Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition by Talaro Chess – Test Bank

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ch06 Student: _____________________________________________________ _________________________ __________________________________________________ ______________________ 1. Viruses have all the following except A. definite shape. B. metabolism. C. genes. D. ability to infect host cells. E. ultramicroscopic size. 2. Host cells of viruses include A. human and other animals. B. plants and fungi. C. bacteria. D. protozoa and algae. E. All of the choices are correct. 3. The core of every virus particle always contains A. DNA. B. capsomers. C. enzymes. D. DNA and RNA. E. either DNA or RNA. 4. Classification of viruses into families involves determining all the following characteristics except A. type of nucleic acid.

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B. type of capsid. C. presence of an envelope. D. biochemical reactions. E. nucleic acid strand number. 5. Which of the following represents a virus family name? A. Herpes simplex virus B. Herpesviridae C. Picornavirus D. Enterovirus E. Hepatitis B virus 6. Virus capsids are made from subunits called A. envelopes. B. spikes. C. capsomeres. D. prophages. E. peplomers. 7. Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus A. spike. B. capsomere. C. envelope. D. capsid. E. core. 8. Which of the following is correct about viruses? A. cannot be seen with a light microscope B. are prokaryotic C. contain 70S ribosomes D. undergo binary fission E. can be grown on nutrient agar 9. All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except they A. are gained as a virus leaves the host cell membrane. B. are gained as a virus leaves the nuclear membrane. C. contain special virus proteins. D. help the virus particle attach to host cells. E. are located between the capsid and nucleic acid. 10. Which of the following is not associated with every virus? A. envelope B. capsomers C. capsid D. nucleic acid E. genome 11. These structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors. A. sheath











12. Which is incorrect about prophages? A. present when the virus is in lysogeny B. formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial b acterial chromosome C. replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny D. cause lysis of host cells E. occur when temperate phages enter host cells 13. T-even phages A. include the poxviruses. B. infect Escherichia coli cells. C. enter host cells by engulfment. D. have helical capsids. E. All of the choices are correct. 14. The correct sequence of events in viral multiplication is A. penetration, replication, maturation, adsorption, assembly, release. B. replication, penetration, maturation, assembly, absorption, release. C. adsorption, penetration, replication, maturation, assembly, release. D. assembly, maturation, replication, release, penetration, adsorption. E. adsorption, release, maturation, replication, assembly, penetration. 15. The event that occurs oc curs in bacteriophage multiplication that does not o ccur in animal virus replication is A. adsorption to the host cells. B. injection of the viral nucleic acid into the host cell. C. host cell synthesis of viral enzymes and capsid proteins. D. assembly of nucleocapsids. E. replication of viral nucleic acid. 16. Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during A. replication. B. assembly. C. adsorption. D. release. E. penetration. 17. Which of the following will not support viral cultivation? A. live lab animals B. embryonated bird eggs C. primary cell cultures D. continuous cell cultures E. blood agar 18. In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host host cell’s _____, while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell’s _____. A. nucleus, cytoplasm











19. Host range is limited by A. type of nucleic acid in the virus. B. age of the host cell. C. type of host cell receptors on cell membrane. D. size of the host cell. E. All of the choices are correct. 20. The virus-induced, specific damage to the host cell that can be seen in a light microscope is called A. lysogeny. B. budding. C. plaques. D. cytopathic effects. E. pocks. 21. Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called A. lysogeny. B. budding. C. plaques. D. cytopathic effects. E. pocks. 22. Viral growth in bird embryos can cause c ause discrete, opaque spots in the embryonic emb ryonic membranes called A. lysogeny. B. budding. C. plaques. D. cytopathic effects. E. pocks. 23. Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called A. latent B. oncogenic. C. prions. D. viroids. E. delta agents. 24. Oncogenic viruses include all the following except A. Hepatitis B virus. B. Measles virus. C. Papillomavirus. D. HTLVI and HTLVII viruses. E. Epstein-Barr virus. 25. Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect?











