!!i4b._ 5. Plaslicproductsarc hard10disposcol becanse a. unableto bc dcnroycd
b, unablc k) bc conslruclcd
6. Al onc timc lhc alom was thoughl rc bc fudlvirirl.'. b. nnablc to be sccn , a. unablel0 bc divkled 7. Eilrslcin'sideasarc 1oollbilr?d for nrany pcol)lc lo ulldcrslalrd. b. lhcorciical
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Classitying The conccplofatoms firn emergedin ancienlGreece.In 400 R.c.thc philon)pher Dcmocritustheorizedthal maucrcouldbe dividcdinlo smallcrandsmallerl)arlicles until a point \aasreachedbeyondwhich no furthcr subdivisionwas possiblc.Thcse indestructiblcparticleswcre calledalonror,a Grcck word mcanirg irdivisiblc We know taday that atomsare so smallfia1il would takc nore lhan a million oflhcnl Dcmocritus'thcory, howevcr, was to equal the thickn€ssof this s!,c-c1-q1!qP-er' for many bclievedin Arislollc's world, in lhe ancient accepted not universally earth, lirc, air, and rvatcr. elcmcnls: matter is composcd offour thal lh€ory During the Middle Agcs in Europe, thc conceptoI atoms was collsi(lcrcdl(x) abstrac!and was accordingly rejeclcd.FinaUy,in I 804 lhc EnglishnanJohn Dako n formulatedaD atomic theory bascdon his experimcnlation.Hc clainled ftal all matter is made of atomsi lhal all arcmsof a singleelcmcnt havc lhc samcshafe, size,wcighl, alld behavioriand that alomsofeach e]cmcntare diffcrcnl ftom lhosc of any other elemcnt,He said that aloms are nol crcaledor dcslroycdLrutrathcr form new combinationsin chemicalreacli(,ls. Dalton roughl thal aloms wcrc solid, but ()day a(tns arc belicvcd!o consist mainlv of sDacc,wilh a densenuclcusat lhe ccDtcr,Thc sizeof lbc nrclcLlsillsidc
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alldn(lllrons whiih hivcno.cnill(r( protoDs, whichhavcr posjtivcelc(ri( charge, Thc nucleusis surrouDJedby clcctftrnj,which l)avca neFnli\cclcitri( chart}aTlii numberofprotons equalslhc numbcr ol clcctroDsin cach alom, aDdthcrcforethc cnlirealom has Do cha4tc.In l9ll, thc DanishphysicislNiclsBohr l)rc )seda model of thc alon iD whi(h thc clectronsrcvolved around thc DLI(lcuslikc thc planelsrevolvearouDdthc sul'l Todaythc movemeDtofclcclrons is thoughl () be bclwc(rrlhc fositiv( hiv( Thc lorceof allrdcli(\n hoveriDsdn)uDd-a morelikc Lrccs proronsjn ihi irucla[i aid the rrcg:r-ivcclectnrn\v!hirlilF afinrr]J kecP: thc clcclrons in their padts. -
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Classifying ) . Thc df,vi(cwr' Lllivrnb\ n,echnnknl\'r[t:l\ a. ]nachire b. elccrrical 4. Akhough hydrogcnand oxygenhavc sonc similarilics,cach has charactcristics dral arc drsllr?d. a. similar b. diffcrenl 5 . Sodiunl and chbrinc are the .onstirr?rtrof sah.
b. characterisiics Oxygenis a very a.t,v?clcmcnl thal combincsrcadilywirh othcr clcDrcDts. a. stable b. unsrablc 7 . sonle mushroomsarc safe$ cal, ard o rers are pdlr.rq|i, a. delicious b. d-cjldly 8 . It was importanl 10 kecp thc temperatllrcar,iJlrr?tthroughout lhc experimenl. a. unchaDging b. changirr!
9. Thc outcolqcof an cxpcrincnlis aflectcdby y44'n0LJ. a. subii-e;&s b. changinglbc$rs nilrogenand oxygcn,lhcrcis a smalll,/rro,rio, ol olhcf gnscsin thc I 0 , Bcsides air, a, quality b. quanlhy prollcrlics, . Thenoblcgascsarca groupof gases wilh l?o,rrorereorr a, similar
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Note-Tekitrg Many pcoplc likc 1()lakc a camerawhcn they makc a lril) partly bc(ilusclhcy know that they will rememberthe pcoplc arrd placcslhcy havc rccofdcdon filrrr and forget much of thc resl, Thc Dotcsyou lakc during a lccturc arc likc lhc photographsyou take on a lrip. what you rccord,you will relainj nloritol thc rcst, you will forget.Without noles,ir a shon whilc you will undoublcdIy .I(rrgcl nlost of the malerial prescntediD a leclurc,evcn whcn thc subieclmallcr is ilrlcrcstilrg to you, Just as wilh picturcs,your goal is !o rccord as nany imporhDl points as will l10,irltcrl(r(wirh y('rrrlincrrins aspo"iblc.Nole-tdkirrA cleadyandspccifically on rhc conrrary.ir will help)ou lo locuso; whal is Fin! sJirlnn'l rvoirl l(lrir\F your'mind wandcr. The succccdingchaplerscontain suggcstiol)sli)r Sood nolclaking. Take nolesas you lisrcnlo lhc lccturc "The ChemislryofMa(lcr,'and lhcn Llse vour notesto comDlclcthc nexl cxercise.
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Classilying The lopic sentencenray appenrar th€ b e g n i n g o f r h e p . r . g f a f h t o n n n o u n c e Lhcrnain idcir.Or il mny ,ppc.r .r thc o r d r o s L i l l r i r i T c l h r l i ( l c r . T h c l o p i c i l c l c n ra r ) du d c r s l i r r d i l b l cl r Jt h c f c i r d c f . senlencc u iilcslhc pnraqrnph andrrrakcs in Lhcp.ragfrphs h r x r l dg i v c ( l c l . r i l st h i r r s u t ) p o a ,c x t r l d j n , Thc reslollhc scnlcnccs or provc rhe nlah poinl. The sanplc paragraph belowis irr(ompletc. Rca(til .n(l thi.k of . goo(tlol)j( scntcncclo uDily il. Also,llrrdlhc onc scnlclrcc lh.r (l(x:s/rd/l)cloulli lhc pnrngr'alh. planelsaccordirglo thcir posilioDs Aslfonomers classify in rcl.rLioD lo rhc earlh. Thosclhal arc insidclhc (anh s orl,it (lhnt is. Mcrcury.r(l v(nLrs)if( (lirss((t ,rs i|rlcriorplanels. All theolhcf!arccallcdsupcriorpi.ncls RcccnrspncccxIkrrarions haveuncovered no cvidcnceof lifc on any of thescflaDcts.Plnnets mn-valsotrc Mnrs,ar(l I'krlo ir( classified a(cording10 lh(ir si/( nr(l mnss.M{:rcury,Vcnr.rs, i siTc(o 1hccafll). sonelimL,s callcdlhc lclrcslrial|la|lclsbc(nusrLhcynr( sirrrilaf Jlrpiter,Satu l, Uranlrs,ard Nc|tlrrc arL'lhcnlajof or larlj(r plan{:ls..lu|ilctis the largesl,followcdby SalLr'nard lhen lhc "twiDs,' Urarr!snnd N(l)runr. Whichof thc followingis lhc t)cstlopicscnlcn((lof rhisl).r.grirl)h? L 2, L 4.
PlnnelsnrayLrcclassificd accordinll lo si/c an(lm,rss. Plinctsmay bc clnssilicd a((o(lir!l lo l)()silioror Jrzc. scientinsclassilynrarryrhingsill lhc unrvcrrc. Planclsnr.1yL)cclassilied acco inlt lo lx)silion.
li)f ncilhcfcovcrs scrrtcnccs I an(i4 arc loo Daffowto bc thc topicscntcocc, par.graph infonnatir)n in lhc Sc r(]rr(c is ror lhc l)r\l l)c..u\( jr j\ lrx) all rhc I brca(l;ir it rlor spccjlicro this f;ragf('lph.ScDlcncc.lis LhcbcsLLoIic scntcncc is aboul-Do molc, no lcss. bccauscit annouDccs cxacllywhal the par.Uraplr thil bcgin! whi(h sc[lcnccdocs not bcl(Jngin lhc par.lgraphllhc scnlcDcc Reccnl tpa|eaqllordtiafis ,, , is rol rclcva|llo lhc l(rpicol clissiiicntiolr nudlhcrcfofc lhould n0l bc iucludcd.
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Poi|lls111.11 ol clasrificatioD basedon onc 01 lhc ljiscLrssion Write a paragraph you. Sla|tthr paragfaph in!eresls with a topicscr)lcllrrt]rirL l statcsll)c Inai!lidca, 2. is broadcnougb1.)covcrcverylhinitin 1hcparagrirfh,and L is specific enoughIo cov€ronly whal i! jn thc |aragr.l)h. providclhc detajlsthatrcl.lc to, sLrlrpon, Theresrofthe senlences shoLrld or rxlrlijrr the ropic sentence. prelcrably Alwaysrereadyour paragraph, altcrsonrclinrc h:rspasscd. chcck 1o seethat ev€ry s€ntenccis rclatedto lhc lopic scnlcncc.
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20 Compdring Shott Reading Readlhe following passagcal1dfind as nrany colrlparisonsas you can. The wonder MetAk Thi sludy of melalsbcgan in lhc Middlc Agcs when alchcnrislljscarchcdfor.a lechniquer(' cinrvcrt 'brq( mclal'," likc ledLLl,\ g,)ld.lhcy rrcvrr\rcccc(l((lirr makingliold but at )cr't by c\pcrinreirlintwilh lhc mclal\ (irr j,'nlr.lsl li, lhc ancient Grccks,who only spcculatedabout thcnl) dlcy nradenlany discovcrics. All bul 20 of the over 100 elemcntsidcnliiicd to dalc are mclals blrl only 7 of theseare common in thc carth'scrusl, lron, lhc nlost wiclcly ulcd rctal, is rarcly found in thc frce stale (not combiiEil rr'ilh olhcr rielals) and nrusl bc cxlr..lcd irr,i l)l rit(, lccurrin!(rrmpounLis rorc:l:\u(ha\ hcrlr.rtil(, mn$nclilL. fromnalLrrallv Thc bcaulifulcok)rs('f ro.kr .rr( Juc irLtn'\tcllllrcl) l(' thfsc inir)',,n)n0ulr!i' lrr fact, iron pyriie is oftcn callcd lbolt gold bcca sc oflhc sinlihrity ol ilt cok)r rc ilsclf gold. Irorr is vcry slrongly magnclic,and thc la(llhal the earlh is a il4g_Dglt lip,pcdscicnrislspff1()thc thcl drat i()n is a nlaior contponcnlol thc a'anll'scolc, PureiroDis a rclativclysofi,silvcrynrctallhal is vcry activcchcnli(ally(lhal is, it combineswilh oxyAcn to clgoclc or form rU!!), It is usrlnllynlixed with olhcr elemcnlsor conrpoL)clsro form qugyssuch as slccl, shjnlqls -stccl,or c_!1t! ] itll, than purc iron, which arc morc durablcand rusl rcsislaDl AILlminllft is thc mosl abundanlnlctal, but il warsl)ol useciul)til a ccnlury a8o becauscit is so aclivc chcDricallyand difiicult lo cxtract.Like ir)rr it is n)li, btlt in coDtraslto iron and stccl,ahnrinuIn is vcry IiSht at)cjlDolc rcsislilt)tto corrosi(nl. l1)ckets, and housc Thcscqualilicsmakc it uriclirllbr airplar)cs,lraius,.lLrlonn)t)ilcs, sidinS. 'lnihe il is lcss 1940s,magncsillmcnlergcdas ar inll)ortal)tnrclal.AlthoLrgh (i har(lcf t() cxtfacl tltnn alll' abundanl iD thc caflh, morc chcDricallyaclivc, a strDply minum,il is prcsclrlin scawalcrar)dlhal meansthcrcis alnloslalr cllclless ol il. In thc spaccagc,thc cxtraordinarypropcrlicsol tilaniurt have nrndcil Lllc llcw wondcr mclal. Lighler aDClslroDgcrlhnrr slccl, it is Drorcrcsislanllo corrosi(D.1nd ablcro withstandhcal. rhe iiiifiining malor mcralsarc sodilrm,l)oiassi!rnr,arrdcalcitrDr,nll (x) active chcmically(lhcy rcacl vktcr)tly wilh rittci]l(ia usc ilr corrstrLiciioD.
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fis unlike I fromI aluminum. Iron 1is dtfferent from ) Ldiff€rs unlikeiron,
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maximlm life!pall:. kangaroo-16 ycars cat-23 ycars 3 . cakxies; applc(mcdium)-75 cgg- 70 diameten moon-3,480 km canh- I2,800km 5 . geitalbnpcriod: elephanl-21 months giraffe- l4- l5 months y,/otld's percent 6. of water: PacificOccan-46% AtlanricOccan-22.9%
credtifig compddsons, comparc thc items in cach ol lhcsc pairsorally ilr or)cor two scnlcnccs,Notc $al thc itcnrshavc somcthingiD comnlon,for odrcrwisctherc is lo would be no poinl in comparin8tbcnr,A goocjway $ makea coDrlarison begin wilh whal thcy havc iD common. Inchrdc al lcasl onc way thc ilculs arc similar and onc way lhcy arc diffcrcr)t,For cxanrplc,10 comparetca aDd coffec, you mighr say, "Borh coffcc and lca arc drinks, bur coffcc is nradefroDr a bcan and tca is prcparcdfrom lcavcs." l. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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26 comparing READING SKILLS VocabularyBrilding Interruplingn readingor leclurcro look up wordsin a dicli(nrnrywill break your concentration. Thcrclbrc,wher yoLrrcador heara ncw worcl,yoLrshoLrld Sonlclimcsthf seDltnccilscll alwayslry 1ofigurc oul its meaningfronr ils con1ex1. conlairs a dcllnili(nr: silver sulfide, a black chemical substance, forms on its surface. Al other times, lhc surroundingscntcnccsor paragral)hgivcss(nncin(licatiorrof the meanrnS: cold is a ductile metaL one gram of gold can be dlawn into a wlre 1.8 miles in length' you caDconcludcthat a drclilc nc(al is one lhat can Fromthesetwo scrrlcnces, pulled into wirc. or be stretchcd of eachunil, yoLlwill havcthc (hanceto li8nrcoLlt In the vocabulrryscations alrd lcclurcs'yot can usc Thclr,in thc fca(lilrils from scrrtcn(cs, word mcaLrings thc wor(1, othcr clucsto hclp yoLrundcrstand vocabulary in Cortexl. Circlc lllc lcttcr ol thc answcr lhal L)csLll)atchcslh( in cachol lhc follt)wirlgsclllcrr(cs meaDingol tbc ilalicizcdwo as it is Lrsed il is so dLlLtnLlntll becausc clcnlclrtlhal is i|rcxpcnsivc L siliconis a nolrnrclalli( iD mincralsaud rucks. a. rarc @ plcrrrilirl iri;r]will.irlro,?c. to air arrdnn)islurc, 2. whc| exposcrl Ll. shinc a. rust lhc policcinvenigalcdlhc cnuscof Lhc 3. when thc flanrcssrllrsided, colll0uslL0n, lr' ('xcltcnlcllr a. bufnrng cxplosioDcauscd.1ld of damagc. 4. The spantan.ous b. planntd a. unijlanrrcd 5. Thc room gol s.tullyand warm duc lo imfropt:r ventildliatl. b air circulaliorr a. healirg nnd s(rch.s canhqtrakcs 6. Many livcscouldbc savcdif nalLrr.llprercrt,:rd hlrnicnncscould Lrcprcdiclc(1. b. occurrcllces a. rcsources
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28 Comparing L Rcadlhc firsl scDtcrlcc ofrvcry p.rilgraph,which Ircqucnrly. allhoughnot always,conlainsthc mair idca. 4. Readlhc summary(rr concllrskrta( thc cnd of lhc pasiirgc. NrlciToskimawholeb(rck,rc.drhefirsLparagraph andconclLrsion olcachchaptcr Skim thc followingpassagc t() discovcfirs m.in lopic and thc inli)nrr.tionil contains. Thcn answerlhc followinaqucsLious. Tfy to do this all in thrcc an(l . half minules.(Youwill bc givcnLinlc() rcadthe pass.gcrhoroLrghly lntcr) t. Thc main topicof this readinSis: a. lhe induslrialLrscs of oxyitcn,nil()gcn,and hydr'(rgcn. b. how oxygcn,niuogen,and hyd()gcn(liffcrjion lhc othcrclcnrcnls. l:. thc importancc of oxygcn,nilfogcn,.nd hydrogcnlo livinglhin!s. d. thc diffcrcnccs bclwccn(hc lhrcc Hascs. 2. A11oithe followinStopicsarc discLrssed in lhc passaltc r,r(r.?r1 a. oxrdatron, b. a comparison of nitrogcDand oxygcn c, ihc charactcfinics ol hydrcecn. who discovcrcd d. the scicnlists cachgar nn(llhc ycit o1(liscovcrics.
Readirrg TheLife-Supportitlg cascs llow lonJlcan a hLrnrdrr t)einglivc witholrt oxy|cn2 Whnt il thcrc wrfc rro nitrogcnir the air?J!sl how irnponanlis hydml.tcnl Thrcc of our nn)slalrunda|lnn(l in|ort.nl clcnrcnls.rc rhc Niscsr)\)g('|, nilrogcn,anclhydrogeD. AlthoLrgh Lhcydrarenr.rnyt)n)pcrlics-.rllthrrc .rc rolorles\,odorless, ancl!astclcss at room tcntpcrnrurr-cachonc is ]lcrcss,rrv to li{c lll a urlrqlreway. Thcsanrcsubslancc causes nrcral.; lo coflo(ic,woo(llo r)1,al)l)lcs lo runrLJrrs., paint to harden,gas(tirrclo bLr r. and il1n lo rusr.firc.annol hL I \ailhoLrt it. and hLrnlanbcingscrnnoLlivc withoLrli1.Thi\ slrLrst.ncc is o\ygc1r,n1rcs\c!1li.l ingfedientin air and waicr and lhc rnoslabuIdnnlclcmcnlin lhc ei|1hs cfU\1. Oxygcnis vcry activcchcmically, nrcaIirrgthaLil fcadilv.onrbinc\i!irh olhcr substanccs in a proccss calledoxidntioD. For cx.lnt)lc.in)n rolntrinc{wilh {rxfsci lrom lhc air lo produccir(D oxidc,or rtrs1. Fo(xl.rr(l w.tcr comlrinc$,ilh oxvlcu 1ofofnrdccay.Vcgclablc oilsuredin p.inrqcon)lriDc sith oxygcnlo h.klcn. Thc\c are all examples of slow oxidati(D. (n firc. Someli|nes Thc rapidoxidalr(nr ofluels carscsconbLrsLion, n lirc stins sponlancously. II a subnancervilh a lovl'kindliIlgtcnr|cr.lLrfc. such.s oily rag\, ncwspapcrs, or grain,is hcatedin lhe ibscnccol l)rotrcrvclril.tion,o.\id.li(nrnln!
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3 0 Cumpd,ing a r e m o r c a L o m so j h y d r c g c i l i D o u r b o d i c s l h a r a r y o l h c r c l c r r c r r b c ( . u \ c o l ] f b o d i e sa r c a b o u t t w o t h i r d s r v a t c r l H y d r o g c n i s a l $ J b L I i r r r o s t l i r c l r n r d i n n l l a c i d s .I t i \ t h e l i g h t e s lk r o * , n c l c m e n t a n d i s h i g h l y f l a n n n a L r l cH. c l i L r n ri s . l r r o s l J . l i p l , r L v L i . S - | t , l | r i r . . | l ' r . f l . r n r n .lIL . ". H y d r o g e na D d o x y g c n a r e t h c m a i n ( o n n i l u c n l s o f l h c w i r l c r w L ( l t i r r k .N j l r ( ) ! r c | r a n d o x y g c n . r c l h c c h i c l c l c m c n l ! o l l h r a i r w c b r c . l h c . O L r rc x i s l c n c cc o u l d n o L L ' ct n . . i \ l p $ . r l r , , L 'r h , p r . , i r , t"ll rl.r,.
U n c l e f i l a d i n g t h e R e a d i r g . E a ( h o l l h c f o l l o w i r ) gn a l c n r c r i l si l i r r c ( ) r s i 1 l c nwl i l h . l i c r a c . L c l u l r c a c l i r Uo l r h c p . s s . g e .l c \ r l h c i n l b r m a l i o n i n t h c p r c v i o l r sp a \ s a i t cA y o u r c o m p r e h c n s i o nb y f i n d i n g t h c c r r o l i n c a c l rs L . l c n l c n la n d r c n a t i n gi 1 ( o n l c l l y . I
O x y g c n . n i t r o 8 c n ,a n d h y d r o , t c nh . v c s i n i l . r p r o t ) c n i c \ .b o r o n l y o x y g c n i s c s s c n l i a l1 0 1 i f e .
2, Thc,s(bslancclhal carscswood lo fot is nol thc sanic.r\lhc orlc th:11 Lorurlr Dr{)wn, causcs.pprcs o[ ftxx] isancxnn]plcolrnpidoxidation. L Thc dccayilrg 4, It is imposslblc f(r'a llrc l() starlsponta|rcously. wirhouroxygen. 5. FlLrnnnbcjnls can livc Lrplo 15 nrinlrrcs 6, Nitfogcnconvc,rts to a licc stntcLrya pfoccss callcdsl)ontancous lo oxyltcn,rrjlr)grrris vcly.(rlvc 7. Comt)arcd 8. I1thc air wcrc purc oxylcn, wc couldall snrr)kcwilhout hn nirgoLrr h(rlrh it rs so stablc. 9, Nit()llcr'r is Lrsccl in cxplosilesbceansc I0, Oxygc| is thc DloslaLruD(lanl clcnrcntin LhcLrni!,crsc. 11. Scicnrins do DorkDow urhil lhc sun is Dr.dcol 12. llydrogcnis rhe nron ablrndirnr clcnrcnrjn oLl|l)odjc\L)ccaLrsc oLrrl)(,rtjc\ ll. l) c(trnrast !o hclium,hyrlrogcnis Donllarnnriblc. 14. Tllc cslcnlialingredicnr in fcl1ilizcrs is hydfogcn.
LISTENING
SKILLS
V o c a b u l a r y i n c o n t e x t . c i t . l c l h c l { : l l c r o l l h c . [ s w c r L I L ] Lt r c s l n l i l c h c \ l h c m c a n i n So l l h e i l a l j c i z c dv l o . \ i l i s r L s c di r c r . h o l L h c s c\ c r l c n r c s . c p o l i s h c dt h c c . r 1 ( )g i v c l h c l l u i s h . , r J / c r . 1,. dullncs! shine
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SuuPdruo:)
12 Comparing Unde$tahding the Lecture. Usc your notcs to dcrclrinc lvhcthcr cd(h oJ rhc . r , l l . , wr i! . l . r r , m f l I \ r , ' r u { r I , , ' . l , l i ' / | . . , , ,r , l r . r rL. , r l r Li | 1 , . . r . . r r. i | l r . r (
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I Gold,silvcr,and coppcrarevaluc(ifor theirlun(r nrxl scirtcil)'. 2. Newlon was dre firs( to srrcceedill changirgl).rsrnrcl.lsinlo gokl. 3 . Copperis as malleable nnd duclilc 4 . colLli\ lhc Droslchcnrically.clivc ol nll thc nrcral\. 5 . cold h.s a t)cautiftrl loncr bLrlir is nol r\ (hlraL)lc as silvcf 6 . hr conrranrc Fol(i,silvcrtanrisircs. 7 . Purcsilvcris a rclalivclyntl rrrclal.
silveris Lrsed ior pholographic fihr bc.nulcsonrcsilvcr con )Lrndsrellccl liithr. 9 . Thc propcflicsof silvcr rcscnlblclhosc ol gokl .11r(l eo|l)cr.
wifilrgbo(auscit is nol (lt](lil(. t 0 . Golclis r)ol uscdlor L,lectric Coppcris uscdli)f clcctricwiriugbcriluscit is a lrctrcr(or\(lucror than gilvcr,
t 2 . BroDzc,an,llloy ol riDa|]dcoppcr,is haf(lcflhirrr(irhcf rirrol irrrr.lls 1 3 .Cold,silvcr,an(icopl)cr.1rc anronsoLrrrrn)sl.11)!r)(l.rrrl
DISCUSSION POINTS (nr1l|(if (liJ]0fTo compafcitcnrs,bcginwith lhcif sinrilarirics irxl Lbrnt)()ir1r cnccs.Avoid v.1gue statenreDls sucb rs, "Car A is bcltcr LhnnCar ll." ln whar waysarctheydiffcrerl?DocsC.r A hirvenrnorc|owc ulnrolor?irslr)|gcr specific [xx]y? a iaslcr pickup? Bt rte.lif. havcl)ccul)rogf.lnrnrc(l I comparca conrputcr and Llrchr.rnra|] brain.Co0rl)r.rlcrs lo lfanslatcliorrroDclaDguaitc lo arx'thcr,1oplay chcss,.1rl(l lo solvc p()LtcrDs. complcxn)ilhcDr.ltical Will thcy cvcr bc al)lcl(r lhinki will thcy cvalrarc,Drnkcdccisions, and nrike iLrdgnrenrsi will rhcf be ablero analyze, be ableto desigD, imagine.or crcatc? 2. Comparc.1sporlor g.nrc thar is polLrlarin lhis connlrywilh oDclhil i\ fopular lD your counlry. you know. Why are thcy (lillcrurL/ L Comfarcthc foodsof lwo couDlrics 4. Comparcan Amcricancar wilh onc lrom anoLhcr.oLrnlry.Coulidcrlhcif fowcr, rcliabiliry,comlbrr, cosr,appcarancc.aD(lra,orklltan\hlp.
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Comparing is rare, bur it is stable.Tririum, on the other hand, is radioaclivcand can only bc found in traceson the earth. However, il can be manufacturcdby bombarcling lithium with neutrons,although this method makcs ir morc cxpcnsivcthan dclr tedum. Th€ first paragraphusesMefiod I. Analogdatais describedfirsl and digilal dala second, The secondparagraphusesMefiod 2. The two itcmsare comparcdcharactcristic by characteristic: firstlor fusibility,ften for stability,and finally forcost.Frcqucntly, a combinationof Methods I and 2 are used.
TransitionWords In all writing,it is very imponantlo showhow thc idcasarc relatcd.Words that clarifytheserelationships arc calledlransilionwords.Transitionwordslhal are usedto showcontrastindudealthoqh,brt, however, in cantrast, an theothcr hdkd,evenrhough.nevethelest. a thecontrdry,vet.in spiteoI a]tl dfspit?.Orhel inih; samet ay,n;reover,;iiJtnhtrrransillonword; su.h astimitarty,likewise. more,andbesides exDress rhe comDarison o[ Iikc ilcm9. witlng
d Pdragraph of Compdison
Writea paragraph of comparisou oD one of lhc Discussion Points.Bcllinwilh a topicsentence tha! statcsfie maiDidca.Thendcvclopthc rcslof rhc paragraph to supponthe mainidea,usingMcrhodI or Melhod2 dcs(ribcdabovc,
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16 Causcand Eflecl Short Readiflg Lrclowlo (iiscovcfwhal caLrstsr'rslo sct diflcrcnl (olors Rcadthc Passag€ The Nature of Color grnss Why is th( sky bluc nnd (hc grasslrcen?Why isrrl thc \ky green'rnLlth( wav bhrc?arcl why is a nrserctl inncadof |urplc? whal wc sccns colof is lhc our bfanrsrcspondlo lhc differcnl rvavclcngthsoi light (lifiercrrl L{thl is a fo n of cleclromailnic encqly thaLlravcls vcry quickly on which wc se( as difltrenl col(rrsFor cxarr|rc' n of wavclcn8ths, frcrtLicncics, us 1()tce vi()lelA w'velcrrgthol 660 wavelcnglhr)l 400 rran(N(lcrs(nm) caLrscs by drc nrixingol w'vclcrrilLh\' is in(lLrced us to scererl ThecolorLrrowlr nn, causcs ''vc_ Lrycilhtr ils own wavclcnllhof a rrixlrrrcol lht \ Ycllowcan bc prortucctl arrd oxygcrl ol nrolc(lrlcs t.''tgtttsto rcd'unAgrccr. olrf sk) l(x)ksi)luc bccnLrse (olor' than nny olhcr iu thc air sialtcrn()rc Lrhrcwavclcrrglhs niLiogcrr
red oran9e gleen Dlue lndlgo
prlsm of all colors sir Isnnc lionr a mixing of thc wavclcDgtlls whitc lighl rcsLrlts a passccl tllrough Slnssprism'lhc $'hilc thal whcn sunliShl Ncwt
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18 cause and Effect white light rcsultston a mixi g oI the wavelengthsol all colod. . . . Tlle bca of whhe sunlight splallercinto a tainbow oI ulors (Sometimeslhere is a correlati{mbclweentwo evcnls that is, ollc cvcnl the other, 'vhcrhcr or nor thcrc is a causalconnccli()lralwaysaccompanies
a mixture of the white light --+ _--wavelengtbs of all colors Se tence Pattens
ft**" I l'..',1'c ln I
A mixinsor.ll wavelenstlsI il"^li,'"j. I a whheliBhr. . Lrnduces J fcauscdby I lduero I
whhe lighl is { lnduc€d by
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I a resultof I by,, Lproduced
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all the wavelengthsare mixed, a whilc lighl is produccd
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aremlx€d A while light ts producedlwhen I all fte wavelengths LAS
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Note:SoneoI theaboveareakopredktior akdcanbe.x\ersedwith thetuturetente.Fot exampk,"$ all thewaveleltht arenixed,a white u,ill beditcttttedfurthet in Chapter light wi baproduced."(Ptedictio,ls 12.)
'Causeard Effect Thc Roman oralor Ciccro wrole, "Thc causcsof Identryittg eve.rti'ure-eue.Inorc interestinglhar thc cvcnls thcmsclves" In cach of lhc following sentenccs,underlinc lhe causconce and lhc cffe€llwicc. l. When copperjs hcatedto 1083' C, il mclls. 2. changesoccur in planB \,r'henlhey absorbencrgyfrom fte sun.
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't
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40 Causeand El{cct by purLingil li a ,1ain.ldt^e,whik thc lcssimporLanL i(tc.r.r|l)c.rt in thr rutiol diraLe0r sc.ondaryclausr: Human beings cannot live on the moon b€cause there is no air or water there. ThcnranrclaLrseofrhi\scnrencc,/?rrr.?rrrirtlr,tr1a1li4rntl]t.tilon,i\i1.lttd1.l.n whichnleansfiat il cansranLl aloncas. scntcncc. Thc\ccondary, or lcssinrponanl. idea (l,efrirrcthereh no dir nt vttrttt 0n thc r?00r) is cxprc.jscdin Lhcrrl{,1/rr'rn rvhich)s Llqa dent/.n].rht: f/.1l]s!,, mainclau\e.It caDnorstanLl irloncas. scnlencc ir docsnor cxpfcssa conUletclhoughlb) itself. l)cc.lLric Nolicethal the word ,..,rrr..rl,i a\ . corrucc()fbclrvcculhc nrcauili.t\ol lhc Iwo clauses. Thc connc(lingword alirilysinlrodLrccs lhc rubor(linalc of lessinrNotc clr(lsc. nlso lhal lhc.lauses nray bc fevcrscd. ll is cqu,rll) .orel:l to l)oiarrL say, E.rdrrc lr.fd ,s /rddir or wntr lhcrr, hLtn.1t1 btitl!$ antlnotlit r/] //r(,,/&1/r,Now thc subordin.lccl;lusc.1])l)c.1rs bcli)reLhcurainclaLrsc. And, ihhoLrghrhr rvoftl l]&rrrrris rx)l localcdbctwccrlhc claLrscs, iLslillnc(\asn conncrtorsinccit rclaL!s lhc nrcir|ring ol orrclo lhc olhcr.
Recog1|izil1ll Subordifiatior. h c.rh ol lhc lollowiLrg \crrtcncc\, i(lcnlilylhc rrrnin clnLrse bf dclcrnrinin!which clnLrse conLnius thc cc|rlfrli(1c..lJn(lc ir)clhc rnairl clausconccand thc colrnccling wo(l LhnLlink\ lhc rlau\c\ 1wiac, I , No oDcwas killc(ibccausc thc ivalanchcoccLrrrc(l al r)ieh(. 2. Whcn silicorris addcdlo ifoo, r f o r ) L l c c o n t c Jr ' L L sr ct s r s l a D t 3 . Evcnwhcn hcatcdll) I000" c, w a l c r w i l l n o l ( l o c { ) r l l ) o s c , 4 . T h c g a s D r c s n r f ci n c f e . s c ( lL ) t c a L r \Lch ev o l u m c ( l c c r c a s r ( l . 5 . W h c n c o | r ] c t so r [ ] c l c o r s c o l l i ( l c r lw i t h l h c c a r t h , t h c c a l r , \ r r . r g r ) c t i Ll i c l ( l nl.y hilvc bcen rcvcrscd 6 . A ! t h c l c m p c r a t u r ei n c r c . s e s ,l h c r a L co l n c h c n r i c . l r c a c t i o ni n c r c a \ c s . 7 . N c o n g i v c s o f f l i g h r n , h c n . n c l c c L r i cc l r r r c n t i s p . \ \ c i l L h r ) U g hi l . 8 I i c i r ( r r rd i o x i d c i s c o o l c d L o
7 9 " C . i Lc o n d c n l c \ r l i r c r l l y t o . \ t ) l i d .
Usi g Suborcliation. Iu cach()1lhc ii)llolvirrg cx.rnrIlcs, rombinf (hcts() (l.Lrsrs inlo one lcnLencc so that oDc idca is \Lrborclilr.lc lo thc othcr.YorLwill ncc(l(o add a connectins worrl nrch al r1,/,.,r. if. ds,be t$t. ot lr thtit. r l l c f c L r r yi s h c . : l l c dr o
,/rP/4
18.9'c
ot lec.lzl la -lS
9'
e IJ
rLIr rcqt lllr,'!()rrl')l(lrrruxrroC litrUL'aru str luru[lu.lJp ! lr]JJsn iq Uilto u!:) u.io sl.rP(l rqt irurMou)t( st(x)rpUUsrxLlrr(l ltlt ro 1..r9 ruorjillrprl tsprl P.ro^'l rI pi)lllrotrrc sProMqsrliluSPrsnIIuorL[Uo)llp jo JluqUrqr Jro!\]) qtoq ro.loor rql Mo or qrrqM'srxrtlnsro'x)oi )qt irol)q r(ror rlrrq'\'l,srxrJrr(l L lllro) o\lp sP.k)M,{LrPtt upd urDUrrr sl Lt)lltM'r(x)rr] rLrorjpru r)t sr pro^{rlsrl:jrrg uy
6u1p11ng tuo1nqmo1 S'ITI>ISDNI(IVgII
a,{iJrruilo.surl.r rqt.lo t))}Jrrrlt roM llqM .i urltpos}0 spuoqrqt iirrl\crrq.tol)rllr iqr spMluqM ./ a.prxorp,.{LI .9 astrllrdrqr nu|l.tl]s Io D.rlr iLlr srr\ l0qA\ arJloM Lrlsl)llr(lrprxorplq utntpos lt Ilurltn{ljo DrJtr )tprp Ultrr,)q]su.{ lr](lA,\'E aisu ot JituMiql Jo)rrrlor huit Jqi pisnur lu(l^,\'t rql l)isr1u)lcllM € z^nrrrr)Jor\LrJl).r auortroiri(lt dn p.p)rds,{lt^|l)uroqM Z rurlrporiql pisnLl:) tLnlM I a(ln:,iuirqot )prxorp,{(l 'i\1,1ol .rilL,Mi)ll1 i)rnl!,ri(RIil '1111;)rl Io lt iJulsnu) jo f o() iltr ri lo isl))lrr J].lt! p l[srr spuo(]rso(ltIo ilul]lu.i(l)rl.L.rptxoip,{rl
. . n , f . \ r " \ r t i r t t c . i r r i , , f . . r ( ,ut . t i . , . ! i r ^. r r . r U .\1r . l . r i r I tl c q l t \ . . r . . J ,.1 r l t i . \ r l t ') o Z Z i ( l o r r p u n o t p u L i r o i j u J i l u ^ r ) r | J o i l n l u . r i ( i u t ) t ) q l l ) i j n s u J l L ts t ! t i l ) | l l i t l l ' p i ^ l o s s r p l l u ) . r i ) ^ {i r L l t u ) r t M . s u o r i p r x o . r p , 4 rpl U U( u n l p o so l u t I p J r q o t ! U i ( l l n _ u r \ n u ) ' s l i l l ) ( 1r r l l p i l . t l t s , { r q t , U o l l ) p i r i r l l ( t n p i ) ( { r o l . r r l 0 M . ) q t o t ) p r x o j p . { r l r u n r p o sl o s l r l J i ( r p r p p u r r q l L r ) L I l . ) o a , t r q o l . t r t p M r q t J i ) r j n t ! . r r ( i ! ! r I ) r l l p l r n o l i ) l l - L l r I D J q u o l L t rl r t u ^ { i ! r ( ) s l n d \ t u ) p n l s r t l s [ U r q ) , , { j o l p l o q u Ju r r l IrIEN:l (I:ltol\ M o o J l E q l ruonsinb)Ltt.ri,uru0u)ql puc )rriLrrurdxi uD ollol rql ppru 'Ltdbr6orDd D ut tlaJJg puD asno) 6ula! 6Dad t()uonilll]srl n"Ur^
p qnrrrlll \iluor)q uosrr(l p :DrjJr uoqs oor sr llDq),{iuc.ro urlll oot sr nrrl p :Jsnr:) lrltM
l
l l J ^ l ( ) s s t ps t p l r D L r c
p i r L u o Jr . r u s u o r u r r t l r l o u r e I o s D r u ) i ) ^ D A l ) r ' n o sD prDrq sr otl)r UL' riiruro plrp '^{o r,{ 'prr urnl s)^!.t s)lul)lrrr\rp II,{qdoft)lq) L u u l r ) u ^p L I l n t l s s r l l J q r J pr0rrl Jq uDr punos ou
It
:a! pj
:l)rJJr :)s'Ir) :trilj, I :l).)ltr :i)sllur :isn3l :lr)il;) . Z
r)tjt3 puP rsnP:)
+:
Causeand Effect prcfixcsun-, in , fu , dk- and i/ makc a word ncgalive will tcll yolr lhal rrt,f!diJ..rr''l' i,rposJirfuncans not polsibk ina(ttrttta ntcans ,?drd.'rr,rld, neans nrr ,?dcsrrd/y, a\1di olti.almcanstDl 1oilic.r/ iliconnededmeans ot cantle.te!1, A worll of caution is rrccded.howcvcr, for you c.rDrrolrely conrl)lctclyon nrch clucslo determirrcmeaning Englirh ls a laDgrragcthal has cvolvcclarrd changcd words from many langu.gcs.Thc clucscan sonrctirnes over many ycars,absorbil1g be nislcading. For cxample,lldtltnabk .lnd irr4dl rrar1.'have thc sarDcnleaninlll They both refer to $mclhirg thal can cnsily(alch Ilrc- (Theanl(n)ynris ,drllr'"'Thcrcforc,you lnun always scc if Lhc nrcnning(hnl you dhleot tninJlammable.l gucssedfits lhc way the wod is usedin lhc sc|lcncc. Prefixes:hypet, htlpo-,Posf-,r r-. SlLrdylhe f(tlowing lin of prullxcsand Lh(rr lnal(h lhe tenns al thc lefl bcbw wilh Lhcir nlcanirrilsal lhc rilhl. You will nol Iisled. useall thc mearriuSs hypet-; over, above,beyond the norm, hypertefisit,tr= high blood pressure ,ypo-: under, beneath, less than the norm; hlpolensitttl = low blood pressurc postr after; postglaaial= after the glacial period sub-i wder; submatine = a ship used under watcr L hypolhcrn)ia
a, p!ll ul)(lefwalcr
2. hyporcxic L hypoa(idic
c. subnofinalLxxlyLctuPeraturc
4. hypcwcr)tilali(D
d. bcrrcalhlhc bol(nr ol thc sca
t, hypcrsonic
c, lcssacidic
excclsivcbrcalhirg 8, submcfgc
h . hi!hly poisonous i . fasterthin thc sl)ccdol sound
t . .illcr rhc o|craln)r k aftcr(icarh
:
pJr;) q c)s -1I)Jcsiuul(l oql dotplrpl p.itrrr!.rrro.i o ..Jr^^stroJJrIIV ' n l -(roqt a)s ur.'raM os \lJilqo
srii0lLri'u )lqlst^Uls.,/y'rt x/ i(I0)sojJltu v ' { l
prnuctp prilrPluJ u 'lL'll(lsoq,{rUDiiriuo ulr\()t|1.prtu.ta{sut1.t) ste?"\ Sulpllnqplo irll
'zl
IU Ur().u^Ui q ss;t)ol(l .P 'slJ^0llpullosll)lLl^{Llnnolrlt 4r,p.r Jqt sl llv I I c
lP)rIri|1 'uoll).)rrP,)J' rr/.r/ rqt ur t(ri^'\ JJAllpJrll
0l
npl(l u It)()l 1l '.litc,MJqt rll pit)rul)r su^/risnoq rLlt J
rnPrl^\ooI! nrrllri)J e -turlqorcl )qt l() UorNIos! ot pil ,orrl/lrrr srq ,uortp$.ror(lrou pprl I rliirrollltv z \l).lli q urSuo '.r.1,,os rLIl pLrrror sr ru)lqor(r e r^los ot ^P,1 lsrq.qlO .l
'srtrurtlr)srsi\r q)e) prsn pro^,r or sr sc przp{Dt! rr .ql.jo ijurrrprur Jo )LIr s)LI)rerrrtsrll tpllt .rrMsLrE )qt .to r.nrl rqt it}rl tr.arrot) ut troltlqnoA {t
lrtJJ3 pue rsnPtr
44 Causeand Eflect Scanhing qLrcsliorrs, 10spccilic malerialforthc alrswcrs when you needlo sear{hLcchnical wofLl wilhoul rcading cvcrv you will r'vant1o locale drc parlic!lar inlormalior youf rurr fapidly passagc. To scan lct cyc\ by s.drriri the Thisc.n be accomplishcd down ihc pagc and lmk for thc kcy or inlporlanl words lhil yoLrare scrkjrrg Ther Iind lhc answcrsby sc;lnningthe Rcadthc lbllowirlglhree qucslions. il all in firec mirrlrlcs. Fassagctbr rlle key words. Try lo do 1 Whal is lhc st)ccdof light2 (key wordsi a LlrgeDunlbci the wavc Lhcoryoi lighl?(key wo|ds:a pft)fernirnx lrilh 2. who oriSinaled (apilalletters) L What is silvcr brcmide usedfor? (kcy words: silvcr tn'{nni(lc)
Readi g Relecting o
Light
lllc worldconrcsto usthroughotrrabili(y() "sf!r" Moslof whal wc krrowaL)out Bul how (lo we sce: Si!lhli\ an(loLIrntia()s(opes, with our eycs,olrr tcicscopcs, dlat fcachcso(rl.lio, our cyes.lnslcadil is thc lighl lhil lf.vcls rd not sonlcLhirlg our eycs.YoLrscelhis ltagc,lor cxitndc, bccauscliliht,fcflcctillgl|1)ll]thc srlnol ao clcflriclight,travelslionr lhc l)nfcr to yoLlrcycs
\iJ
,,Q'
^, lllliltltl t;.'i;lll il:tiifl,l;:t;:;Hliti u:t'iJi' ;jl:,llj,ltlti :,lt::l
j,""'Ifi i,:i:i*illili: ri:,:x#i$iiij:$fi, li,ilr'# ;*t# ;
lllll,llll::r;jiliij-!;l'liiti,^'ir_i"li,i"l,,ilt,*llfll ll,iii;';li:1,i, ,l::'1.::,il:,,tii1,,'i:'iiill,il,,i:;i f.iltiliilinlr:ii.. i;ji;ir; '3Ce|ln9 qOnol ego 6ullcauer
u6n
'oceJlns qpourS
ero 6uncauar lq6r'r
.suolDJJ!p,{uurrr ul
';,ilit;ffirii:,il jii:,,, ffi iluriiiriill''.ii ,j#ji:ir.: ,:tii iut:mn;jll ill**ill":i,; ;ilidjilll;-l:iii[.,:;ilt,i:1,';trfi
;:Tll't :;ii'lll,iilr1;,lilillli"l',l i iLllll,,.,l ;lll;llHll*;i;,nm:r
,LuJtll,is louuo) lrq JIB,r,r r:;o lpls tcqto cqt uo llrlolxl -rpJque) iM .rrclt) lp &i.!J rrr tJ.1ullsr,
j:,,rui:n:.,::l1lln!:;:li'r,*r'ili* ii"{+' :ll1:]-s.p-trredjo
srstsrnr^llenlJelqil{ Lor0prln"n srq 11i^*el^I.",un1qrltrur5
i,ii,rui,'::,Ili* :lufili:ily,,:;1,{; ili:frll ,l;::lln;n:r,;;ill;;
,#frilt,rl:,i#diT Ii[i]i :i:iiii:il::.]:,"1,,?,[i:ililff :#
ilfiill.i"*,1 ^,:1,:i::",gsl'?j;,,:,ij r,l[::i )iriii:,-:iiiiii:l:lti
rqr Lr derllerrsp u.rq,^Eqrrn* n,p"ri. qgiq,,l.,ir^"rirq:n," Jououtnnq
'Ii,,?i:'.;';,:"'1,:iJ::11i"li:,:ilT,i:ll i:Jl,i:*,,]lli,:l'i1",:l;::i, st
IDJJg puP asnPi
46 Causeand Eflect
Light rays changedirectlonin water.
bll|n a h(tc in il. ll js (his ligh( cn(ryy liorr Lh( sLrn(hal w.lrrlrs(hc c.lflh an(l gctIightcncrgy(lifcctlylr)nr thc slrrr.Aninrirls Logrow.Plarrls livirg rhirrgs enablcs gcl ir lionl rhc plarllstheycal.
nlr'rslrlrakccvcryclli) lo lrc l)rcciscl)y rcn(lrrrl Making Inferences.A scicrrlist accuf.lcly lrla(ctr|nl(irr' and o6scrvirrfcarcftrllyarrdnrc;rsurrg .rxl rccor(lirrg jllcorfccl whclhfr cachol lllc li)llo\1'jllg Irl(licirlc conclusions. carrfcsultin Ii)flDaliorr in thc l)nssagc (S), l)y olhcr irrli)rnrnlion irl llrc Passagc inrPlic(l is slaLc(j slatcurcr\ls rslfuc whclhcl lhc slrlcnlcrrl (/),or rrcilhcrsL.lc(lDorimplic(l{N) l)o,tutin(licale
s
l. Thc rpccd01lighl is 186,000nilcs l)cl rccorl(l 2 . Lighrtravclsslowerlhn)ughgl.sslllan lhl'(nrllhnir' 3 . Lighttravelslirslcrlhan nrtrnd lighl. 4 . MoonlighLis rcfleclc(l w n l e r l h i D ( ) L r n ( id o c s 5 . L i g h t l r a v e l sf i r n c r l h l 1 ) L r g h 6 . S c i c n l i n s( l i l l r o t i l l w a y s k r o l v l h a l l i g h l l r a v e l s 1 . Lighl lfavcl\ iu thc sime lvay ns v)Lrn(l 8 . J-ighl lravcls al diffcrcrrt sl)eedsirr cliffcrcnt \rrhsril(.cs Solrxl wavcsdo Dol travcl irr (rnisht lincs
1 0 . Mosl ol lhc v)Lurd ivc hear is rclleclc(i
patuJ^Jid
e
'Jurtuur.puc rJp rJd,'rdLUr \9 pJJput \p^ qtlcrq ruod \rH \ ,bqPnb D
'leluter p /lrual1br.J qtstqe ,{q przleDereqr p sitclult) Iprtdor.l -t ssrulPr,M q qliturrls E 's^pr s,unsrqt Jo,llrrrrlr4 eqt tuo{ SJIJ lno Ditord sJsselSuns.t 's,rrJltrnuql ,p/rl rJqSlLIp JAeqsJ]m^ s,Ltiuro^ ,lelJuJS .z uI luiulr^olu fO srslou .p 'roolJtLIt Lrr ,r ll pord lllM i'lrulqreu] ^^eiH I liil uLr)rloA tet:nsuo'iL1q!^ 'sr)LlJtuJsi)scrllJorl)Ba Lll pcsn s!I slr pro,4 pczlJllull rqt Jo SuJuecuj aql siq Llruts)q tPqt tr^\sup rqt .jo rrllrl rllt alJrl) $rrroJ u! [Jt4nqDxoA
STlI}IS 9NIN!IISI'T
jrl(k)rd ri^ilJ iri^ rq tsnur stslturlrs El '^8riuo rliq ()1prllr^roa iq Lt!) ifirlrr lqiJlt .tl 'iiipllrl pisrr^rl r?st))[Jrr .()r.rl(r ruu V €l 'Joo lur,rullsupll p uuql nlilll ilol! stDurr l)rlqo Jul)cdooV Zl 'Diqrosqe sl iJulpllnqlr,o.Joorult iql uo iltrlllujllltlrltnsrlll.Jotsot\l Il
It
rlijjf
puP.lsneJ
48 Causeand Effecl is impossiblr fof Lrslo conrt)rchcnd. 6. Becausc Lhcdr?plilrA!, ofthc Lrnivcrsc wc nrayneverkDow ho*,extcnsivci1 is. a, largcness Dilfcrent wavck'ugths p(xlLrcc vdf,d/rdrr in colort. b. diffcrcnccs a. slylci 8 . T h e l d , r co l . r \ i o l i r i s N . l l l . l a n L tr i i h .
a. soundqualily
b. picc
'). To pracricccnrcrycncypfoccclLrre,i, \1,csrrrldr!'d nn iclrr.l cn]1hquilc a. obscrvcd
b. irnilared
1 0 . TiDy daorljtla dcvi(cs arc 11s('d lo ii(l hcadng b. sNrd a. visual l t . (innpurc|s can bc f,'o.rr.rrrrrd lo prcccssand analyzeall l(illds ol (1.1.. .. dcsigned b. dcslrcvc(l was sLrsfcndcd fof lhc,/rri?/i(,/7 ol lhc r,.r. 1 2 . All lhcorclic.lrcscnrch Lr.benclrl a. Ptriod Note-Takihg WhcrrlnkingnotcsdLrringa lectulc,alwaysloc(l$on lhc nlaini(lcas,l, nclrillg in i rcndir)l.l for thc nrain poirnsis likc l(x)kiuglbr thc ()t)ic\crrlcrrccs 1)ir\\ng(', cluc\ lo l\cltrfor.r. :lllhoughil is nrorcdilticukl)((.Uscyou (lo not havcfara8lrl])h ()1lhc lccL!Lfc. ideasor couclusront YoLllhus musrlistcnli)r thc gcrrcral yoLr will leclurc hnvc nn idcnol whal il iJ Filnl oLrlLhcbpic or titlc of the so goinglo covcralrdwhal yori needlo li5lcr)li)f. Son\clinlcs thc Jl)calicf\l.lcs lhc wfjlc\ irrr_ Orc.sionilly;r sl)cnker al llrc bc!inrlingof thc preseDt.li()n. objeclives l:irrnlly. porlaDlpoirlson a chalkboar(i lhcnr ou . sli(l( or lfirrrs|nrcncy. or displays points cnd. lhc Drain oJ lhc lcclufc.rl thc rhc spcakcrmay srinnnrizc ()1Soun(]."Il1,1owrjlc (low'r Takcnolcsasyolr lisrento lhc Icctufc"Thc MLrsic youf noles to lhc ncxl cxcr!itc. main idcas.'Ihcn usc conDlclc all the uhderclanditlg the Lecture. ljsc your r()1r'! 10 (lctcnriuc whclhcr c.ch ()l lhc i,i lruc (1) or falsc(F) icco in8 l(r lhc letlLrrc. followingstarcnrcDrs
T
l.
soundis prodLrced by air vibtatior\.
2 . Soundr\'avcslnovein only o|c direction. L A bell rlmg in a vacuumwill lror producen sounti. and seDdrrc\\.rgcs10 4 . Wc hcaf soundwbcn our car drum\ viL)ralc
arJI rnol uo .r.rnduor ,ql Jo slJ.llt )qr e leLIA4 8 Z ZrSeuoqsItnJ uJo slr4j) tlqlssod rLLIosrrP leLIA^'9 auo|elndod pFo,^^Jo uors edxr prnultLlor nJo slrqjr.lq!\sotl rtll.rP IDLIM Zrrueld roqloue Lro{!lJo fu.^orslp iqr Jo quPr uo slJ)lli )ql rq lqilllu lPqM E ziJgds otln lJ^prl o1 ttiulo^'\ pLIutJrrl sisnPJlpq^A t auollsroldxJoJPdsJo slJ.lJJJtll.lo iolos Jlp IeqM € Z,{Soloutprttu.polu Jo slruJ, llluucq iql Jo rtuos E lutl^ Z ZlrnlLr)J slql ul rJtlJlrs u! sDuB^pele)lilolouqJil aqlJo tlrtlrc lr-'ljlliluiq tql Jo tl(ros !)lP l!\lM l
srNlod Nolssntslc
((rr
l-
z
p 1 'srtsodur()JiJeld
,{ePtlrc III^^sr)llldluoJ
'zI
'ount rlFo^eJ rnoi ,{pldot p)uurpriSoldJq ueJ rtlnduoJ V ' I t 'J)!o^ u0onrq p rleJnollsol alqPJq rJ^JLIlll^Alilndulo) V ' 0 I 'soorlPrql suolleulqltnJ iuJrrJJIpsJ)r'rpoid Jo q)e, Jsne)oqlJulrPlr e uo{l luilaJJlpsptrnosrPuntsY lLrJLunrlsul 'JPnllldLLIE '8 s1!sp ol prrr4tr s! 8u!,{rpr s! r^eM pullos E ,L3IJUJ.lolLInouEJql 'i)uo llrtus e ucql punosrrpnol e s.rnpord lu p aSrEIV 'st^P.t{pmros rzls rq} ,{q pJururltlip sl tl)lld '9 Jo 'punori3;ql q8norqt uPql rlP rql qinorql r)lsPJslr^Prl plrnos - ! 6t
lrJJJll pu! rsnq)
50 Causeand Effecl WRITING SKILLS Patter s of Organizdl[ot1 choosca logicil or(lcr10 l)rc\cnlyolrr itlon'rirlion!) Whcn wriling n tJntrcr, thal oDeidca lc.ds lo nnothcr.You nrighlorgnnizc-voLrr |nptf.rc.o(ling () onc of lhc li'lk)wirlgconcctls: L Tirnclchfonok)gy) t() thc rrfcrrlcl_ a. For cxn1nfl(,inovcJfourthc iuiliirlcjlcclsoJ(orrrl)LLicrs t , L r \ l l l . t \ A \ i l ' l \ ' l L , r ' f' |t f t . 2. Spacc nl horncto lhcfllc(ls al a. For examplc,nlovcfionr 1hccllcctsol coml)Lrlcrs yolr schoollo lhc clltcli n1i work pli(c \rr.h as n storc,b,rnk,()r ajrLint officc 3. Lollic a. Movc lrcnr rhc gcncrallo thc spcciiic i. lor cx.rrrplc,nrovc1R)llrthc effcclsol (on]rulcfs(nr thc wofl(tin gcrr_ on onc |crsorl crnl ro lhc \pccilicclli'cLs b. Movc fron lhc llxlili( Lothc gcncral(the revcfsc(t lhc fl)ovc) i . F ( nc x a n r p l cr l.o v c l r l r n lrh c s l ) c ( i l ic(1 1 c (ol \i a l u c ls h o . 1 l l c o r r o r ) c pcrsolr() the gcncralcllc(Lsorr llrc world c, Movc hom lhc sinrl)lclo thc (onrplcx(lrevcrLhefcvcfscl) i. For cxanulc,ux)vcJionrlhc (lirr(1cllcclsol conr|ulcfslo lhc irxlifccl or sccoDd.1ry cllcds Rcid lhc pnfagra|hbclow .rr(l dclc ninc which ol lhc alrovc|rnllcrrr|ol of_ gar)ization is uscd: lrr 195,1a hyd()genbolnb was lcslc(lal Ilikini. Thc cxl)lo\iorrIrxlLr.c(l lhc ol Paci[icislanris, arrrlalsoscallcfe(l lall-oul on a rlur)rlJ('f cxIccrcdradio-.1clivc radio-.(livcnrnlcfinls of s(lu.fclnilcs.As n r('\ull,(iarrgcfolrJ dclifisovcrthousands c.rlcrl ol lhe scaithcscr'r,crc apfrarcdir rhf sorallplnnl\which livc i|r lhc surl,rcc notal)lylhc lrrrr.rli\h by sln.ll irrirrrals which iu lunr wcrc c.tcrrl)y largcf.r inr.Ls, ('i .Lll)a'rcsc which arc aD inlln)flanl.11iclc()1(licl iu .Iapiu. llcncc a nlr|nL)cr iDgcnrdquirnlilics ol fndio-iclivclbod. S . A . B . l l r c r 1 ,T l t t l l t u I d n S l l t . i c ! : ^ n i r l o ! ] v/ . f l 4 n n ( H i r r | c r 6 R o r , 1 9 7 1 ) 1] 108 I n l h i s p a r a g r a p h l,h c c l l c c l so { a h y d f t ) g c ub o D l b1 c d , r c ( l c s c r i b c (i ln c h 1 1 ) r r o k ) g i c a l o r d c r b e c a u s ci l i s a c h a i n r c . c r i o n , l h a l i ! , e a c h c l l c c l i r r l r r n r L r c c o m c l\h e c . u s c o f a n o r h c f .T h c s e e l l e d s a f c i D t r x l u ( c d w i l h l h c w o r d \ t r o d r . e ? . d r d / . x r 1 r ,i D d ,r.rcr. Olher words rhar calr inlroducc clf€ds iDc]Lr\(lc.t1lcd, hldr.td,.anstitLmtlt, thrs, aI'd theftfore. Transitiou word! thal inlroduce c.uscs i clrrde ls .?rr..i |ry, r prokEd br, i! indtlc.d b!, happdls btcatse, and rr ,7,,ero.
'!(leiiiBrpd )ql ol lnrl ol nreM no,{ tlutqrtur^) rpnlrlrr()l qlinorrrpporqst lpqrirurllrrs r!(ftnc qrrMupts .r)dpdIIt tnoqilnorLll Irrrlsrsuorrq nrq':Idot rnoinJr tsrq In)^,tol sllrrrs (rrllolro ,):rp(ls, L I) LmoDzrupij -roJo ur)lrcdr.^rll{l,M rsn snr()dL()tssnrsl(rrll.io Jlro tnoqurlrrM ro pFo,M rllo,{ Lrosl)Jll) slr ln(\P rlr.lM l)lrL'rronu)^L ro ,{ri^oJsrp.lulnlrrrsruo )smq:)
trtl.JT put )snDJ lo r4riDt6tupd tt 6u!UM Ig
IIaJJE puP rsnP:)
chapter 4
Hlryothesizing Motion and Gravity
INTRODUCTION When a scientistdiscovcrsa rclalionshipthat scemsto hold lruc wilhout exception, he or she formlllatcs a hjpathctis,A hypolhcsis is a rcnLativeor temporarysolutionto a scientificproblcmor an cxplanationfor why somelhing happens.Ahhough a hypothesisusuallydevclopsfrom the intuiLionof thc scientist,it is basedon obseryations or facts.For cxamDlc,CharlrsDarwin's hypothesisaboutevolutioncame10him whilc hc was riding in a carriage(hc wrote///I canrcmcmbertheveryspotin thc road"),bul Lhcideawas the prcducl of many yearsof studyand experimen(alion. A hypothesis does not always prove 1o be corrccl, and it may have to be rejecled allogether or at least reviscd. Progrcss involves conlinually refining hypotheses as new informationcomes1()lighl. For cxample,sinceno one has everseenthe structurcof an atom,scienlislscontinuallyrcvisethcir hypolhesis aboutwhat it lookslikc. As evidenceis gathcrcdto suppon a hypolhesisand i! bccomesaccepred in the scientific world, it is referred to as a llreory(lbr cxamplc, rhc rheory of relativity).When a theory cxplainsor unifies a grca! dcal ol inlbrmatirnr,il becomesknown as a pritltiple,ot ilduttdl ldtyltor example,Archimedcs' principle of waler displacementor the law of graviry).
rls oqt Luo4 aruetslstrJJoUJqtlM stDr! 1l csnltiq,,ilLro ruots e uuqr {lMols rrou lleJ lllM sser8Jo rpplq V Duplslsrr rle It lullorslp nol JI 'scrPr Icnb, rP IleJsc!poqllP lEql prulnurlrp l Slsrqtod,{qs,rllotslrv tul^ordslc 'srllls rqt p)pro)rr puB rrl8lrq B urorJslqSla,MsnolrP^paddorp,H slue(ulli)d -xr rltlM turqt 8ullJlri^ lnoqtlM sgrpl tdo)J9 ot tuctuoJ tou seM orlllPD priiurl lpll) iJ'.M riJrlFq piqsllqPtsr-3uolasaqlleql soogl iulr rqt lllun lou sP.Mll 'uollP^Jrsqo lPruroJu!pLlB)!8oJqll^4 llrJtslsuoJnJoM^aqt asneJ.rq$9r.{ pUpsr1()l0 o^^lrql prrdr$e rrr.M sesrqrodlqs,rFolslrv uollotrl ul Drlqo ue d'')i o] Iisss.)iLr sl ))loJ s puBtsarte rq ot sl DofqouEJoJtetsIprnleucql lpql paztsrqtod,{q iH ls.1.r(4 irruP) uirqt PUPrlrqM r roJ prllor sIP,4le tl 'l)i\{qo Dqr() rc l)r).r P Pqsncl rq ri^ruiqM luql prN.sqo rH uollour leluozlroqpJrpnlsoslPrllolslrv 'tqSroMrlaqt ol leuoorodordptrds e qtlM llPJ sDafqoleqt puEsDaho lrltll LrEqlDtspJllEJsDalqol^erq lplll prolturatrp alorslrv 'i)JlrilrJdxr {Pp.&c^auo pJsPg pi^altaq${aeJ} tuapuPalll lPq,Msl leql puv DlsPJ slleJalrc$ e tPql JJs uer Juo,{uv a)uols P ro ssPJSloapglq e'r)lsPJsllEJq)rLIM
uoltow ltoqv suoltoNauos 'Lloltoru
lnoqd \rsrqrodiq- s,orlrle) pue s,Jllolsuv pug p P ^ olrq :BPssPdrLIl peru
qutpbavuo4s tE durzrsrqloo^H
54 Hypolhcs;zing C a l i l c o . r l s o( l j s l r ( ) \ c ( l A f i n o r l c ' s h l l r o l I c s i s . t ) o o r h o f i z o n ( . 1r l n ) r i o n .H c r l r n r o n \ n a r c d( h . ( . b o { l yI ) u s l r ( lo n . s r r x ) r h s L r d r c cc o u l ( lg o | D u c hl r h e f t h n n o n c p u s h r c lo n i r o u r h m 1 L r . r . W h u r n l L r L , r i c . rs) lu . h i s r ) i l w . r \ L r s c ( li ,l n r o n n o l o f f c w n s r c q u i r c d { o I ( r ( l ) l h c o l i i c r l i n n r o l i l ) n .H c ( 1 ) r c l u ( 1 c t( hl i r l i l . u o L ) j c t l( l o c \ n o l n r c c l w i r h r c s i n n n c c( l L i c l i o n ) ,i l w i l l c o n r i n u c 1 0 n n ) ! c n L . c o r \ l J f l s | e c d r v c D i l n o l i ) r c ci s . l ) t l i e d H a l f a r ( n t L I y l . t c r , N r w l o r r c x l c r x l c ( lc , r l i l ( r ) ' sj ( l c : r s . r x l l o n t r l i l c ( l . t h c o f y t h n t . r b o d ) , . r r r s r w j l l r ' r r r r a j i 1 ( \ 1 . u ( l n l , ( x l ) i r f i ) o r i o nw i L l r c r r l . i n i n n n ) t i o n L r n l e s ss ( , n r co u l \ i ( l c 1 i ) r ( ci ( l \ ( ) n j l T h i \ l h c o r y i \ v r u n i v c n a l l _ !n c c c l ) l e ( il t i \ r . ( r ( f . . ) . N , . v , . l l r . l s ' , 1| l r i . ' | L
U S I N GE N G I I S H T O H Y P O T H E S I Z T A h y p o t h ( : ' i sl s n t c n l a L i v { lrr r ) l ) o s i L i o nt h i l f c t o l v c s . I r n ) i ) l ( n ro r d n s w c l \ i l . lhcoLvis n ht|othcsjs lh.l is gcn(r.ll)' .(crl)Lc(l Howcvfr. s c i c n l i f i cq L r c s l i o nA l , rvs c (ill r L c r c h i n g c . l ) l - v l h c i \ ( ) r ( 1 sr q , ( t / , . t r ' r. r x i / / ? r ! r ' r ' i 1 (l f c q L L e n L L T h c l o l l o w i n g n f c c x : l n l l ) l r so l h y l l o l h c ! ( s l | 1 ) n rl h c ( i ( t i n g : /?t,ll.tlrct.tl objects fall with a speed proportional to thcir ,1fr.\Ir,rld'J
wci8h1. Thc natural slats of an objcct is ro be at rcst and a forcc is necessary to keep an objcct in motion. lhc h!Polh(sisilsclli\ rl\tafs NoLcrhil allhouglrir rruf nIt)cnrwilhin ir scrrtrrrrc, or. (lllcslLoLl ()1 l|ngnlclrl n scnlcrrrc in the Ji)nn . ror\\l)lclcscnlc|r.r.,,.t
C.i/i/{,.)'r /rBxr.,J.\: All bodies lbll at cqual ratcs. II an object does not meet with resistance,it will continue to movc at a conslant speed even if no force is applied. M o n h y p o l h c s c sn f c s l i r l e dj r r l h c p r e s c r r sl i r l l ) l c l c r r s c . . l l h o t r s h i L i \ l ) o s s i t r l cl t ) h y | o r h c s i z c . r b o L r l\ ( r n r c r h i n gl h n t h i r l ) p c r r c (itr r r h c p . \ r o f w l l l h r I l ) c r r i t h c l i r r L r r cS . o n r r l i r c s n h y l n r l h c s i si \ c x p f c \ \ r ( l i \ i p r c t i j . l i o r r ,L r s i | l gl h e l t r t L L ' lcc n s c w i l h r 1 , / / /T. h c m c n n i n g i s l l r c \ n n r c a s r l l h c f r e \ c r r ( l c r r s c n f f r t r \ ( o . s . y r r U v ) m c l h i n g . l w n y s h n I l ) c r r l 1 \ l h c t . n r c : r s l ) r c d i r l l r r g1 h . r li 1 \ ! i l l h , r I l ) c r r .
'(06t ur olrlsulSurqlv iq plroM iLIl Jo uorlnrllB rLIl ol lqSnorq su^{rdrroor srqt Jturl rlnlosqe ro IE:)rolr pup DPdsrIII 'rttln snql'AIuJrqJlprlu!l oqr ^Jllurpl s!)r)ql 1r^rtDIr.r sr ,Llotloru plft)/ oolDrrlp nDrqJlp e rl )srr^tun rqr lo lled riq()Lre ur iJullr^Brl lroiue e uo pirrnrro rng pilrid(lPq rl iruI rql rrrsribi plno^{ que, )10 uo srsolr:)lrs'.rLlls L()!soldx,LrpJlzt)rrjor s! lrll q)tllM uopuo'l !r! 'N r 00:9 pur-is.lriJuv so'l u! 't{'v oo:0J Lrrql sl lt ,{lll IroI ^4rN u! r1jir00il lc sulScqrlueS llPqlfi! B tsoddlls all sl a!\lll rvHM
rr! ,foiqr ro slsiqlulirl oqr iulpopun
'LldPriluiudilulMoll([ rLIl '4dt,t6b,todv u! slsatlrodtHD 6u!/I!uapl
'lorilsiloll) 'JsDqJ 's8t3 ittqJ olullloJ l)Lto llt-islt"'JLu 'slJultn lr.)Jll Jsllu) lllilllu t^lsstrxS lorilsiJl(xlJ .JoslLrrlotur? 'u,Murqrlrqt ol IEl()luodord tou iril^ $nllrq rllrll isrlr?JJqDlrllx) tluortq tAPq ^errr$ngsoulc 'uJuq Lrptunq rlll olrql r)iirLrlslrlL'rqi^uq sislo(lnxi puu 'sullldl(D 'stlpq^^ 'sllrutJdrJti)uos
q ! / q 0 9
. si)ild.,o suotllltuolu! pipoldxo 'iupol)srJAIrIIl ill] Lr!tultslxJ.4iiiui plr! rilt0or iLlt IIPijltlltlultro) 'll3J p u)qM o,'iu sjrlii uollllq Jllus{I) 8l troqLi oroq slM Dsri ILn iql q 'zz6l tll i.ll!stuil srnloiD tqqv'lr0l)llsor.qlPor UPI:ipg P Iq Prsodoidrs.rlJsr"'M,(rorql illrsg:jlg itll lr g 'rulrlqrrt) iql sl olerq Ir.Joup(l l$:jlel )ql, q 'uluiq rqlJo ipls lrl iL0 Io rrorlrl|lll P rq ()1lq:lnolll sl iilcniiup'l D t 'rniipld rql su qjrrs 'sJstJsrprrlPlr)J lr.),ljtol P)sn rL).n)lsnlu 's)tv Jlpprw iql iiuJrnc q 'ss.lrlti^)lli)].{eturlsntu.josJ(l^lululr):) c ! .
sall)l
llrrr.)t|p lp IIut or srrrlqo srs|!]) rPltl nlDlrLrl)rroJ IFIU E rq ieor )rrql q '0 'srr\lcrj Lrcqlr)lsr+ z IIEJslrou 's.rcts pJPl\3 ,{Ptusprtg ro .{q uouulltllr rlJrl Lll .q r(t uns .ql Lrolrlrfi{ iur Jo 'rrlltolrc01..r.'l(lill() Llrl)rlslPrLr!uu luJuJ^oru s! oollPrSrwY'l Jo luuosP:)s.qr 'srs 0odlq P prr)prsuorrq uur rPqr ro JLtr)rDrrpuror srlt.l -Lrrs.tosrrcdrsillr lo qrDr ur q ro p rlJlrf, saruawdsw sasaqtod[H6uttIt] apl gs SurzrsJqtod,{H
56 Hypolhesizing
o
Ptobability Hypotlrcscs arc oftcDcxpressc(l wilh woftlslhat jndjcalclhcif tclltalivcDa(ufc or unprovcnstatus, Thcscwords.fcvcryintl)orlanl. To say,'lhcrcis lilc otrJLtpilcr', is enrirclydiffercnrfronl sayinil"Lhcrcmay bc lilc on.lLrt)ilcf.,, ln rhc li)llorr'ing lisl, fie Iirsr sentcDcc probibililyrnoslslroully ar(l cach rLrccccdin! cxprcsscs sentcncccxpressesi1 sliglrlly lcssslrcngly, There ls life on Jupiter, There must be life on Jupiter, There is probably life on Jupiter, There may be life on Jupiter. There could be life on Jupiter. Th€re miSht be life on Jupiter. It is unlikely that there is iife on Jupiter. It is impossible for there to be life on Jupiter, There is no life on Jupiter,
Identifyitlg Probabiliry. There arc many ways rLrcxprcssprobabitily.Circle rhe word nr h ord\ thiI lnJ(.Ic prnl'.rL.rlily i e.),tr ,.r lh..c .c,I,cr.,... I Ligh!
1rllravel in wavcs. @ 2 . The accumulalionof carbondioxide ir fic air is bclicvrd lo bc warnin! lhc earth to a clangerouslevel.
'15?1a1put2 2u!utDnat 'llddrat'pttp')ttddr't2tllttqtott tsu)l:)) ahD4r'atD^LtrDat Dluaa"L'pnp0t.13t 'tlltLptar'4ol]14111,1r rpntJut setduexa 'sqD^ Mru uooJ ol sqrr^ qsrl8ull rJtJro ^uEmor p:pppeq,{pu -3t 'AFe:rIutS'lulrtj,,,tu,A o,rBuruErur)r,r^1, = atu + -).t 'eldrupxrroc r!\oui ro,{ sqrr^ rrqunu rqr rsErrlrr ,{ilse^up r/r, SUDJrLL.I Jo x[Jrd rql ]eqr SulMoul tsnf irelnqp)o^ rno,i pupdxa,{llerr8 oslp lnq sp.ro^\,Mru ,{Jlilrcpl oo,{dlcq iluorou IIrMsupd pro^\ral{lo pue saxU dlo.SprlMorrl y
dutntng [.hJfiqoxo\
s'r'rrts DNtqvau
sDlnd!u0)crv I aplro^lrLIl punor! insnpul SLrlzluoltnlo^rj plloM rql Jo Lrollelftkxl .qt st / arler snoDlJlrDp! tp SulsEc.rrlrl zaJcqdsoLutP Jql ol Ir\tLuJurl slrolsoldxr ;)q)st 9 tsJlreJIlllu ruo4lnolleJo^rtJsolpsi Jrlt iiv'g zLllrztJql.lo iJeFnsiqt uo iJul^ouro ijulllrp stLrolr0r()J i)rv t asrlxuleijilulpoldxr /ilturlol^ srusr?nb s)plt s,Ln?r)o iL0 rrv '€ zLlliuiiqtJo uollulor)qt ijLrlMols )rlt rJV 'z aDLrltxrijlrl(uo)rq !ulrlf Lrlsr?puP(l isnol]Lri.rjn,,)qt sl l zqt.IPiino nul(uru,\/r,,I).]JJa '^tol)q sr)uil0rs rlcd luu trlt Jo Jo UrinPd iLIr ilulMollol )q plnor)o'irq t4litu'tq tfu&/'rqtrr&/ t)LItl.rqll.^4sr)Lrilu)s i)tPInturol ,4 0t q.ra^Jrll rltr^ pJsn,{llllrnDi{ E slupor!)s)LIt'nultlil )ulllrilrs ol 'sriqto qrnur E s,{)^uo)rfl?/4lupolu)qJ p/ror puD rLF ueltt,{lllrqeqordjrSuorts 'nlljlut'A:wutsnu slt2poLlr rlltJo rsn Jql qtrM pJssrrdx, )q,{eu ^trlrquqord sqrJ^ ilpolu lprlr sqrr^ ,.terlrxneJo dnoril p arp slppoW tt! qbqordlo slttpovt6ulsn 'nPpol p:IuPrrpun Jo i-ru luql sip^\ ur JlErrr pup ullrsrp ol rlqp.q
rM srrlndruor ',{ e)
orqt
I
nea rrlnl0,{qr rtuos Lrrilllltrprlllor pup ilurpuedxi sr rsrJ^run Jgl trqt rlqrss(xlsr tl Z t , ' . . r . ' ( , . r t r t o r \ r r t D | J . , r l r\ 4 J U .l , s r r c , \ r , n HurplrEdxrrq ot srp:rldprvJ^run .]qf
!
'{retlpJraqsl ilrsiqo lcl0 srsJSSns qrrLjJsar luJrru:) ' b 's.r!lsLro.rt|.ullurLrrr(lstrtprderrq or slsnuJrrsrllros iq lqijno4 rrp srpslnd ' ( t<
Butztsrqrod^H
58 Hypolhesizing I k ) w c v c r , a w . r l l i n g i s r l c c c s s a r yl i r r s L u ( l c n l so l E r r g l i \ hn \ . s r ( o n ( l l n l r s u . l g c ManyEnglishwor(lsLrcgilrwilhlhclelters,fbulrr)llhclrctir,-f.su(h.s:,fn)rrn, rtvolv., rcj(t, reJlc.t,rctin, rdllrjc, rcr.rL'., rdr. tLth,tavrdl, 1.Jir, a,.Ld,-r./rr.dlrllcr(sri D g l y ,i r l r h o u g ht h c r ( . r ( n l a r ) ' v r c h v c r b j , r h e y o l i c n ( o r 1 . 1 i nr h c n r c . n i n g o l . ' 4 n , , o r n r c p e a r c d. c r i o l r , a \ i \ r r u e o l r . r T r ' x , l ] r . 1 i l , f v i d r , 1 . t h ( . r t t t 1 l ,r l r r j t b t t , a n t l
P r e f i x : t r a n s ' . S l L r d yl h t i o l l o w i r l gl ) r c l i x a n d l h c n t o n r l ) l c l ct h c l c n t e n ( c \ t r t l ( ) w u s i r g . d i c l i o n a r yi l n c c e s s d r Y
Ldr?r-: over, across, beyond, through translucenl-allowir'g liSht to pass through l. Metal and woo(l irrc ol)aqtrc;Ijlnssand w a\$ atr t!!1Jg4494!-2 . Marin docsno1spcakEnglish,s o y o t | w i l l h a v ( l o / , ' d l , J lor hcr. I
a bkxxl Thc hosl)ilnlpalicrrtrL'ccilc(l i r l . fidio.r plillcsLhcsiUlralwithout L r s i n ga v a c r l l , l nl ( l b c .
5 . S o L l n di s l , r r l r j
irr w.vcsi il c.tlrlollr.vcl ln()Ll8lr in his 1oanorhcftluivcrsilY
7 . Mrny livcsarc sivcd bY ki(infY lroln orrcpclsoD().rrolhcr' 8 . Light cr)ergycan bc r,d,r.\
vocabularyin corl?xr. Circlcthc lcllcf of lhr nnswcrll].lLbclt nr'llchcslh( word ls it is Lr\ctlin c.ch ol lhcscscrrlenccs' lnca|lirg()1thc ilaliciTcd thal orLrlhcorywa! corrcct rc,r7i../ l Thc rcsullso{ lhe extrcrimcnt n. clispr{)vcd U) Pn'vctt onc hour l() nll(nvlrnrclor qucslrolrs 2. Thc lcssonw.s ,rxl.rrd.? lr' shorlcDcil a. lenglhcnc(i
'JUo slql Lreql.{llPrrHololttlril prrLIr^PPrroru r(l tunru.) rxrlr rLIl lPql ilunsse ol /r,!0/ s! ll 6l IIrM rrcrlPredis D uorleulqurcJ 'q 'Lrr3,{xoplru rrrilorpirlJo srsr4/r,(s rqr iq pilru([ rq uPr ri)leM 8l prillreq) e fr^o.rdur ! 'I! opir ot puLIr/\^ pue llrJtulr)dx. .ql iqr /rart, illplturlq oql zI Jo srlrlso.r Prllrld u l)illsn(i q 'rtl!^ iU iluolu lpoqllEs,ql prrr.ldrd pu!^/rt\l 9l
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60 Hyporhesizing Fitlditrg Main ldeas A goodway kr rcadany tcxrbookis ro brackclor highlighllhc topicsenrcDcc ol cachparagraph or section. Latcr,lo rcvicwrhenlalcrinli)f a tcsr,you only necd 1o read rhe topic scntcrcesfor a \Lrmnraryof all rhe nraiDpoiDli.