E. All of the choices are correct. 26. Uncoating of viral nucleic acid A. does not occur in bacteriophage multiplication. B. involves enzymatic destruction of the capsid. C. occurs during penetration in the multiplication cycle. D. occurs before replication. E. All of the choices are correct. 27. Infectious protein particles are called A. viroids. B. phages. C. prions. D. oncogenic viruses. E. spikes. 28. Infectious naked strands of RNA are called A. viroids. B. phages. C. prions. D. oncogenic viruses. E. spikes. 29. Creutzfeld-Jacob disease is A. caused by a chronic latent virus. B. initiated by an oncogenic virus. C. caused by a viroid. D. a spongiform encephalopathy of humans. E. also called “mad cow disease”. 30. Satellite viruses are A. also called viroids. B. dependent on other viruses for replication. C. the cause of spongiform encephalopathies. D. significant pathogens of plants. E. All of the choices are correct. 31. All of the following is correct about treating vi ral diseases except A. viruses are killed by the same antibiotics that kill bacteria. B. many antiviral drugs block viral replication. C. many antiviral drugs cause severe side effects. D. interferons show potential for treating and preventing viral infections. E. All of the choices are correct. 32. The capsomers are made of A. DNA. B. RNA. C. lipids. D. protein.











C. naked viruses. D. viroids. E. incomplete viruses. 34. The nucleocapsid consists of A. the capsomers assembled into the capsid. B. the nucleic acid of the virus only. C. the nucleic acid along with the capsid. D. the envelope and capsid. E. the envelope, nucleic acid, and capsid. 35. Which of the following parts of a virus is not always present? A. envelope B. nucleic acid C. capsid D. capsomers E. None of the choices are optional parts of a virus. 36. Which of the following viruses did D. Ivanovski and M. Beijerinck work with? A. Rabies B. Smallpox C. Tobacco Mosaic Virus D. Herpes E. Epstein-Barr virus 37. Viruses belong to which of the following Kingdoms? A. Protists B. Fungi C. Archaea D. Bacteria E. None of the choices are correct. 38. Which body system is mainly affected by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? A. digestive B. genitourinary C. nervous D. circulatory E. respiratory 39. When a virus enters a lysogenic phase, it means A. the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host cell and is latent. B. the virus is bursting through the host cell membrane. C. the virus is starting biosynthesis of its nucleic acid. D. the virus will remain in circulation and not continue infecting its host. E. the number of viruses in the host is decreasing as the immune system becomes effective. 40. All of the following are characteristics of viruses except A. they can be crystallized.













41. How do enveloped animal viruses exit their host? A. Budding or exocytosis B. Bursting the host cell C. Rupturing the virus D. Endocytosis E. None of these are correct 42. Clostridium botulinum is made virulent by incorporated prophage genes encoding for the botulinum toxin. What term describes this process? A. Lytic phase B. Budding C. Adsorption D. Lysogenic conversion E. Latent phase 43. Viruses are ultramicroscopic because they range in siz e from 2 mm to 450 mm. True False 44. Spikes are glycoproteins of the virus capsid. True False 45. Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle. True False 46. Viral infections are easier to treat with drugs than bacte rial infections. True False 47. The International Committee on Taxonomy Tax onomy of Viruses has determined that there are only three orders of viruses. True False 48. Bacteriophages do not undergo u ndergo adsorption to specific host cell receptors prior to penetration. True False 49. When a virus enters a host cell, the viral genes redirect the genetic and metabolic activities of the host cell. True False 50. Viral spikes are inserted into the host cell membrane before budding or exocytosis ex ocytosis occurs.











immune system produced against the virus. ________________________________________ _________________________ _______________ 56. Two noncellular agents, smaller than viruses, are the infectious proteins called _____, and the infectious RNA strands called _____. ________________________________________ _________________________ _______________ 57. Viruses with _____ sense RNA contain the correct message for translation, while viruses with _____ sense RNA must first be converted into a correct co rrect message. ________________________________________ _________________________ _______________ 58. Freshly isolated animal tissue that is placed in a growth medium and allowed to produce produc e a cell monolayer is referred to as a _____ cell culture. ________________________________________ _________________________ _______________ 59. One of the principal capsid c apsid shapes is a 20-sided figure with 12 ev enly spaced corners referred to as a(n) _____ capsid. ________________________________________ _________________________ _______________ 60. A naked virus does not have a(n) _____. ________________________________________ _________________________ _______________ 61. During lysogeny, an inactive prophage state occurs when the viral DNA is inserted into the _____ _____. ________________________________________ _________________________ _______________ 62. A common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use in vitro systems called _____ cultures. ________________________________________ _________________________ _______________ 63. Discuss at least six characteristics that are unique to v iruses compared to other microorganisms. 64. Discuss the criteria used for classifying viruses into families and genera. 65. Compare and contrast the steps of viral multiplication cycles in bacteriophages and animal viruses. 66. Explain what is meant b y host range, what governs host range, and an d what is meant by tissue tropism.