Re^ditlg Puisquarcbrackcls arcundthc r(Dicscntencc otcvcryparagraph in lhc toltorving passage. Notethal hcrc lhe topicscnrcnccs are LrsLrally Iirrlndtowardlhc crr(lsot' the paragraphs because thc infornlali(nr buikls!| lo a conclusiou. Newton Explains Motion studic(imotioD,ir was lhe grenrSir lsnacNcwr(nl [etrhoughmany s(ic'ntists r\,hoformulalcdlhc lhcoricsol nlorior'1, vcriJying and cxrcndin!thc ra[lierwork of Calileoand Cofefnicus.]NcwtonnudiedhorizonLal and vcriicalnrorirn. Firs!Ncwloltsrudiedthc qualiryof inerlin,of lhe rcn(lcncyol a L)odyro fcsisl changein its shlc of mori('r or dirc(rioo.A lcDnisball, Ibr cxarnplc,hirslirrlc incnia;it is easyto get i1$ ntove,slop,or (hangcdircctiotr, A trucL,on thc olhcr hand,hasa glcatdealofincrlia,New(rt conclr cd tlrala l)(xly.l rcstwill fctrraitr ai reslrnd thata bodyin nlolbn will rcn)aitrin nloti(rtunlcssson.rc outsi(lcli)rcc actson il. Thisplinciplcis calledthc law ol inc ia,or Ncw()r)'slirsrlaw of r)toliorr But Ncw()t's curiositywas nol satislic(I. Hc wondcrcdwhal causcsa chaltgc in nrorion.Why docsa bodyal rcstbegir)ro nn)vcor a Lrodyill nrotionchangcils direcriolr? He dcrermincd dtal if a bodyis at rcsl,no li)r(cis .cringoD irr horrycvcr, whcr)a fo(e actson a body,lhc forccwill sl)ccdup, sk)w(lown,or changcthc direclionol lhal body. Morcovcr, Ncwt(rt dhcovcrcd that thcrc is a relati(nlshif bctwecn li)fcc at)d accclc6lion.lfyoupusha swiDggenlly,il willrnoveslowly.Ilyolr puslrit ha|licr, il will!o faster. Newtor)Dorcdlha!ilyou discounltbc fictiorl involvcd,tbc anl(nrnr ol lbrcc is direcdyrelaledto the amorin! ol accclcralion. The accelcration is alsorelalcciro rhe massol thc objccL.Mass,whi(h is thc quanlilyof malleriu a body,alsodctcfrnincs the aDnruulol incniaaDobicclhir. A rruck has a grealdealol nass,a bicyclchar nluch lcss.Il you usc an cqLril amounrol Ibrcelo pusha bicyclcnnd a lr6ck,lhc bicyclcwill go lnuchf;rslcfrhan lhe lruck.Thc largerthc mass,the lessrhc acccleralior. ln hcr, rhc .ccclcr.llion ol a body is inverselyproporriorallo ils mnss.Newton'sn'condlaw of |r(ni{rr stateslhal lhc acc€lerationol a body is direclly rclaledlo lhc lbfcc ircliDgon il rrd proportioDalto inversely ilsmass. Thedireclionol lhc accelcralion is in rhcdircclioll of lhe appliedforcc. Finally,Newton explorcddle qlresrionol lhc solrrceol lbrcc. Hc olrscrvc(tihil dre forcc acling on a body comcsfronl anolhcr body. BL lhis kic. by ilsclf w.s noi consislentwith his view ol a balancedand synnnerricalLrnivcrsc.He lhcrcfofc concludedlhal whenevertherc is a forceplrshingin one dirccti(rr,lhcfe is nnorhcr
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'sJei',^ prlpunq oMl roJPIroMurrls)M rLIrJoilurlurl0 lErlldosouqdpue 'lP)ltllo(I'lPl)os II osle rnq pFo^{ r$n(rrs rLIl ,{lln rolr p)rlr:)llun! s^/rEllernleu r(liip.ro'lsrlSol ol iJLllp.ror)e slrclDu|UJsrJ^lu )LIt lpql tdiJuol clll uoltoru lenrozlJoqpue IsJlrc^ qtoq rztsrqllris pLrB:)s.rt^tlrl)LIl ul rriq,4,{ri^i olqerlldd! rre s^'rcls,LrolMiN 'uoJl)rrlp ,llsodcb.ql Lrlsli)I)olillllllrdx)iq uotlrrrtpro piodssll .rotleLrr)ilrrLli^ p'orpds UI p.llr/\^rotrclror cqr Sulllrdord r)roJ rllsoddo pue lp br R llrxr lrrllt Llrlrl^r 'siscii slildxi tJl)oJ illl Mul slqt uo prseq osle sl IJI)or e Jo tu nl^orll rLIl 'lsll pue UUSUrXrt)ilqo pLrO)rS Jql',])r(qo pLroJrlrU Lrc ll UOi)rOJ CtlSOddO lPnbr :^Iel prlqt SIq prlPts UOIMaNSrlql alllo JU'M ':)JOJU StJOxiDolqo CUODICLTTLI,4 sr,rt i|qouotnc 0p ^qM ziLult iluol P io, urJLItLroLrDq r^eq no^ riuE noi trnq rr{ r1o.{op ftlM pLrB'tr1orsr^^ sroqsrnoi op,iq^ 'tiq rnoi lsutpS!lruq qs[(l t r siop roou Jqt )Lrlqt Do^Jl puv uolt).)rlprtlsoddo rLF Lrlr^ou ot no,{ srsnP) turll no^ !r(JcJJoJE nulurxi sl IIPMJql llPl .rLFrxo{ EMg) o(u ot lruts no^ 'rld!ucxc.r(l'lood r?JoIIE,l)ql lsulpiJpJJo qsndnoi u)qM lllilllsrq.{u!u iiu$ululMs silqPt slleM itl)ltsel; ,ql Lltnoqlle'tuitxi iuns ot )ltsPI.)rP slelritPuIllu PUE Jo istrr.').rqc)roJ P lr)x) LU-)J n)rlqo ilqPl P lsulgiiPll ssird ro.{ Lr Il4 JJruu rno,{ ol suiddull lEqn ))ltorr oslv no,( uo l)pq ilulllnd ll Ir.T llr^'!uo,{ pup pupq Ji)qllnr ! uo n^Lrrltu(l .{rrruq'rlrlBolur()1llrlrrrlrprq,{Erut(ir ror slql IrEq Sl rlsndr)joj 'no^ uo arol allsoddopuB 'lle/$e qsnd no^ uaql^ l3nbeue su€xe l!
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62 Hypolhcsizing 5 . A n y c h a n g ci n n r o L i o ni s p r o d u c c ( lb y a l o r c c . A c c c l e r a l i ( ) li s f r o p o n i o D n l r o n r a s s .
l . T h c d i f e c t i o n o f a c ( c l c r i l i o n i s o | l ) o s i t c 1 { )l h c ( l i r c c r i { ) n( ) 1l a r . c . P u s h i n go f f n g a i r s l l h e s i { l eo f a s w i n r n r i n r | o o l i { . 1 r tc x . I r t ) l c o l N c w L o D ' ss c c o l r dl a w .
9 . N c w ( ( D b r l i ( v c d l h i r l l h c u r ) i v c r : , ci s s y r r l r r ) c r f i c .i l n ( l L ) i r l . n c c ( i . l o . f \ \ r ) , . l i ' . r , r r , \ i . r . ( ' , I r ( , t r . . r.1r r . l " t ' , r ^ r r , r \ . \ ' i , , I l t . A r o c k c t f u D c t i o D so n t h c p r i D c i p l co f d r l i ( n r n r ( l r ( a c l i o r 1 . t 2 . According 1{)Newt(n, yorr sln)er wcirr out lr(causc yor.r.fc wcaringlhe w(Dtj Lrrand. 13. NewloD'sidcasinflucnccdrvorldthinkiugin licl(lsoLhcrrh.|r
LISTENING SKILLS vocabulary in Cohtexl Circlc thc lct('r oi lhc nnswcf lhat L)cstnralchcslhc in cachol Lhctescnlcnccs, nrcaningof thc ilali(izcdwoKi as it is r,rscd L Gravilykecls lhc nnx)rrirr ils o,-rirrr)un{l lho onflh. (O) |ath b. positi(rr afc slill spd(r/dtili, abootthc origirrol thc univcrsc. 2. Scicnlisrs a. rhir)king b. cxfcrinrcrrlin8 ol tlrcca h'sr/1rvir.r. l. Obicctslall downwa bccausc b, nr()vcnrcnt a, pull rrooD. 4. Thc p()lcsmrwas alwayson timc and bcganlhc lc(lurctr.'cilii'A,at l). cxactlY a. .lpproxinratcly lf('m day l(' (lay. 5. Yourwcight vdrieJ a. chaDges l). irrcrcnscs 6. Asrronaurscxpcnenccr,.grrlesrrs$ whcn travclirrltiu sp;rcc. L lrur rrr,, ., In v\.irhr 7. Thc fdld/ivradvanLlgcsofcoppcr and silvcr wifc wcrc sLu(lic(l.rr(l ir. conpararivc
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64 Hypothesizing
2 , Planelsarc hcld in thcir orbits by the forcc of gravily. 3 . Your masswould bc diffcrcDloD Mar$. 4. Astronaulsweigh lcsson thc Dtoonbccnusclherc arc no goo(i restauraDls lllcrc,
5 . Aslronalltscxpericnccweighllcssl)css whilc tl..rvclingin sl).1(c bccausethey arc loo far from lhc graviLrti(nlalpull ol lhc enrlh ol lhe moor, Newton calculatedthe rclalivc wcightsof (hc planctsby studying their gravitationalpull, 7. Thereis a strongcrforce of altraclkn Lielwcelttltc slln nn(i lhc canh than betwccn lhc eardl and lhc moon. 8 . The ocean'stidesare caLlscdby cclipses, 9. Yqu cannol feel thc gravilatioral pull bctweenyolifscll and lhc personsillinli rexl lo you becauscil is lio wcak. 1 0 . The law of graviayis univcGaland applicscvcfywhcre.
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Hypothesizing (r rsr'irr(h rr'lrl\r\( dJmilttll.Or yuu mi!:lrr{rAsc\l lhJl lhi\ 'uL'i((l rr(((l\ Irrnl Y"rr r)rrSlrl v('rrrhVnr'tl(si\i: lhat \lutl(rrl\ lnkc tLrrS\l\1'1rr\(rrI l\1r I'r(\sLrr((lrrg5 ro changcthc alti{ude ol young pcopleloward i rn.t,ri" rttut *" """4conclutli|g slalcmentallswcrsc/rdof ll'tcscqucsli(nls: your Be surc lhat t. 2. L 4.
t\ lry ir yuur hyPolh!.isirrrln'rlarrl' What cllt.r will ir hrvr? What can bc done abo l il? Whal shorld the readcrdo?
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A definilion answers the queslion, "what is i1?" sometimes a deliniiion is necessarybecausea word or concepthas more than one meaning. For example, wherhcr carbon is a mctal or nonmetal dependson how yoll deline carbon Al oiher t;mes, a definilion is required becalrsca term is being uscd in a spe(ial way. For examplc, physicisis use thc lerms lL,otftand erfltu, in ways thal are more specific than thei( common meanings. A dclinition should be complete enough !o include all thc items in the calegoryyet narrow enough to eliminate irems that do not bclong. The Greek philosopher Plalo oncc defined man as a two-lcgged crealurc that has no fealhcrs.His critic Diogencs lcfl the room and brought back a bird withoul fealhcrs, declaring, "Herc is Plat()'sman!" The problem with Plato'sdefinition was that it did no1distinguisha man Iiom other twolegged creaturcswithout feathers,Communicalionbetwccn researchers is dcpendenl on pr€cise definilions of substan(es,conccpls, processes,and ideas.
Short Reading to lind dcfinitionsfor as nranytypcsof cncrllyirs Readthc lbllowingpassagc
TheManY Fortrlsof EneryY Ellcfgyis thc abilityto do work.whcu a hammcrslrikcsa nail,i! cxcrlsa l(ncc haslhc .l)ilily on thc nnjl tlrat(auscsit to nlovc.Thc novenlcDlof thc harl)rlrcr l(ilrclic (lo wc call kilrctic crrcrgy has li)rnl ol cDergy lhal work aD(lthcrcfore a lo molion, cncrgy is lhc crlcflly of ol ol ils nrolior bul alsoLlccause An objcctInayhavccDcrgynot only becausc wour it is sloriDg waLch spriDg is , whcn a its Dosili r of shapc.For examplc, it will do lhc work of nlovirrglhc harrdsof cncrgy.When lhis cucrgyis rclcascd, polcnlialcrlcrgyPolentialcncfgy is s()rcd is callcd thc walch.Thislbrm ofeDcrgy polcr]lial cnergy. ol a dam is anothcf example cncrgy.Walc| ilr chcrnicallhcF Thcrcarc manylypcsol ki|clic and polentialcncrgy,inclLrding js polcnlial cncfgy cncUy and nuclcarcncrgy. Chemical mcchanical, clcclrical, nral, to be rclcdscd gasoline, waich llnirlg rrccds food, and oil. Jusl as the is slorcd in thal nccds lo do rhc wofk ol movingthe hands,thc energystoredi lbod moleculcs slorcd i body, and lhc cncrly or subslanccs in lbe releascd by cnzymes ro be gasolinemusl bc releascd by lhe sparkplug 1.)do i1swofk ol propellingthc c.1r Ibrward.Thcrmalcnergylnay bc dcfincdasrhe kinelic crlcflly olnn)lecules whcrr 1o a subsrnuceis h€aled,thc molcculesnove fastcr,which calrsesLha!slrb:iLance lccl hol. Mcchauicalenergyis cncrgy relltcd to the movcrlcnl ol objects Elcclfic cDergyis cDcrgylhat is l)roducedby eleclriccharycs.Nuclcarenergyis LhceDergy of cerlairkindsof abnrs,likc urariuln thal is norcd in lhe nuclcLls
uoloru Jo
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+
llllqe
=
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( rsPrqd lPuonrnr(lij(l r o . s c ^ l d J ^ l t $ r l l u ! l r u J o u u o J J L l t. l p 1 s J l l s u . l r p r P \ r J q 1 s . u r l t J t | r o s ) ',ouatu.lb lut:tla d4t tl r';at)u..lttt|u)t )lta\ ..p ot t:tltul, r\t st ,lI;.t)|3
stJelqoJo tueue^our eql ol peleler (sl lPqt)
,{8rau. Ie)luprl)itu
.-
( prlrl)p rr)rq suq,r.trl,llto'n4 toqt 'rplry'l1 sJLurtJruos sJltslrit)u,rur,lJ.)Lll) rl)qM ul isuDl)i^l)ulJ.ru su.rpJ(l(lu $1140lb tnut.lAo/trtl ot p)Nla.t^fuillr st t\li.Dnl\.\ur\rrt^i IIo pup'pooJ + 'Ju!losed u! pJrots s! lpql
iSrJuo IelluJxoo
ISrJue lEJIruJqJ
'oqM )11tlJ Llll,tl \ ).Qrltr ro
qll^ SulLILrl$q isnLrt))^nrlJr E sp rDrdllDsrtlst.rrl)erprt)It 'nIurnbrrl) 'tlo '|loal attUosDll ut p)ot! !t te4t lli.Dn lt)tlLt)lad (b' lt) tD)|u)rt) Put srllslr.Dereq3
+ ssel3 = urrrl
:PInturoJ uolltutJrq ':ti.Junuat,\i)/ 11qtLi utl)t.4v u! r e )J.ltrit; tt)uit"D .\e LtrDs,l|o pJlrs y 'sP qtrns 'srllsrr)))P.rPqr rrJrr).ls pLrP lL,uuo L1y )I{t1.t16 V p ,rldruDxirorl ssDlrstrJosr)qriul sPIrc rpnpur Plnoqs{Jerrn"p Jo rrortrlfitrp Iiql{r ruort uurl rLIl r)P'l{rrrrurptpql s)ltrl'JlrpreqrruD)ds Ir snl(ltur)l D Io rrollP)rlrssPlrlPrJurit)qtipnl)UrplnoqsLri)rtrurrrppoon^eleqlprlsrlJSnsrllolsr.ry ANICA(] OJ- HSI'IDNII
)NISN
69 Sulul.lro
70 Defining Th,rrndlener!! lnd! b( rlctnc(1asthc kineti.tnerlt| oltllr ec lct. (Thcuseof thc modalol fossil)ilily,7dvindicatcs thn! rhcfeis nlorc lhnn oDcway 1()defincs0nlcrhing.)
thcrmal ener8y
kineli( enerSy
cn(rlll ts slarcLle erll! Patenltd! prcccdcth( class.) (Sonlelimes lhc (hrrrclcrislics
+
enerSy
€nergy
(hc tollowingi N0lEr whcn dclining.rcnrclnbcr prcsenl rcquirc1hc sinple tcnscalld lh(rvc lo lrf. l. Definitious bc.ausc 2. Thedefinile.11i(lc,rrc, is usLr.llynot uscdwilh lbc lcfm bcirr!(lclirrc(l lir cxa|nl)lc. wc would (lclincd ltiraflc(irr arc generalstalcnlcnts. dcfinitions gcncrnl),not lre gifaflc(a spccillcgirirllc).
Pallerns Sentence
DEFINING
+
f r " x ' o n , ' m e ' ) f " ' .i"n"s,r l"u r n e tIr l lA brrumrrer I I '' I J Dp--* 1 condu*i"n I I" pr.rr f LA lahnhLoryJ
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r(:s cH^R^cr.nLsr sPr,crhrc fstudicsrhr univcrsc. I ri! p,($ure. J rnr.rrur(5 t lhua' i< rJnstLn(ri l arc P(rrol'ne.lJ IcxperimeDLs
J u r n , a r L e r at nn dt r l y I t ' t m i r ' u r r n p e t c r t r i .,r...rr,.] al
.| It***'].,In,,'r',,*I**,:ll,"i ll*;t'J [*lt,ili,".J lr,u:;)
'llrrlrrrl) LrLr sr urnrl)PN I 'snorriiuDph;)^ )rp siolcU.rol 9 Ir,'rlrrLru luJr D xtrr st Lu()rrrrny ! 'srrrJdsrrl0o pur lrrrrrrsorlcH rlppurddp tuorrpnD uDsr rfr V .t Jo l.)rl(ts (tiJr()ru sr srltrlrlul € 'rsuP 'l)rr 'p no' sr.)t(dpUy .a irlr rnoqL'pUp lo,)7rs 'Arorqls,ur,,$req .)rl tuo)qr u sr ,(rorlll}trlu)r)s v I
u z z r ( l r u r r r r i ^ I r s l q o L I ^ rL r r l r p w D o l i i r t t o r l s t r r P l ( i x i, , t p i o l p o o i i , . { l l c i rt o r q r ; r l u o ss r ! z r ( l p , , r p q t n _ u r l u sr ^ r r : r r f t l or g .
ir sr leq^ t,usr! tpq^{Mou) rr1 lrql ^{oN rrorrrLrrril) r.(or(1u L|rrMtr Mo oJ urLIlrng |rpr iJtrorMui^!Ll )l(lo l Lrllxr sr otLnuolu,, rlrl s oltlLrljip.)^11!n"itr rsn IrrrLIrnotrr1i)(1M,,'.lilpr)irJ^ i r n J U o lr' ) u , ^ l u i r lpr l n ( r qU s o r l r u r j rvp. n r -Lrlt)pi.ru no,{Lur i(ll orrqlrlnJ rp rrollr ]oLrsr Uo rLrrr)p )L|lrins rIol,\l 'irItrlror s)rlripp,,,{rLr1)uoriJL, r)q^\ s)rlt)L'r(l juln)jl:)lo i. ?^\rt{ rlosJi(lu sr lsrruouorilu uu,,))ill turrurlolsv s!oltlrrrJip :)llDr(l\.)Llj tprlts) st.t.')l)uruqr zs)suil.rillto(ro.lJlt )lt?0ltrlrJltl) J.rL' tPrlM'qtnou.)x)Usl ,,sciiu st )lrtrotl)u(xl.tu),, Jst)Ji(lJ!l lrrlt n_ur,4uS '!urit ,LrolllULJil).rno,t ssul) )rl) r.)ul(lii plnorlr,4)rll loU Itrl ol ,sUoll(lt.lr(il) ,s)l(lLltu\!ssflJ p)lr\1.)ur iq,{uru s(losl.J(lLUo).to ll ,tlllrriIl
'lt plnoM )^oi(lrur lroi ^\orlssrrr\rppuu uoltl(rt,)frl)p) rllr^,rn^Uo.r^,\ sl tPq,\\JurlurJlxl slronrurJlrp uJllu^\ il.tood r()s i.tp iiutMollolplrpsuo tutlJl) pooiiiiLrr.l^l.lotsrrrllrprniJ )!uos rro xoq iql !tl l))tsr't tuoutu{ao 6ury to) ',tpoq tprrsrlrrrrrllouIrrttqr0rPrlt1p(rtltp|lsrJr]u sr )trlt)lr!\y .8 'IUIL'uo.^rrr rql jo,{trnrsrqt sr..ttolo)a.1 punoriirLItuo rr r()ttr,,qlpnol) p sr n-{U.9 'irl:rtll:;rl:r ro lL'Il trnpuor plr srop lL,qt:rrlrDtsqns p srrolplnsuluy .! 'noruosDr.r r)tu)) rLll sr tpqt urcjqrqt Jo lrud,qr sr unrq.Ir) iLlj ., Jo '.'JqrcLrD ol ru.rotruouorl ,rtu)Lr)luu(lslrDrllpLIllr^rp e \1.)rrrLppru v t ,J J] rlro )rp Poronrrd .z ___ lI .)tqr:ltllrrpulrorr pup ]qij! sr tpqt sDiJ !I|| Upsr tunrtrH .l JrtMl (s)rttstr)trl'rL'qr rlrrlls rql pup'rrlro s\Dt) iqr )Llrlr)pun 'sLlolrru(rpljr ^^o oj Jr Jo rt)t:) |t lulrrrJn_ sLlourullaoGutz/llouv I/
tu:u!tr(l
72 Defining iooksiike a clock 8. A conrPass 9. A amphibianis like a frogor a r"rllc ls a blg nova I0. A suPcrnova
RehTtitleClauses
lhat conlai|s a [oLrn' (] a verb A relalrvc A clauscis a pan of a scntence nn)sL rvilh wlL' that \rher'' at wha wl?rf, and '?'r 'rc a".,t" i, pcopl! Sclc'rcc ro rcferrins when "t.i,l*ir,.gi"s i" '.i"'ce dcfiDirions;w'o is uscd i.lll-.,riv.,r*l definilionsolienillclLlLierclallvccIaustscon!aillinSlhccharaclcrislic\Lhaldinin glrishan ilcm lrom othclsin thc class ( r(h ol rh( I' ll' s rrrF'rljr' I i r" rr" r r" Llsinq Riative a/d,|\er' L''rnL'rr' \ ' , r ( , ' ( . l c r r r ' i|r ' r n r ' l r ' r r ' l ' i v e ' l r ' t s ;;'.ii.., "'', ol lht nLrcleLrs chargcdpaniclcsTheyarc (ont'ir1((lin L PfolollsaIc positivcly
^)'.,)))l) 'l*'t"a **t"o u"l "* *"t"o*a * "*,r*to*t+ lh" ru,rlzrz el an altn'
l)lrllsolowcllrrl llraL holc is ar)arcniir sl)accl( hasa gf'lvitaliolral 2. A Lrlack
i,r,rrc rivc and r,ran,s,ha, *,ai,"ni,'nrs , iilllli,liilllil,iili'l,llti';,;iiiiili"",
l','l'iil'il,,iliililxil i liii;:"1':llHl'l',lti::i:i"lllll'iliilll:i'ii'i; u. fil'i,ilii
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li)nnii r'hcvafesinrPlc lbnnor lileon carh arcbacrcria'
thclossot o'c or r.orccrecLforrs , Srtl],ii.1ii, **''cal rcacri(nrt ir\volvrs " t"]'::l:X'ili:i1l; ol theair Ir is a tordrcls oLlocssAas ,0 pcrcenL .
:ti':"il'll:li:" ]l'l:ff;l::,'i;':i,iil lgK,';1lii,"':fJ'li,1n."';:il.1[l changcsils L a f a m t , t b . r , , n e c e l l r d animal/ constanllY
4, aorr"'ltaa a aze cdlzd' adl44d l/4aJ r:c. 2 . J r ' , r ' I l ' . i ( . l r L r g. r r c ' u a r " ' r a J t r 7 . llr[g / orgal1/ Irrcalnlng
shapc
no,{ 'lrlrrr4 Jo ilu[rE)LLrrq] Morr) lpprrlp no,{Jr ,rFhupxr rol Mou{ .{pD.rp no,{ )1rc Ol pJtPIir sl llJr ,as ol sr proM MrLr e Jo.Sullturlrriql ssinil ot .{e,Miuo
0ltlryng tJolnqbtot s1'lIXS TNI(IVAU .)|un$s puesJEe6tqqltM leullueue sl lueqd€teuv
rlrnI'|cnb0 ou 0l ,ulrler'6
litoloiit S lll.rrlrrrqu i7
snrr^u il
,,(P r"x uu € rirpFq P z
'({1.!l rrtt.to rppr r(n P..)LrnoIJI rr iJursr.)^iliq ro qrur tsrl puPsp.ro,,iilLrr^,\oltor r()nruurpI rlElnrrroJ )lP'rbrpeur sr uouruurpiqt teql \Dor^qosr tr p.je )u1J4ht) ttD st lplutua ut 1)3 .^ 'llltutLt1uL1st )ut4d4) r, :)s.ra^Ji)^r.j] ,JldurcxJlol 1l Jsli^ir or sr rlrldruor sr Lrolt$rl.p p ;r rrs ot Ip^ poo8 V .suottlL!{ao6r1!bat) su(nPrc rrltrnu;)qt sprpqluoq/ sntplpddl'/ uorlol),{r '8 lPiq s userur/ trun / Juol!) 1 uorDurr D iq prfueqr lolr sr rnq dn spir(ls / rruetnlns / lslletl'r '9 IPr[urqr pooj rrllrEJnupu stuDld/ ss.Jord/ stsJtltlr,4sonnlds plrnos/ JruJrJs/ sJrlsDorPt €/
SururJr(
?4 Delining can gucsstllal the woRl ,frcr'.r/r1refcrs l1) (nnclhing good lltla(c(l wofds 'ln) help you 1()remcmbcra ncw word For crnnldt, il yolr krr()w lhat r0'tr' rrcaDs lhal //tdxl.drrdrrleaDslx)isorrcdwilh drugs poi(nroLrs,i1 \ryillbe caty 10 rL'rrrc1nbcl or alcohol.And il you know llrnLrhe rorlff is thc line whcrc Lhcsk} sccrls10 mccr thc earlh, vou will rcnrcmberrhat a hotiza'1h l/,rc gocs Uorr 5i(lc Lo snlc r r l l r r rl l r | . r p . r r I ,i l { r r . rclalcdwo|(lscnn bf nrislcading, Howcvcr,iurilas woftl fans can sonlclinres nrcalls cnomrousor ahhoughnrlt?/r'r lcad you astrayFor exanrl)lc, occasioually guar(i agirrnst iv']y lo very lnrgc, l,?rrirctnrdl rncansliny or v(ry snlalll Thc onlY 'rr(l gucssc(l lils the s('lrlcnce nrai(ingnlinakcsis lo sc( il rhc nlcaninsyolr hnvc Iaragfaph. Prefixes: ecto-/exo-, endo_.micro-. maclo- Slr'r(lythc ftrlkn^'ilrglin oll)rclixcs anclthen ma(chthc tcrnrsaLthc lcli bclow wilh lhcir nrcinirllls.l lhc rillhl You lis(ed. will no1tsc all thc n1L'anings cclo- or sxo-: outside exogefious-due to exiernal causcs endo-t lnside endogenous-dve lo internal causes ,nicto-i small microscopic-loo small to be seen without a microscopc nacro-i latge flacroscopic-lar9e enough to be scen with the naked eye
a
L eclol)lasnl
ir. thc enlircr,rDivcrsc
2. cndoplasnl
b. a littlc uni!,ersc
L Nicx)bc
ol linrc c. a uriuuLcl)cfi{Ji1 ! 1 . cxlcfDall.ycr ol pr)loplnsnr
5.
intcnrnllaycrol l)folol)larln
6.
t . ;r very nrilrrltcorg.lnlsnl
7.
ol ll. fclalingto srrrallqLr.rrlilics hcal h . a l i r r g c ,d e n s c D L t c l c u s i. an insLfrmcnlIor mf.lsLrring d i n : r n c e so r a n g l c s
(, J'nol 0r{l '.rrr -€ g -rr, = :spro,u irl) uollPnbr Jqr ur r renrt rql t Jo SuruEJnrJrtJ 'ggll :sproM G letlder p roJ lool-rlJu.rC ,{.I) prrpnls oq,{ tslubqr qrLrarCaqt Jo rleu cql Z ul sr8upqr ESZI lerluJqr (p ruap .Iro^^ :sproM!\r{) gr,1,rJo uolllLluapv I :But^^olloJ Jq1punorpslJ)j)erqlnd pup ssalro s nulur cJlt]t ul a8essed Sul,lolloJJql uers
6u!uuvrs
uoll9redrs q uo!leLrlqLuoJp 'IEltuj raSuorlsE salgur teqt slpt rl !,ro[IrJo oMl |loJJrlp sl ,{ollBLlv 0l Jo JtPl'poui
q
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uollPlresercl E
.JruI .rno Jo tnsslluPuodu4 uDs! slslroJpuPSJJ^D sBq)ns'sEJJnosaJ agl .b lunlpu Jo uollp asuoJ urlorq q ,loq.M 3 'prtrr prureurpr;ul8uc aql .uolslllo)uo-pprqarll eudsao €
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'urrols rql SuFnppesearrurpurM rql .z Jo rirol/ rqI ,{lrltlun .q rtqpqord(!) 'sptezp\ erg p1!r21od e srr!^ .l lprrrlrrlr pr/p.f
'sJJuelursrssql q)ea ur prsn sr se ploM pJzrJnplrIII lr Jo Jo Sulueetu aqr saqrrP(rl $rq rPql re^ suP rql Jo rrnDl e\{) dpt\J #ayo) u! tkDlnqvroL gt
Sulugrq
76 Delining Reading E = lttcz or changc(lIr()rronc lypc to arrolhcr'For ex'rrrplc' EDcrgycanbe iranslormed po(cnlhlercrlly,or thc cnerg){)l losilion As rl has a lrcc an applehangingolr ils hci8h1dccrcnsesAt lhc s'rnrclrnrc'rl bccalrsc potcnlial cncrgy falls.it loscs i1svclocilyirr(rcrscsPo' Lrccause of nnni(m, energy or Lhe gairs kiielic cncrgy, cncrlly inlo kinclic is bcing lransfonncd lcntialcncrgy Irotrrorrebo(tylo 'nolhcf a lrarrsler the transfcrofcncrgyirrvolvcs Frcquen(ly, cncrllv ol Lhclixxi votl Lhc chenri(al yor'r ire charrging rock, you liti up a whcn yotrrmrrsclcctrcrg)is higlt, yolr rock lili lhc As mlrscle cncrgy. irlo havc eatc| polcnlial cnergy rock's inlo the chaDginlt
Muscleenergyis translormedInto mechanlcalenergy.
w h c D e n c r y y i s l f a n s l b r ' n l c dk o m o n c t y ] r c 1 o a n o l h c f o r l r a l r s l c n c i i I n ) r I o n c bociy ro rno(lrcr, no clrcrgy is losl Whcn ra'cficasufc cncrgy. wc iliscovc! thnt Lhc l o r a i i l n n r u u t r c n i i r r s i n l a c l s L r | l ) o s cw c l r r c f a r c d , c o o k c ( i ,n r r d t h c r r a l e s o n r c ol (hi\ l o o d . I f w c w c r c r o n l c a s u r ec n r c l l l l y n l l t h c c n c q ] y t h a t r c l n a i n \ n l t h c c n d
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'(lt!r(rlilrLtolp U !torn)ld\) )Llt rrl iiutlln\ir ,,{n-rrrri lr) in-rtrlp sisurli,r Io tUt\otltu pLruill)r(lL'ii.ri^ i)!l(i rrlul !rol)pr.r!rurlr srrll sruolu.raqlr trlrtsLlnl u1 1jq1 (lnsr^riJ .uotlstt suoirniLr st l|,ljp(l! tll(ls ulolu rLrnr(rolnl(ljo rrrnr!tpjt\ u uiqM l)illLa ss))oidu 'sluotuLLrnlupin iJL ,{(l pJrurl).t ]lrl(l\ J(l ilj)LtJ.Jo slunotUl? sIo(r l)lnor -.l(xr))orltp,)l)^o)slpsea u,rLlr\,6t6t ptlu^ ll ur pi,\or(l rq ol trjoiqt s,ur)lsurJ .lrliirl p,))d\rqt ol tuptsIorD srr puu lo l0nbr '.r)llo!Lr j/.)r)rl^,1,iJxl = J Jrll sl ll/,iilJrLr,) jo lo tunorLru ttluo!up Jql slu)s).r(irl ,ps.l)^ tro0u]rbrsnor(|ulslrl L p)srirdxt sp^\ l(lDLto) srrll puu,{n^rJuJ i)r^ olul pinuurl)rq rrltprlr prl)tprr(t .,tiirrui lurll rH puu.rJltPruJo llno) uo|!^rrsUo)Jo^\ul lt-,!relJlnuts! sl Jlrqt llqt,st lLrql,ssululo onD^.I)suor )qt ruo.ttrjurtsrplorr $,{il.r rr Uortp,\rrsuor )qt tL,LIl piTuorllr urlsurt u)qlv,.r pl r.r!i,i truuW lo 'sslrrrjo uo|Lr^r)sUo) rql I) Mpl iqt prllD.rsr srrll sslrulplol rqr ur )ijupqr ou sl rr.Llt'\nlll . ! rqt Lrruiitlxo :')qrEllldl)oo,r)ql to tqijr)^\ leuriluorllt lpnbr llr.{'{ tLliit;xr rrll'.rrq1rn"()r p)pl)pr.l|rsr!FL'puLr,rodr,,,r.r.rru,ro,rprxorp Iuror u,,qrc:;qt lt '.rc ,nxlp^r.rD^.\pLrp r|rxorp lt otrrlssld qrrq^{ uoq.rDr ru.()t or Iu rqt Ll urn-,{xo .urDru).r .p)Urnqsr poo^4jo rrd qllM sJtrrr}Lro) )Ltt,n )rups)qt t tv siqsD l)oo^ c U)LI^^',rl(luDx..()c rnupqr DL ssptu.lo wrt ro rrrptoLrsr Jr;)qtiDlll lDrrruiqr ,g8Z pill:rtsuolurp .priortsrproUpilp)r:) rrrsro^ut olUy tsrtu)q)rl)orrt iql ut l rq rrl{ll.rutnq rrqx)upot rtur)rruo ruo.ljpiur^uo) rq Lrpr,,{ijr.ur rlrl ,riltpW .^.r:)Lrr IonE^.r)\0orrql lo to ^^!l .qt prllp) sr srqt l].),iollsrpft) pillrrr]r^ru tnq rJqtolr! ot rtlroJrlro ruorl pit.rr^uor)q snrltoe] ,ti'rJtrg(llrrrLrinni plrp t!.[rr l) s! qrns)qlr^\pJuutsi,$ sD,{iiriurI()]unor!!.ru!s rlll trnrpxrpun s,{D,,nl! plno^ r^'l ,(ID)LIpuD,)tiLrrl ,lprllrixrdsu qrns) ss or(i Zt
3u!urJaA
78 Defining fial is lhe cxactopposilcol llssioncan Allhoughit maYsee slnnge,. proccss co dili(nrsof inlcllschcal' rlrchas Undcr alrn .cteur.g.eurluantiticsof energy aloms combilc lo Ionr htlirt|n atoms are foun,l al itrc ceirtcrof th{: ntn. hy(lrogcn flrsion When fusioDt'kc\ is callcd heLium The transfornalionLrlhldfogcnnlto which i'i uanticrredInlo mass ol aInount place,lhe hYdrogcnrrons bsc a tnall jn l)omb s4tich is mlrch a hvdrogen rcsuhs er.crgy.t"usionproducedon thc crnh canaiso prirrciple d lLrsrcrr Bu lhe bomb atnnic ihan Lrrcorigilal morepowedL,r Lh€ ntcds nll ol sLrpflv 'nrr pu4rosts thal peacclul Ior l..,tia u, rt-a.." "*rgv lilnc. of lhc human ra.c lbr a iorrg unile$tun.litlg the Readirg. lach olLheiollt,s'ing sLnlctentsis inconsislcnlwilh passag(Tcn your readjDgcompr(hc[siontry in lhc prcvioLrs thc informaLion arr(lrcslntingi1corre(lly irr cach slatcnrcnl thc crfof finding fronrorrelypc lo anolhcr,bul il ('nrrot bc l. Encrgycanbc lransiirrmcd Iiom onc LDdyLonnolhcr' tfanslcrled l1
I 'aeXq,/ .'/t ba ,L""Lu,ua,hed W
,tqa tr+Pe ta a*touen a't
tia"dk'rwA h4""1a.1Pbol4 t/' *uile. 2. I(irrcticcncrgyis lhc cncrgyo1posili(r] cner8ycallllolI)ccrealc(lof dcslroycd 3, UnlikcnratLcr, yotr havc 4. Potcnthlcncrllyis whcDyou lic irr lrcdlhinkjngol all (hc,lhirrgs to do. ol clrcrgy oillratlcrandLhccolrscfvation saidthal thc conservalit)n 5, EinstciD arc unfclalco c crgy was ncvcr ol nlattcr:1n(l thcoryaboutlhc conscrvalion 6, Eiustcin's provcd. Lllalcncrllycarrl)c ol alorrlicencrgydemor\nratcs ;. ihc dcvelopnrcrrt convcrleclinto Inallef 8. whcn au alom is spliL,it givcsoff clcctrons o(ctrrsrs d rcstrhot thc slourcllairrreaclionof 1l)litling 9. An alomrcexprosron 10. Fusiontakcsplacc()Dlhc lLlnwllen two trraniufiarclnsafc conllrlrlcLl 11. Exlremchealor cold is fequifcdlor ltrsi(nrto t.ke placc 12. Fulim produccdon lhc carlb rcslrltsill an alomiccxlrlo\ion
LISTENING SKILLS Vocabulary i Conl?.tr. Circlc the lellcr of thc nnswcf lh'l bcsL r alchcs lhe m c a n i n g o l l h e i l a l i c i T e dw o f t l n s i l i s L r s c di n e a c h o f l h c s c s c r r l c r l c c \ ' l . S c i e n l i n sd o r r c ! r $ r r l e s o m e l h i l g i s r u c L r D l l le v i ( l c n c cc o r r l i f r n \l t
@ o.."p,
b dc'Y
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I
'llD:)rr no^ dlrq 0l srloLr
rnoi .sO rruilrelpts eseqrJo q)Er s)trldnrcr lsiq lEqr rr^lsue r$ J(J r'1rt lr 3 nrrrtr irt rlnrtrrl rqr Jo rcrsuJllrrdurotrrno,{ lsJr ',rnud1 aql bu!\1uttl epun
'JsDrrxr rxru Jrll JJIdruoJ 0l sJlou Ino^ J S n U J L I 1p o e J L I It o p u l J q L , J T n D J IJ q l 0 1 L r J l S rnl o , { s 9 s i l o u i D l , , J S r J ^ r o n 'drqsuowlJr rlJql lJuplJ ol 1lrl:,rlno^ Jr sruarr JLII rJllelJ.r ro rJqutnLtar UPJ no^ ssElr rJ+p sJlou rno,{ MJr^rr no,{ U,LIM ,,aS r)qumu Jo O rJnJl slLlt sl,, 'Jldrupx).({ 'ijrllulrlt J L u n J t s r ? ^ o^l t u r ? ^ 1 \ 0 u o f n o ^ t u ( [ a l l l l l n o p u t s ! D^ { o l l o l or iir rcu op Nq 'p)pt urEttr D s)rdor(lns s! stn)]l lsl ol 0.pt poo3 ! sl rl 'oslv Jo ' l q l 8 l r l u u i l t r D q o t u o 1 l s o o t D J cl p q l s i s u J ( l dJ o s p r o M i l i J u l s i J u r s n l)ro^V .rJtPl u r i ) q tp u i i n o t r u l M i s u r s i l u u r o l r l B n o u rr D r l ) r r P ^ i r l l r u l l l ) r n s r I P ( u l s n I n o l ' l p L u r t l p j i tj ) i r r o ) , r o l ( i t j x i s J l o u i n o , { J J s o ) S u r o 8s r J u o o u l p q r p l | r l l r u r ( l J i ) l s r p D i d s) J u l s s . ) J U J t U i lS) i J i J ( l L r l i t u M o t , , f u tt o ( r o l ) ' S u l l u l - i l o u L r lt r r u t r o ( l L U
6u!4r!^aroN 'q dn pisll s oJ^cs 'lrl.1./,?)q tref JUo,{prrsJrrnosJr rllo'fJ^rJsuo) lou sr l)nlJJ 6 pr^ordrul prlr;sion P ! 'uortcrrdo rql )trds.)pp,r,rrrrt p seq tu)llpd .)tlt rrortrprrorJLlt 1l Jo prz[rPBros'p r] p)z[rEBro e 'npiosp ul ser'J. tuoleroqplrql Jlnptrrq sDded rqt port tou plno) rM 'Z uortrl)uo) q
ss.rJord P ',J4r pllos slr rrr rrlP,4r sr DJ 9
pjcalrcq prc^rol luJA P 1l lur^r 'turLuLrrdxr rql qtrMprlrrJdid,(Jrlt'streqlJsrllds)O ( pJr']r ! '.rr^4 puE LrrEd,{q 'Luroj
pr1!)tplrl p t4rrrrrru sD^'\ssr lrrs srH t
J^ordur q J)npiLE 'tr&JUJJsn J,r\ uiqM lnJJsnssJlr.'ot ,{SriLriteUt Jprrr'rl J^\
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prrrul P ss:tpu.r 'q ,/44rrr,/.r'rrlrrr).4\ s.InosJ lprnlPurno lqinoqt rrrrc sP^^rt.z 6a SururJrC
80 Defining L All cncrly rvtrllLrill) wind\ trl, ir\
b. hcnl crrcrgy
a. mosclcenergy
10 WhcDyou rob youf hands,mlrsl:lccrrcrgychangcs b. kineli. er('.qy t . Encrgyalwaysflows nlovc Irom Narllral proccsscs a. oftler 1()dis{)rder 7 . Pcrllrnc cscapinginlo lhe air a, o cr 1()diso cr
L).disordcrto ordcr an cxanrplcof thc chnnlrc t). polcnllil eucrgylo kineLiccrrcrgy
irl dlc lrnivcrstwill cvcnlllallybc in a slatcol 8. EvcfyLhiult b. disoder
the saltandpepper? Separate il ol the urrjvc|\cbcc.lusc 9, Wc do not nccdlo worry al)ollll hc dcgrncration a. won r nappcn
lr. woD'thappcrrli)r a long tinrc
. 10. Thc rnair idcaol tlrisl c c t l r f c i s l h a l c n e r g y I ) . r u n s d o w I l r i l l a, cnn't Lrcdcslroyccl
DISCUSSION POINTS B c l o w n r c v r n c n o n s c i e D l i l l co r " c r e a l i v c " ( l c l l n i l i o n s T h c y d o r r o l l i ) l l o w l h c I o n n l r l a f o f a s c i c n t i f i cd c l i o i l i ( ) l r i n n c a d , l h c y a r c d c v c l ) p c d L ) y ( h c w r i l e f l o c x p r e s sa n o p i n i t ) 1 .F o r c . l c h o f l h e s c c r c a l i v cd c f i n i l n J | s ,l c l l $ 4 r . r ly o L rl h i r r k L h c wriler nrcanr and whcLlrcr yolr agrcc ivilh lhc wrilcr. 1. KDowledgc is thc anlidole 1()lenr.
Rdh t WdLl. Etlltttotl
's.rsnslr rqursrp ot sr Lrortrlrrrrp r(iritsrlr irPnlrlro)or 1!^\ poo; v Jo '\Iro^{ Moq ro uourrrdolo rldr)Lrud srr tr to (rorr!upldxruY { pLIn llo rl)L'l|r sr rr lPq^{ lo uorrLlur\rpY z rroll))prrP)/rs'idLnis!tl se rl) s'r)LrLrrfr(l(lu strJorr0rxlu)sipv I :s! qrnss)rr!ui1)!.rPrt) it) l.)urIlnoqs q!lurir_Pr!(l tl l1)rs)riql JuLrorrrt)|! 'srlretlPq uo slron^ leqr 1q3!l rlqPrrod e sl lq8llqsPu v 'rrnlpredlurl SuFnsEJru roJ erl^rp P s! rrrrluoureql Y snl(lssEIr ll :srnsrr.nr! ruqriiurqsrniJUrNlf 'rolPlrl)lDr 'sr 'uotrtrllJip ro rPrtr lulurojP iil plnorl\rrlrrlurs rrikn rno^ rrlscol 'ssuLluro) ,lrlrluoruriql 'nt3|rlseU rr^.J P so qrns rrLr)drprls lrJlrrd uuJ)ul.)il) u rluM it(lu|! r?lo rrorlrurJrP rrl^rP.rolLrrLurlrrsor PJItrrlx.)tr! lfur^riiqdurlurP(1 tlo!t!LttJiQ PaPua$A uv 6utl!t8 'sirlrrrlord sll l)rrrr.rrrluutrrs.rr)Do lr ir.)tlr\.)pnprrr Iu)rs,{!l(l l)truP.rrLu)Ltr ',trorrur^rr(l |rItr.lxi' rrv r'rnr ILrP l)lnoMl!)tlLr l) .ro ru r.rrlruu lo (r1)!rrrru)| 's!ror(llLris rr lo tr()LlrLrlrr| isu)sllr sr rPnl)L|| llqu(1o.r(l |il)(r')rxJuv l)ilqo Plno,/'\ .)tll()l r))(lsrirrl trorl0)olsll il)nlrul ! fu! 1ll.ru,r rIl^\ Lro\lru({tL().) ,{lui^p l -rrLl1()Lru lliJllu (liruo).ro riuL,l(iu sD tl)ns) r))lqo lull\rlr.)u Jo l|olll(rlI.)P P)ptrilxi trV p)l)tr.rlx) c.JorrolltLrl,)p rlr ipnl)rrl ll(lu(loi(lPln(r!\r(rrLl)uru sisn l)uus!roll)unJ .lo'.)lcnl)Lllrui'is(1rl)) uv st)ilJi luu s)snuril)rrurr ,{1Ll'rq(,r(t l)l'r'),t\()rLu)r.r.rr\tl ',rl(ll(ruxi.lo:lsllul uu su q)rrs)rro( !()!r l(1luinr!tr! lo tlolllllll,)l)|,)l)tl)lxi llD 'trorlu)rJlssLll) 'uo!urD(ktro.) -iP.r)Lllo '(rorrutrul(lxr \rl(lLtrux)'!ror](ir'r)srP,)pnl) ro -1fi (\rrltr.rrl)eiPrl)t ssrl)l Lrolltrrl,)P {f uolru!!r.rol!rl tr!tlr trrlt llr's l!uorrrliP!'s! LrorlrtrrlrI Prlrrrlx) Lrv l).)l)))tr!ir rrorlrLrrlrP lP!|r.(I!.1{)nrc({)lsfq rL| srl)nl)Lrr 's))o)lrlr\ r11 oMr .lo iur) l)itlllrI J(l ol xrltltul))o()l sl ld tlo) u l)il)Lrrtxrrru v u.)qM :{ooq! s! q)nrlr'ic.roDU U} P s! )lllll \r lo l\r{tr)) \Pruuorlrrrri.rl
suo!t!ullaoP,puaJxa S'T-II)IS SNIIIU,|t ) L r l l o u u f r ) ^ \ l u t l l i ] ( r r ^ l o t r )r t i l s r ) n p r l , ! \ o r r ) l , a s t ) t u Er p q i l r / t l r ) - , urwru! oll11A\4rl/,Ir - rrnrq Jql .L r ) L ' r u n o r i \ l u ) t L I u J d x r J r o ( r r) q L l L r t r r r r ( l x . )t L L\"r , l r l l l Y t)Lttt\t ).t)Llt)Hrtuo,)2 ..tt\.tl ,' r u o p r ) ^ ) u i ^ . n o i r P r l Mo l r o l ) l q D : r q o l - \ ' r e ) r l r t r o r l u r D p l rr:)l I() rr11lru)'l]r'! r J l r r n l p l o u . r D i J . l (r)i l s P t r r ' r r i i o l I u L r r \ i r r \ r r n P r r r r ) f ! 'i/s sr r)rr)Ds I sr rrv IDuDtt llr111la ' L r o r l D r r ( l { rrrL I J ) r r { l ! r \ r r r L I r : ) t ! ( , \ r y Eo ^ l v s r u k \ l J - t t o r l D l r ( l \ r r (rlL I ; ) r r r d6 6 l n l l L J , - / 1 ' l ! o l ) o r l r r i j ! l q ol o l r \ r ' { | o q ! r : r ^ r r u r l d (l)orl ! r)^;)rrq,\ Jl) \lsr\rror )roA\ 7 Io nsrsrror,t!,t(l IrUL|op ol I.rlir/rllrsr I8
Sutultia
chapter 6
Exemplifying Heat
INTRODUCTION After giving a definitionor makingany 8en€ralstat€mcnt,the bcstway lo clartfya potnt is to Sivean exampleof it. A chineseprovcrbsaysthata picture is woith-a tholsand words lt might alsobe said that one exampleis worth a thousandexplanations.An examplebrings the generalor abstraclstaterncnt down to a specificor concreteimage For €xamplc,it is one thing to saythat smokingis bad for your healthand anothcrto saythat a regularsmoker-loscs fol cachcigarcttesmokedThc aboutfi-veand a haliminutesoflife expeclancy mcmorablc,moreinteresting' more exampleaddsimpact,makingthestatement providing for il' evidence as well as and morepersuasive, and 10give evidence a conccpt or clarify Scientisisuseexamplesto explain ofa point lf the validity e to tes! se to suppo it, Exampl;scan somclimes point not be a point, may therc a no examplecanbe found to illustrate
Short Readitrg Readthe passagebelow and underlinc examplcsof how hear affc'ls lhe propefiies ol matter,
a2
E st rrle^{ ',/l^olaqro ) q0Jo rrnrPrrdru.l
' pllos e le 'rlduexr Jod (lI rr(Xl(lns
or rrurpr^r )^riJ' lru JurEsJrJr]P pLrfr.)lr.lr lLrrcdP rIPrLrsrl(iluexS) a fr ?ui$ latslq.l )qJ ;r.rttt,.t;]dur.t sjL,lql)F3Jlt st )rut1!sqns 'lL|lo(lrLlrrtP.nsrlllr rlrca iq pr,'w)llorr1lrrrLLrrlPls or r^rrs srt(lurDri:)$rr:)rls rPrtr 'ri]rlPtuslr{Je rrnlPr)(i(rI Moq rnoqpslurDp r^oqFJql IurJ^Jssrlurtl i)3lssrcl
ACI]dWAXA Of HSI'I'NA DNISN
pllPlrlrJlruq ruJq)q) Jru-rJlol n)urru)luLllstutltluillo.liL|]() iLUUs ir0 JLllSn,rnru lnlllrorl llrl or )u)rlr:{oo)pru llrrrrrzln)rsL1(liM'il(lpul.kl -iDdrtril.Jo s LriIxJ pLruts roul|uJsiLIqt JurAIlJsn!))q 'srrtJ)toid ol s)/'!risullrd sl slq.L illl ulu(llirl Pl|!l)lo)-roxnl r{ri^ ilurqlir!()srlrno)i,\,1uiq^{ pirJrl(hrr)x) 'siijuurl) riu siJrrqliJul^]1 irnlori(huir or )^Ilslris,Ui)^ lluursili^ rJrp(l!uo) 'sr!(x).r p)uoIlpuo)'.rlP ul rsrrluorr)Irl si)urrl.)uLU.)^rltsurs i)qro pu0 s.ri)rno -luol s)ulqlDruriiour!| uur rprLlM']lrJllri^o!!r ss.r)x,isnLrrsJlr^\P)lL)iH lu)l.rl)ill) 'i)iiuq) ol luclsrsJ-r ss.)lsJlrr)Jloru iL0 s)riuu silnri)lotuslr.Jolu)tu)^oru l!rl-rlr.)lJ prsrJIUl l.LrrnrBrrdurJl slrrl!^{ siuP^lrl)lr)rl) rsls)ror lDlrur!.toIlrIqP iq.t lurrq or rr rsnur llr^{rl)rsurrrnssr.(lp)|D)J]LII |l'l)rlerq sl )rlnl r^otu ol LI8)tl JurPrlto)',{lprdEr ssulljprsop p ll r flEnrorrLItJos cM tt rlrt^,r s)lnrrlou nr 'P DrqsrsP8c sv seilujorrnssrnl rqr sr).)]lposl! JrnlPrr(tlrr.L 'ls).' )LIl llEql
rqr.to upd .snc.).nlrt orur prrnoLlsrrrrPM ,{ ) er ..rorusplrDdxrpLrEdn stErqssElH Surlroq UrLIMlErrq,{EttrssEIH v prl(nr rIL'irq] u.q^^l)prlllorpuEp EJqrre 1)q) (r)q^'\puPrlx) slPurlPu tn)w Jrnlerrdrurr lq pl)rl|r sl rr.lrl0 P .lo Jrrs iql 'toll sr r UJLI^{tqijrl rtrLI^l E.llo si^r3 rr.tr 0rrsilunr slr .roJ'rluPLlr rclor !D.to)ldlupxr rrqup srpr^ordqlnq ll1 t [rJ)srpup)ulLrv (pri urnr ;'^orr e LIo pLIE qSrqilSLrrsEJ.rrLIr i.runq uorrrql Lrrrsr^Eq no^) srrnrPrJdur)l rE)rrq^ LI:)t0 'rilupro rolor rql e.rJrle rlrnPrr.ltu).I Jql'prr srunr'JIdurpxr rot'rrort rirlDUlo 'rrntrlrd(trJtIq p.t)r.JJD,{trDtrurs r.rDs)ruPlsqns .rigroIIPrsorutY(rrPrls)sPir r-'orsurnl rr I o00t lE pLrErprnbrlP slrorJq ll I a0 r^oqa r())r) pllosP sr.rilDM '^ olrq r0 -J lo )nnPrJdllrrr P rP 'rt(luDi) loc )Illpr)dlller nr iq prlrrllD sI "0 )rlrErsqnsP jo ilPls IPrIsIqdrql pJ.'illP)'P s)IlrrLlordsll pLIl lrlsrl J^ottl s;)lllrJ ,lJlloLl nJil JruPrsqnse sY s,{P, ,{ PuI ul rrlrPu slr4jc JlnrurJdutrl lollr srr
atnvrad tal lo slDllg a4t ta
SutlltldurJxE
84 ExemPlilYing Tempentur(nltersthe coldrql nldtttr' of m('rc'' ntoy.untt'risea ltw wor(ls a \cnlcncc'a 1tnrdilraIlr i,qn "*on,pt. and then white at Ilon, for example, turns red' lhen orange' increasinBly higher temperatures' br,tunpcrdtLttt is.LtJIeitul Thesizeol t1nobJet:t /d' (lLrcwords \u(h ns /'"xd'4"' tFx.molcs are nol alwayslnnrk((l wilh .'1 co'tcxr thc Lrv i(rcntiricd bc ornv carr oricn ;i1;';',,',t.'anti ),?;i:;'';; thc faraglaph) is poured into it A glass may break when boilin8 waler
'
TtfiNraturt t1lsaallcctthe pr'r"n/rc"/ d '.Jrrr' pressure insidc lf a closed glass tube is heated' the increascd will cause it to break r|irlr its lckl'ttrtltur(' Thcabilit\tol'a fittat to rctiJ/c/itrrlti4' vdfi(,s which can Heated wires €ause excess €lectrlcal movemcnt' damage machines' sDtdlln\1+xrdlttlrtltntr!lc\' !!nsiliw ln ca'll11drttli|tll l"irilllthihllt drc vcr''/ cxarrl)lcis usc(llo cxplainlhc vnriolrsasl)c(ls ii,,ni",in,il,nt,,t",tton')rlc of a coll(cPt) very hot or cold This is exemplified when we touch something and feel Pain' to kill harmful bacteria and '.. We pasteurizemilk and cool( meat heat' othe;organisms that cannot tolerate
.rrornunr ^|Pn.r rql
' r c r i , 4 r J ^ r I l p ^ { p Ho l p l s p t V L r r c r Jd o t \ U o u \ i r L l nLUtsi.rlroqlr^r sJrll|]srp srlorurolrr Ir^rI \prr(l uos .LL:li\x| l r r p U ) j r ,r f \ q q t t $ U , , l r r u l l t |'r] r l
prilo -pnnannn-.rtrD,9nL(trlr r|l|]rrllr|-p !trr,x]LrnD]-ru
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86 Exemplifying minlctot l)lanl 3. Parasilcsarc living lhings lbat fced of{ other livirg lhings lhr livcs off apple.maPl€.and poplar 1rces.'ausirg them lo dic lrom mall]ltlrition lighl Christian 4. Severallhcoriesha!e becn prol)osecllo explain thc nalurc of proposcdthal Huygcrrssuggestedlhal lighl travclsin w'rvc! Albcn Enrslcirl as Linypa(i'lcs, (x llholons light is lransmilled treneliLPla'rl 5. Symbiosisis lhc .oexislcrlccd livinf thirg\ lbr LhcifnlulLral licc or aphidslive wilb antsin a symbiolicrelaliorrshif prcl)ared clcnlc'rLs oi arLificially 6. Alomicrcsear.hhasled 1{)thc dev€lopmcn! arc all manmade an(lberkcliLrln termium californiLrnr, Einslcilliuln, clemcnts. Exanples Er'l t'l h(\ ;( r(r-rl\r'rrrrr'(rrr'i\ ' l'' -' ' ll l]'l:.i Rz,ognizing ' r l 1 1 'f l r n ( , c n L i ' u e . . l " . , r i l ' , . ' ' . . ( r r . l (L r L l r r r , ' r u r ' l r ( ! r r r L . r . r ' ' r t r ' - Lr ( \ r circlc(l' nlay L)c Onc,two or thrccscnlcnccs gcncralslatenlcnr. that Lhcrcis lilc on anf otherplarrclwilhin our solar l. Thcrcis liltlc l)ossibili(y (i) ucrcurv and vcnusarc !(x)ho( rc slrpponlilc' Y Thercarc onlv ninc plarrclsin our solarsystcnr' Plutoarc cxlrc rcly coldnn(ldark @ urunur,Ncplunc,arld doscs 2. Vilaminsmay bc harmfil ir cxcessivc witllolrL h'1rln Lloscs in large bc takcn a. vilamin C car lo di\casc suscrpLibililY incfcasr A may of Vilamin arrourlls b. Exccssivc ri(kcls discase prcvenls Lhc c. VilaminD L Tempcraturcmay bc mcasuredby diftcrenttypesol rlrcrnxrnlclcrs' lhc rolnclcrsmcasllfclclalivclenll)cr'lurc' a. Tlle Cclsiusand Fahrenhci! b. A baromelcrneasuresalmosphcrlcprcssllrc alrsolrtlclerrperarLrrr' c. A Kclvin thcfmolncler lncasLlrcs 4. A machineis a devicethat lranslormscnergyfron one form lo anolhcl . nrcchnrrical a. A carcngrnecotrven!tne cncmicalen€rgyof gasolincitr() energy b. The food wc eat is convcnedinlo cncrgy in olrr bo(lies encrgyinlo eltclricalc!rcrgy .. ,l g"n..oro,u. aynal o changermcchani(a1 5. Encrgyhas nany lomrs ilrlrl a. lucLear energycomesfrom sJrliltingLhenucleusol uranilrln or lllrlo aloms ganlma rays b. Radianlencrgycomer ir lhe fonn of nrnligh!' x rays' or to anothcr' form from one c. EnergYmaYbe coiverl€d
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88 ExemplifYing 6. For humanlifc ro bcgin, an cgg cell ilr lhc larllalc (fcftilizc)I)y a slcrn (ncvcrnllow)lo conrc i r l c o n l a c tw l l n w a l c r L Thc faccPiecc scal on aD oxyitcn breathillg ( n c v f r r c l c a s c )l n a l l u l l s a l c a l l r ( ) s l h c r e c v c | 1 l
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in thc with Nee\sitv l-"rrnulnr( scu(c|lccsr,r$ingr_l?d,/rl Fotuulaling Sentences i)clow rlirr of scllLctlccs, po,i\ivc\'\i(c. I,)llowin!th( filtLLrnL'l lh( Ir\t I Thc clcctricityis not shul off 'U.. ./o?.Ih;..l' LfuuLld.. Ue JrUu ar. 2. Thc blfi1JJon('rtirr n('l bcrnFl('jl(Llft\r '1r(1ni'] rcSLrlarly calilrralc(l i. rhc rarliationmonilorinlldcviccsare nol Lrcing lalx)ra()ry' in thc 4. A firc cxlinguishcrh nol availablc 5, Th( cxl'l,,slv(,lcvl(ciarc 11.\fr^11(rlvlllilrlnlfLr (rc(\'r\c rirlillr''n i. iita t".rtn'.1"n'ot" rr'\ bcinsfK'rLit' 'i lr'\m irrjccli(nrs thc trcli)fc are ro( beirlgslerilizcd 7. The Dccdlcs fltr' thc agailrst inmunizcd arc rrotbci;g 8. Thc Daticnts
READINGSKILLS vocabularyBuildirrg of ndvcrbwill s(tneLrrnes Knowingwhelhcra word is a noun' vcfu' adicctivc'
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90 Exemplifying Vocabularyifi Context. Citclc rbe letter of the answer lhal bcsl malchcsrhe meaningof the italicizcdword as il is usedin eachof lhesesentcnccs. l. To open the door, firn irrerl thc kcy in rhe lock. a. tum tb, enter 2- The submarincwas complctclys bnergediithe water and could uor bc sccn. b, uncovered a, sunk l. Sollnd cannol bc .ordl.led in a vacuum becausethere are no air wavcs1.) transmil il, b. absorbcd a. carried 4. wies were ins Latedro preventthe trans{crof clcclricity or heal. a. covercd b. cxposcd t. Flrids are Dor rigid aDd caDflolv from onc conlaincr ro another. b. liquidsand gascs a. solids 6. cerms are irririr& wilhoul lhc aid oia microscope. b. unablc lo be dividcd a. unable1()bc sccn 7. Altcr the fire, the nuclearreactorwas er?itlirgradiation, b. abrorbing a. giving off 8. The sun fdlidteshearand light. a. takcsin
b. givesoll
9. when there is .1drrprrill bclwccn lcsl results,ihc lcst should bc rcpcaLc(i. b. differcDce a. sirnilarity Scdt ing Scanthc lbllowingpassagc ilt !hrccminutcsor lcssand pL( Lrrackets aroLlnd tltc followiDit: l Oneexampleof conduclion, 2, onc cxamltc ()1conveclion,and 3. one exampleol radialion. Keep in mind lhar cxamplesnslrallycomc dircLllyafler delinirionsor gcncfal
Reading Ho$, Heal Is Trafisfetred Hcal is the energythal warms our housesand cooksour lood. 1l is lhe lransfcr ol cnergyfron a warmcr body to a coolerbody. How doesthis heal lransferlake place?
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92 Exemplifying and radidtiolr-arc The lhrccmodcsofhcal transfcr-conductioD, convccLion, when lhcfc i\ a (ii5pirity First,hcal is Lrauslcrrcd ouly subiecllo lwo conditions: and secold,thc flow is alwayslrom hoL1ocold. in lcmperalufe.
Dlauifig Co clusions. A scicDrislmusl bc ablc Lo draw conclusionsfionr Lhc lh.n rlrclal, facts.For examplc,if it is Lmcthal wood is a bcltcrinsulaL()r availablc handle than nrctnl. is conclusion that wood would nlakc a bcLlcr ir a kritical |ot l:dnbc what conclLrsions Afler rcadingthc pfeviorspassagc carefully,iDdicatc drawn fftnn thc infonnarionit coDlainsby circlingrhc lctlcr ol lhc nnsrverlhal bcst complclcscach of thescscrllcnccs in your Lcaarc m()vjugvcry rapi(lly,yoLrrtc. is L Ii lhc molecules b. cold
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94 Exemplifying uDfamiliar.Thcy can alsobc nscdlo provc or subslanliatcyour poinl when wriling an ar$wer lo an cssayqucstion, Takenotesasyou iistento the lecnrre"The ChangingSta!cof Matter" aDdthen us€your rotes to completethe rext exercrse.
Understandingthe Lectrrr. lndicarewheiher eachof lhc Ibllowillg slatelnenlsis rrue (T) or false (i) accordirgto the iDformationin lhc lecllrre. f
t. a changeof statecannotoccur wilholrl addingor sublEclirrghcnl. 2. ody a few substaDces can (onvcrLIiom one physicalslalc lL, L The convcrsion of a sdid lo a liquidis calledevaporalioD. 4, All substances nlelt at the sane lempcrallrrc. 5. casessuch as oxygcn cannot bc solidificd. dre molecules k) novc laslcr. 6. Hcatinga liquidcauscs 7. Fog is an cxamplc ol evaporation. 8. A volalilerubnan(( r5onc rhJt ir
DISCUSSION POINTS cive one or two cxamplcsol cach ol lhe followirg. Explairryour answers l. 2. L 4. 5. 6. 7.
Scienific factsthal still amazcyou. Machinesyou would not want !o live without. Machinesyou wish had never bccn invenlcd scientifi. discoveriesyou would like to havc wilnessed Thingsyou wonld like somconeto iDvcn! Placcsyou would like Io explorc Thingsyou $ink sciertinswill neverkDow
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chapter 7
Giving Evidence Smoking,Drugs, and Alcohol
INTRODUCTION Oncca hypothcsishasl)ccnprcposed,lhc qucslionis alwaysaskcd,"whcrc diar)l{txls is lhe cvidcn(c?"Thc Bri!ishscicnlistSir HtlnrphryDavyon(c l)Lrnrcd thal diarlror)ds and graphilc inro graphitc,igoorju!lthecxpc|rsc,ro demonsrralc arc both crystallizrdcarbon.Hc a(lchis point. P(rcf or eviclcnccis usuallylhc rcsult ol obscrvationor cxpcrilnenlatior), co bincd \aith reasoning.Thc rheoricslhat arc acccptcdarc lhosewith the mosl suppo4ingrvidence.In thc sccond(cntury,claudiLrsP()lcnryp(Dostd tha! lhc planetsand the sun revolvedaroundIhc carth.His lhcorywas a.tcplcd becauseit prediclcdthc posilion ol lhc planctswilh somc a(.ura(y. Bul all "proofs" are !cnlative,ro be discardedwhen anolhcr theorycnrcrgcsthat cxplains morc lacts.Thirteencenlrrieslater,lhc PolishscicntistNicolausCopernicus "provcd" that lhe plarets revolvearound thc sun by dem(mslrat'ngthal his ol lhc thcoryexplainedihingsthat Ptolemy'sthcorycouldnot, likt lhe seasons planels. Then, in 1905 the relrograde or backward molion ol lhc ca(h and Albert Einsteinshookeveryoneup by sayingthal motion is relativeand that whetherthe sun is moving or rhc ca(h is moving dependson your point ol view! And on and on wc go, alwaysslriving to get closcra|rd closcrm thc lrulh. Bnt scientifictheoriescan seldombc prcvcn bcyonda doub1.After all, no one can stand far enough oul in spaccto observcthe planelsrcvolving aroundthe sunl
96
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98 Giving Evidence smoking-relatedillnessis nol ,lways suiilcient to enablehcavy smokerslo quil Despiteall thc infomlation madc availablclo the Public since 1964 in 1985 thc AmericanLuig Associationenimatedthal thcre were 250.000prcoralrrreLieauls duc !o smokingin the UDitedSlalesper year'
USING ENGLISH TO GIVE EVIDENCE is thal snokingis darrof the previouspassagc The main poinl,or hypothesis, gcrolrsio your health.Thc arglrmentis bascdon four stalcnlcnts,cnch ol vrhich is supporlcdby evidcncc.(Note that scicnLilicevidcnccnlusLbc Incl. /?dropirr()n') Smokifi!is rdatedta fian! heartand citttLldlor!ailtlktlls (Evidcnceis iicqlrcnlly int()duccd wilh wo s like indialcs at ilr lontrt (s ralhcr ihaD lhc strongerwor(l frrvas This rcllcc(slhc "trrrproval)lc"nalurc hypolhescs.) of nrcstscientillc Ix has been demonstrated that nicotine increases the rate of the llear!' . . . Snlokin!is th! losts1nilicaktlhclatin rcslittltot.vtli,.,.ltts It can damage the tiny hairs (cilia) that linc the brcathing passages.. . . Research also confirms that the tar in cigarette smoke is carcinogenic, . . . bilNeen!11aki1!ldtld birth dtJtel! Therci! abaa correltitian The evidence indicates that pregnant women who smoke a pack of cigarettes a day have a greater likelihood of having a miscarriage. . . . S|/,ake^aflenbe ne phlsirdlb'trndPsrtltolalitlllr tl41utla1t0n thcit hdlli! (Evidcnce is not alwaysmarkcdwilh a cluc wofd and ollcrrcan orrlvbe idcntilied by drc conlext of lhc paragraph.) Smok€rs often... suffer withdrawal symptoms il they attempt to stoP. Even the onse! of a smoking_related illness is not always sufficient !o €nable heavy smokers to quit.
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Civing Evidencc 4 . T h c s f a c c b c t w c c n l h c s u n a n d 1 h ec a ( h i s c o l d . a . T h c s l r n i s n o 1 a s h o l . s i l u s e d1 o b c . b. Thc rrys offiesun wafln whal they t(Nth lrtll .rc rrot hot lhcnrlchc\'
5 . I D a c r o w d e d r o o m , c a r b o n d i o x i d c g r a d u a U yr e | i a c c s t h c o x y g c n i r L h c : ' i f a . H u m a r l b c i n g si n h a l c o x y g c a r r d e x h a l cc . o r r ( l n ) x r c l e b . H u n r a n b c i n g si n h a l c c t r L m r d i o x i l e . n d c x h i l t o x y g c n W h ( n . b c a n l e e d i s g r o w r r i n r b c d a r k . t h c l ) L l l r l\ ( n ) r rd i c s . a . B c a n p l a n t sn e e d l i g h l t o \ u r v i v c . b . B c : l n p l a n t sr c ( d l i g h LL o t L u n g r c c n .
7 . Alcohol cnn blur your visiort. n . A l c o h o l a i l c c i sd r i v i n g a b i l i t y . b . A l c o h o l d o c s n o l a f f c c ld t i v i n g a b i l i t r , .
scvcrflslilcnlcnls Elaluati g Er'idence.Altcrcachofthe followingl)roposilions givc or nrPl)ol Iof cvidcncc statcnlcnls lhnt rfe givell.Circlelbc IcLlcrsol lhosc answcr fof cach nrcrc thaD onc tbc p(rlxxitiou,Thcrcrnaybc li)r drivcfs. 1 AI(oholis dangc|1)us is .. Alcohol addicLivc. nnnrulltsol nl(ohol. b. Alcol()licrbuild up a $lcranccft)rill(reasing ((.) Alcohulinr)iriAiud{m(nl. ft l-rt.l 0) M.rnyi ur, |lr,l'.lc .r(i Llcrr(.Jr( .rlc'1h"1 2 . A l u r r i n L r insr. l i g h ln r c l a l . is pr(xiuccdfron bauxi!c. a. AlunlinLrln clcn]cnts. b. Alunrinuruis onc ol rhc nr{)slabr.rndn|rl c. AllnriDunrwcighslcssthaDiIorr,Tinc,silvcr,gol(1,an(jco|pcr' is 660"C. d. Thc [rehinl.lpoir)r()1allrnlinuDr L watcr expilrldswhcn il freczes. a. walcr fipcs so rclimcscra(k in vcry coldwcathcf. b. walef icc/cs at o" C. frcczcal diffcrenl tcnrpcratlrfcs c. Difi$cnl slrbstanccs coDlractwhen frozcll. d. Mosrsulrltanccs Oxygcnsupponscombu(roir. a. BlowiDgon i fire makcsil bum morc brighlly. b. Ioresl llrcl are worsc in a s!fttrg wind. c. Nilrogcndoesnot supponcombuslion. a firc will prl it oul. d. Smolhcring {i)ra healthydicl. 5 . vira|ninA is csscntial a. b. . d.
Lackof vi|amirrA may {auscrlighlblindncss VilaminA is lound in buitcr,cggs.and fish liveroils. \ i , d n j | l A r i u . , ' r . . , . f i n l r j l ' l ' r r F. l f t 1 t r , , r AD over&)sco[ vilamin A can be roxic-
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102 Giving Evidcn€e 6. AIDS is a vencrealdisease.It is somelimestraDvnilrcdby bi(x)d All nlay bc lransmitlcdby blood. vencfcaldiseases 7 . Halley'sConet passcdnearthe earlhin 1758.lEl4, 1910,and 1986.ttalley's Comcl will retu lo dre ea|lh irr Lhcyear 2062 8 . Autonobilcs givc oll carbonmonoxide.Carborrnronoxidcis a poisonousgas.Thereforcaulonobiies causcair pollr.rtiorr-
Using Reasoi g. Deduclivercasoningcan somclimeslcad lo {nlsecorclusiorrs Herc arc two examplesi All stud€nts are lazy. Everyone here is a student. Therefore, everyone here is lazy. All gasescan flow. All liquids can flow, Therefore, all gasesare liquids. ln lhe llrsl cxnnulelhc oriSir)al coD(l(rti(nrs? How did wc arriveat su(hridiclrlolrs (onclusiolr$ ln lhe sccon(lcxanrple, prcmiscis false,Falscfrcmisesleadto lalsc prclniscs, lbf.llhough gascsand li(lLlids docsnol lbllow froln thc thc conclusion (bolh canllow), thisdoesnot mc.n they are lhc sanlcirl sharconc characlcristic olhcr ways, lhcrc.lrcnol sonlelilrrcs canalsoleadlo lalsccor'rclusiolrs. lrduclivercasoning nol lypical of arc lr()t fcPrcscnlalivc rhc cxanrples SonrelintcJ cnoughcxamDles. lhc cvidencc nol lbllow funn does thc con(lLrsioD ADdsomctimes why llle conclusionis falsc h cach of thc lbllowing, discr.rss t. Il ir is a bifd, it can l]y. A chickencanno{fly. Therefok, a chickcn is nol a bird. 2. EiNtcin was noi a Soodsludcnl. Einsteinwas a genilrs. Thereforc,aoyoDewho is not a good sludcnl k a gcnius l. All metalsare rclid. Sulfuris a solid. Thereforc,sul{ur is a nrclal4. People,kangaroos,pcnguins,and ostrichcsall 14'alkon 1wo lcc! ' I h e - e l u r rcl.' e y n (rrb(f.ul l,e'dnr('ltc.k' "r( 5. Archimedesdiscoveredihc prnrcipleof water disltacementin the balhtub The displaccmentprinciple i! a major scienlillcdiscovcry Thereforc,Lheplacc 1o make a major scicntilicdiscoveryis iI the baLhlub 6. Someclcmentsarc gases,and olhers are liq ids Sulfur is an elemenl,and it is 'lot a gas. Th€reforc,sulfur is a liquicl-
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BururoLurt.ql dn r^rs ot rldorri 'rros ,prrr.trd o, ryfror, 70, ,n^ ,f1q"qu.,A qr,tir'ii 'qtuip iq rlqpqsrund sE^,rSutlulrp rillor urqM srllrlt rlr^,\ ,.lrl0 ,tspg rlpplhl Jllt Jo sJrpld ulEtDJ ul IJ4JJ Jluesiq1 JJnpolclot pcprao Jle srsopliLISlq teql os DUI{Jprroj rrrr.rilr, rserrJtrl ot .lqlssod sr tI fiutqrtnxa Bulsne. tt1lujt14irl upr sJsopq31H ,|n1, )lorll plte lr,r4 ssJIIr{ Irsn Jqt o)ieurJur:IJpr.lorro?lrd itprtpow LuJls,(ssno^JDtrrqt sr/rrx, leqi ':)uBlsqnsp ,i)uriJJcJsulstuoj J4Jo:) ')).ll rrjJor u ruo.{ s)trrrq Lritr-"ppq irqt r)tlD ir..r\ stpoiJsrLI,{Is!J ^,toqpJ]ltou oqM s)BVolpplt\l)ql Lrt{Lrou c ^q p.rr^orsrpspMi.JJor,pltJilrlol Sulpro)rv lu!)rtrurq pinnllBJ ,ral)P sJlPlnrus
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104 Giving Evidence 5. to 6. !o gravilate
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Giving Evidcnce
Skinmi
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Skimmi g for mairl icteasis a rcadingskiLllhai is useful in a number ot waYs: l. Always skirn a lcxlbook chapterbclbre readingit 'losely' Il you folloh'lhis proccdure.you will rcad fast€rand wilh greatcrintercn and colnprehcnsxrn' Z. Wtren you need 10 write a rcsearchpaper.skim rhc reterenccsvou lind in the 1ibraryto scc whi(h contah the malcrial you need L skim any passagethal YoLrfird difiicull Onceyou havc a gcncralidca of dlc you $rilLbe abl€to rcadil lhoroughlywilh betlcr contenland organizalion, undernaDdiDg. Seep. 27 !o review skinnrirrg l€chniques qucslio'rs: Siim the followinglassagein rhreenlinutesand dlcn answcrLhesc I Whichof thc lbllolvingis Lhenlairr cal a. Drug\arc alwiryslolcnliallyh.rJnl"L' b. Drugsirrenol hnrmful. l)crrtti(i'l h.rnrfulbtlt Lrsually c. llrLrgsare o((asi(mallY irr lhc lassilllci af(r discusscd drllgs 2. which ol 1hciollolving rnll(jnc,m'lnltrnn'r' nar(olics, PcP. inhalirrts, cocainc.anlphclarnincs, and hashish? barbi(uralcs,
Re6d{ng The Dakger of Dtugs Lhalallcr tllc Lrodychcnri\lry.Thc plcalirr!lcllcd\ ol any Drlrgs.lrcsLrbslarrccs d.rgcr's drug shouldbc weighc(lcarcfullyag.inslils scriotrs lt fclaxclLhc an(l (lcL)alcd nlLrch discusscd is a diug rhat hasbccn l.tarijuarra Al lhc s'lnre Lrscrs in nlany lccling happy a lrlcasrnl, miDdairdbodyand fr(xlLrces nn)ljvnl1()11 coodinaLiorl, mcnr{)ry, thc lime, ir canaltcrflrndbrrsthat may alfect alrohol' lraflrlirl lharr L)e lc\\ miy iLs cl{ccts Although andallcntionspanoflhc Lrscr' i! hanllcls or any drug, lh.l iL, il shoulLlnL'lbcaslLrmcd "h'f(l drLrS\" (codciDc, hcrcin,opiuma|cl mor|hirrc)arc consi(lctcd Narcolics tv\lcrll' 1he ncNolrs oD dcl)rcssnnts They a(! as ftrrDling or habil .1DdarcaddicLivc, lclh;rrgic thc LLrcr mnkcs vigor. Hcft)in alc|!rrell.r pairranLldecrcasing relicviDg cona, and evcn(lenthlnrDrovc(lore BccaLrsc lo infecli()D, and highlysusccptiblc rhc Lrscr'tocfinrcto pay for lhc high cosl ol leads heroiDis addiclive,it olicn b! hos|ilil\ a\ a |nin morphinc,is Lrsc(i nafcotic oblainingthc drug. Anolher addirLc(l becor c nn)rphidc patients rcceiving relicver.occasi ully, '1 syslcm'fro(tLrcrrrg Lhe ncrvolrs "cokc") lhat stinlulalct (or is a dr!! Cocainc lo|lg ovcr ' qlrong sniffing cocainc sc|lliari(nrs |itwdcr alr(l leelingol well-being hypcraclivity.nd chronicinsomnia"Cfnck,"a lonn pcriorlcar ca se paranoia. bc(drr\clhc tr\cr tan Lrcco']rc ilangcrorrs is cspecially is snroked. ol cocairclhal le'(ls hcroin,iL lrcqucnll-v Likc pcriod of 1imc. a v€rv shon irr inrcnselyaddicled
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108 Giving Eviclencc .((Lrri(f lh( cllccl\ol LSI) l l. Scientists ran prcdi(l ,i1hrca(maLrlc ol r l.rl.l 12. A u\cf who buildsLrpir (tcfanrc li)r a droitis h (1.1u!er ovcr(losc. LISTENING SKILLS Vocabularyh Cotrsxf. Circlc the lcLlcr ol lhc answcr lh.l L,(n rlntthcs Lh( word ns il is ulicdiD ca(h ol lh(\( \clrlcrr(cs. rrcaningol thc italiLizcd a\ well .s |sy(holo!ic.l eI1c.l\. l. q)cainc hasp/?',ji,,/.,.tiir'.1 physictl tJ. nrenr.l k) lor I heilllhyir1(livi(ltrnl. 2. Excrcisc is 1]d?{riti.rl t). g(xxi n. dangcrous wns/rr?rJrrlll.t?lry clccln)nicnl.ril. 3. Thc nrcssagc L),\cnl a, rcccivc(i l)ftar.rsc thc d|ivcr wa\ /,,/oJr(ir/rt. 4, Thc accidcnlo((Lrffc(l l), (lnlnk a. arrcslc(l oJ ll)c Lrorl!. lhc $r'.dLril./(3rr./!?/rtr 5. Ol(iagebrirrSs L), wc.krlrilrg a. slrengthenin! nr1(l(rtrsc.l pcrson1ohc carrallc(l rcl)|1xltl(tio1r o. llrgh (1,^(\,,1ri(ii.1Li(,rr
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7. SLritar hasa dctdrk,rkrlcllccroD youf lccrh. l). ha nJirl its luntli(nr. 8 , l ) t r s td a a r r r , r / . l l !o, 1r l thc cnginc,inrpaifirrg l). !arhcfcd a, cvaIoratc(i 10g|.{)\!a nclv onri a cil rlocs 9 . I l a l a i l i s c l r l o l f , a lizdr(lllis lhc.14r,r.l^, L).irL)ilily
bccnusc Lhf lcnarrl!tliil nol likc ol thc L)uilding,fu/!fl.i|,rl.,l 10. Thc corldili()D pr{)percnrc ol n. l). irD|ft)vc(i n. worscnc(l Note-Taki g Afterwritirg dorvnm.in idc.s.lry 10 wfilc (lorln nuy cliilcu.c thnl nrl)por1\ \\,orlhr\tilc Factt.staliniG.rcnrllso1cxpcdurcnls, .|d crllirnnriorr!.rrf lhcscicleas. jorringclown if yoLrhavc linrc.Thc cvi(lcnccrcllrlorcc\lhc nrain.onrcpl\ nrr(1 help\yolr ro fecnllthcn l.rlcr.