11. B 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. D 17. E 18. A 19. C 20. D 21. C 22. E 23. A 24. B 25. E 26. E 27. C 28. A 29. D 30. B 31. A 32. D 33. C 34. C 35. A 36. C 37. E 38. C 39. A 40. C 41. A 42. D 43. FALSE











57. positive, negative 58. primary 59. icosahedral 60. envelope 61. bacterial chromosome 62. cell 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. ch06 Summary Category # of Questions ASM Objective: 01.04 The traditional concept of species is not readily applicable to microbes due to asexual reproduction and the frequent occurrence of horizontal gene transfer. 1 ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of v iruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their uniq ue structures and genomes. 3 ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translatio n differ in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. 1 ASM Objective: 04.04 The synthesis of viral genetic material and proteins is dependent on host cells. 6 ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. 41 ASM Objective: 06.02 Microorganisms provide essential models that give us fundamental











Learning Outcome: 06.01 Indicate how viruses were discovered and characterized. 1 Learning Outcome: 06.02 Describe the unique characteristics of viruses. 8 Learning Outcome: 06.03 Discuss the origin and importance of viruses. 1 Learning Outcome: 06.04 Describe the general structure and size range of viruses. 10 Learning Outcome: 06.05 Distinguish among types of capsids and nucleocapsids. 7 Learning Outcome: 06.06 Describe envelopes and spikes, and discuss their origins. 7 Learning Outcome: 06.07 Explain the functions of capsids, nucleocapsids, envelopes, and spikes. 5 Learning Outcome: 06.08 Summarize the different viral groups based on their basic structure. 4 Learning Outcome: 06.09 Explain the classification scheme used for viruses. 5 Learning Outcome: 06.10 Indicate the characteristics used in identifying and naming viruses. 1 Learning Outcome: 06.11 Describe the virus-host relationship. 14 Learning Outcome: 06.12 Relate the stages in the multiplication cycle of animal viruses, and summarize what is happening in each stage. 5 Learning Outcome: 06.13 Describe three ways wa ys that animal viruses enter into a host cell. 1 Learning Outcome: 06.15 Explain two ways that animal viruses are released by a host cell. 3 Learning Outcome: 06.16 Describe cytopathic e ffects of viruses and the possible results of persistent viral infections. 3 Learning Outcome: 06.17 Describe the stages in the multiplication cycle of bacteriophages. 6 Learning Outcome: 06.18 Explain what is meant by lysogeny, prophage, and lysogenic induction and conversion. 5 Learning Outcome: 06.19 Compare the major stages in multiplication of animal viruses and bacteriophage. 4 Learning Outcome: 06.20 Describe the general purposes of cultivating viruses. 3 Learning Outcome: 06.21 Compare the methods and uses of cell culture, bird embryos, embr yos, and live animals in growing viruses. 6 Learning Outcome: 06.22 Discuss the medical impact and importance of viruses. 8 Learning Outcome: 06.23 Explain how animal viral infections are treated and detected. 2 Learning Outcome: 06.24 Describe the properties of n onviral infectious particles. 5 Learning Outcome: 06.25 Discuss the importance of prions and viroids and the diseases they cause. 7













_________________________ __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ______________________ 1. Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure and metabolism A. Element B. Macronutrient C. Water D. Growth factor E. Trace element 2. Microorganisms require small quantities of this nutrient for enzyme function and maintenanc e of protein structure A. Element B. Macronutrient C. Water D. Growth factors E. Trace element 3. What compound has the highest concentration in a cell? A. CO2 B. CH4 C. H2O D. Glucose E. NH3 4. Most of the dry weight of a microbial cell is from











E. Potassium 8. An important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is A. Iron B. Zinc C. Calcium D. Magnesium E. Potassium 9. The term autotroph refers to an organism that: A. Uses CO2 for its carbon source B. Must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs C. Gets energy from sunlight D. Gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds E. Does not need a carbon source 10. The term heterotroph refers to an organism that A. Uses CO2 for its carbon source B. Must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs C. Gets energy from sunlight D. Gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds E. Does not need a carbon source 11. Calcium is required for bacteria because A. It stabilizes the cell wall