asr)!l(i)rtqn(ll|rrut|iuLrrq Jq iur)ot's pt'rorts 1 rq iUrlL rp.roJriJL'l|rnru||rll irl] ptnotls 9 al)rn"UeLl) iq !oenrupr(IpJrlorls s (rri)rrtrn.)t lrsuJ:)rt rrrqr )^ert ljur^ut)LrilrijrjI piDr^Lrorrt(lo)(lplnorts t i,\L'^\L'ur:{ur Io qtrq u)rr rrosijruI SLIsn.k)l rq nurpnr\ plnoqs t asrl(hLr!. looLp\ l))|r(lxi rol ii!r,iirr^l)! ptnoqs z aPruuP!)(t Lr)Lto)lf rru(l r(l si iiuiJr).rotijlusrur^p!plnorts I i|
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') InDrl ;rqr ur Lroufrtuojor )qt ot iiurp!))P (J) )strt ro (./) irul sr sru rrrllrlsiJurMoll()t . ) , t I , , , t l f . , - . . , t . , r . 4 . ' r rr \ . ' l r . i , . , r , , rI' , . i . , I ').u11D'r)qt autyuotsapun 'i\rrrr\r 1\irr iqt rlil(huor or lrlor .rroi )srr Lr)rt-LsrLlorlorPltr:rqtor uonrPlDur :)ru)lr^) rr^()l )tu,r\ ol irl iql', J.rntrrlrllt or u)tsrlnol \P \irolr rIPL .. lorlo)tv jo sl)r a ll1)rijolorslqd 60I
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Giving Evidence
WRITING SKILLS Giving E lidence yoLLr tt'rlcr crrLs' lhal yolrprovidcevid(ncc1osr'rpporL scicnlificwrililg requircs ()r your sl(rlcmcnt is, the nrorrgc' il Thc morecvidcnccyou havcand thc bcLLer thc uscol ex'r plcs'L)"1thc( ife argunlenlwill bc. In Chaplcr6 we di\cusse(l obscrvali()nstesl rcsulL\'!Lrfvcy slillinics, oL'herforrnsof evirlence,includingi.lcts lbrmsol cvi!i(nccarc rrscdirl lhcsc which ol resuhs,and expcnopiniorr'Discuss nrorclh'n orc lorln ')l irrcllrdc (Arr mav txam|lc eachol lhc examdesbclow oj nlay l)c ovcf l(rrhurnaobcinls For thorsnrr(ls ol cvolLrtion l. Thc proccss ol trcirlg instead cnvironnlcnl their charrging have l)ccrr ycari,htrnranbcirrgs changc(lbYit z. ,t daiigcrcxistsrhat1heozorlcin (hc trpfcralr )s|hcren1'y Lrcdcn()YC(lLry light t() rcnchLhccrrlh ullravi(rlcl albwing barrrrlirl che.licals, nrnn-lnadc (eam wlro (lcnnnr_ scicnLjsls llrilish ol l98l by a irl Thiswas lirs(Lliscovcfed il) thc slr'()s|hcrc ol ozonevlcredccrcasins slritedlhat collccnlralktls overA|lrarctica, orr L Thc dcnlllratclionr lf.lilc ac(i(lcnlsorr lJ s ll);r(lsdocsrr()Lincrcnsc ollc l)y ai)ouL ilr(rcascs of lhl.li(ics rltlnll)cr Allhoogh lhc wcckcnds holiclay perccni,thcrcitc aboLlllhrcc pcrccnlnroredriv('lsoD lhe ro'd\' lo lfs(s accor(11n9 () ilrcrcasc lhc incidcnccol hyl)c(cnsioll, 4, Drinkin! apl)cars llnivcrsily' al Stanli)nl nlcrl hy rcscarcllcrs pcrlorrDcd adr'llt orr l]an ol lhc wofl(l'sclcclricjly 5. by thc rri(l(llcolLhc21sl(cnttrfy,a sigrlillcanl 'lccorlrrllllo rcl)orls lirsio|l. nonuclcar lhc by conlftrllcd sLtll)lic(l will L)c ,'l (lrr En(rt! y U.S. D(l\rtlrrl(nr r i:'\u(,' iDlcr!ic rcd lhi|1ycrcnlivc collegcol lircdicilrc nl a nli(iwcstcrn 6. llescarchers (iis()l!crs llclvl'ccllcfcalivilyalr(lnrellLal aDassociatioll writersan(i lirLrn(l 'u.lr r\ (l(t\i*.i,"r nrr,lrrr.r'rr(i(l n\\r"rr'
Writitlg
wilh Evide ce
's orr orrcol Ll1cDit'Lr\liionPoirrtsFirslsl'rlcyoLLfol)irrr)n Wrilc a paragrdlrh yotrl o1 cfc(lil'iliL] cvj(lclltcL()cn't)lishthr lhcD pl1)vi(lc the topicsi'ntencc-an,1 or rcconr by slrnnnafiTing poinl.ConcluLle Yotrri(lca\'\l'lirrg lhcif \iS!rilicnrrcc' ' r r ' l r r ' r r ,n r t i r , .! , , 1i t r . .r ' r ( r ( . r . 1 ( r r"l
ttt 'sloos trre{:loI tj d'(?rat
' r j . N ) . r r r r ' s ' r r4 , r , t ! .i . u r r r v ( n o r s v r u r s l +
'pu!u ordo ue puP rir dlPqsE drrl o1sprru lsllurlrs JLll '3u!lu Ulridxr rtrq14 prrr^orslp re^ s.{Pr-x'snqJ 'r)dPd IrPlq prlPllrurd '<681 uI siEr rpoltlpr lpqr prrlrou urSlurou tulrqllM lsllurl)s uPturr5 tql 'uillpturd prr^orsrp illEnliplr)P pPq rH plolu E Iq pi^orlsrp uirq pPq e'r'DPq Jros lPqrprJlroLrSuIrutll i)puPxrlY i!s rrqrrers)r LIsInorstqt'JIdtuPxr rol '626I ut ruiurrrrc{xru! Jo sruJplrrPrrr.t srlir^orslp le S iuPW prpurlu! sr^orci lurLulreclxJue s:LulrJuros .rrllrrPtsrr rql lPtl^\ LtPqrrrqlo BLr!LIlruros +,,11()rlPJl.llpottr sll JJrOJlsnru 1! qlLM luJlslsuo)ulsl ro slrlpPrluo)leql uollP^rJsqo'l8uls ! rno .rPrqol purt srt^rtsqoJo suo!ll!qqSnoqlur^3,, r;)lor^/\ s 'uolreT!lErru.3 .qI ptlJ!pourro prptFr rq ^olursv rpr?sllsttuclrs-r tr,M,{rnlurr-Lllrllur,Ml rsnLuslsrqrcd,{qrql'sls)qlod^rl s lioddns lou op sltttLuIlrdxtII sPrp!pisErq ro )^lrrrlilns ireuluttlt ol rPeu s! uojJr,{rr^r'slsrll(xl,{q P Bullstl urlt^{ '1! sr rrrul ssilun rru)p!^r ol lroddns lou se^\ tuluosEor prr(lir)B st rd no) rullorl)s otr 'urLll r)ulS plle^ s,4uMls s,o[o]sFY luql pi^ord sluitulrrdxc s,o)lllcD lng )l3ol puP ijuluosurruro'|l )srr^lun )qr lnoqariJptlMou)rlrql pou!utqosrtqdosollqdIrr'rD luiJ)ue'ql
NOII)NOOUTNI
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Supueu4radxE g raldeqr
112 Experimenling Short Readifig l t e a d t h c l o l l o w i l l g t . s s . g c l o l i n ( l d i r t c t i o n sl o r l ) c r l o r n i n g . r r r c \ l ) f f i r n c n l
Lightni g Strikes Y o u k r ) { ) $ ,l h . l l i g h l n i r g i s . l c l u a l l } t l c c l r i c i t ) . B r r Lh o w t l o ! \ l i S h l r r i r r so r . u r l T h c : r n c i c n l C r c e k sn o l i ( c ( 1 l h . l \ ' v h c nt h c y r L r L , L J CI(lIrit c o l . r r r r l ) c r a\ 1 j l h w ( ! ) l r o u l ( l a l l r a c l o r t i t k u l ) ! n ) . l l l ) i c . c \ ( ) 1l i r . Y ( \ o r l l u \ 1 . l ' h i ! l v i r \ or lirr, thc amL)ew c a l l c d t h c . n L r c t c l l c c l . T h c E n g l i s ht ! ( ) r ( l f / { . r - i . / / r r o n r ( t l l o r n l h c C r c c l ' $ 1 ) 1 1 1 f l . . r - c r , w h i c h u r c n n si r n l b e r . ' 1 1d) c r D o l r \ l f n l cl h i s ( o r r ( c | 1 , I c f l o r r l l t h f I n I n ! j r r f l . A n ' a n g el i n y p i c c e so l l l l t r c r o | r . r r . l r l r . 2 . R L r Lnr t l i n i c ( o r r ) l )w i l h n J n c w o o l ( r r l a l ) f i t . : 1 . I - l o l d1 h c c o r l r bo v c r L h e t ) i e c t so l l ) i r l ) c r . n i l o L r s r r v r$ l r . r h . r | | e n s . l l l ( p . l c r s h o L l 1 (t )l c . 1 l r n ( l r ( l L ( )t h c ( o r r r t , ( N , r / r ' l h t ( o r r 1 Lr,r r t r \ lh c r t r L ) L ) c ( l . 1 g a i nr r ) ! L r s l a i l il r s n r r g n c t i . c i l t ) i ( i 1 y . ) I n t h ( c j g h L c c r r l chc n L L r f ys,c i ( t l l i s l sd i \ r o v c r c ( ll l l i l l l h f r r ' a r r 1 \ \ , (t)f l ) ( s o l c L r . l n . c h i l r y c . l h c A f i r c r i r a n l l c u i i | ] 1 i r 1l ' f n n k l i n n r n r c ( l l l r c n ( h n r g c s l ) o l r i v r n r ( l r r t l l a l i v c . l 1 w n s n o L ( ( i t h . l l j k c . h r f g c s r c l x l c r ( l r o l h f f n r l ( 1L r r r l i l i (( h . f l l r s n l l f i r . l l r ) t h c e x I c f i r n c n l i r b o v c ,L h 1nr r . g r r c l i . c l l c ( t ( ) c ( r . r rl\r r ( n t r \ ( f t l b [ ) r r r gl l ] r ( o r l r t r c a u s c 5s o r r r cc l c c l ( ) r r sl | 1 ) r ) tl h c c l o l h L o n l l r o l 1 l ( ' t h c ( o l l r l r , T l r c c l { ) l h l l l r l r l l , l s f c w c f c l c c ( ( r r l s ( w l l i c h r | , ( ' r r c g a t i v c ). n t l l h L r sl ) c ( o n r c \ l x ) s i 1 i ! c l y( l l i l r S r ( l l L l ( ' s .i v i r r g i l . l r c g , l l i v cc h a r s C l - l r c ( . o r l l t ) c o n r b r h c r c l i ) r c h a s a ( l d i l i ( n r a lc l c c l 1 1 ) r r g a t t r a c L sL h c p a t ) c rb c c a u s co 1 ) l i o s i l cc h a r l l c E( t l l | a ( l S i n r i L l r 1 yy, o L rh a v c l J r { ) l \ r t ) l ! c x l ) c r j c r l c c calu c l c r l r i c s h o c l (w h c n y o u r r r n o v c ( l s Y r n h c l i r( l o l h i l r g I i o n r . r ( l l ) 1 h c s d r y c f , c o m b c d y o u r h a i r , o r ( ) u c h c ( l a n r c l a ld o o r k n ( ' t )d l l ( f r v . l l k j n gi l c f o s s . lt h i c L rLrll. A s p c c t . l c u l a rc x a l n I l c o l t h i : ' l ) h c n o n r c n o no c c r r $ t l u r i r l g a s l o f n r . I r l s i ( i 0n ol1 c l o L r d ,c L l r r c n l so f a i f r L r La, g n i u s Ll h c r i l i n ( 1 f i ' l ) sA. s t h c c l c ( 1 n ) | s i r c r ' t r l r t r c d o D cc l o L r db c c o n r c sp o s i l i v e l yc h a r g c da r r ( i D o t h c f n c g a l i v c l rc" h : r r ! c ( l l ' h c( ' l ) l r o s i l c c h a r g e s. r t f . c l c a c h o l h c r , a n ( l . n c r r o r r r r o l r\sp a t k o l c l o c L r i c i l li L r r r ) | s1 ( r n r o r ) e c l N d t ( ) a | r o l h t r o r l r o r n a c k ) L r (Ll o L h c g r ( n r r r ( 1T.h L r s ,l i { h l r ) i r r r li s l ) r o ( i r r ( r i l
USING ENGLISH TO GTVEDIRECTIONS we an.lyTci strt\\l.rr(c,slrch.s .ir. L)y Au cxpcrin'cnlis n kind of pr()(csri. sctafalingard idenrifyingiLs.omponenl5Wc irn.rly/rr l'rocc\\L)vliicilirrs ir ordcr (llic .rr(l arf.ngiugLhcr in chronolo!.ical dow| inro scps of ptuccdufes or'{icrin r,hich rh1lurhappcn). 'Anrbcr !s . hi
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' t r o r r q r L l i r r l o . r tllrl t r n f t L r! l r r s u l { 'rrql)lol )rr^r )ql J o s P L r Ji q l r r l ,r$Ji
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u o t l i l u t ^ t o q sl l r r t u r r r d ) ) r r r p o f t l t t r s r l ) t L i l u rM L' \l r L r i ) lqr r P ) r P q l r ) r l o N , { r r r r . r D r l s rl! ilrrrruot.li(l roj suonrJrrp rttl )r! ^\olrtl
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'ru)^ Jql Jois!lil lLl)sil(l II (uol, pitrllol )lP p l r D r ( n { ) i ) l ) i l u l s / r , r / ' P ) r l ( l t u sl l l 0 t l l l ) t l i l n s s ) ^ u t l l ) s n u l ) l r J o l J L l l L l u l i i i il rqt l l l r . )l u i ( l t l u l t l o l l ) ) r J p l o p u e ( u r u o )P ) A I n
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i s ( l r ) . \i ^ l l o r r ( l L ! | l
sq)aA 2itllbJaawI 'LrollrrrPP r^tii x)Lrsrop ll rsnurrq rrlJ) Iu.lrris ruo qri)^ ,4 !|t|oqs.t)tlttd qr.^ r^rrrrrdrlrlLrDJ^ELIl(nr s)op ( rre !l]l^^slrrilrqrmDlr ,tur^a l\rl r^oqPiLll Io uuol lrllDrrdJLll oslD J^ltp.rrLkur qloqr')IsuorlrrrrP r^lniutu qrr^ DlDtllr)rloN irlloN srrtr^nJe IPrrsiqdp P lDlLrrLLr 'qruor aq101 p.lre4lP aq plnoqs rrded aql sueddPq lpqn^ rnrrr4d pue redEd Jo sereld.ql rr^o qtuo) rqt p/og t 'rlrqPJ ualoo^ euos tlrl^ quror )nseld P 4,'& z 'rlqel E uo rrded Jo sarald ArJl]}a6utt.tv 'l rql :p)tDlsrr^.o 'p)rFIurrsr (no,()lr)lqns:)qf prsnsr qr)^ )qr lo tLtrolr^nErJ(lLul 'q(llliiprpd! ueLIlr)qrPrs(lilsJolsllP sPsuollrrrrP.lirMol rlqPr.)Jird ^llPnsn\r ll
ss))ordt ruto{]'d oi suotDatlo 6u!^!9 tl I
Surlururl.rt(ixE
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4. Movc dre magDel back and Ibrth !hrolrgh thc coil. 5 . Place a conpass ncar lhc wire blrl away frcm thc nragucl. C h c c k l h c c o m p a s s1 ( )s e ei f t h c n c c d l c i s n r o v i n g .{ A m o v i n g n c c ( i l c i n ( i i c a t c s cnn l h a t c l c c t r i cc u r r c n t i s f l o w i n g l h ( n r l h l h e w i r e a n d t h a l n r a g r r c L i n n producc eleclricily.)
Removethe bulb ... alter dlsconnectlnglhe elecl clty. Aftangi g ltefis Chronologically. When cxplainirrila l)roccss,it is csscnlinl() Ntrnrbcr slcpsin thc orderin which lhcy happcll,thal is (hror)ologically describc irr(licalcd order.Thc lirstslcphasbcerr cachgrollpol slcl)sbclowin chronok)gical in eachlisl. L Thc hean pumfs blood!h()ugh thc hunaD body. J
The oxyiten-richblood retllrus 10 thc lcft sidc of lhc hcan.
/
The right sidcol thc hcarlpumpsbloodinto thc lur)gs
4
From rhc lefl sideof thc hcan,thc bbod is pumPedout lo lllc rcsl ol lhe body through lhc arleriesand rclurrrs1o lhe hcart lhrcugh tlre venrs,
2
In the lurgs, lhc bkJodgivesup carbot dioxide (which we brcaLh(' oul) and absorbsoxygcr.
2. Il is easylo prini a simple mcssageon this (L'ml)ulcr Turn oli lhc computcf. Typc thc {lrsr line. Tun on thc compulerkcy aftcr typing cach line. Prcssdre RETLRN Pressthc pRrNrkey beforc lyping eachlinc.
rrpn) or )rP sLl s IIDr.llrs)lPru pru ql'^.)^tleri(llul rre qtla (li1sqrPr Il'rrnol(nrorqr oriji8 tlBoc poe'rrM pilrlnsur'turDeqp LIlr^\truiJuluorlrrl) p 3ur)p|uroJsuorl -)rrlp irtr^^'iptlli P sc uortcrlsnllriur,loll({ rqr ijursO 54rrl1a^lpQ.lul6u!sn
(ln 3u[Iirr^J puEslro.r pup l3ulx[Ll'sntunq Jll] orn!a^o stJasul s(uJoMquu! 's.pprEd ILI] ilLIJnpor({'s)j)or iqt ie^^uruiM ulul puc'puus'p lM tsllJ 'lro.r s.r.)l(l Jo Iull rql ol sntunqiJurppp snql'isodrrrcrippuu.)lpslrrcl({uorlJ 'pi)tlr.(! u)rq suq Ilos pooD 'ss))or(l iirrol I sr LlollurLOoJ ' 9 Iros 'suoJtlru .lrlllo 'stlldssnrl)nU JJoilul^liJ iq1 'L()InJLrU ^q tlLIS!r()lu tunluurnp lo sn)l)rluallt LriLI^\ 'su()tcrunlruinr lto tlldsuiqt sl()flr1iuJiqlo II ',^nliui) lllnouu snotruotli) Jo 'sruotBSLrl LrpiiLrlsurlJr ll(lsJo uolt)BJrul0qJ! rrl stlnsarslrll 'uotr iql Jo illrllt!ldsi(lt iq pi)npord sl uolsoldx,ru)l)nu u Jo r;r^\odcqI 'lli) preMol aLlt Io sprraJlrso(ldo ot ulSJqs uosoruorLlJ s,llJ)JLI.L Ilrd pup sdnortoMl olul )tp.rpdrs 'p.LruoJ llJtaldruo)lr''q snqtJ^cLl,,sllJ).rJlrl8nPf,, alerediso,\\I 'llir )rtl rrluJ) Jqr q8norrllsuuoj Jo lleM ll)) v )pr^rp 01 surSrqlr /rzrsLrrPlrrrP ol s^!or8ltrr P LTTLI^^ 'uorsr^rp Jrlt sl tlsorlw t IlJr lo ssJJord 'Lrnlperot suint'J^llJcolper oslc'Lunl]oqJ, 'pr.iJlot s1.rJ^Lro) lunlpPu 'alqelssureurJr pue a^nJPorppr lou sr pPc'I 'rcnuoql onrt sr;uErlJ'llr
u.lr r^rlrEorpPr P -runruErn
/
'pPJl or pJlrJ^uoJ uariq SPLI l P q l u n l l r P r n s l l t o t u l l o r u Pa q t S l r u n s e J r , { q p J l e l J l e ) s r l J o r P I o r 8 P r q l 5II
SUIIuJTuJIJdxg
116 Experim€ntidg
verb Fofms:Infi ithtesand Gerun* ln an English scnlcrrce,whcn ol)c vcrb {bllows anothcr, the se(oll(l vcd) can takc ol,lcof thrcc lormsl L an infinitivo 1loirdvrnce,lo tlctecl), 2. an iDfinilive\tilhoul lo ladvanc. dclact).or 3. a gcrund \advdncikg,dctectinl) Slud(xlt{of En$lishas a secondlangllage{icquenlly lirr(l lhis conlirsins How (lo you cic'l,lfioiL.( wlrich forn ol lhc verb10 !sc? The arlslvcris Lhalthc fiNLvcrL) iletcnrri,rcsthl lbrnr of lhc sccond For cxanlple,thc vcrL)bci]i,?rllay bc lblk)wcd by an ioliDilivc or a gcrlnl(l.Thc vcrb p/,tr nlust bc lbllowcd by in infinitivc. Thc modal ,{rsl may only bc followcd by aDinlinilivc withor.rtrd Thc vcA d,.tcrr.r)l;ly bc tblbwcd by a gcrund or ar) il)fiDilivc wilhoul to. Hcrc nrc son)ccxanrpl0si Elnstein began to study the photoelectric effect. Etnstein began studlifig the photoelectric effect. Researche$ pldhheal to /epdd, the experiment. Researchers ,tf rep?4,the experiment. Astronomeru orssrved the supetnova exploditrg, Astronomers oDselv?dLhe stJpefnofa explode, wriLing: Bclowis a lisl oI somcvcrbsthal arc usclulin saicntilic l, vcrbs folbwcd by inlinitivcs: tail
ttll ts)utt.rltut btttlxpq bu!lqrntt4)nn rLItl'1rMttrrexr)tqL11lu1 s$r^ is.ril* ttl']|'rl(lL!!!i rr)d-urnrrSP {q f.^()rrori(10sruLru.r \1.tnl,tttrrtrt!t,\r1t
rPiq or 1l 'ilunrrqiill rqt rtus ;r'a : Iu rrponlll iql 'suo.rtJ)Ir'r.r)Ll(lnnrlc
.supe.q D pilr,)(lxr rM {
iolsol u rsol o|q purr ,(.qr rsuPr)q slllrill] iiu!)!rprr |rlll'r .lu \lDlrw z lriltP o rr ip or '(l r)l^rp iitrl(nlll(xurqI 'l 1)lLr,r) ll ot srp|ru(l urFltP
lo q)ci ul qri^ )qt Jo rrlroj DirroJ ilql jo lrllrl ,\11tl.rt)
'sJltril!lJsistql surol qraA 6tt!soo4)
3ut,{pntspDp!o^e3^r '8ullpnls peqsluu a^{ '8u!,{pnls peddols aM piuueld I'e^Up ol paredotdl'5^!lp oi pturerl I ' e^!rp ol ot II!^r I'o3 rqSlu l',o8 ieul I',o8 plnot I',o8 uet I :l!qutl! sitllo)iq isn pir'()) jltLF Illtrn sisurrld uorlr !rl r!r)qt ijtrlsr Dlt)L'rd ol sl sruloJ qliA tsiql iJlsPtu ol icM Pooit V
ilI
rrrilnr lni oJ
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. \ l u n r i i J r i ) . ' I r l l l M ( i ^ l r r L r r l u rr r q l l i ^ . 1 l \ . ' l a t r l l r ls q l i ^
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Experimenting 4 . Thc wourd sloppcd
whco prcssure was al|licd. b. to blccd
a. bleeding
5 . Somescientist\ bclicvethat lifc mighl a. cxist b. 1oexin 6. G.llilco'swL'rk inspircd Newlol _ a- 1osludy 7. wc lclt thc house_ a. vibraling
on Satrrrn's ln(xD Tilnn.
moli(D. b. slL ying
whcn thc rrainwenr [)y. l). lo vrDrare
8. Mnny aninalswoul(l_ .r. L,eLo,r.
cxriu(Lit rheywrrc not bfcd in raprivily. 1,. Lr.,,,nr.rr.
9. The caietcria oIly alk)w\sll|dcnrs_ a. snoke b. to snokc 10. In lhc 1920s,cvidcrrcc. began_ a. lo inLlicate
rharill gilirxicsivcre|1rdri]l{.l$,.ry b. indicnrc
READINGSKILLS vocabularyBuilding I-ikcIrcfixcsaud sulllxcs,word r(x)lr(.n h(lp you n((luirc.n(1f(ntcntt)cfncw worcis.Thc rool ol a wofd (sonrclimes callc(lthc r/(r,,)is lhe bascl|1)rrr whi(h il is fonned.Thc roor is lhe pan nn)srlikclylo itivcyou a cluc to Lhcntcaningol thc wo . An Er)ijlhhwonl nray bc buill lionr onc or nr(nc|1x)rs, wilh or wilhoul prcfixcs,sulfixcs,or both, IIcrc afc sonrccxatltplclil ty/rchrcnize-to happen at the same time syr" (prefix meaning togetheror t lith) -throno- \rooL mea,tring timel -ize (suffix indicating verb) drlsdndr.e-unpleasant sound d,s- (prefix meaning ,or) -sor- (root meaning rd rd) -dfl.e (suffix indi€ating noun) photoelectric-pertaining to the emission of electrons when a substance is exposed ro light photo- (toot 'lreanilrg light, -ele.r/o-.(root meaning electficityl -ir (suffix indicating adjectivc)
F
JS'IJAJI
olLrr rqr PUP,{3iiurler|lrPqrrur Jqt lo Ipnls tDJqjo LrorsrJ^nor (rp) LIrSixoJo Jru.srrd rql ur IILr0 sr^ll ruql tusrlllnro Surqltur^n 'q e lq nuJ(.ti) Jo uolllurqulor .rrie.MnlrrsolJo ssrroro 'ii
:rrlnurplq 9
s l P u r l t r cP o e s l L r 0 l l : r Jo uoIrso(rlro) )ql Jo ^prlrs
rcnEjp^q)p 6
l0tL()J l
rJIP^'r lul
s u u J r ul u J l t l e L I : ) J l u .lo1rrnss)ld ril!^{ lo rsn p sJs0n.lrLll0 ptle rlr? lo lLlJttri^ottl Jtll lo Ipnls irlllu.li(lLuJl . ( x ) p u l H u l l u l n i l i ) .i l o l i ) l ^ ) P trll^ulti )Lll>ds iiL[trrtci)tu .()l ltl)ttln nsul JaMOd rale^{ Iq
snorpiq.Z srl(!leuipo1urrL0 9 tLltsoLu.rrLs iqortu t sJTLLI?LL{l)ol)p {
slsrqru,{n)lq z ,i'r)slu:rtl)olqI parnpord AlpFpelo = tq!.ynapo4trt! itale^A i-otpl4
leeq SuFnspeu.IroJ etl^tp e = Jatawou)aLll lleeq t-our,4l 'lJerJrlP Sullerado Jo 3)uJltrs 3ql = stlttrouoJat !tle r-o12,) sgulql 8u!^!t Jo ,{Pnrs aqt = [6oP!q 1alll t-o'q 'prlsll sijLIruPrr rql lle )sn xrLIIlrMnoi 'r,tiu.,11 r rr' \ : r r r r " ' r rrrr i l r l r s $ " 1 \ I r l \ ' \ r l r r ' \ r ' r i r ' i r r r r l l t r u r ' ' r l r ' r ' r ' n o ' \ l -orpIq lolur)ql rorJP rolq 1/ooy pJotl l,r;,M t.' F I i,r'\s'.','t rl' \l rrl\ 'ulPnepue 'rlrtl'4'\c rruY oretP rrrrll i)s nol sPrPnrluPlJttrorrq III^'Isnxt r)qlo !t'e JsJtll -spro^\rrrrllrrrrs LII punoj IItroLlrLL()rJre Iooq slql ur nlilnPl sloor proM tql '(qrr^ppro')^rr))lpP'qrJ^'LInou)Ll)rrdsJo ued Jql srlarlPtrrxl}ns Jql xxx .qt Jo lillur)lll rt1] ol sppe ro srlllu)tll xPrd rql ilurtrurttrslr ol )nlr ls)tuorls 'srldtuPxr J^oqPrql IIlr ur lcql )n)N i)rtrsr^rn_ rertrpro^\ .L| lo uPd Jql sr nror trll 6II
3ulurlu!rtdxg
120 Experimenting Vocabularyik Cor?l?xl. Circlc rhc leucr o l l h c a n s w | | l h . l L ) c s lI n . 1 ( h c \ l h ( nreaningof thc italicizcd wo(] as it is r|sc(li n c a . h o l l h c s c s c n l ( n r c \ . t. Oil and watcrrclcl eacholhcr. rcsisl
2. Thc possibilily of Iifc exisLine clscivhcrcin lhf Lrlrivcrlc i:,trrltrll/,./Lonr.rn) a. firlicul(rus
b. i|lrrcsling
L Maric irndPicrrcCufiewcrc al)lclo 6.j/drra new r:r(li('.clivc clcnrcrrL, ndium. a. scparalc b, crc.lc 4. Thc bridgcwasJl/r/,fnddd lion cablcssup|]ortc(l l)y loivcrs.t cithcrcrr(1. a. hlLng b. sct.r.rc(l 5, Thc handson lhc dialplydl.das rhe gasprcssurc rv.s rais0{lin(l l{)\ry(r((1. a, rolalcd [r, rcvcrscrl 6. Thc blucl)rinlli)r lhc nra(hincrywasdrar,.dri,cxccJrl Ji)ror)ccrror. a, corre(t L). in(orre(( 7. To nrakeslrrcthc rranrcs wcrc choscnl)y chan((,thc (onrl)u(crr\'ns progranrnrcdto list Lhcm4t fdrrorr, .1. wilhout orcicr l), itr o|1icr ll. Duringthc cclipsc,lhc calth,sun,.nd nnx)[ wcr'cd1itrr,./. a. jn a linc L).our ol liuo 9. The cxpcrimcnts wcre conductcrl t i t n u l l t \ t l r o i l l .1 \ )1 L o n ( l o r ra r r ( l R o n r c , a, in thc sanrcplacc b , a t t h c s a r n ct i n r c
Scohning Scanlhe f(tlowiDgfassagcin rhreeminutcsarld put nluarc brackcrs;1|1ILu(l lhc answcrsto lhcscqlresli(ns.(Firsli(lcntjfylhc kcy wor(ls.) I Who wasWilliamCilberL? 2. Whcrcis thc magncric Nonh Polc? L Whal dki MichaelFirndayan(lJ(xcphHenryl)orh(li{cov0r?
Readihg The Magic oJ a Magnet Whal is lhc magicthalenablcs a magnello pickup irn ir{)llrrailliut rr(ni1r,oo(lcll pcncil,a rubbcrcraser,or a coplcr |cnny? M.gDcLi\n,lrnlrrc(llir thc.ncicnt Grcckrown of Magnesia, is a li)rrc of narlrfcthal m.nilcslsitsclldiJlcrc|llyin
'1'|urHq(l)\of u!.)u)Lrv rqr puc,{rpcrD.t rqt,iq prrr^o)\rp IrcqJlWuDrrLt\rtiJlrg il\r")rrrPrlfur|s rPM,{]lrutr;rlrpup rusrtiuiJDLu Lrrr^4riq l|orlrruuorrrlt'a€8t uI 't)rlprr rL| )rlt lo .)l(xlqlnosrqr tr)ilo(l quou rqt ot prtrllltD sr drP r.)1lD(l i)qr lo rtorl qlrro\ tt ot Iit:)pr]lpsr (lrtrir(lpa rLIt l() rt(nl quou rrtt PUD'l)trijour rr.L[ r.^trsur)\] uiJrtD or (lrL:) ]'(l!11)rlr.lo surcu)p )!)!ileru,{uI rql U sJs er (ln )ql to iriol lj (lrlrri{lud lrrls u slrqrnslDl)rulo sDrr(lpJzrrruiJcl||Lrn l)uiJpLU p,{Lt^ sr l'l(lxr srLll rrrrtPurr !c Du r(xr IlrM uorr rql'prtLrDr t)r(1 rM r.)rrn"u(r ro.\lur')P'r!r.)rr? surp'rr')p rs tt uiqM pirrrrui-L'ur sr uor rqr'priirrL'rruiUrf.ro r.rf \uroLUoP i\iLI rlrqM rurp'u()l)l).) c) sfiiu )tt:)lrijpur ^trrrltrpur l') dr' .)lrL,trr r(t or uri\ i)q ucr uo.l|I()D)Itl uol' paz!lau6eurun
uor!p€z!lau6eht
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i L ) s . r i )^) r ^ l ) u ! i l { ) J r l l r ( ) N) l l r L r J u t t r , ) q r s ,rr { r . r u r r i t L r ( ) ) , ) q , ) l o ,rtI r l o s ) l l i u i l c L u ) r I s L )J l i s ! s . s . r i ^ i r . { u r 1 r . )lu) 1 . ) l.J) l r , n r J u r L i L l r ' r l l . r c ) , ) L l rt o A . r o r s r )r L | l l u L , r u I l o l r ( I r r u o . r tr u r l r l ) , r . r ) ^ o ) s l l ) , ) ^ us( lr \ r r u J r . ) s '!)l)o.r t o , r n _i!L t l i i u l i p n t s , t q u o t P l ) uu t r l l . r u )) L t l l ( ) s i l r l \ r n x l ( l o ( l t ) L ' r r l 0 r , ) ^ r s , r l o t ll l l n o s p U u r l t . r o N) r l l u r o . r J\ ) l l u i l ) r f \ r ( i r I u . r , r ^ ol ) , ) r P ) o l t o L ri . N ^ , ) r . l tl ) u L 1 l l l c ] l r ) u . ) . r ! \ , ) l ( x l ) l | , ) l r i u L r . ) r l i r u L I r ) u t , ) r ] l $ l . r i r r , { r 1 Lr , ) q l ( ) 0 V r u s t r i l r i l e L L! rrl s ) \ ' ) l 0 r ) r ( q r i L ) ) l ) q 1I o . J i l l r r ) r L t l l L l] ! 0 0 0 1 r ) ^ o ) { r u i q r r r r n r f r s f r . ) , n l r , n r n u r IPl , ) q t { l l r ( L r 'r). r ( ' )t L ' r l l ' i . r o )! r o . r l | | r s D r lr l l i D i i q r q n n o q ) l v r r r u{ r x , )o r ) l ( l P U J , ) qs u q ) ( o o L r L D l r l MD r L i p s l r ) s i l r i r ! f u r l f ) r i J ) L l l l o ) U o \ r r L r \ r , n r i i r r rsr , L l l . r u r . ) L I . l 'li)uJurrl ! \ L ' ^ ) r l u c i J l N l l i ! l r q l r L r ,r)q l r ! r l r l ) , r r L r l n ) r (({nt t M ' . r o l ) r ) ps . r l t r q ! 7 r t . tr l i i n a ) ' l r r q t r l ! u D r l l r M^ r t ur p.rLIL'l'l\r 0 0 r ) l i q ( l \ r q . t . \ \ D ( h L r o r . r r D r r I L ' 1 r i ^ D i i L r r . l p r \un L | ' q r n o ! l ) L | | L ' | l ] ( n Lr U ( r l l r r t r o ^ r ( l P t n o ^ { r ' P ! , ) r I P u r o . r Jt ) . ) l ) I | . r 1 $ ]r|. r i M . ) t | o r \ . ) p o Jt r ) . r . ) l u L t lLl \rl l l c r l l I r . r r ^ o r s r l ) r\ruLq1.)q1 l ) 0 r L r ) I ) q rI u n o r r ' r ) l c ' t \ f i r r t t u i r r u D i L | ] r )ur M r ) u )\ r , ! \ \ r ) r ' ! l \ ( l n s r ) r l r o l ) u L ' u { j . f D L r r N r ) r ' s r u o t \ i | o l i 0 ' \ r r o u o j l ) r r L r n L r r J r )^ l r t r l r ) q l . 'iuolu l\rx.).rr^r(r \ r l o r { ) I ) u i i p r ^ j r l 1 ) ( lq r n o \ . r L t tl t r ( x j p i ] D l o \ r r q l o u u p r ) l o ( { L t L r ) rr q r ' ) 1 1 ) ( { r l l r o \ p r L L ' r l l r o u! r l l r ^ \ q r c r ' s r r u n L r l t r r n o t r ^ c q P l n o ^ { r ^ 1 ' \ l r u n L ' u ro ^ 1 r . ) f . ) L tlln ) { ) r ).rir\ )M . l o r l r | n o \ | r r P L l u o r r! q r t , r \r l r l ' ) ' p U ] o Jr . r ! s r . ) u J ! ( r ^ \ r u o ^ \ r 1 l ! L l u r f r ) ! r r r L r i r u uP r L r r l l M r c q l D L ' tr L | ^ ( l I i r r I u r L l L r . ) . r\l I f ^ \ l r r ^ ! q \ l s r r r ! i , \ r l d 'rrqu) q)r) t r P i r l ! \ i l ( x l L I r n o \' ) , s r . I , ) r l rl ) u f r ) q r o L p r i l ) ( J r \ i l o ( r r J u o u ( | ^ l r , s r . u n r L Lrrq t i . ) t 1 l ! s r o r ) r r ) q r o q . ) 0 . ) L U o . rl tD , ! \ L r' t s n ( i! | L r i r I o I u u r i r l 1 i ) q r r i I r c , ( ) r L r ^ l P r lrJi r t I u r t l r D u ) r q ) r L l , ! 1 r l l r ^ 1r ) r o t l r l - r r M o ( li L | ] ^ l o u l r o , { ' s r . u i i ! L t I o $ l r l r r \ l ) ) t r f t ( l r r ^ r ) ^ D q n o l J I '\rptij l r L r pr ) ( l ( l o ) ' r ) q q n r ' f o o M s ! q r r s s t u r . r . ) r PLr U t l r MU P L I II i . ) r s l ) l | P r r o r r q ) r r { t ! r I r r M ( x l ) r o L u L P n t L Ir r ! s D ) l J r r n i L r l 0 L r r ' i , ) l n - i p) l L r ) t 1 ) l) r l . ) u i r [ L tsJr ) ) u e ] \ q r l { , { r r ^ r L l i l n ' ) q ) l Vs l f u D u rr l r , ) r i l l r l ) IZI
Sultu)Lugtdxg
122 Experimenting Tiry found fiat whcn a magnctis passcdthrougha coil ot wire. il p()duce\.rr eleclric current in dre wirc. This o(curs bccauscthc wirc conrainsun.(achcd electrons. A magncticficld movinf nearlhc wirc pnllsthcscfrcc clccrron\atong thc rrilc, crenlingan clcctriccltrrcnl. Not only docsa movingmagnclicfiekl induceelcclfi(ity.bL lhc opfosircis also true. Electriccrrrrentsp(xluce nragnelism.Whcn n corfcnr ol elcdricily i\ passcdthrougha ronductor,a magneijcfield forns aroundil. Thlrsa nr.gncrir field may be induccdby an ctecrriccurrcnl.Scicnrisls bcticvclh.]l ilt nriiDetic fieldsarc produccdby elcdric currcnrs.This is the rruc nagic ol n ntagncr. U derstandingthe Readr'rg. ID{ti(atewhclhcr eachof lbcscscrlcnres i\ lnre (7.) or falsc 1F) accordinf lo lhc l)r.cviouspassagc.
T
l. All subs|arlccs are somcwhalmagDclic, 2, Magnclicpoleslbnl arc alikealtrad cacholhcr.
3 . A nagnct can cxc( ils ldcc acrossill opcn spa(c. 4 . A norlh nolc of a nragnclc.rnnol(xisl scpararclyliour . v)L h
pole.
5 . CoDrpnsscs wcre uscdby thc ancientGrccks. Willian Cilbci sLrltljcstcd rhal a contpnss('cdlcpoiDls|lo h at)(l soulhbecausc lhc c.rrlhis a Dral.lnct, 7, Wc know thrl lhc eaflh is a ntngt)ctbccauscil hasan iron cofc, The Dlagncric polcsof lllC eanh arc l()cal('(l al lhc t)rcciscly gcographical Nonh arxl SouthPolcs. 9 . Thc carth'snlagnclicficld rcvcr{s ir\cll pcrio(ii(ally. t 0 . A picceof iron is magnetizcd whclt ils (lontaitrs .rc s(.ttcredilr diffcrenldircclious. MelalsaregoodclcclricalcondLrclorr bccausclhcy conlainnrany
t 2 . Magnelscan prodLrcc clcctlicily,bu1elcclrjciry cann('tIroducc magneli!m.
)rroj tsJlo)^^ I.L z .u(,rlrtrjsrsnPrruql rrrct 1\tL |
3-
(N,44) rD)p'rulcra ro'(Ns) irrpno liuorrs'(E) rrl)LriJDLrr -olr.tr'(9) IuuoIBr^ei3sr srsDrq(l rsrql J0 rtrpr Ur frqursrp rrlot iql r)qtrq^\ rle)tprll 'irnrr.)l ll Lrl uorrc(uolur It uo p)s!g ar1tr21 a4t gulpuDfrapun 'aslJrrxrlxru rql rrrl(huoJol $lou rnoi isu rarll puD,,ri)i)roc .rno:IrLIL, rnlrrl )ql ol Ui,tslln{),{so srxnr rlpt 'rlLrllls.rLl rqr ^lic)lJ rlu^^ 01 l.r(l[r rLIt J)ol l laritlrLr I] iiutqiosqurdrl)rc no.{ 'tu(I,.(t ro iJ(|rldorirc no,{illqM sit(xrrnol iiul(1,{l .() iirlidor iq ull )tsL'Mto^irr 'oslV ',toIM r1otrtcll^^ tuo iirUnil !o tolt 'suJpl)qt uo alcJlu.)J!lo)ol )l(lc )q or ruu^4noA o)lllrM J^uq no^ lcrlM pui-ri.rot llniuJlpiq ^utli ll rulrru -ulun sl raltr.rtrDalilrls)qt JsnP)Jqluql IrrltLrul d)a)l 'spjoMJo sru.r(lp)uil.()rls suoltulAiJqqP )sn noi qijnoqlur^r'si)x)lrijullut u l^4/.ilicilJitlt^ sluMly POr.r
6u!4bJ-aNN
itLrulrroP (l J/rlrji)n)r| Ll ' s u o - r l ) ) l JJ ^ l l u l J J t r / . u t r t , . 1 s ( r o t io^r!(l l s o ( i i s n u ) ) q J i J r 0 ! l )o u s u r l r L ( ) l u( r V I
nru.ro!riil (l snolJstlo:)P 'srlur\l)rll.ruJ jo luirLllrqt Jo ,Jr,r1,iru suclur{lllluJ'9 lrrdo q JI]'P 'puuoM)qlP,rrrlol iq.L < lrurl) u p:)snuu(rr)rl(xl li)^/lot :)rsuq1l .)lulPr(rru|u tu.rJo )i)ul ltL'tU 'rrn tsrn)t rLIl p)lrlts )lt)rpiir) lll D qiirorlllv t I scM i$rc) l'ilriTrrp ru uoll)PrrP q )Illslp u sJliuqr lorulDlr r)rlJo !o^Jr.rr.r ll prrr)ourlluir!.rl L|lturlirig { .lu-rrPou q rilnrt e 'rtclo)clIUDnLp)ltrt III oIx.W Ur rlcnbqurr ,,rrssrllrc '996t Lrt Z ,{jDurilDrur1t llur:r.,.e;rq fn) 'srr.lq() 'uoolu rL| 'uns .qr prrprlrssspt),t"uxro.asur!! 1 /rasrl.rrFqro plrD 'srrurlr.s rsrll].1()LlrPr ur Prsn sr lr sa p(),4^przrrrll-'lrrqt Jo SLrruerLll rqr sitl)relLr rs.q reqr rJMsrp .qr lo rrn)l JLII )lr.rr:) tx?lroJ u! trrtry1qfioA
S']1IYS DNINAJSIT tZI
S u r r u n l |r i d \ f
124 Expcrimenting ) . Thc nn)stinrportnnljarcc. The forcclhnl holdsat(nnsand nn)lccrllcs loltcther.
5 . T h c lar\'c thnt hol(1sp()rons lollclhcr. T h c k)rccth.l slickstapcto.1 |ircc ol fnpcr.
7 . Thc Iorccthat kccpsl)laner\in ortrir. Thc lor(c th.l appcarsiu radioacrivil). Thc Iixcc thal a(fact\ bLll(locsnol rcl)cl.
10.
1wo lorccsthat lirncliononly inrj(lcirrrJtonr. Thc k)rccLhatis n|()rgly lcll bec.uscpllnrls.fc so largc.
t 2 . Thc l L Thc basiciofccol chcnrisrry.
DISCUSSION POINTS () lcllowslUdcrrts yoLrnrighr Givcverbaldifecriorrs ro conlttcrcsomcl)ro(cdurc. want to cltooscfrontthc lbllowingsoilgcslionsl I l'L1ya ganrclioln aDothercounlly. 2. Cooka dish lion .Dothcfcounlry. L Pcrli)nnnn cxpclirncnlnot discLtssc(l in lhis class, 4. Makc Knnclhingby hand. -t., Pcrlbnnnrractivitysuchas changiDlt Lhcoil in a (nr, fepaifirUa ra(jio,or. dcvclq)inglilnr. P l . r n\ ' \ r t a l l ( . r ( f r r l l v\ , , r l r . l | l l n ( \ c , \ j n . l ( t r , . r r ci n i l u , i r . jA. I r . r j , rn , ( t r , lolil.n ncwspatcroncc pfintcdir rccipclhat in(ludcda slcp that saidro rcnrove thc chickenfrom thc Nl. UDli)flunarcly, rhc stcprhat saidto l)l|rLhcchickcnin rhc pot had accidcnLally becnoDri(cd.Onc lidy w()lc rharshchad tbtlowc(llhc rccipecarctullybu1wasvcry confused whcn shcknkcd in hcf pol for rhc chickcn aDdcouldroL lind i(l As you prcpareyour ralki L Lis!all lhclrcps in thc proccdlrrc. 2. Make slrrcth.r!c.lchstcpis scparatc an(idisrinclnnd lhat nothingh.s becn omillcd. L Arrangcthc stetsin chronolo|ical ordcr. Your lopic sentencc will bc r natcmenlof lhc l)rrrpose of yol|| lalk. A goo(lwdy l() concludcis lrr cxplainhow this inlornrali()rrljlhl bc Lrscd.
'u^1ornoi asooql tulqltluos aIPu ro op ol ornp Jo rldot p ro stuloduolssn)slcaql Jo illo/a^oqe -$ord e liup{olloJroJsuolprulsLll rql EulMolloc allrM PolsllsaullaplnB tuolpatlo gulrltl 'sdi)l1iIlgssa))uun iue prpnlrul ro ilulll ee piltlruo tolr n^DLIl1o,{lpql rts ol IJiLI) 9 'sill?p pur?'slrriluorrlsgi)ul'srll0uenb )$ljids sc qJlls 'sllBlaplJessJtiu IIU)pnl)ul E (rrqlriior dJlsnuo ouqt oturndlouoc) uotlsIFIBJsr)uilltostql dJi)l t '.rcpro l!)dolororqr t)!rt1iul sdolsi)Llltiluul]v I 'qr)^ (l.ls qll^ Llltitfl Z tl)|]i .^!lPDdt(tl LIe 'ssi)or(lrql ul sdils tLIl ls$ I lle :sLmlDi)llPilLlltlr,1^.roJ s.ull.p!nil ilP illrr,4^oll{[tql, r0rl) irP suolDrrlp LrJlllrMrlo^ irns Jleru ol 'tslnoJ Jo 'sl liols sllll,l{) lPlotu iql ill Jlqutssr ol Moq L() suo0Jr.llsulnulsnJllo)Jo r8pd ro qllM siJild )lerpdrs 009 ul loqor rql pul ot .{luo llpJllJxi ll urdo ^rql 's.^l r?xoq illl rv ruludlnbr illl tlqurssg ptll-'stx)lDrlrlslrlrql Moll(! uu) lsel 'luiluerlpr.rd rlrql tpql loqor 0 a^p)rr lllM iiql plol are itql Jo quer 4l!x)ll ^iql nrLIA/! lrrJttdlnbJ aql iiullqurJsseIoJ srlolllnrls l LlilllrM il0 puPlslJPLlnl{)rtlle) i 0 .)snerrq )!rr?lso)edsrlrtll ,lerrdo ol rlqeun are quPt tt()4 reJ uolsslloe tlo slllDlrcisc o^,rl'^orursYrocst rJluM LrP)!r .uv Jql ,lq ^rols L()1])uJruJlJs P ol
s o!pat!Q S'I.IDIS 'NIIIUM SZI SuluJmtrrdxs
chapter 9
Calculating Liquids and Gases
INTRODUCTION To a largccxtcnl, mathematics is the languagcol s(icn(c.Thc a€curacy ol predictionsdepcndson the accuracyof lhe measurcmcnLs and (omputations uscd in experimentation, Wc havecomca long way sinceancicnttimcs,when mathcmatics was regardedby somc,like plato,as mysleriousor supernatural; when numbcrslikc sevenor thirteenwere thoughtto havemagi(alpowersfor goodor badluck; and when mcmbcrsofcertainbrolhcrhoodswerepu1to dcalh for rcvcaling mathematical//sccrets"that arc commoDkrowledge today,
126
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6ury0aduotls 'rrldxr llt^{ uns rno urqM rtun rql ol qupr aqr uo prrer{jder$l stulql 3ul^!l utq.tt rrep rqr uro.rjpue :rpq etouerae ur sroolpr Jo rrqunu rqr or srpls Jo IxptEB p Jo rtlpt.M rq) tuorJ :uns rql Jo lErq rql ol urSorplq Jo urPrSe ul sruolPJo rJqtunu aqt uorJ Surqt,{lr^r rlPInrlPr slstnrrtJs Durluts s!I{rJo put rql le polr.d rqr uo 1lJplno:)e!eDPq puEsnoqlprrpunq lerr^rs teqr oslPlnq puor:s rrd rlqlst^ul are irqr reql IIPrusos :le slrrDPq lPql lsnl lou Moul ti srlllu 000'98t Jo prrds P lP sle^Prl 1r rPql lnq rsPJslr^Prl lrtBtl rPqr,{JJlrtu tou 'rtdurexiJrol 'sn II.r)suoltplnrlP) rnO J]urDs ot uorsrrrrd sr^13srleutqr?W IZI
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Calculating . r r . r. . | ' . r i I r . . i ' . l 1 . I 1.. s rtrlrr.,n rr..r.,., 'j .lr'' ,,,, .,l\:!\l) d o n l w c f c c l r h i s c n o n r r o L rIsr c s s u r co n o u r l i o ( l i ( s ?T h ( I c n y ) n i s t h r l i t r u o \ | h c r i f j t . c t s i n n l l d i r c c l i o n s( ) | . 1 1 s u r { n c e \\ o t h . t i r v c r y l h i n ! o r l |rc\\rrrc is nivcAnl; thc c;rah is in balrrrc. T h c l r . ( \ s L I c i n s i d c y o L r rl ) o ( l yc q u n l sr h c t ) f c s s ! r co L | l s i ( l cW h e l r ] 1 ) r Li r o u t ) j l l . n c l e v . l o r o r n i f p l r r c , v o L LI c e l ! o r r r c . l r s p o I p i u f b e c i r L L \ c . t1hr c . i r g c t \ l h i n C r , L h c1 1 L r n r boc{r n l o l e c u l c s" h . n r n r c r i n ! ' i n s i ( l cy o L r rc , r rc x c c c ( l st h ( . r r L r n r L ) chf , I r r n r c f i n g " o L r l s i d ( ,u n L i l l h c n n ) l c ( u l r s h a v c : r . h : I i ( ( l ( ) e ( l L r . l i z c I l c . a L L stch r r r c l c c L r l c \a r c c l o s { j L ( u e l h c ri r r : r l i q U j ( t( h . n i n n { n \ , t h c f j l i | . r ( l s l i r l co v c r i r r r ( il r o L r ( i c . c h o l h c f , ( x c n i n g | f c s s u r c r n r t h ( ! v . l l s o t l h c i f ( o I r . L n r r . 'l Y o L rf c c l t h i ! t ) f c i i L L r w c h c . , v o ud i v c L ) c c , i t h l h c \ u r t n r c o t r t r r w . t r r . h e | r c s s u f ( o l L h cw l r t f r i s ( l i r c d l y p f o t ) o r t i o n i l ( ) l h c ( l c t ) t h . t h c | f c s \ u r c o i ( l i v r r i r l h u \ ! q u . l t o L h c w r j q h l . o l t h e . l n r o s p h ( r i r I ] l c s s u r el ) h r \ t h ( w . t c r t ) f c \ . j u f r .
U S I N G E N G L I S HT O C A L C U L A T E Mathcnrali(.1 .cl.lioushi|s !.ltd! |a. ts !fulotlinrl1l nJ,,1t)d thr \\'itlltt rl thc dit tll
irr scnLcnrcs Lr$in!lrhrir\.slike ir 11.7t,nrnd\yt nlutttt'iktll
14,7pounds I square inch I l t ( l i r c t s r ' ?i:t . J i l t . t , n I t l , . ) l \ n l | . t l ! t h ! l n $ L t ' { , r t t i l t
pressurcr= pressure Tht fr$surc nn d,livtt it thtt! nl|,rl lr tfu vtj4h! tl tlt( tt! n)rttt|,).itprls It lrrrr r//r' ndar /r,1ssr/r..
pressureon cliver = atmospheric pressLtre+ water prcssure Ttu !rclsu]t t)l tht \t\tt t it ditt.th' prt
ti)t!ll tn tttt dtpttr
water prcssure 7 dcplh N r / . ' rM a t h e m a l i . a l r c l n L i o n s h i t r l i . fc x l ) r c \ \ c ( ti n r h c p f c r , ( n tr c n s cL J c ( n u \ r h c ) . a r c u D i v c r \ , r l sT. h c y n s L r . l l yc o n r i i n r h c v c d , r r , l r ! .
Understandifig Mdthe|tidtinl Terns Thc lcicn.c o{ ph!sic\ i\ conccfncrl liflclr w r u r l h c n r c i \ u r e n r c n l o l s L r r hp h y s i c i r lq u i n t j l j r \ . \ l c n g t h . L i n r c ,a n r l ! o l r L u r c . M . n y o l l h e r ! q L r i n l i l i c si r c f c l a r c r i .E r . h o l l h c l i ) 1 l o $ , i n g{ c r l c c c \ c \ t ) r r \ \ r \ d
'1rtrtrtrl,r,',ruore r r J )s t ) f . o s t i r o ^ i r o r r i t P r s f s * r : 1 : j o o l t 1 , )s l ) u r ' o [sr u u o r o r . r ) ] . q p i m s r r r
(rntqro \e rt)r1s) rolor B Jo (ll,rrurijL ) rolor frr (trro.'t:JLI|.Ip r^\ purl rql) sselSp ro (rJlrels(lns rql) ssel8 (Prrnosr!trr.Iul'dD) punos p ro (turirrrilur) punos 'p.)snrr! lrql MorlLroiJLprri(lilr,rlqprunor rq uu) lJurIr^\rrtrt(r.rrsur ill!Jrtrijl pisn su orrru)s t (.)t(tf nrnor r()U)uopnfiod "llo,{rrsrtueqr,rrddor lrtqutuno))Jsrl p,apor-lrJlr up ?edorsrlJts srl)ll.rc rrrrrrpUl .r)ct ldr/op rlsrln_o3 Uril(lptuno)lo .).? lprll sunoN r!lfn_urs i.r!,{rrlt Lriq,.!\ srl)rtruitlurlrpUr,)lut qsrliJLrS Ir il(lrrtUno) r.r! trrlt s!0oN lou ol).)tttospltus.)1.)[.tu J]ll liput iltt !UnoUlp.tll(ktou.)lUos.z
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C d l (u l d r i n g Usitrg Indefi ite Articles. hrerlan indefirit€ article (d or/rr) v\'hcncvcr rc({rsmy i n d r e I o l l o w i g s c n t c n c c sN . o t e v e r y b l a n k n e e d sa r a | l i c l r . I
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Thcdclinircnrticlc(lrr) rn.y L)cLrsc(l wiLhplLr.l rroun\ nr)(1 wilh.jlhcf.ounr.lLrl( or uncouDtablc siDglcnollrs,So|]rcconr )()DrLscs ol rhcllclhitc a(iclc irrscicntilic Englishafcl I lo spccilyof fcfar() sonrelhinll nrenrioDed (NoricclhnL th!1thas!llreariyLrccrr lrc is uscdlhe:iccoudaDdall succccdin!linrcsa DoLLn is r)lcnliorc(],) In 1986there was an accident at a nuclear reactor in Chernobyl in thc Soviet Union, causinBthe spread of dangerousradialion. The reactor was shut down. The accident awaken€d concern for the salety of nuclear reactorsall over the world. 2. Lofclcr 1osonrcrhin!rhat is uniqrc a planet, th€ earth an era. thc Middle Ages l. lo rcfcrro somcthingsrccific Thc do€tor performed an operation. (gcncril) The doctor pcrformed the bone marrow t.ransplant.operation he was famous for. lspccillc)
spro,$:riqur.urrr ol lLrE^,{ noi spro^,\rqt rsooq) tsllc srspq3ur03uoup u0 srsop llPrusLrrprqrosqprq ot pJru sproM sproM to nsrr Suol urort lpnts ()1ful t,uoo 'rr .rzuour u or UoJJJup r)'ru 'proM E Jo SurUlJrurqt prur?rt r^pq no,( rrlro
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Calculating lha1reclrrofien,lhoseuscdirr yoLrrIicld ol sludy.and olhcrs1ha1yolr know will be usefulin your generalvocabulary. Thenwrilc thrcc ro fivc of rhcsewods o1r aD indcx cardor picccoi papcr.Write 1hencaning of cachword a[(1 a phrasc lhal showsyoLrhow lo Lrscil and will providca me.niDgllrlnsv)cialion: chronic-lasting
a long tim€; a chronic illness
Carrythc cirrdor papcrwilh you and usc sparemonrcDts lo rcvicwlhc wor(ls. Makc scntenccs wilh eachword or lhink aboulln)w you woLrklUscir. whcn yoLl h r \ c r i . l , r ( ' r r h , s , r , i \ , , \ . r r r r( r r L r r. c t l ( . IL r ( l j r , \ . . . l ( , \ ' t l l r , . , 1 .,1. r . ' i . . 1 honc and rcvi('w lhem from linle 10 lime. Nufiber Pfefixes. Study lhc lollowing lisl of prcfixcsand lhcn nratLhthc lcflns al the lcftbebw with lhcir nrcanings al lhc rigbr.YoLrwill nol useall lhc nrL'anings Iistcd. I 2 t 4 5 6 8 iii
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Reading whal Makes ObiectsFlo.||? A s a c h i l d , y o u m a y h a v e p l a y c d w i l h o b j c c r ! i n r h c b n l l r L r r l rn, o l i t i n g t h a l r l r c b a r o f s o n p s a n k 1 0 t h e b o l l o m o l L h c l v a l e r w h i l c l h c p l a n i c s o a f d i t h l k ) n r e do n t o p . W h y i s i t t h a l n a n y o b i c c l s ,f a n g i n g f r o n r a p i c c e o f c o r k 1 ( )a l r o c e a n l i n c r , w i U f l o a l , w h i l c o r h e r sw i l l r o 1 ?
This concc|l wi:lscsLab' Thc forccLhalnrnkesobjc(lsllonl is callc(lbLroyarrcy Archinrcdcswho alY) l)l.ycd ilr lhc lishcdby thc llrcat Crcek nrillhcnlaticiaD Archinlcdcs obscrvcdlhat whcrrhc got inrc his l)athlub w.lcr'w.ls(lis_ t);r1hrub. thatanyobicclinrnr$scdin a liquidis L)noycd placcd,or plrshcdoul. HcdctcrnliDcd up by a forcccqualto thc weiShl()1tbc flrJiddisltaccdby lhc obicct lhit is Nnowrr a l1)ckwciFhs100 DolndJ.rr(l For cxamflc,supl)osc as Archincdcs'principlc. has.1volunc of I cubiclirot.whcn lhal ft)ckis subncrgcdin walcr,il disl)laccs PLrll I cubicf )r ol watcr,whi.h wcighs62 poundsThcrcfbrc,thc gravilaliorlal upwJ forrc is 62 polrrrds downwarrland rhc buoyarrt on rhc rocki! 100DoLrnds oul ofthc walcr,you woLrklDccdlo cxerla lorccof 100Poundslo lili thc fo.k (of l8 In rhe watcf you would havc ro cxcfl . lirrccof 100 minlrs62 poLr|rds Thc buoyanrlofccof a liquid,or horr nuch it pushclupwnrd,dcpc'(lson rhc dcnsilyof lhe liquid.A body rrill lloal if iLsdcnsityis lesslhan that ol lhe li(lui(l in which it is inrrncncd;il will sink if ils dcrrsilyis grcalcr'Icc i! lcs\ (lcn\clhnrl lvith lloil(m lhc surhccof fic occan Sleclthip\ irredcsigrrcd walcr,so icebergs thnt of u'nlcr' fillcd with aif so lha! lhcir dcnsilyis lessthan many spaces bv irt volur c salr\,l'alcf rhewciShlol rhcliqLrid Densityis conDutedby divi(liDg has:r densilvol 62 frcsh waier hasa dcnsiryof 64 toun(lsper cubiclirot,whilc is sahwatcr ol pourxlsper cubiclbol. llenct th( buoyanlfora_c lrcalerlhan lhnt ol (r floal iir thc otcarr 'i)r n swinnrcr frcshi{ater,which explainswhy il is easier
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Surlelnrlpl
136 Calculating LISTENING SKILLS Lhc vocabulary in Cofircxt- citclc lhc lc(lcr of lhc arrswerth.lL bcsl nt'lchcs ' lcncc\' thcic sc ill each ol mcaningo{ lhc ilalitizcdword as il is us((l lhc:jl)accJlilrhl 1 Thc wea(hcrwasd &rrdrin thc dccisionl{) carrcel cvcnr tr. ar (t) a r(ason 2. A ln)gor lLrnlcc.rnlivc in cithcra land or \en drv/,1',,k1?r' b nrrroulldings a. ren{cfature L A nn)vingobitcl will continuc!(, nn)velrrfilcd rro lorccsuclri! lri'ri(nr a, as lollg as
D ln orllcrtDal
loil snill c.!le 4. Thc noukeyswcrc.ir,?y'red b. rcleasc(llionl a. cnck)scdin (vcn 5. Thc price ol gisolinc \\at qtktdrtt\ltd, airl thcrc wcrc l('irrsil would go highcr. t) dividcdt)y toLrr n. nlulliplicdby li)ur ar)(lscicnccol Wcslc r d/iLlP,tllc Philosophy 6. Ncwlou'sdiscovcrics civilizali(nlilr scvcralccnlllrics b clirproved a. inlllrencc(l lo L)cIfccisc. InLIslIrc ,l/a,lllnrlivc 7. A scicntili(analysis Irr{{iv,( 11. r-Iiial ir. nr.rlh( lilill nol krr(nln ol thc al(rniccxpbsional lliroshirlla.lrc lJ. All lhc i/trrlxr?l/dr?s b clfcds a. causcs is colldc|rsallon. of cvall(xa(iorr 9, Thc co,{uc$d b cllccl. rcvcbc a. 10. ln brighllight,lhc ptrl)ilsol your cyct idrtllt-r. b $irink a. cxParrd cxpcrincnls. was dll,li,rc,/.flcfDumcrotrs I l. Succcss b achievcd a. denicd l2. Absol]i!r pftxJl of li(nrc concep(sis undttaifiahk b. nol Possiblc a. nol desirablc
Note-Taking a Il is ahvaysa goodidca1orcadovcr yolrrnolcsrs s(x'r1;rspos\iblclollo\'virril lakingInLcsffequc|llyconl)lainthatlhc in\trlrclor1a1l\l(x)ldn lcclure.SlLrdcnts ll yolr arc havirg troublekeepinglrp wilh lhc inslruclor,lcnvcsl)acc\llr ]()ur ruorcbookas yoll lakc nolcs. Aflcl Lbc leclllrc ad(l () yoLrrllolcs dcl.llls lhal 'fc
'ot)l atnlosqu )rntL,lr(ku)l Jo c urunDol i)lrlprrrM st\l)tsilldluqr illur)rr lrrlllrlorrsuM]l € I
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'rroA0lrq ol srn)rrrno,{rsn r.rnDrl)ql r rrooDrurolur )rll ol n^Ur}uo)r({) )slp}ro (J) rlul sr srlr:rlu)rPrs i'rllM('ll({ rLIr.loLI)prIiqtrq^{ rtD)tp\tt arnpa,I t4t qulpuDtstapun ' J s r J l a x rl x r u r q l r t ) l ( l L t r ( ) ro t s r l o l r r n o , { r s n UJqt ,, srrP5 I{)ror^Dqr8 rtqlr)Iltur]t )qL, rrnDJl rqt ol u.ls't 'ro1 sp srpLDlD-L ' i t t o n u o ( l ( l o r r D) ^ p r t n o , { s p u o ( x s ! t i L r u o r ) ) r t i)L F L t r p r I l r r o s l r p ) r u l r I a L I M n ) l r n r l \ | r . r o l I s D r i l ! , t l ) U u , u ) l r . r r ) , ( s f u n o s t r . { ! ^ , \r q t ) , { l t p ) l . u o q d L l l . r M ' f u r o D r rs t rs s r n n _ t o l r L r p )n o t r p o u ) r n D . l J q t o t t u r l r o ( i u r rs r t D r l l p r o ^ { r p r l t r u D l u n LrPicrll noI LriLlM lxlv .ls()l rroriq o,{ plrlr J(lol lxru rLIl ot 0o si^oru ssplr iql o j ) r l p u P l s r r p u nt , u o l r n o i i j l r r q t , { U er ' . J u t po l s u o n s r n b lsprl rno,{ L I r v , { t . r l ' r pr r ^ ( ) p r . r Mt , L r p r p| r o , {r r q l t u r r t t , { o l rD ) I ] o ) o s t v p l r u r n o , { U r q s J . r t II|s tat
3u!lPInrlP:)
ll8
Calculating
DISCUSSION POINTS a arra\trononlcr? wha! are somethingslhal a biologislnced\to calc(rlale? a Scologisl? chenrisl?.Physicist? (Thinkbcvond irl yonr (lassroonr? 2. What colrldyou mcasureof calcuLlLc re, siTcand tcmrcral wciShl, volumc. lincar nlea:;urcmcnlslo sLrchlhings as hu ridily.) L Somepcoplc havc suggene(llhnLwe r.rseth( (lccimalsyncm bccalrscwc wc hrd 1hesnrnc trrrberol limlrsas an octoltrsor havetcn fingcrs.Suppose kird of nulrbcrinr svslenrdo vou (hink wc nriSht a thrcc-ioed\ldb? Whar havc? 4. Thc ancic|1Hindusdevebl)c{lLhcconccptol rcro, which wns lalcr adoftcd by lhc Afabs.why was lhat concellso inrln)nanl? (o Dc runthcnralics 5. Why do you (hink n)nrcancienll)coplcLrcliev((l n)agical, wcrc (onsi(lercd Why do yoLrlhink.c(airr nrlnllJcrs myslerk)us? llrckY ol trnluckY? lhal is, I
WellA lbert, did vouqet it yet (!(
WRITING SKILLS
to wrilc thcrl irrfarnllcllornr, whcncvcryolrhavca lin olilenrs.it is |rclcraL)lc rbal is, wi!h all thc ilcms in lhc samcli)nnat For cxanlplc,tltc senlcnccEll',?/ilft Thc samcscnlcocemay t)c rryrillc'r to pditlt. stNillni\, drl ddr.f is unacccl)t;rL)lc
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!l(luilurudino,{r^lii ol rnplo lrJliolol(rq) ur r.l! sdits llr-'rtnsrleW prlldltlnrrr ,sl ro'pil).())ir'prrnsp u rq ot spiiu Jle)lpul qJuJ tpLIM uJdrls t0L0,ssiJojd It lnoqerUlrrdsog 'ilLDa olloJrLIlJo ruo lo, suolt)rrlpiju!^13qdBlSDrori r?atFM suolpallo atow Duuyil ,sa^Iosslpl! Ilxun lles eq1 rlls .relpr\ eqt u! lles Jo dnr p JIBqe^lossrpuaql .Dle^i qll^r raulptuor lJpnb.euo p JIId ;rllsllollgred,ro'AJltrlslsLlo) til rtrLll UJLIM sJuroJeqLldgr8grDd aqt irru)l) q)nu ,\oq rJlloN .J)!oA r 0)9 pue a^lssedpup pJrqlpue'puorts'tsJ!l :stsuetsJXIu lt tsneJeq:jursntLloJ Irrcsli)Cl sr qdoliJ0J0d oql
.pr^lossrp se,i{ltr ltrxunparrlls spn lles EqI .relpn eqlulllesJo dnt p JIeq e^losslpuaql .J'tp^r qll^{ reu!€luor upnb"euo p pellg J ;itlr^^ ol Jo, ^toq Jo rldrupxo SulMolloJiqt lo loo,l '(!roos prre'ullot'ilqt'tl 'rilr'ay')uoslrd pllrll ro,(ro,{) uosrid puo)as1(r.rl ro ?) uosrad tsJli iq) LrlrllrM ol 3uro3 oJeno,{Jr epi)ap utql .lnoqSnolql ,sltrl terll asn pup tlPlrdoJddelsol! sl Jsurl rjntnJ ro 'tuasDJd'lsed Jqt Jl rplJao ,uolJd pup islrJl ur ,{ruslntsr ro,{Juolslsuor ILrcs oq plnoqs eJ'ql qder3erpd,{upur ,,{Fp|rurs .eruPp pue ?ru!/t{s,lulEd ol sJrlll urlJg 'e)uep ol puE /lulr!\s 01 lulPd ol sarlll ueJJg .SuDuEp pup ,8uuru!^is ,3ullulEd sa{I ua g :srurluJs IeuDrropqt upql peal ol ralspJpup ,lrrsJlJ ,rJrltoorus sr sJldurExrrs:rll Jo qrer ^,\oqrrlloN .ruroJIrllprpd Sursn,s,{p^4llrr.rqJrprr'lql 6€I
SurPInJIPtr
140 Calcularing 2. How ro calcula(ethe dillcrenccbetwccnthc amount of time you spcnd studyingand thc amount of time yolr spcndrir'archinglelcvisionin a week. l. How to calcularelhe speed(milcs or kibmctcrs pcr hour) of a flighl frcm Paristo Tokyo. 4. How to calculatcthc hcight of a lrcc. 5- How to calculatethe percentof your weekly expenscslhal gocstoward recreation, 6. How lo calculatewhat i! would cost you to drivc lrom Ncw York 1o san Francisco,
tfl 'tsro :]qt Jo strrr^, l.(xlrr prix )rrtou l)(re)5!s\frliirr,\'rollotiLlt : -_i.::.rrPrpqlsrsurtqrr^ lurrrJirp.)rlr Eutpta\
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'Suruodr rlunrrp'ror8rllrlur uoclnrurpuJdrp st uolteJrdoor.totdlr slql suoJJr llnot rir^4 tpql sltrrurr^.lrlrp ]rJrlurps rpilB Jo srtdlllexr rr(tro :.)rPuoolr rql uo uetu E lnd rPql Drlbrd rql pup rrrndulor rqr.lo ruiLUdol)^rp:)qf E)uIuY puP ooorna Lrlsrsllurtrsrrlllo ^L'eLnpuE 'lllu.rc o:)ulrg'Illog slrrN UIJrsulE u:)qtv Jo lro^{ rqt uo prsEq sE^\ 'rtclu'Pxr roJ 'iSrrur rlurolP Jo nrilurJotr^tp rSuEqrxr rqJ )j.ro/\s,rrL{roqret uo Bo!pllnqsrrurrersJrqrl^\ uo!rPLuroJulJo ro 3ulrpLtse iq 1nq uosrrd ouo Iq poLtslldluoJrp ]ou )rp srur^o)srp lsow 'r8prt^^out rrJrrurr)s uorsupdxrprdprIlSu!sprrlrt rqr or 3u!peil Jo 'uollp8ltsr^u ! Jo sqtEd^\)u srs)88ns,|r^(Dsrp Ll)pg srlnsrr )ql r^oldstp ro {lii^ ot stroullridxi urro,rodot srJlltoSulll^ul'slPurnotur spoqlJrclPlu)nr!JdxJ rlr(ll errp pue s:lulpul.jrliql rrod nsILr;)lJs'iPpot srur^o)srprrrqr IeIUo:) ot sqt8url 1err3ot rlrrM srslr!)LlrlP tr 'sr8v ilpp!t rL| nt pFo/\^)qr tl()| Irtl)os rr]r)s sBurpuUr lt prLl'srprroBEqlid)rlt srirr,MouI'slrpt)!rELu)LFPttlJo r'JJAJTD luJlJUPOl aUOpStrP,Mle 1OOSu^\Slrll suipl rlrLll tulls)luntulllo) puP si)l.rr^oJs!p pur,)slro!tu^risqoil lt 3u!uodiJ prl,rslsrldo)cl lltun a!ttq rl ll plrp sJ^l)sul)ql Illprr x)u plp r)rrrlJs uJrpour'rr^i^\oH tuJruLrorl^u:) lnoqe srlri^o)slp Iuurrr )pu(u r^Prl siiulrq uL,Lunq'irolslrl lnollSnorql
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142 Reporting
Ho$' Lik Begah To discovcrhor'vlife bcgan,archacologills sludyfossils. Forsilsirc rhc rcnr.rins ptants or imprirls of and animalsof k)ng ago rhar havc bccn t)rcscrvcd in Lhe ea h's crust.The snnpl€sl formsof life appcarin 1he]owestor oldesrrocks.Al thoughscientinscan (al.LilatcIhnl thc carth is 4.6 billion y(rfs ol(1,llrc ()ldcn rocksthat showany lraccol lilc arc lcsslhaD.zbilll(Dvcarsold.Thercfofc, alx)Lrl 2.t billion yrars had passedon 1heearthwhen lifc origir.tcd.sincc thc ol{l(st formsof lifc wcrc all sealifc, Dr.]nysci(ntists bclicv(liJcl,cg.n i lhc sr.. Wc do rrot krrow(r.c(ly horv,bLrtin sonrcmir.(uloLr!wny, ll)c righl kirr(loJ nxtccrlc\ happcDcd ro cor:bincin lhc occanof ilr cl.y 1olonDa nrinurcofgnninrr Al1life hasp()bablye\,ol\,tdlrornrhal single(rfiginalccll.which m._vhalc bccD Iikc lhc b.cl(rinoft(xlay.fhisoirc'ccll(dorg.rrisnr sonrcthing .r1(,!(\v, f(sporr(lcd to ils sLrrrolrndings, rcprodrlcc(l ilscll,an(lsprcadthroLrqhoul thc oce.ns. wcre nor all nlike.sorrc wcrc betLcr Prolrably lhosefifsl1i1lyorganisnrs nbleLo oblainf(xri or adaptlo coldcr*,alrrs. l-hcn(rngcr c(lls survilcdirl(l lhcir chir aclefislics rrrlc passcdon to thc ncxt gencrili()n. Thc cafly cellsLcpnxlLrrcd simplyby liivirliDgirl lrvo. Alier .r long Limc,singlc cellsbecanrraltached to oncanolhcr,nndcach(el1becanrc s|(.inlizc(lin i rtil{crrnl lirnction.cradudllyorgdnismsbccinrcnroreindrnorcconr|lcx.'lixlay,nrrnlli!ing (hingsarc Ir1;r(lc ()l slii u]r ol n conrl)inatioli of (clls; or.rrl)o(licsnfc (()rrlt)o\c(l (clls,bloo(1cclls,nrLlsclc (clls.br.in ccll\,.rrr(lso or). Thc Hri]dLral nriitraLion Lhcoccilnro thc lnn(lrvasanolhefnraiofrrrp ol Ijlc l|1)rlr evcntu.llypl.nls !rxl dninLrl\(l vi(lc(linlo Lhalnra(lcnranya(lv.n(csl)ossll)lc. m.lcsarr(ili'rnnlrs, nn(ltx)ssil)jlirjcs i|r(rca\cri li)r(l(vflot)ingr)cwirr(l v.fic(ls1)r( ics s|c.icr ol pl.nls rn(l 1,200,0(X) \t)crics{)l or rypcs,To (i.rlc,rr(nc lhan 2100,000 .rrirnalsy'ravc dcvclopc(1. Gra(lLrally, lhc scnscsol sjghl.1 (l hcariINinrl)()vc(lin Irinallv,inrclligcrrcc lci(l rrg auiural(andbr.ins grclv aDddcvcli)t)c(i. 1)r'ogfcs\cit, ro lhc rlcvclol)rncrrl ol hLrnriln btirrgs.
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iRili*iH*fiiJifJ"'""'flliSl'"1'""'""' :3i?lJii"ll whil' in the Galapagos' Darwin {was workinS} on his lheorv ' ' ' l f u t r 5 b i l l i u n) e J t sJ' r h e u n i v e r s e, h a ) b e e ne x p d n o ' n F rl \ n c c i r < r n e p r i u n . nrm' carriagewhcn the idea came ro Darwin {had been riding} in his NOTESr\her tepotfto ftheub?r th,?fotl.Mittd ,fc I.xJ,v rr..d (. 1, llj orren ' tttead) ,ad u\u.llv, 6,.,] and tme aJ hequen'v t. A^ei,
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ur^{rPcstlrEql I 'uontrL' arFi.lr.r,1r.l tr.lqns
J q l J l J I r J J r . / S l l : u o l l J c J ! 1 1 J r r J o r . rl dr ) l q n s J q l . l l J n r , r , s l r l l l r l l l J s v s i s r l l l u J r c d ul qrJ^ )ql J0 JsLrJl lsed tl(llllls )LIr Jo (lol )^lssP(l ro J^llJc iLll lrqll) llastll 'L()rr)p prrrl(kr o) p s.qrr)sirp sJrlrrllrrs isiq r.lo Lpua 2s zI lsfld a4uls 24! 6ulsn
a r u o j J ^ r t J Pr o i ^ l s s r ? d I I L l l l ! s l q
luqM u apisnsl )srrDl 'tsPdrqr ul rltrll)gptds r-)rrotiq srn))o tpllt oolt)e uu suodi).llul0 rJlrJlui)s l] lo riqtullu i)ql illlM
€
zur.()lr^0ru.roi^lssu(l)qr ul 1lsl q zprsnsl osrrirlpllM u 'uo!l)u Jlil(ruo)Lrl Lr?suo(lo]tr-'LltJ)uiturs Lrlo iiqutlrr )qt itli^ z ro i^rtrp )L|] ul rl rl q iuUot J^lssu(l t pisn sr )sul)rreqM rl -
L ( ) l t ) c | i l ) l ( l l l r o ) 0 s l r o o i r l u q l r l t l ) l l l i s e Jo riqllIlu .)ql i]!rM
I
'yNc llr) )liJolsD su rlrl rlllibq scq-Ipoq llPtunrl lo siln))lolu Mr) o rl)1,{,r p io ',{slppu 'ruu LtP'orrldlo| !-ilutlll tor^rl iJr^a (9) slsolrrtrl)rllc) ssi)ord u uJsllrr rrrlliirlPpIurrru.Pro^^lLuroJol JlDqtrriirrlrr^rp,{q DnPor(i.rslli) (/) 'rtnJrl')u' rql sl oorlPrLuolrr! )qr sr vNd leqr pu'r rl'lrJlorL'nLrtrols Nulfurur-uolcuroJul vNc IPL PrPs,{)ql(9) Iruf sr)Lr!.upueuoslPM$llrDf ,{q prlPlrtlurolurrq pPLI trro.ql e '{(arl ia (E) pr)PrrJlrnll r|Drlolu vNc )qr lo rrnl)nrrsrql iJlllpiuiJrr sru).{roi (t) (plre rl)lrnL()qu)vNx puE (prrP to rrnrDLrrqr p)lpnrsslstiiototq srrrlrnurql ({) iprr! rlrt:)nLrJo rrrltrnuoqlixo)p) NnotuP.t]pl DsurDlLIor vNc .lJltral lorluol rLIl sl l!tl1 sn)pno e qlr,]^',LsDldol,{jpJlleJ ,{lqE)returr DrLltsqnsr)rrillrl P Jo pis{xhuorrru sllrl (z) rrnlrnrls trl .IDIILUIS prr] sluPlo ol slPtullrP .rLrsll)r Jsftll req) pLIP'sllJrlo.pPLu:)rn'snurJqoPLunLl iql Jo .uo srlI (l ) lirt^ P rPqrrrurDsJ()slr4 SuIzPruP rldtnrs(uorlsllrsrupSrc ]',13) !lHl 'JSI]I:)XJ
rqt pcrd 'srsrrJ lsDdEut[lltuapl 3or^'\oll(Irr0 .lildluor Lr)10pul' LldPIilDiDd glI
Suruodru
r46
Reporting 4. About 165million ycarsago,gianldrnosaurs
(livc)
on thc carlh. 5. About 4.6 biuion yearsago, lhc earrh
(tu m).