15. The term chemotroph refers to an organism that A. Uses CO2 for its carbon source B. Must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs C. Gets energy from sunlight D. Gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds E. Does not need a carbon source 16. The methanogens, producers of methane gas, require environments that A. Have sunlight B. Are very acidic C. Have abundant oxygen and CO2 D. Are extremely cold E. Are anaerobic with hydrogen gas and CO2 17. Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called A. Saprobes B. Parasites C. Autotrophs D. Lithoautotrophs E. Phototrophs 18. The type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen A. Occurs in cyanobacteria B. Does not require CO2 as a reactant C. Occurs in purple and green sulfur bacteria D. Does not require sunlight











C. Commensals D. Pathogens E. Halophiles 23. The term obligate refers to A. The ability to exist in a wide range of conditions B. Existing in a very narrow niche C. Using chemicals for energy production D. Using light for energy production E. Using oxygen for metabolism 24. The term facultative refers to A. The ability to exist in a wide range of conditions B. Existing in a very narrow niche C. Using chemicals for energy production D. Using light for energy production E. Using oxygen for metabolism 25. The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called A. Facilitated diffusion B. Diffusion C. Active transport D. Osmosis E. Endocytosis











engulfing it is called A. Facilitated diffusion B. Diffusion C. Active transport D. Osmosis E. Endocytosis 30. Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are mov ed to salty seawater would A. Be in a hypotonic solution B. Gain water C. Be in a isotonic solution D. Shrivel E. None of the choices are correct 31. Which of the following microorganisms would find hypotonic con ditions most detrimental? A. Bacteria B. Protozoa C. Fungi D. Algae E. Cyanobacteria 32. Which of the following require the cell to use ATP? A. Facilitated diffusion B. Diffusion C. Endocytosis













C. Size of the pores in the membrane D. Osmotic pressure E. The size of the cell 37. When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell, this endocytosis is specifically termed A. Pinocytosis B. Phagocytosis C. Facilitated transport D. Facilitated diffusion E. Exocytosis 38. Mediated transport of polar molecules and ions across the plasma membrane utilizes a _____ ____ _ _____ that will bind to the substance effecting a conformational change that allows movement across the











D. Microaerophile E. Capnophile 42. A microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature of 37° C, but can survive short exposure to high temperatures is called a(n) A. Extremophile B. Thermophile C. Psychrophile D. Facultative psychrophile E. Thermoduric 43. An organism that grows slowly in the co ld but has an optimum growth temperature of 32° C is called a(n) A. Extremophile B. Thermophile











C. Needs normal atmospheric levels of oxygen D. Requires a small amount of ox ygen but won’t grow at normal atmospheric levels E. None of the choices are correct 49. The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes, A. Catalase and hydrogen peroxidases B. Superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxidase C. Superoxide dismutase and catalase D. Catalase and oxidase E. Superoxide dismutase and oxidase 50. An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a(n) A. Aerobe B. Obligate aerobe











E. Salt lakes 56. A barophile would grow best in A. Acid pools B. Deep oceans C. Hot geyser springs D. Arid, desert soil E. Salt lakes 57. The E. coli that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K that the body uses would be best termed a _____ relationship. A. Parasitic B. Saprobic C. Commensal D. Mutualistic











63. The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the A. Lag phase B. Log phase C. Stationary phase D. Death phase E. Telophase 64. The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly newl y inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment, metabolizing but not growing is the A. Lag phase B. Log phase C. Stationary phase













71. Whether an organism is an autotroph or heterotroph depends on its source of nitrogen. True False 72. Whether an organism is a phototroph or a chemotroph depends on its source of energy. True False 73. Obligate saprobes can adapt to a living host.











ch07 Key 1. B 2. E 3. C 4. D











46. A 47. B 48. D 49. C 50. A











Category # of Questions ASM Objective: 02.03 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g., flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critic al capabilities. 2











ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills 6 Learning Outcome: 07.01 Describe the major environmental factors to which microbes must adapt for survival. 5 Learning Outcome: 07.02 Define nutrition and n utrients and their subcategories based on need and quantity. 10

Foundations in Microbiology 9th Edition by Talaro Chess – Test Bank

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