6. The first living o?anisms
1 r ( j r ' d u . c ) l \ , l \ i ! l i n Si n
ha1f. 7. Thc fossilsofNeandc(hal]nan
(discover) in Irrq
b c l w e e n 1 95 1 a n d 1 9 6 0 . 8 . A b o u t l 8 m i l l i o u y e a . s a g o . v i o l c n l c a h q u a k c sa l o n g C . t i f o r n i a ' s S i
(rotale)Lhcrrorlhwestcm Mojavc D € 5 c r La b o u t 2 5 " c l o c k r l r s e .
The PresentPerfectTense To describear incompletcor rc(cn!ly (omplctedaction,thc prcscnrpcrlcctlclrsc pcrfcct tc,Dse is used,The fornulas for forming Drcscr'rt arc:
= has ot hate + past participle
= hds or have + ,een + past participle
Using the PtesehtPerfe.t IsrJe, Eacho{ihesc scntcnccsdcscrilresaDirrcornplctc or recendycomplclcdaction,Insc( cithcr dtc passivcof aclivc form of lhe prcscnt pcrfecrtenseof thc vcrb or verb phraseiD parcnrhescs. I. Ait l'ol]i:rion
z. vany studies
ha4 leeo/r/'3
/taue leelt natle
(trccomc)a major probtcm irr
(makc)ro dcrermine thc
cilccls of smogon the 1ungs. l. Morc thaD a hundred clcmenrs (slillnot find) for dre conrmoncold 5. A salellilcof fic planet Plulo
' U " I n r . ) u 1 l\ r x , . , r r r l . r r r t \ i r i \ r i , . n l tr q t r l o r d ! l n o l
stLr)rLrr.dxJrrLIto (Lru(trrd) srrqp pnPrnrrsedsrno'l.t1l stsrlLrilrs,trrqt.ruls sSurqliiur^n rrqto ruo{,.(llrocurcr siJLql 8r ^n rPqt (.terlsuo ,llr.p)
llrrlulr.dxr rql
rro ro tr?r(' i)qt ut (pUU)
rel pllqt iql Jo tsuui^or jrded Jql s,93roN rl'l puoDs .rlt Jo D^o:)
Lllolr iLIt uo pup r?l lrido rqt Lrlle.rr rql uo siJ.3r(,{Pl) rr'l\) iql ,{qll)P.rirc)
srlu'(Iu):)p)
rLItuitlM rrdP({qll^^ (D^or)
prlqlrqt plrP'qtol)qlr^\(ri^o))
pLroJisiql 'uJdo (o Brl)
r!l tsrLJ
nll vcl,),)rqlur tfllru (,r)Lrl(l)
rH lioirll slLIttlprrrs!pol
l L l r L U u a d x [Jr p ( L r u 0 t r J ( i )
r p i l l o ) s r ) L t u l cl s l t u : ) l ) sL l p l l ! t l
;)ql 899t ul LDqj ^i^tuH LuPrllr^{ plr! LrolMrN :rop(l stsllllrl:)s teo.lij iql ilulpnl)
-nr il&)rd ,{uuru
(pliq)
,{q LrortDriLriij snoruDtrrodr J0 ircntlt sllll lurlu pi^uJrp lr()4 sDJsurpUL)pnrrl ruo{ llsnorLtctuo(ls(itBtiutii) srlp(rspuusiJorl reqt()^rJliq) NOrrvugN39snogNYINods 'rldurilurudtol^,\ollot DL0Lll srsaqturred trl sqja.^JLoJo isurl lsed t)rllo) iLF ]lrsul .2srrJ Itbd lra o) a41 6ulsoo4J lasual qulsootlJ
'rusrue o rJLIloiuP Lrcrll silurql ilor^q
snrr.xluErrnH ' 6
olll (,(ol]s;)p)
tu.^r itrl'lniirr
(rJs)
r rr0:) s,Ir PH 'Lroourql uo {rl orr
srrr)rtt (^\orrl)
s]slllrJrJs',srP),(lLreur toc -/
.trqro ollrr (o3 tsnl)
/tI
: ) ] I I I J I E SJ P ! T U . L I P T IUJ q ] O U Y ' 9
Sutuodru
148 Repo4ing Forming Se tencesThnt Repon. f o r n r i r s e n l c D f cr c | o r t i n { c a f l l o l t h c l t l ( ) ! \ 1 | , r I
b i r t h o f l h c l i r s t r e n - L u l j eb n l J f . / L D l t ; r i r d I
the fu.ul l"X lul,z I'al'//
",a,i
I978
kaa a thqk4l
,4 /g7S
2. dcvrbpmenrof trincit)lrsot gcorDc(rvr FLrrtid I At(:.ndrir. E{vpL / 100 u (l L classjJication oI plnnl\ r (l .ninrits I C.rotU\t_tnnnc|\ I S r | c i l ( . r r / l7)5 r e ( c i p l o l L h c N o b c l P r j z e l o f ( l i s . o v c r vo l | l u L o n j ) . n i t Maric Curic / ljr.rlr.c r l9l1 5 . invcnlion of frintinlt rvirh rov.blr lf|( I pi-\trcnS / Chin.r / e r e v c n t Dc c u l u r y 6 c o n l r o l l e d n l | c l e i l rf i \ s i o n o l U r . I i U n r r E I r l c o t ] ( , r i I I l . l f / 1 9 . 1 : 7 . l i r s t I a n d i n l to n t h c r ( n r n / A n ] t f i . a r r I , ( ) i c r t A l ) o o r t 9 6 ( . ) 6 . ( l i s r o v c r yo l ( i r c u l . r i o n o l b l o ( x l / $ / i l l i . | l r t r J n . ( ) , , L n g l . r ( t , 1 6 } j 9 . l l r s ls p r c cJ l i g h t / Y u t i ( l n c i f i r ) I S ( ^ c l U I i o ] l I l 9 6 l 0 . d c v c l o l ) r n c n to l l ) o l i o v . c . i r r c , . J o r r . rSs . r l l i , A n r ( r j c n / t r 5 4 l . i r ) v c n t i o no J j r l c a n ( 1 c s ( ( r l).tr n r t ) 1 t - h o r , r ! t i l i s o n / r \ n r ! r i c i , 1 8 7 9
READING SKILLS VocabularyBuilding l|lCrc.rsing youl vocaLr i;ry docsrrorlrnvrLolrr,t((oIrt)li\hc(t whllr \i|lir)it,]l,r ricskwith fntrcfs,boolis,.1nd tJ cnn) r .nrl of strrrL ol n()t(,tr,rl)rl l)cnfll\. )oLr
l i s t i n gl b u f o r l i v e n c w r \ o r l s , l o r ( a t . k c : r ( t ! d I t . g c o l t i ! c o r L r n n r i [ t | t $ ],(ju havc whilc vy.iting ill i lirrc r h c l ) i r r l ( o r i d r , ) l l i . c , r j ( t i r l N, r t ) L r so, r c ! f I w r i r j n g l o r l c l ( , v i so n . o n l l c r ( j n 1 \ r o r . ( 1 . t r r r q u c l t \ t r o n n L L r t ) . t r ( r i , ) ( lw \ i t,c n m r c l ) ( ) d U c r i v c1 h . 1 Io I c $ , c c k l v s c s s i o | r ! i t t r , r l o r ! t i \ r . 'li) s l l r d yl h c w o r d \ , l i r s t r c . d c n . h ( ) | r r n d i l s | r c . r I i | 1 ! . ( C h f r k w j t h r i l j d i o r r r r f o r a n a r i v c s p c . k c r i f y o . l r L r n c c t u i | . b o u r p r ( ) ! L | r r i . l j o n . ) T h ( . | . r ] r . i l ( cJ t ! c \ c n t r D c c rw i l h t h c w o f ( 1o r i n v c n l i n i r l r . r : t i n . f l , c o r l V c r \ . r L i ionn! v t r i r h v o u ! \ 1 ) rl { l u s c t h e \ , ! o f d .T h i s t c c h n i r l L r lc1 ' i l li ] r . r c n s cn o r o n l f v o L l | ! o r , r t r L ] n r ] , 1 ) u.r t s or r ) L r l 'lucDcybypfovidirgyouNithanopp(ntLrnilyrot)ri(lrc..\trerkjrr!,rvc|whcrr y o u h a v c n o o l r c t o t a l k w i l h . C o n \ i d e rl h c r \ ' , r vn u n v t ) c o t ) l r( c \ e n n , r l i Y cs l ) c . k e r \ t ) f r e p . r c l h c m s c h , e sl i ) r . j o b i n l c r v i c \ \ ,o r , I r n r ! u n r e n l \ \ . i t t ri r c . r h c r o r t r o s \t , ) l h i n k i n g l h f t ) u g h r v h . l t h c y l ) l . n l o \ . y . W h c n t h c l i n r c t ( ) rl h e c o v c r s . r l o n . o i r r c s , t h c y . f c a b l c t ( r c x l ) f e s sl h c n r s e l v e sn n ! c r f f r c r i l c t y l ) ( r n L r s ct h c t t r . v c i l l r c n ( t ) . f o r n r u l a l c dl h r w o r d s i n l h e i f I n i r ( 1 .A s . r ) o n n . t i l c \ l l c , 1 k r r .v o u w i l l l ) c n f i i l j i o | r t h i s h a b i t o f " f r a c l i c e r a l k i n g " i m n l c a s l r r i b t y .t n o r h e f w o r d r . r . t k r o ) r ) L L r \ c I tl B r trcsure() do il in Englisht)
r({
f) ! 'r!l{rl q
'nlrJlLru.dxJs,orlrleg Iq Jr.^{ trrql',srunlLIJr /r,rp.]/-rsrr 1r rq or pr^.!ti)q rrrM uo'l(nu Jo sruoilll s,JoolslrYqnnoqllv t sutPrqoq '!.rlr trrrpunorrrlsrrrlu) rql roJ .'(ll)llJ.rlr s.rrr'r:rrrtil(nreJ rLlI Z
FJr,I
o 'sJIllJ illl ul lle uPap rnl.1il.l ol JpPo ilul)q alc trcJg
l
'sr:)LrJrtr.s t$LIr Jo rlr!.r ur Prsn sr lr sDPn).Mp)zDrlell rtll lo nol(rlrul rql soqrrPrr rsrq IPLlrrr^^snP )ql J0 rillrl )LIl rlrrr:, ixrlro:, u! [Jtltl.lD3ot
urrs)LIl iiulrusurllr loJ orl^ip il)qdsotlllP s,LIlls r q 1 L r lL r t r s l s r l l l L l a u l i l i s l l o r s l r i l q i^t()ldxi
liJrt(t
tlitlq
3
,rull iiuol c r(I Hulnullr()J
(unllrLl.8
l r l H l l^ q P i l i l P o t u s t l l . r i ( l o r d IUJFI)JliLlll^ Jqlll runn)94
)lrLLlL'utrp/ )ptui)o!l)q 9
)slrAlL l lt Jo rrluil) Jtll su tlns JtF ol ro ' p l r n s F . J o- r J l L I t ): ) L l lo l i J u n u l J l lqiil Io il)luDtl i l u ! l i i u ! r r s u r L u , l o ll u i L u n r l s o l
'J
'q
,{il]iLri) J u t J J l a s i l n p o r d I P L Ft L r l q ) u t u
o(rpuip s )!LI{)rqr't r)tiLuoLrorLl) [ ',Z ll.) rlIlJJlton)LId LrotoLlo I
uns eql pre^^ol surnl 1eql lueld = aclollollzll
uns rql :-orrry'
r\l?'reue = rluDuIP re6od t-oulP eurll Jo repro ul luetuegue
e = {$op orqt ewrll t-orroJLp
lq8ll Jo uolpe rql Sulsn sernpld 8uplP1 = lqd,rqott"id Trl..8llrotoqd 'pJlsrlsiiultrPrur'ql IIP rsn loLI llr^! no^ 'tqilu qll^^ .t\olrq rlJql rql siiuruE.Lu le IJI Jql lc sturJl rql q]lEur u'ql PUesl(Dr -otleq leu^p rouorqr roloqd :stooxptoll p.ro.\^ lo isrt Nur^\ollol)ql trprr)s 6tI
Bu!1loda[
150 Reporling 4. Numcrousrpecl!,rof aninals are in danlcr of beconrirr!lextincr. b. habilals
5. Tlrc.rrhlidr? in compurerlcchnologyha! accelcralcdsircc 1980. 6. Alicr the bombing, lh€ ciry was rebuih by rhosewho rrryivc, a. lived
b. died
7. It sraicd to rain when rhe nir wasrdrrldtfl wilh moinor(. a. Iillcd
L Galilc{,discovercd rhe cxa/cr..ofJupircr,smoons 9. The camcl is dddpl.,/ro dcserllifc and can So wilhout wrlcr tir long b. adjuncd 10. Einstcin's lheoricshavcf,cfalledthroughoulrhc rwcuticrhccnlury. a. lailcd b. dominaled 11. A butcrlly eyolles lion a careryillar. a. cs(apes b. dcvckDs 12. The subjcctofaborriolrhasbeen.rr?l/dr/rj/r/ lbr a lonit rinrc,.nd lhercwill pft)bablyncvcrbc complctcagrccmcDl, a, lnrcrcsun! b. disputcd ll. Ncwr(nrpe ormcdexpcrimcnts to cdr/ir/l? wha( Galilcohad |roposcdrl)oul a. verify
b. dispx)vc
Skimrfiing Skim lhe followirlgpassagc in lhrcc miDutcsor lcssnnd lhcn arlrwcrlhesc L The main lopicof rhh lassagcis a. thc search1o discoverbow hlrman Iifc cvorvc0 b. Arislollc's vicw of cvoluli()r c. lhc lile of CharicsDarwin d. thc scx lile ofan oyster
sJq)trllp)llPrsPIrqio (ro'u)ql pFo^4 prlDnrstq 'sptrPtsr Suuoqq8IJu clnoli{e Io srDrilsrurrilJrt).{rrPtu )LIl Jo IuPlU lPql DPJ.qr ,'(q)l:)lrlls Jr| ur .\lr JIIt^\orr pr^rl ^lDsrq rlql slu(UlLrlr p punq sEMul^\rDo rrqler^ lprd(xl trrPr^rl1!qlurnSurdJordil p puP'spono{l iupnli)lrr 'urrs rr^rlr lulur!t'r^'ls tcr)^rs PrqiirM laqr srlurlr PrrcllLr0r3'spreztl pDq )q lelll s nrDrrr Jo sr(l^r ,(rr"'Lupr^rJsqo Jq ir.)ql PruJurv qlnos Jo lsPo:) qsllSrra ur/'!uPo sipeql pJruPtr lsllcrrllPu n)iJPcieleg Jql 01pi)I.^Err rql JJos]xrPtst 3tn1o1v piLlotr^rp|L'rlstptl Lrppuu srolt(lio s)rrrdsrurlrljlp luDtu os ^^oqJo slsrlol(,'q'^rnlu.rrqlurrlrlrrLrpltu rt0 (rl 'trrtll Jql rrotdxi or LruiJ)q uorls.)nb L| srLIprl )il.)srP IPLI sruitu!idxr p)tllroJ.rr(lrprr orsJruBIc lsltlrrDs ocll!ll )qr )Lll u0llerrlrrHsno.lrcluods ll srrnrErriilol^ll LrrPl.rrrJo relll g99t Irun r(xrsD.4'\ ol pr^rll)q )Folslrv r:)LI(k)so|LId lrrlS lprrii JLIIor^. :)'frII'uLrrr rllrnoJ rLF r.rl 'psri^ a)l^ pllusl!u!uu 1)lL U)rLl suollgu.rclsllurl plloM ldnlqcio s)le]sJpnl)Lll Jo ol ^4.u lli^llElJr sl lt1i](ro)srlll .r! jo sliP(l,4uprolo rrollloJ rtli plrl)i(rolu 'LluuJi!ll tlo JIll ijLllArJsir(l c ul riLllouu slrqr'JIJ,{JSLllnunL()J ot alrl 11)Jluuu )tll l:)ssEdrusltreiJjoiuo .lJ^/loultlirD(l lr Iq p)]lri.l) sprJs tuorl iliii rr0 ttl()rJprqrluq sl prlq V sltri}iu(l sMorii.lr,MoLjv spitq ruired,{q l)..))npo.rd .rll r.lrlr)qlo lt'orJtrluosin'or rir-l str srlqurisir iJurqrijul^ll c Jo ilLrrrdsuo
uo!ltllo^x 6u!pbau
,,lsilng rql lo IP^I^lns,, Jo nuruP'LLIrq|p uDlrrlo uriluo rlll Io lrols lerrlqlq rql ) q IElsltr^OllLloros seM ,uorql s,ulMleo Arl]!{ D ,'torlll srq PrlPlnuroJ urMrPC ^\oq
' ISI
ldrJ-YrSurMolloJ rql Io llP lroqe uonPurroJlll ptrlr IIIM noi
Z
SutuodJu
152 Reporling As a resultofhis obscrvations, Da ,!in fonD l.tcd. rhcoryoflhc c!olLrlj()rr oJ humar lifc.Heknewthalmdnyofganisms pro(hr(rm(ncofllfrin{ rhnn(a1rir.lLr.ity survive.For cxamplc,ar oyslercan sparln 100milli(n rlgs.r n li]]rct11nll Lhc\c cggssun/ivcd,thc o.eanwoulclbc s.lufatedwilh oy\LcL\t Sincc.llc.nnoLn ljvr. lhcre is compelitiorr amoirgthe indivicl.llsin. sfccicsIar loo(1,\{ cr, !!.rnrrh. and spacc.ln thc nrlrgglc1(r cxi\tcn.e.only lhc llllcn, or thc oncsrhntnfc L,rn atilero adnpt,will prcvail. Danvincallcdhis Lhcoly"nallrr.rlsclcction," or the "suL!jv.to1ttrc titrcsL.'H! argurdlhal thoscspccicsthal arc thc nx)n Jit,or the LrcstrL)lcto (or)r|cLcwith olhcr specics in the cnvironnlenl. will slrrvivcThr t)roccssofDiLLfnl\clict;rnrh.s occurrcdinnulncrablc linrcs.Airimnlswith thc \r.LIrcstftrr 5rrrvive in coldarcn\ Plantsthat rcquircthe lcaslann)u|l ol rvatcrsurvivcin rlic (1c\(r L Fishth.t rould adoptlo lifc on land bccr|ncthr fifsl lnno rnr; s. In 18t9 Ddrwinplrblishc(i his findingsirlThc oi4ii1 il St.(i(.l1r clninrc(lrlrnl man hascvolvcdJioma lowcr li)f|r ol lilc and th.r in lacrnll lit orrLhec.rrh h.s devclopcdlrcnr a single,origiu.l ccll. Over million\ 0J yrirr:,,thrcugh{r.dUal changc,(lcvclopnlcnl, and nanrLrls{rlccrion, nllthc (lillcfrr)ts|crirs oj lilc Lhntwc know tftlay havccvolvcd. l)arwirr'sideaswcrevcry corrl|1)vrfsia1, |,rrly [,r.,r lict]rcyr!crr in l:onllictwill) nlanyreligious vicwsirboLrl thc origir)(t rni rkiri(1. ln a(l(1ili(rn. r .Iy jrcol)lcwcrc sho(kedal rhe idca lhfl hLrnr.ins irc nninr.lsnr)(1f(lnlc(1Lo oLhcrt() s ot ltti. y upsettin!wns lhc (onccl)ttltil thc atr(.\tofsol hLtntanL)cings PanicLrla wrfc rclntcdlo alcs or nlonkcy\rnilliorrsoJ yenfs,r!to.IlUl nll tltc cvidcn(ewc ltiv( lodayconlifnrsDarwins hyl)othc\j\.
D i s t i n g u i s h i n gF a c tf r o n O p l , r i o r . l l i q v c r y i n r | o n a n t l o f e c o g n i T c l h c r l i l l c ( ' l l c c b c l w c c n f a c t a n d o p i n i o n w h c n r e n d i n gs c i c n r i l i c' r r a l c r i a lo r l i s l c D i n gl o n s c i c n l i l i . lcclurc. For exampl€, it is a,.r thaI thc lvorld rcpulililnr iu I987 rv.s 4,975,000,000. H o w e v e r ,i l i s l h c r p i r i o , o f m a n y s c i c l l L i n sl h a r t h c r v o r l d p o p u l . l n ) v ! i l l j n ( r c n s c b y 1 b i l l i l n l i n r h e n c x t l w c n t y l i v { : y e a r s .I l r . l y b c . n c d u c a l c c o l pinion, rhnt is, o n c b a s e do n p a s t s l a t i s l i c sa n d ( u f f e r l r r e D d s ,b u t i t r c m a i n s a n o p i n i o n L L n t i il l can bc proved.
srrp q
srrMo$
P
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S'I1I>IS ONINEISI'I
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Suluodau
154 Reporting 5. The midwesrernparr of the Unilcd Statesis sonlrtimescn cd rhe ,,brca(l baskcf'because whcaraDdcorn arr the rcgion,sdomindntaops. a. mostimporranl b. lcastimponalrt 6. The ocean'stides are characterizcdby aliernaringfonvard .nd fcc,,sriyc a. raprd
b. trackward
7. The sbrs ar€ too nrfiercrr to bc collnled. a. largc b. abLrndanr 8. Antoine Henri Becqucr€l'sdiscovcryof ridialion was rTgrrtcd,rand paved rhe way Ibr the work of Marie and pierre Curic. a important 9. The resullsol the expctin].e]ot substantitlted rhc hypothcsis.r announced 1othc world. a. supported b. dis|rovc(l
wcrc
Note-Taking Notcst.kcn in classshouklbc revicwc(llr()rnlinrc to linrc,csl)ccially t)cli)rca lcsl. The nlorc lrcqlrcnllyyor rcvjcw,lhc highcrrhc pclccnlngcol lhc nratrrinl you will rclailt,Fof cxnirl)lc,if you rcvicw1hcnoleslhrcc lintcs,you nr.1yrccall ,s ntltcltas 20 pcrcentor J0 pcrccDlnt{)rclhatril yoLtrcvicwlhcnr lwicc,Aly), spa(ingthoscrcvicwswill helpyoUlo rcnrcnl)cfovcf . lonu lcriod ol.lintc..t.h(1l is,Ii)r l(rtl.t-rcnn rccall,it is bcltcrlo rcadthc rr()lcs rh()Ughonccn wcck li)r rhrcc wccksthaDllucc tinlesin otrcsilling, Takeltolcsas yoo lislcDto tllc lcclurc,,ThcScjcllccol Gcnctics,,nDd lhctr Usc yotlf no(esto completclhc nextcxcfcirc. Uhderstafidingthe Le.ture. Usc your nole:i to d(,lcmrinc whcrhcr cnch of thc following(aremcDrsis truc (I) or falsc(F) accor(lirrg jn lhc to lhc inti)fr)ration
F
t.
T h e A u n r i a n m o D k c f c g o r M c r x l e l p c r j i ) r l n c dh i s c x | f f i n r c n l s i r r r n c s e v e n l c c r r l lcl e n t l r f y ,
2 . C " r ' . t \ ' r . I ' r , n r . . l y , , It o w f l . , w ' \ r , t , r , . .,l { . l
M e n d e l ' s u n i q u c . o n l r i b l i o n l v a s r h i t h c s t l r d i c da l l l h c c h a r a c l c r i s t i cn! r o n c t i m c . W h e n M c n d e i c r o s sp o l l i n i l l c d r c d a D d i v h i r c f l o w c r s , h c c x p c c l c d !o pftrLlucc llowers $at wcre pink or mixcrt rcd and whitc.
1 . All the fi.n gcncralion flowcfs ivcfe pink. 6 . W h c r r M e D d c l s e l f p o l l i n a r c dd r c { t A r g c n c r a l i o j l r c d f l o w c r \ . h c produ(edred Ilowcrs .rnl whitc flowcrs.
a.u.Dsroj qsrEus at s)pDrrp ^'\q lxrlr )ql Lrlqtr^ inr:ro lli^ ., ro 8tq,,Jql lpql Dlp (l ,{rql sl|olDplltpilururc)lo arr^)d c,{ll1o,ipM rIL'nl) II lEqi riurLUp^^ rrp stslilolo(rsrrS ttnel seJrfuVupS:rrltiiuotccr!rotrlel ,{Lrlrrsur Slrr^rlur s,{olsE IlrM s! ol \prpzoqirc rr)Ltl lDrtlrip!turir !'.ileluDp 'r rrqoDo uo ur ('o'tlrLu 00i$ rr^o pJsn':rpup rtdord x's prltr) rlpnb rqr'186r 'PrLuojrlD:)'s)linuv\o'lloortsitprs.rJtqrrdrqtuot-9founsp rrr{enbquu.rrv 'qdEiilere(l prrr,{1s0lrrr0 srorl il{IAo ot !t Itl 'r{ snortsrnbrqr -sJnb puP'l{,14 rsrqrJo rlrrqM ssnrsr(J ,1orl ?ra4,\1 |}4rn 1rrl or sr.asuP rfnl:)or srrEJrsrllj rPruu uu Jo LldPriJprPd ls.rl} 0 ut )Irrllntrro ue iqr rrpc.r.qr i{ll^rJ I0 rnbruLIr r\r rsrl sr uM rrdedsM.N .JosrrrJlDrrnissr
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Sutuodru
156 Reporting Writing a Report wrile a rcpo( ofa scicntificdiscoveryor evcD1.You nliSht choosconc ol lhcsc: l 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
thc firsl hlrnan hean lransPlantor tcst'lubc baby thc discovcryofpenicilliD, x-rays,or racliunl fie first landirg on lhc moon, Mounl Evcrcsr,or thc Solllll Polc lhe construclionof the Pyranrids,lhc Sucz Canal,or dre ParramaCanal thc dcvelopmcnlof thc atomic thcory or lhc thcory of rclalivity $c invenlionofthc lclcphone,thc computcr,or lhc airyhne
Beginby wridng a lopic scntcrccthat answtrs thc qucstidls wh,, \'/hal wlkn. a]|.d wlrere.The remailder of the paragraphcan cxplain how or whr or both Your concludingsentenccmighl tell lhc sigDi{ican(cof thc discovcryor cvcnt
LSI
'(zuoltisod'arzrs'JFinlErJroJ)prqlrsrp rrp \rPls pric uns JqlJo s.rl.'idord qtrrq,{rr rur:t.)p ol rSesspdSur^rolloJrqt pD.! 6utpt ad ,toqs 'czllensl^ol rrrsPr lr sJTeur'uollJunJpue rrnDruls stl Sulllplep,rJuerprddest!Jo uo!ld!.rrscpe tnq /ruolE uotlrurjrp p ruo{ dselSot tlnrr.JJ!pst rxolp upJo lda)uor Jqt 'rldllrpxr rog rl Bulqtrrsrp lq prutpldxr aq upJ Sulqtrluos Jo ntpu rql 'pornpord sI ro 'slror\ 'sllrlrrs 'salsBl'spunos 'slool tt ^^otl-li)rfqo uE Jo sr.rnletJ .^ttruttstp ro sJllstrJlrprEqr rqt IIsl oslp IEru uolldlrlsrp v rdo)sorJlr! Jo JdoJsrlal e qBnorql uaJs sl t€Ll.{{ro /sluJlua^oul /suoltlpuoJJqrDsJp leJlsiqd'scBueqJ IeJ!ruaqr'luJurlrodxaup Jo stlnsEl ^elu lI plro,\{ Jql Jo ,{{Jl,\ s/lslluJl)s p JJnporlul ol sJ^ras uolrdlDsJp V
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6qq;nseq 11 rardeqr
I58 DescriL,ing The Suk anrl Other Stars The run ii a slar.I1 is a flrming b.ll of cxrrcnlclyhol liscs. lhc surfaccrcurperaturcis aboul 11,000"F, hol cnoughto rlrrncvcrysolidto vapor.LrUlfcl.livcty cool comparcd10 lhc inlenschcal ar the ccnler. Lo.aledaboul 9l million nlilesJromrhc c.rlh, rhc suDha! a (linlrct(rth.t is approxinraLcly cqualt(r l{)9 ol our ca[hs lincd p ]ikr . row oi Lrcach ball\,a d a massthal ii about110.000tiIncslhc massof lhc c.nh. Thc sun is thc ofiginalsourccoJ ucirrlyall ouf cncfgy.Il is ulosrlymirdcot hy{irogcn, aldnugh il ,ln) conLaiD! ncaflycvcryolher kind ot itonr rh.t exi\rson thc carLh.Thc sun dcrivcsils cncrgylionr n pfoccss of fLrsion in whictrhy(l()gcn at(nrs arc c(nrvcrled inlo hcliurnalonlsuDdercxrrcur(hc.t .n(l prc\sufc.Thi\ proc(sscrealcsa lrcnrcndous noisc.bur nrccalrrolhenfil b{cnlrsc n)U (l (locsnol lravcllh()u!th cnl y sp.cc. OLrrsuDis rrolcvcncspcci.llvlargcor [rrighrconrpnfcd lo othcf nnfs.Slnf\virry in sizclronrsrlrall(rthanthc c.nh kr largccDoU{hto Iol(l d lroo(lpirl ot oLLfn)lnf systcnrl Thccokrfof a stnfirxli(.lcsils tcnr|cr.lLr('.A naf nriy be fc(l (thc(or)lcn), ycllow (likc oLrfsLr|),whitc,or l)l!c (lhc horrcn). Thc ncarcsL sLnris 4.1 lighl-y(a|1fr\nn lhc !.nh. A lighl yc.f is t11((lislnn(c liglrtlravclsir)(nrcycar,of nbout(rrrillionnrillionr ilrs (6,000,000,000,000 rnilc\). Thc fanhcs(nnfi arc L)illions oi light,y(.|\ .w.y. Son)cerc\{) tnf irwni,thnLil lhcy wcrc lo bk)w up t(xlay,lhcir ljghl ivouldfontjn(rc1()[)esccnlfo r lhc cnflh li)r.1 Irillior ycafrl gilixy (t l0 L)illionslirs,Lali((ltlrc Milky Wiy. Our sun is pnfroi rn (no|'ln{)us In .(ldilionrhcrcnrcl)illior)s ol lraLlxics withir)f.Iqc olour lclcscol)cr aId (oLLllcss t)illiorrst,cyond.l-hc crrorrllryol sl);rccis qLrilcl)ryorr(lhLrm.lnLorirprchcLrsiorr. How cxcitirrl.l il is 1olivc iu nn ngcwhcrrhLrln.nbcilr!shivc licg n lo cxIlofc lhil
USING ENGLISH TO DESCRIBE ScienlilicwritingiDcludcs dcscriflbnsof frocesses, sLrl)slances. conccpls, .on ditions.and cvc|rts. the abovcpassagr dcscribcs vnne ollhc trtrysical, fl rclion;rt, and chcmicalpruJrcnics of Lhcsun
sulolE u,ttoul reqlo lla ^lreeu + u.Solp^q ^llsotlJ :uolleotl o lLlrl DqJ '4lJW)Llt U0S)SIXA UtAlD lp41 lo puq nqp fta^a lpvau su ttuai ostDt! 4lihaq\r 'Lt26aqtqlo apbu tttsoLus! U NOIIdtUf,SAq1Vf,tWEIHf, Aetaua Jno lo ertnos :tJubuadul 'I6rauatno IIDtlurtu lo
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ssEtu s/quee x 000/0€€ ifrrw leleruPtrp s/quEe x 601 :ralawDlo '4ltDd)tlt J0 stvuttql sawlt000'0tt lnoqv5l lDtltseru b pult ,qluq \rDeqto ^ot tt t4 dk ptuu t4u'a )t1olo 6aI al l,kba |pnturxarddtr sl lDrlt DQululp tt sbq uhs a4 qxJee ruo{ 9allru uorllrut t6 :u0rD)01 ,10uoltttod ' ' ' '
\LtDt 24Julor! s21!uuolltlw €6 lnoqt prlpro.I
ralueJ o1 poledluoJ JooJ Jodp^ ot p[os ^Je^J uJnt ol qSnouD toq J 6OOO'tt:atwtt duDt D.lI1s 'lttuzt aqt tD 1oa4rsuatul aqt o1partdutor lan ltr^tlol2l fiq hd'^ ot plps tu4^ruint at 46nouap4 J aAa1II lhaIt $ arntDt2dwuaru!)t1tatlJ seseSSuttljeu 1oq :uo\$aduortn$tUd lleq:eduqS 'sasr6p4 [t)at2i]xt lo tq iutu.tDll D st n NOrdr{:)s:Iq tY)ts,(Hd 69I
SulqlDsaq
160 Describing Se tence Pt7ttefi1s
D E S C R J B I N CC H A R A C T E R I S T I C S
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Using PreciseDesciptiors. ScicnccdeDlnn(ls()t)iedivilynnri prrrision jn ils r1rscfiptions. To dcscribca corrrctas lanra\Lic or loru.nd bciutilLrl1rl1\vcry lilltc. Thc word,trldyr! dcscribcs how you feelnboUrsonrclhing, t)ul it docsnoLbfirrs an inage ro nrind.rol,j i! a rcllLivcLcmr.Scicnlir,ts Dccdro bc sl)crili(.ts il n nrilc long?50 nliles?1,000milcs?l(X1,000 Inilcs?Thc rvr)r(lbr, //r/ir1is sutiiccrj!,c. rs il lunrinousor dul1?brighlor dilnt rr.lnsparenl of opnqLrc? silvcN.cr.y, whiLe.ol mullicolored? Adjcclivcsmlrlt bc objedivc.D(lroncrcrc.Dinrc sions\holrt(tlrc
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162 Dcscribing Adjcclivcs rhal arc ibfincdwith lrj ircqLrcnlly i]rdicalcir cc(airradior)rhnris fcflbrrncd by lhc noun or occlrrsro the noun: grinding machine: machinc that crushes substances into small bits recording mechanism: device rhar records sound refining process: process that purifies mctals revolvinB platform: a stand or surface that turns Adiccrivcs lhnl arc la ncd ivilh fd 1i(quentlyindi(.rc a (onltncL((i aclioD: dehydrated plant: plant that has dried up magnetized rocl(: rock that has been made into a magnet diffus€d light: light that is spread out cauterized woundr wound that has b€en deadened by burning or searing Look at lhis cxaurplcol lhc Many vcrbscan lonn cilhcr -i?.qor -cdadjeclives. adjectivL,s ,?irlr,? arr{idilulrd, \\l1i(lt rrc lonncd lionr thc vc$ ro dlfut.: to dllute: xo weaken or thin with water or another liquid dlluxing agentr agent or substance thal dilules or thlns a liquid diluted solution: solution or liquid that has been diluted or wcakcned Usikg Adjectivcswith -ed and -ing. conrplclcs cachof thcscrcrltcl)ccs,
Circlc rhc lcllcr ol lhc inswcr lhat Lrcrr
l. A substaDcc dral conrbiDcs nrclalsrvilh oxyScnis.n agcnr oxidizjng agcnt b. oxidizcd tr, 2. Walcf rhal hasbcc pLrrilicd is . Lr.disrillingwntcf a. dislillcdwalcr olbreakingapan is a L A DuclclLs th.ll is iD thc proccss nLrclcus b. disinlcgf.ting rlLrrlcLrs il. disin!cgra!fd 4. A J,\i.i rh,.h r , . .L , r r r r . rr..l . t r , Jt . ' r( l | , , . ' r , r insLrlrnrenr a. calibraring inslrumcnr b. calibr.llc(l s . A , l c \ i , er ' r r ri d i r . r , . , rr , r j | . . | | r I r rI r| ,r .j . . iullrrmclll a. calibraring inslrumcnt b. calibr.llccl is n 6. A gaslhal hasbcenrcdu(cdin vohrmcby prcsslrfc gns gas .. conprcsscd b. co.rprcssinll
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164 Describirg Writing SmoothSentenes. When wriling dcscripliont,a!oi(l short, chop|tr scnlcnccs.In eachseriesolsclrlcnccs, colrrbincbitsol rclnlc(lirl()flnalionlo nchic!c a smooficrllow. I
Uranusis the lhird largrn planel.lr is orbilcdby mrny lhiu rings.ll hn\.rL leastl5 s.rrcllircs.
UM%2, lle lh"zl bceaj p/aaaJ,!:1.a4nnedlE/ 'alaaq lki,x 4lr4s,La/4d aj le.i /5 taklltle,t. 2. crnniLcis.n igncou\rock.IL is har(lnn(l \hirry.Ir is r a(lcol sc!cril kin(1.i ol l. Cal(iunris n rilvcty |ncl.l. It is fourrdin linrrstonc,mnfbl(,.nd (h.rlk.Il is lound ir thc sheUsol marincanimnls. 4. The bronlosaufus was a largcdinosaur.ir wcighcd.LrolrL thirty Lons.lt livcrl in shallowlvalcr lr arc planls. 5. QLrasars arc sl.flil(r objc(Ls. Thcy cnril radiali(nl. QLrasiNrnliL mofc rirlinlio]l rhancD(ircgalaxies. -Ihc ll nlso 6, ccfcbfunlis lhc ]argcslpan oi LhcLrrailr, ll corlllolsLhcscnscs, conlrolsthc musclcs, y. 7. Hcnn)l)hili.is. (lisc:r\(.Ir is i|lhcrilc(1. lhc blo(xl(locsr)o1(lor l)11)1x ii. Thc grccnhousc cllcctis thc w.fnrilrf ol Lhccarthl)y gascs. Thc ]rro{css i\ graduil.'Ihcgascsirc lfnppc(lin thc alnx)sphcrc,
READING SKILLS
vocabularyBuildi,lg Altlrcughi! is not a good idea () inrcrrlrpl.1 rcadiDgor lcclurclo look up Lrnlhmiljar words,at tinrcsyou rvill rrccd!o conslrlta dictionaryto chcck thc nlcaniDgol an impoflaDlword, your locabularyis largccnoughso thal yoLLc.ln un(lerstand rrosl As K)or].1s dcflnilions,LrscaD Englidrlo EnglishdictioDary. Choosconc lhfl iri conrplctc cnolrghto covcrrhc wordsyou will nccd.(Tcsrir by lookingLrf . lcw wor(ls.)A gooddictionarycon!ainsa ld ol inli)rmalioD that will hclp you L()!rndcrst;rr(l lhc corrcctmcaDiDg aDduscol thc word. l! may includc l 2. L 4. 5.
Pa( ofspccch,suchas r. (noun),adj. ladiecrivc), !.r. (Lr.rsjrivcvcrl),or vcrt) $a1can carryan objccl),and u.r. (irlransirivc vcrb); Rooror dcrivatiurof rhc word (Lhatis, whcrcdid iLconrcftonr?); Synonymsand antonyms; or phraserconlainingthc worlj; anLl Scnlcnccs A lisl ofthe word'smcanings.(lt is import;lntto look rhroughthc (lcllniliorrs 1ofiDdthe oDcrhal is approfriatc'ir you.)
andrechnical manlrals conraina gloss.ryof tcrnrs..rlrv.ryt Sinccmanylexrbool,s your going book bcforc ro ir diclionary. chcck
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166 Describing 4. Cosnrcrays are dangerous to human beings. a. space b. eanh 5, The sun's rays arer/fered through the atmosphereso that we don't receive their full stength. b. scrccncd 6, In warm climates,water is sometimesheatedby Jolarcncrgy. a. sun b. electric
7. Theea(h'sshadoweclryslthe sun'slight,so ir suddenlygrcwdarkon thc moon. a. blocked b. absorbed 8, ln a desert.fte temoenturealtemates betweenextremeheatand extreme cold. a. varies
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9, 'lhe fogdiJfuted thelightsfrom the streetso tharvisibilitywaspoor. a. spread b, concentratcd 10. Somel rdr mounbinsand craterscanbe se€nfrom the earth, a. moon b, sun 1 1 .The plan€tMercury hasno ralelr?r. a. moon 0, atmospnerc 12, Thespaceflightwaspostponed dueto ddvsBe weatherconditions. a. favorable b, unfavorable
skbtmbg A goodtechnique for textbookreadingis to readthetitlesandsubtitles andturn eachinto a question.Forexample,fromthe title ofthe passage below,you would formulatethe question,"ls th€ moona nic€placeto visil?"and thenreadto find the adswer,Thismethodwill helpyou to focuson themainpoints,maintainyour concenFation, and readmorcrapidly. Skimfie followin8passage ro Iind its mainideaand thc kind of informallonil containsand thenanswerthesetwo questions. Try to do it all in thrccminutcs. L what is the main point of the passage? a. Themoonis a niceplaceto visit,but you wouldnl want Q livethere. b. Themool!is not a dce placeto visit,and you wouldnl want to live lhere, c. PoeEdon't know anythingaboutthe moon. don,tknow anythingaboutthe moon. d. Scientists 2. \,vhich of theseiopics is coveredin the afticle? '. a. rhefirsr]andhgon rhemoon b. Lhephases of rhemoon c. dre climateon the moon d. how the moonaffectsthe eafth'stides
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168 Describing s h i r c b y i ( s o w n l i q h l ; i l r c l l c c l sl b c l i g h l o f r h c s u n . u n l i k e l h r ( n n h , L o r v c v c r , r h e r € i s n o a L n o s p h c r ct o d i l l i r s c l h c l i g h t a s d n y b c c o n l c sn i g h t a r d n i g h Ll L r . r s i n t o d a y . C h a n g c sf r o m l i s h t l o d a r k . r n d d a r k l o l i g h l o c c r r rl l r d c l e n l y . The llrnar sky is black. (BIuc sky on lhc eadh is t)(xlLrcc(l by rhc staltering ol b l u e l i g h t i n t h € s p c c l r u mb y f a r t i . l c s o f a i r . ) o u r l r c x n j t r l i t a n n r c v i s i b l ci n l h c d a y l i m c , b n l y o u w o u l d h a v c t o s h i c l d y o u r c y c s f r o l n t h c u n f i l l c r c ( l s L r n l i l h rr o T h e r e i s n o s o u n d o n t h c n x x r n . S o u n d L f a v c l s( r r w i v c s o i i r i r n n ) l e c L r l c tS. i n c c t h e r € i s n o a i r , l h c r c i s l r o t h i n g l o L r . r l s l n i ls o t n d . L c a v c y o u r l r . n s i s l o r h o n l t . A l s o , t h e m o o n i s r r c l a n r a l n c l l t r c w n y l h c c a r l b i j . Y o L rc a n l c a v c y o u r r o m | n s s T h c m o o n i s a s a t e l l i t co f t h c e a r t h , r c v o l v i n g a ( ) L r r x l L h c c a n h o n c c c v e r y l r v c r l t y { r i n c a n d a h a l l d i r y s .T h c n r o o n i l s c l l f a l c s , b u 1 i l d o e s s o v c r y s l o w l f . T h c r c l b r c L h c r . m c s i d c o l t h c m o o n i s a l w a y s v i s i l r l e1 0 L r s .l - ( )g c l l { ) l h c r r n ) o | r , y o l | w o u l d h a v e t o l r a v e l 2 4 0 , 0 0 0m i l e s ,a d i s l a n c el h a l i s n b o u l l h c s n r r l cJ s c i f c l i n g t h c c a r l h a 1t h e e q u a ( n t c n l i n l c s . I t i s c l c a r t h n l i i y o L rw c r c n r a k i n g a t r i p k ) t h c m o o n , y o u w o u l ( l n c c ( i l o | d r k f i r c r c L h a na l m l h b n r s h a n d a c h a n g co f u n d c r w c a r . l l s a ( l v c r s (( o n ( l i L i o r r vs 1 ' o t l l ( l makc it vcry dillicLrll bf a visilor lronr the cirlh.
is sl.11c(l Makitlg In.ferenccs.Ir(li(.lc whL'thcrcachol lhc lollowings(a(cnrcDls (1),or lrcithcfslillc(l (,s),imIlic(ll)y olhcrinii)rrrratiou in lhc passagc in lhc l).ssagc nor jr)rplicd(N). (Do,rcrin(licalcwhclherlhe sl.lcr cul is lruc or hlse.)
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L T h c f o f c e o l g f . v i l y o n l h c n n x ) I i s l c s s t h a n 1 h . 1o1u t h c c l f l l l .
2, Thc lidcsorl (he eaflh arc cnuscriby lhc Inoor], 3. A pc$oDwould wcilth lcssoi) thc rrnx)nlhnu orl il 4, Thc moon hasro walcr or atnn)ifhcrebccaLrs(' (.rxxgn8rnvlry. 5. I1rvouldbe difljclrhlo havcan aryur('rltwith nnneoncon Lhc 6. Thc m(xrnorbilslbc canh aboutoncca nronth. 7 w( dlsn). \'. rh{\Jr f .rJ( | l, t"',... 8. Thc canh is 4.6 billim yearuold. 9. Thc rcmpcrarur€ on thc nroongocsul) 1o200"c. 1 0 . H L r m n Db e i n g sc o u l d n o 1 l i v c o n t h c n 1 d J n . Plants coLrld no! grow on rhc moon.
lhan lhc c.dh h.s. 12. The moon hasmofe exlrcmesoi Lcmpcralurc
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170 Describing
U dersta dihg the Lectale. hdicatc whclhcr cach oflhc li)llowill8 slalcnrcntsis rrue (7) or falsc (l) basedon thc iDformaliol in thc lcclore.
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1 , Thc suD'sgravity kccps!hc planetsin orbit. 2 . Vcnus is the cbscst plame!to the carth and thereforcdrc onc scicntislscan seelhc bcsl, J , Thcrc is morc likely 10 bc lifc oD vcnlrs than on any olhcr l)larlcl
dLleto its modcralcclimate. in.lima!e, like lhc carlh. 4. Marshaschanges 5 . Recenlevidcnccshows therc may bc lilt on Mars. Thc a,leroi,isarr'r Bfout,nf Bririslr"nxl
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7 . Jupilcr may be a ball of gaslhal h shrinking. Thc rings ol Sa n revolvc arolrnd lhc plancl likc salellilcs. 9 . Thc farrhcslplanet{rom lhc su is Uranus. 1 0 . No planel has morc thaD lwo salcllitcs. I L Thc tail of a coDretpoin6 dircclly loward lhc slrr.
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6u!q!.bsao S'NDIS CNIIIUM
(alr,{ ruo slql lr8 no,{ p!( ieH ieH) rplxo snolllu ,rFlqtsrup pllnr 9 sp pcsn ':iultooj^ddeq e sr)npord ,ropo lrrn s ,s!3 ssrllolor p .€l raqtsnolll aleu ol (rnJlns qllM prlPoq ro) przllreJln^ ,srJll xalpl aql tuo{ sJltroJ,a)ustsqnsrllspl, zl Jo 'lpp ^jo^c tl rsn nol .cplxolp,{q {ulql tunlsseto(lro unlpos qllM leJlo llo Sullloq,(q rpput ,tJnpordploqrsnoll B I I lalldnl pue quPr rllt uD^4liq pol9)ol,suosers pue sderrelod spqlr ,lrueldp ;qlprller.0t rlrrlll Jo IInJsl ,{poqll1o,{ ,ado)so.rJlut e tnoqlrM ilqlsnu! tsrltureq are rtuos .llur,uleqJJs Jruos,aJI u oJ luppunqe lsoru aql ,tuDlde ,6 Jo Ilrurd rno^ l0lool 'tr,{ MoLl{l,uop no^ JI pup,uoqle)JouuoJp,iulllets&J,Uos,l)elq g rrntqtdLucl urooJlD plnbll sl teql Jpl u D / ,lrqu .9 lelulug pa8iirl-lnoJe uro{ sruroJ lernteu p slullp ploJ pue rrJJor LrlpunoJ,tuelnurlls,8nrp p .( SJJJI
s .llq ,letulusuprlrJvue .t Jo sdoliqt tuori sa^etlslpe'Jrllel 3lq e rou 1J!,1 rlP rqt salnllod reqt'rullosoSlo Sulurnq aDlduroru! ,ql r(qprJnpord,se8 snouoslod e { JJITU Sletlcql prlq lPuJnl)ouE z sdlqJlelnduoJ rlslu 01pJsn,llli)ruapJllleltuuorrp .I 'r! ,{Jlturpl sluopnrs /l1oll rno,{ puB c^pq Ssslr rno,,( ot uollur^ul lo ,rrnDus snotupJ'l)rfqo ue seq)nsSulqleuos lDllsrli)'eruEtsqns,oulqJeur,luBld.lptulup iialqlDsrpslunl i)iel urq|suolldlDsrp Jalrqasaqlluo{ Lualrqreo ,!!lurpl SJNIOd NOISSnIST(I
'aJeds 'vr ,'bdrur sl aslrlrun Jqr Jo rsow 'queJ Jql u{' ' ar PUPItrqt guJlJLUrrp sJtDnJtJW 'lno urnq tPql srPtsJre sroJlrw ' z I ltI
SurqrDsre
172 Drs(ribinP ( lr.rr.r(l(n\l(s) (whit is il Innri('rll H"w LL\'\il Lr(hrvc 2. whdl Jrc rtschcnricdl il comes in con(acl wilil otbcr subsran{esslrch as walcr ol or react whcn oxyger?) 3. whcre is il found in nature?How abundanl is it? Rcad thc following paragraphwhich dcscribcsthc substanccnrcrcuryand (ic_ lcrmine \ir'hichof lhe abovc qucstionsil aiswcrs. Mcrcury is one of a fcw elcmcntsthat was knowD in a|cicnl chin;, India an{l Egypl, Mercury is a luslrous,silverymclal lhal is a liquid al (x)m tempcrallrrc.Il is 13.6timesas dcnseas waler,frcczcsat -39" C, and boilsat 3t7'C. Mercury does rot combine readily \,r'ithoxygen,bul it does react wilh nitric acid lo fonn mcrcury nitralc and with srlfuric acid 1()form mcrcury s lfale. Whcn mcrcory combineswith ccrlain metals (such as silvcr, zinc, or lio) thc rcsulling alloy is callcdan amalgam.Mercury comcsIrom spain,Ilaly, and lhc southweslcrnunilcd Slales.lt may bc oblaiDedby hoalinll mercury sullidc (ci labar). Mcrcury is usc(l for lhermomclcrs,loolh fillings, and pholographicplatc$
wi
ng a Descriptlotl wood, sard,saltwalcr, suchasrubbcr, ofa rlalllralsubslancc wrilea dcscripti(nr
ait, diamond, slraw, alllminuol, or carboll dk)xidc Your lofic scll(cllcenliglll bc a dcfiniti(nr(d lolrg dcscril)tior)is a tyPcofcxlclldcd dclil)ilkjn) hl your PafagraPh, answcras many of the abovcqucsliolsas yoll can. one wdy to concludcis 10 describehow lhc subslallceis oscd
€Ll
'suope^rJsqo^€u uo paspqsuollJlpaldJuger pue NnfpEol lpeal Jq sde^{plsnur lsllurps Jqf ulPtr.r luJr.rcd 001 sl rrnlpu Jo tot^pqeq ernlnJ aql Jo uorlrrpald ou 're^a^ oH ^^orrourolulEl Jo eJUeqJlusriad gz p JJunouup ,{pul lseJJloj aqt 1^llllqeqordJo surrrt ul prtrlpJrd :q ,{luo upr srrqlo .puo)rs p Jo uolpp.rJp ot pelPlDPr 3q upr asdtrrr up l{lrlErDJE atlnb p4rtprrd aq uer sluJ^r ruros .aseaslppJlull { eJpru38 reqlous ro Ellqdoureq Sulllrequl pllqr rplDlupd €Jo pooqllqll rqt DIp d tsnu lsl8ololq rqt pup lruro) PJOllqio tql plpJld ot spJJu Druouollsp rqJ .tl)!qJ^ Jql uo rJqlga^{ Jsr) pE Jo sl){Jr rql lrlpard ol slqp aq lsnu ta}Jot e suSlsepoq,^ rorulSuc eql .{poq uPurnqaql uo-peq puspooS qloq -str{Jr s]! lrlprd ()1alqeoq lsnur Snrpn^ou e sdole^ep oq^{ lstruoqr rql .a)ua!rs plalJ iJr^a Jo Upd p sl uoltrlprrd 'suoltdnl.l )!ue)lo,\ pue /salpnbqUpaJo /sruP)lllnq se qJns slatspsrp lPlnleu Jo uolDlprrd aql Iq pr^ps aq plno lpql so^!lJo lrqtunu oql ,aldu.rpxJroJ,.roplsuo) 'lsu!p3€ soiltslno lJJtotd u9) rA1lJlpald ue) a,\{ lgqA\ lpqt uolldunsse rqt uo prsPq sl puE /rrnlnj .qt tr!p..ld ot sl uollpSllsa^ul rulluelrs n€ Jo leoS rqt
NOIJ)N(IOUJNI
raqpahl aqJ
6q1rlpard 71 raldeqr
174 Predicting Short Reading Readthe folbwing passagcand find threc prcdictions. The Wo ,l Tums The eanh is round, fiflccnlh- and sixreenlh-ccnlutyexplorcrsIikc Columbus and Magcllan provcd it. But therc wcrc ancientGrcekswho had known rhis rwo thousandyearsearlicr.They saw shipsdesccndovcr rhe horizon and oblervcd lhe curvedshadowofthe canh on rhe moon during a Iunar eclipsc.Thcn, in 200 Lc., thc GreekastroromerEraloslhenesnoted thal at noon on thc first day ol summcr, rir'henthc sun was at its highcs!,ils rays shonero rhc botlom of a veflical wcll irl Syene,Egypl.Ye1,on the sameday in Alcxandria,five hundredmilcs !o lhc norrh, il was reportedthat a vcrlical post cast a shado\'r'.If the earth had becn llal, the post could not have casl a shadoyr'at roon, The eallh spins,or rotatcson its axis,orce everytwcnly-four hours,callsing!rs to havc day and night. At any given lime, rhe side ol thc cardt facingfic s!D will have daylight,aDd the sidc turDcd arr,/ayfron thc sun will havc nighl. Allhongh the eanh is spinnirg at a spccdof over one lhousandmilcs an hour, wc do nol feel thc movcmcnt or thc wind bccausceverythingaround us, iDclllding tbc atmosphere,is moving at thc samespced.The cffectis similarlo riding in aDairplaui. Thc air moveswjth you, lf you light a malch on aD airplanc,no wind will blow lt oul. The eanh also revolvcsarouDdthe sun oncc cvcry year.This ycarly rcvolnlkD, plus lhe tiltiDg of fic earth or its axis, causcsthc scasoDs. WhcD thc snn's rays arc nearly overhead(ro1 whcn lhc earth is closcslrc lhe slln) aDd lhc days arc long, great amounts of the sun's radialion arc absorbcdand thc wcalher is hot, For example,from April through Septembcr,rhc North Polc lihs loward lhc sun and lhc northcrnhenlisphcrccxpcrienccssummerwhilc thc southerDhcmisphcrc haswintcr.Thenthe Nonh Polctills awayfromlhesun and I he seasons are rcvcrscd. On March 23 and Septcmbcr2I, the North Polc is not lcaning $ward or away ftom thc sun, lfyou travclcdaround the canh on thcsctwo dalcs,yoll woliki find Lhedaysand nights equal cvcry placeyou went.
7
^ropeqs e lsPJ e^Pq lou plnor lsod aql
leu uerq peq qlee eql
( pillulnJrq lollllu) tlonJlpird iLIr 'o.olrrrql ruu(nr s! rluD;))tll ^lsnol^qo-ilqlssod[l sl trol]!puor)ql
'ri^)^ oH i|,lll i(lo) plnoM ollJll]tlo iql'JltH) U iri.^ sLro0lpllo) tql I J! 'Ltoaup ^ollt,Lls t )s111)rq )ou plnar tsadt4l IDLIuarq Pp4 tlub) a4]Ji
NOIIf,IqlIUdlISISSOdWINY
Ienba s1q3!uPUP s,{epaql puu plno4{ noi
salep o.&l eseql uo plro/L{ eql Punore pele^erl no
( anll trl()) lolr iorlr ro il)rLrlt lD)tll)qrfillqs! uo!lJlpoidtql-s^rlp isilll llo pl()M iql purlor0li^r-illol ilrlllun tru no,{-.rrr))o()1il)llFln ir! suolllpuo)iql uolllpooJslql) J)UlS't118latu,rl] suolllpLloltl!0lltJJl tnll iulo) oslpll!A/t 'lui,Mnot aJuld{JaArptlba sl46!Lt Itub stttpa\t pull pltlo/Ano/i'stltp oN tt:,ql uaq taaql punolltFp^ul nofJI NOII3Iq;IUd IVJIISH,IOdAH Y
tno 1l^rolq III^i puln ou
eueldrleup uo q)leu e IqBII noi
(lrLLItJc suollrploJrtlPllJ)Jl)nrl Jtuor II!,1uoll)lpJ slqll 'aup4tlDuD uo ')hatl $on rylDut)t ttt6! a(! lM pu!410u NOtrfI(!lud
g'IsYsoud Y
't\$!Lt1^tJ4 uns)qt ttto4trtft paulit )p!s 111/"1 )4t pua Uiu[ap ,^rr4 tlh\ ut$ a4J6u11]t{ 4trn )4t lo /p!s ,4t )utLtLtl^lliluD tv :urddeqlttM 3ulrttruosleqt tu!elJDsi uollr!p.id Y NOITtrICAUd V
I)I(IAUd gtI
OI HSI'IDNE 9NISN
3ul|rrpr.rd
176 Predicting Sentence Patterns
PREDICTION 4clryerTh€re lwiu be) an eclipse tomorrow /djsiv4 The eclipse{will be hidden} by thc ctouds. PROBABLE PREDICTION acrir,4 It i1 rains, we {will gd wel.} pdssiv.:lf rhe eclipsc is hidden, lhe pholos {will b€ ruined.} HYPOTHETICALPREDICTION
fwourdl
a.lil/e| lfrs(udled,llcoutd I pass. Lmishr J p,irrvcrrf rheeclipse werehiaaen,rrrephoros{['i"#J ,",",""r. Lmishl J I M P O S S I B L EP R E D I C T I O N
Iwoulal
dclin:IfI hadsludied,Ijcould I havepasscd. ImishrJ p,l,siuarr ir hadbeenhidden,,hephoros {ff]ilt} n""" ,.." ,",,,.r. LmishlJ Notes:Whcn witiflg ptedictiotls,rcnptnber thcIo awin L Thtrtturc tet$e with will is ustldJor Wcdktiont thdt arc tikll,t t.1lcen. Thc nolak would, could. $ milhr a u\.d Jar hytotndiiil.y iral,,.n/,/.. 2. With iI clauset,the subinlctiv.Iom werc n uted instntl olwas (Jot eran41lc, l f I w e r er i c h ,. . . ) . 3. At1! predietia rht:ttit bdtedou d pon eonditia,tca dt bcltltfi e.t (Jbt .xr fu, If De war had ended a year €arlicr, many tlv.'s woutd have becn sayed.). Snlcethe wat did ot nd ld kt, the prcdictit e :.,t)t contetruc. Neverthelets,the relatio ship lxprissedh th? settarcc is true.
'rs(1ullo)lolr plrlo^\ 1l 'pruiJrsrp,{l.rrdor(liti^4 J8puq rLIlJl t 'ijuluroru I1ur tqjrl,.iEp
slrolr rln l)i^our .^'l JI lo juoll DrlxJ LrDo^eq plno^\ )M lnoq ruo {rpq 'ri)lliq rrllnr qiu) purrlslrprnl plno^{ )^,\ ,iiienrSrrpl iures rql rlo({s i^ JI
P"/t"d --f
t 'a
'f, Ffwn arx .rVrr7r' ff a* b 'prrpr1ls s s P QP I n o ^ i ) M
r/!1JI I
.ln:))o torr ptp rlql uortrpuorP rroprspqsr t€qtilro,st rpqr,uorl)rprr(l il(llss(x1rur ut ol suorr rrp)id lprnr$od.{q .siqr jo rlrpJ rilupq) s ourva.q aqlssodwl qulpft ttoJ '^ oLrs 01 Lunt ulsJ irll') lll^ o0 ^\oliq sdorpalllulJd[rrt.rre)rl] Jl 8 'IUJJrlrJl.o))l.rlrlur 01 ,l)alultlsUl jl .z Jlu s)lt^,t:}Llt fJsn rq rru),{oLll 'isdll)r 't!litu.r!rlr rLIl iis u sr tl lt .9 lllM i.M ')iD)s ,s .! ruiJr lll^ iulSu) )qt lrnt r!lt lt 'lroq .f ,t llr^r! o15t ol pituiq sl ^.Jn)r u lt 'IrltPl)(l lr ,s.]sop iilipl rrt prluq rsr .Urrolrp.lt .€ llrM 'P)^csrq 'ulutilu)lroJ p not sr !)rnr r-i .z llr^'ls)^rl,(ur.ru lt
wvd w117/"a/4 'P".'F/$ afl lf 'ssr.'( 'Apn)s IllM i
JM.JI I
'sisnul).lj ut ).,rr.lo isn ol l)p \rrr r.r(1,41 iJ(ILT UiI rn))O tOLr^ollrJOiUrUluql iUO 'Sttuql 'ooltJlpiid l!)ll)rll(xl,{rlu ol suolr)11)ir(i ilquqor(l )srrlt Jorl)u) iiiuuLl:r 'suoutrya,tdlotlrLltodlH 6ulytlrlut,toc
o l . l i u u q r p l n o M ^ i l l r u . l D n u r t ( x l, i i l
'^.lio.r )llJLIl rllt urort llrJ rl(tde )qt JI 8
'^^olil 'riirpll) )tl).)lr uu Lrr^liJ sr uo)u Jl I I|M lr 'piiollrrp rq plno^^Pp)lrcqlnluripllrqt 'p)zurr)lsurl r.rr^,\Illtu iql l] .9 'DPl(lrlut pup,lp.q,lrnj nJl .( llrM uousnqlo)'tursird rrD u.)iJ,{xo 'dn prLunq .)^PqplnoMtr ']r.rrq(lnrLUrL's,LIl.rpr )!lt p)telrurd p!q rortrur )ql lt .t .oiJpt'roMI,tJrt pDLI.rpr rLIlJt t rFhrd nulur ,p drur pEqouprto^iql fr rl rrrrq )^!q ftno^\ l|z 'i^tossrp --dllr^\lr rrtP^\ol p.l)l)! sr rpSnsn I ,(H) ,(d) (1) rt(lrs\o(tlur ro IL'rltrqt(xliLI Jlqlqor(l sr slrolrrpJ.rd.srqr lo LIrc:)jJLII:)qM)tD:tll\ttt .suo!1rlp2.td $u tltuapl /ZI
SurD!prrd
178 Predicting 5 . If lhc nandardswere lowcr, morc studcnBwould pass. 6. If ftc sarcllilcwere nol inrerruprcd,ir would conlinuc iI irs orbil. 7 . If the eggceil werc fcnilizcd by spermcarryingan .rrchromosomc,lhc baby would be a girl. 8. lf he ate a balarceddic!, he would be hcallhicr. Cot pletifig Sentences. Complelclhe lollowing prcdidi(nlsby filling in lhc propcr form of the verb in parcn(heses, L PlaDisyr'ill not grow il they
(bc) dcfi(icnt in
a2p
niuogel,I, 2. Many lives would havc bccr savcdif scicrllisls (predicl) thc rcrnado.
3 . A satcllitewill go in1oorbit whcn it
(rcach)a speed
of 18,000 milcspcrhour. The calciumwould mclt if yorl
5 , WheD \,r'intercoDlcs,thc bcars If thc iroDbar wcrc cxposcdk) air, ir 7 , If thccompound hadbccnan acid,it
(hcal)it lo 845"C. (hibcrnalc),
(nrst). (lunl)lhc
bluelitmusrcd. 8. If thc oxy8crlwcrc coolcdsufficicnrly,
(liqucly).
preilicli(xrs Predicti,ns, ir anyl{)gical or im. Oeating C0nrctcthc&tbwing aginativcway, usingthc corrcclverbform, it t Thercwould bc fewcr tra!fic accidar:irs
&.tw Peoplcwould be hcahhier if The air would bc clcancr il Schoolwould bc casierif If human beiigs could lly, If we could conlrol lhc weadrcr, If lhere wer.'Do irrcgularvcrbs, If compurerscould makc brcaklbst, If I could go anywhcrc in lhe world,
\_
fea'pk dila I /)44'l
a?tA
'Al!r!rDrlr Jo pobil e s! r! isrpr)q nod roj p.sn sI ttlnululnlv < ',{ll^nru ! sl pullu rlll Iq pJslll,a LmIDPrplll)sn(rl v sc poqlJJsaps! strolloruo.lo plllLLlrqr iq
t
s! leql ssiull!uv € uo tqiSnorq Jnou
u! ri^o pilrodsuprl surl ril9M 'sJttlll lLlilJLtl, Lll
')rllilus Iq
?"/Wrttt2r\
'z
s! L|olleluloJllllillleoM . I
puFu eql Jo atu.lJt .t$ = n66pt4ttsd pulut t-a4risd slasse^poolq pue u€aq eql Sul^lo^ul = tolrttst^olprDt ueeq t.olpttt quea ^Pnls aqt = tlooqao .ql Jo \7&a |-oa6 ^e{e a)i..etot = ttfipap peal ol ,+tnpgo e^lt = $ua /puos :rlr.r. JJo.^tt 'siJu lras3u!^{olloJ II ru!slxo/l^3u!$r!!uaql nlrldruo) ol uoql tsn lltqt puP ritmr pIoM Jo lsll rql ^pnrs raqrisd aofprer /-oaa '-lrnp- 'xlut- :stoou ptoll 'turqt )zlJorutt! puP sPro^l Jql iJll)r-'rdot Jlt irpds rno,{ asu puP nol q}lM srtdgdtlotl lo spreJJsoql fu.Ie] 'sjcdPdalouJo spreJLrcs3ulugcurrlaql atlr^1puDsproMInJosnro lueuodrul lsoru tql pJlas '.{rpssJ)rurrtr]M 'rnlBJds. lleu ro fueu()llJlpe qllM s8u!ueeturltql {)aq:, 'sProMpDleJ ro slrpd plo.Mse q)ns stnl) Jsn 'qder8ejsdro cJriJluasaqt txJlrrcJtql uo{ s3ulucJluJltql ssenSol ,fuJ Jo 'ur{o rnlrr leql rsoqr illPlJJdsa'sproM ^^t o1 uolluallP lPd
9 g t € z I
:,{-tclnqeJolrno,{ JsetrJlrloJ qsll8ug}o uolDnpold pup uolsurqrrdrlrorrLIl ol ltsse alqenlP^ulue sl{rBlnqero^ )ftel V
fualMd :aulqllrrg /fuqnqoto\ s'I.IIrS CNT(IVAU 64I Suprlprrd
180 Predicring 6. A condirion in which thc hcart slopsbcadng is called ac anesl, 7. ln rhe springthc high school
urctr
applicalionsto colleges. 8. A melal rhal can be slrelchcdin() wire is dcscribcdas lle ,
9. The fieory thal thc canh is rhc ccnlcr of rhe Luivcrscis rbc cenrflc ulcory, 10, A devicedral mcasuresheart movcmcnlsis a graph. I l. Thc branchof maficmatics thar dcalswith ntcasllrillgat)(l survcyingthc
earrhh
mclrv ,
Vocdbuldry in Corltext, C]rcle thc lctrcr ol thc aDswcrlhal bcsr nratchcsthe mcaningof lhe italicizcdwod as il is Llscclin c.lch ol thcscsertcllccs. L Madamc Curic irrplrad maDylwcDlicth-ccntrlrywoutcDto collduct ticicnlillc
rcscarch. @ srinularcd
b. rcquircd
2. Birds and airplancssccnrlo /q6, lhc law of gravitywhcr)thcylly awaylronr the eanh'ssurlacc. a. obey b. rcsist L The forecastwas f(x dark cloudslhal wolrld bri'lg prccipitdtion. a, hcal 4, The cxperhnerrtwas fionitored'ktreftorr, a. dcsilncd b. obscrvcd 5. Wcalher/r/dc4sts arc molc accurate$day lhat) cvcr bcforc. a. prcdictions b. dcscripti{nts 6. Thereis no ikfaLlibkcure for canccr. a. perfect b. parlial 7. fhe ragwas satuntedwith oil. a. fuu of
b. enllnicd of
8, rTheseasonsof lhc ycar recur in cyclej, - a. regularperiods b. irrcgular pcriuls
7'
.qupiilltol trrrsillt ruo.rttlJq rloru lotgnbJ tJlj rl0.reau LueJrqtJosu Daql .rr.qdsollneiLIlJo ,4n_rrr silerpcrI suriqter^{ rno puPsr^rlrnoslortuojunsrLI_L slrL11 nr).rJllrp ur sritlreqr.Intul:)d!uIq tDoqetllilnorq.re sJn-upll) r.\rprM IIv (l poE,rl(lrlluJur llrtsst ,rsrnorJo r.^rlr ApLu nru 'iiunsDri)r()r rrqlur^,\ .^{{ (l rqr txru t rronrrp pue e sr{Ru slep ^lij tscd Jqt ne ,pJtclnrlmrJpst luql ri^o Llrr|!(l lJqtDr^\ rlll sro[ulJlap lsriJol(xoJ]Ju rLIt lprauriJ uonultuoJLrl .LIt iiL lpnls,.{g .plro^,\ punorD iql uotleruojl IID rJLlll:J^,\ rotrUoru ol rtqrssodlr r)pru srrlndtt()rrrrrolJrlr plrp s rll)tEs,Lrclr9rldr)ird pup,ssiur 'pnolr'iorqslllls irriJJp,llt]olr^ pu!^a,rllrssir(l ,r.rnlpr.drurt rru lo rrns!iru rulll slu unrlsururo.uuortPuu(ll !J(rlrrlllptso^to^ur x.tdrrcr ijr^ lt sr liioloro i(lr pue suorprrlppor^,\ Jo i)urr:rsrqt'^ppo.L .sLtllots ot spnolr rrrpird )qt Jo ujrp )ql l)(rc^Is ijllltficrlrrqt pilpntss.rirrpew1!^ uo su^,r nl !te.r rrlltiq^^ rurLur)l -)p or \1)|]ol]prqrlpM s.rrlu.rut srurllLriJl0J rlqel)lp)nlun:)Lll ol ijl pUD lrrprrd rinlurr ^l.p ot tlri)lllpr.r(lsLrl pue sH(rliquuLLrnq piniJu]L s,{c^4lp suq.riqtu. {
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182 Predicting than do lhoseDcarLhcNonh aDd SouLhPolesThc warrrr.ir ncar lhc cquirt(n expands and rises.nlovinglowad lhe polcs.As il cools il siIks,rcplntinglhc cool thc cqrrator10 rel)ln(clhe dsingwanD air on thc surlacethal hasmovcdtorvnrLl healnlgofthc carrhcauscsrrorlh.nd soLrthvlindt Ean lvcn a1r.This uDcqLral winds nrc caosedby lhc ()latioool lhc ta'lh is irllothefindi(iLorof thc as mcasurc(l by . baronrelcr, Armospheri.prcssure. Wann air (.rr wcatirer.Thc inrounl oflvatc. vapofin lhc air is nrxjlhcrpredi(L()r' (lisvtves nnr.c \Lrllarthnn icc(l dissolvcfiorc watef thar .old air, ilrslas hoLlca js 1ea.Thepoinl at which thc air carrnolhold nrr) rnorcwaicr c.llcdthc salLrrali(,r the lcnrl)criLtlrc lDinl. ou n wa n dny,i{ l}rc nir is salurillfdrvilh nloistLrrc.ncj walcr is squeczcd oul ol Lhcirir' we sccLhisnloislLrrc;rppcaring drot)s,rhe €xccss ou( wc havc rain or, dl as dew, fog, or clouds.lf nrffi(icrr!wllcr is sqLrcc/cd poirn,snow lenpcralurcsbel v fic frccTir)g Todry lbere exislsa lhrc.r 1(r1heenrlh'sclir ale fro|n nrarr'nladtchcnricnl lhrough havcknown for a Iorrillinc Lhallhc tilrLhl]asscs wasrcs.Mcleorobgisls thc gra(lu.lly \ranllin!l sirrcc cyclcsof warnlingau{l cooling.Thc eanh hirsbccn havc sciclllisls lasl i(c agcoccurredaboul 18,000ycarsa8o.Rcccntly,howcver, civiliz.li{)nn1.y t)ccirusing 0warcof (hc IbcLthat olrr lcchrrical/irrdLrslfial Lreconrc tlral cor.rklnllcr lhe wcalhcrnnd lhal lhcsc changcsi|l lhc carth's.1lrllost)hcrc (langc|(rus an(iifrcvcrsiblc chrrrgcscouldbc vcry ol lhc or'tll)|cr.lnrosphefc ouc problcnris ozorrcdeflcli(nr'Thc strak)sl)hcfc, (hc harl ltll (t l|'()nl lhc stln's eallh a laycr oTotrc8asthat frolccls earth,corrlajns havc bccn d|1)p|ing ovcr Anlalcti(a ullravi(tclrnys,llcccntly,o,/onccon(cn0atiorrs (hcnlhavctlclcrllline(l lhnLa gI()uPol llrall'nlnde rnlc,llescarchcN at an alarnljrril (lcslI1)yirrg oTor)c the lhc ca h and arcfisinfliion icalscallcdchlo|1)llLrorocarLx)ns cllecl.Cn x)n dioxi(lejrr lhc is lhc to.callcdgfccnholrsc A sccord proLrlcnr illlrnrc(l glass olll cx(cssivc in a firn(liorrs likclhe .rnrl)sphcrc Srccnhousc,licrcclling wjlhoLlt al lrilht hc.l lionl csca|iDg insulal(n 1() rnysand aclilrltas aD Drcvcnt on lllc carlh rotrl(ifcachlhc ('x_ lcrrrpcratllrcs thc prolcctionol the almosphcrc, () bLr l lassillircls lhc lcvelol c.rLx)n nnxm. ll wc corltinue lrcnreslhcy do orrthc poirll whcrc il will bl.Ikcl lhc en h .rr(l iDcrea:ic to lllc dioxidcin thc air nray ,JLr'( il r', !\.rrn I't J ,llr '(_!l\
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184 Predi.ling iulo g.rdcrrswilh lhc 3. Landsrhat hrcrcdridfor cerllrricshavcbccrlconvcfLcd useof irrigarion. b. nn)isl a. dry 4. lron is a very ve alitu sLrb\l.nccbecausei1 can bc Lrse(lin a grcnl nLrnberof a. abundart
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11.The computcr has a word processing]4l.trry. b. dclact a. capabiiiry 9. No onc has cver inve]nle(la perpclualfioli
Note-TakingHints:Reriew To sh.I|crryoLrrskills, sllcccss. skillsarcesscrtialLoacadcrnic cood rrotc-lakinll followingl rcmcnrber lhe Prcrc.ldthc lcxlbookchaplcrwhcDcvcrpossilrlc. ou wriling dowD thc nlain poinls, Duringfie le(turc,aonccnlralc symbols, and shorlcnedfornlsolwo|tls lo savclime. Uscabbr€viali()ls, pcr{cclgrantrrar,or corrcclollllinc Don't woffy aboLrlusingflrll scntences, fo|m bLr!nrakcsurewhal yol wrilc is co|nplctccuoughlo rcad. dchils (s ch ns examflcs,cvidcncc,arrd 5. Add.1smany sul)porling artdrcntcnrbcr the nlaiD as pL'ssiblc !o hch you Lrndcrsland explanalions)
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6. write clcaflysLryou can rcadwhar you wro(c.Dor11rccopyyour rolcs. aflcf class.Fill in anylbingyou havc 7. Rereadyour nolcsas soonas possible left olrl and .orrec! anylhing thal is not l:lcar. 8. R€vicw your noles pefiodically,espcciallybc{brca ten. The more yoll rcvi$,r',the more you will rcmcmber. Take noresas you Iislen Io lhe leclurc "Thc wondcr of walcr." PracLicclhc skills you havc dcvelopedin this course.Thcn use your nores10 complclc lhc nexl €xercise.
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186 Predicting WRITING SKILLS Predlcting O n c g o a l o l s c i c n c ei s l o p r c d i c l r / h a t l h c w o d r r i g h l b c l i k ( i r l h c l u l L r r c .I n t h c l o l l o r v i n gp a r a g r a p ht.h c w f i l c r I f e d i c t s t h . l i l r v i l l n ) r r l c ( l . yL r cp o s s i b l c1 0 s c n d :l letler anywhcrc on carlh in onc (iiryot lcss: , 4 .f e w y c a r s l r c r n n o w , w h c n y o ! w i s h L o s c n d a n u r g c n l m c s s n g r ,) o u v l i l l p u f c h a s c a s r a n d a r dl c ( c r l o f n o n w h i c h y o u w i l l w l e o r t y p c w h a l c v c t y o L r h a v c r o \ r y . A 1 t h e l o c a l o f f i c e t h e f o r m w i l l b e f c d i n t o d D r a c h i n cw h i c h \ c a n s l h e n r a f k s o n t h c t a p c t a n d ( o n v c n s l h c n r i r r l o c l c . L f i c . l s i g n . l s .T h c s c w i l l t ) r r a d i o e du p l h c r r c i r $ t r c l . y s a r c l l i t c ,r o u l c d i n t h e a p p r o f f i . t c d i r e . l j o r r( ) L r r ( l l h c E a ( h , a u d p i c k r d u p a t l b c d c s r i n n t i o nw h c f c t h c y a r e r r l x x l L r ( c ( i ( ) 1 rr L ) l i n k f o r n l i d c r r t i c a lw i t h r h c o n c y o u i n s c r i l r c d .T h e l r a r r m i s s i o r ri ( s c l l w o r r l d l n k c i r f r a c t i o Do l a s c c o n d ;t h c d o o r ' t o ' ( l o o r d c l i v e r y r v o u l d c x t c n d l h i s l i r c l o n ' v c r . l h o u f s , l ) u r c v c n l l r a l l yl c t l c r s s h o u l d n c v c r l a k c r n o r t L h a Dn d n y b c l w ( c r r i r n y l w o p o i r t s { ) D L h c E . r l h . T h c f c n r c , o l c o L r s c ,f r o b l e n r s o l p r i v n ( y , r v l t i c h n r i j t h l l ) c $ l v c ( l l ) y ( ) b o t h i r n r l l i r r ga t n l l s L a g c so l t h c o f c r n l i o n . H o w c v c f . c v c r ) l h c o l ( 1 s t y l c b L r l n a np o s l m c n h a v c b c ( n k r r o w r r l o 1 1 i ( l l h c r r r . i l . A f l h r l r C C l . r k c , l a 1 t l i l $o l t h t l L t t I R : Att lt1,lIitr i,tu tltc !.inrilr d/ l/rf P.\'vl,/r' ( N c w Y o r k i I I . t ) r / 6 R o \ v , 1 9 r ) : ) ,p . 1 9 5 N o r j c c h o w t h c p r c d i c l i o ni : i n r a d c i D t c f c s t i n ga r l ( l c o n v i n ( j r r g[ ) y l ) o l h t h c d c l . l i l c ( i d e s c r i p l i o no f h o w l h c s y s t c n lw i l l w o r k a u d l h c ( l i s c r r s s i oor ll a l ) o l c n l j i r ll i 1 1 ) L ) l r n r r h a l N i g b t a f i s c . N o t c a l s o L h eu s t o J l h c l u l r r r c l c D s cw i t h L t/ 1 / .I h c r l l o ( l n lr 1 ' d / / / , / i n d i c a l c st h c h y p o t h r l i c n l n a t l r c o 1 l h c p | . ( ' d i c l i o l r , . n ( l, r i r r r j \ L r s ( t lt { r c x p r e s s possibilily. T h c c x a m f l c f a r a ! r a p h b e g i D sw i l h L h t i r r l r ( X l L r . l o r yp h r a s c ,, ' 1 / ! w v c , r / r/ i D n ,rw. Orhcr rransitiorr rvords for predicring jnclLr(lctvcnt nllr. i]1llt! littttrt, lltattttlll, lon!, and one ddy. Ldter.dfkr n while, 11c10]"
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g a Plediction or crcarrvc Poi s. lmaginntivc on one of lhc Discussion Wrile a paragraph writing docs not demand suppoling nralcrial lo "provc" . foinl Ho\'!evcr,any concrctccvidenceyou can providc will make yolrr parrgrtlh rorc cffeciivc or morebelievable. For cxamplc,il you predictrhal mer and womenwill dressnlikc Lltal$'omerr by lhe lwen!y-lirslcentury,you cansuppoflyourclaimbypointingout alrcadywcar pants,suit!,and lic!. Thcn orakesureyoLrdcvcloflhe paragrafhby could sum r.lriTclhc nain idca ol givingdcrailsor exanplcs.Your conclusiorl exprcssa waming or hope fLrrthc Iu!ure.
