A STUDY OF FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NARCO ANALYSIS
SUBMITTED BY NAMRAT NAMRATA KHURANA BBA LLB- A ROLL NO.29
Symbiosis Law School, NOIDA Symbiosis In!"naional Uni#!"siy, PUNE
On
9-APRIL-2014 Under the !"d#n$e %& Pr%&. S!'h("nder S"nh D#r"
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CERTIFICATE
The )r%*e$t t"t+ed A S$%y o& &o"!nsic i%!ni&icaion wih s'!cial "!&!"!nc! o Na"co Analysis ,!"tted t% the S/"%,", L# S$h%%+ NOIDA &%r Inte++e$t!#+ Pr%)ert/ R"ht, #, )#rt %& "ntern#+ #,,e,,ent ", #,ed %n / %r""n#+ %r' $#rr"ed %!t !nder the !"d#n$e %& P"o&( S$)h#in%!" Sin*h Da"i( The re,e#r$h %r' h#, n%t een ,!"tted e+,ehere &%r#rd %& #n/ deree. The #ter"#+ %rr%ed &r% %ther ,%!r$e, #nd "n$%r)%r#ted "n the )r%*e$t h#, een d!+/ #$'n%+eded. I !nder,t#nd th#t I /,e+& %!+d e he+d re,)%n,"+e #nd #$$%!nt#+e &%r P+#"#r",.
S"n#t!re %& the $#nd"d#te
D#te 9- 4- 2014
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AC+NOWLEDE-ENT
It ", # re#t )+e#,!re &%r e t% )!t %n re$%rd, %!r #))re$"#t"%n #nd r#t"t!de t%#rd, #nd Pr%&. S!'h("nder S"nh D#r" &%r h", "en,e ,!))%rt #nd en$%!r#eent #++ thr%!h the )re)#r#t"%n %& th", re)%rt. I %!+d +"'e t% th#n' the $%++ee &%r )r%("d"n !, "th # e++-e3!"))ed +"r#r/. L#,t !t n%t the +e#,t I %!+d +"'e t% th#n' #++ the &r"end, #nd %ther, h% d"re$t+/ %r "nd"re$t+/ he+)ed !, "n $%)+et"n %!r )r%*e$t re)%rt.
D#te-
151052012
P+#$e- NOIDA
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INDE. /( 4( 6( 8( 1( 3( 5( 7(
INTRODUC TION0000000000000000 Pa*! no( 123 HYPOTHESIS000000000000000000(Pa*! no( 5 RESEARCH -ETHODOLOY0000000000( Pa*! no( 7 RESEARCH 9UESTION0000000000000(Pa*! No( :2/5 RESEARCH PRO;LE-000000000000(((((((Pa*! No(/7 SCOPE000000000000000000000Pa*! No( /: CONCLUSION00000000000000000(Pa*! No(4< ;I;LIORAPHY0000000000000000(Pa*! No( 4/
INTRODUCTION=
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The ter N#r$%-An#+/,", ", der"(ed &r% the 6ree' %rd. It, e#n"n 7n!ne,,8 %r #n#e,the,"# %r t%r)%r #nd ", !,ed t% de,$r"e # d"#n%,t"$ #nd ),/$h%ther#)e!t"$ te$hn"3!e th#t !,e, ),/$h%tr%)"$ dr!, )#rt"$!+#r+/ #r"t!r#te, t% "nd!$e # ,t!)%r "n h"$h ent#+ e+eent, "th ,tr%n #,,%$"#ted #&&e$t, $%e t% the ,!r&#$e here the/ $#n e e:)+%"ted / the ther#)",t. The #d(#n$eent %& ,$"en$e h#, +ed t% #n/ re#t #nd %dern #$h"ne, #nd eth%d,. A re#t n!er %& d",$%(er"e, #nd re,e#r$h h#, +ed t% the %(er#++ etterent %& h!#n $"("+";#t"%n #, e 'n% "t. M#n/ &"e+d, h#(e ene&"ted &r% #*%r #d(#n$eent, "n ed"$#+ ,$"en$e,. M#n h#, h#d #n "e%r"#+ 3!e,t &%r tr!th #nd h#, een ,e#r$h %& (#r"%!, te$hn"3!e, t% d",$%(er tr!th. Th!, #n h#, t!rned t% the &"e+d %& ed"$#+ ,$"en$e "n ,e#r$h %& the h%+/ r#"+ %& tr!th dete$t%r,. It h#, ,% &#r e+!ded h" !t th", 3!e,t h#, t!rned !) # &e tr"$', "th h"$h the )%+"$e %!+d e #+e t% #))rehend the $!+)r"t. The need &%r 3!"$' eth%d, %& d",$%(er"n tr!th #+%n "th the ")#t"en$e %& #n h#, h#d # re#t de#+ t% $%ntr"!te t% th", )#rt"$!+#r &"e+d %& &%ren,"$ ,$"en$e. The #"n )r%(","%n re#rd"n $r"e "n(e,t"#t"%n #nd tr"#+ "n the Ind"#n <%n,t"t!t"%n ", Art. 20=>. It de#+, "th the )r"("+ee ##"n,t ,e+&-"n$r""n#t"%n. The )r"("+ee ##"n,t ,e+&"n$r""n#t"%n ", # &!nd#ent#+ r"ht !nder Art. 20=> h"$h e%d/ th", )r"("+ee re#d 7N% )er,%n #$$!,ed %& #n/ %&&en$e ,h#++ e $%)e++ed t% e # "tne,, ##"n,t h",e+&8. S!*e$t"n the #$$!,ed t% !nder% the te,t #, h#, een d%ne / the "n(e,t"#t"(e #en$"e, "n Ind"# ", $%n,"dered / #n/ #, # +#t#nt ("%+#t"%n %& Art. 20=>. The #))+"$#t"%n %& N#r$% #n#+/,", te,t "n(%+(e, the &!nd#ent#+ 3!e,t"%n )ert#"n"n t% *!d"$"#+ #tter, #nd #+,% t% &!nd#ent#+ #nd H!#n R"ht,. The +e#+ )%,"t"%n %& #))+/"n th", te$hn"3!e #, #n "n(e,t"#t"(e #"d r#",e, en!"ne ",,!e, +"'e th", te$hn"3!e ("%+#te, &!nd#ent#+ r"ht %& #n #$$!,ed )er,%n ,!$h #, r"ht ##"n,t ,e+&-"n$r""n#t"%n !nder Art"$+e 20=> %& the <%n,t"t!t"%n #nd #+,% en$r%#$hent %& #n "nd"("d!#+?, r"ht, +"ert"e, #nd &reed%. How Na"co Analysis T!s is con%$c!%>
A )er,%n ", #+e t% +"e / !,"n h", "#"n#t"%n. In the N#r$% An#+/,", Te,t the ,!*e$t@, "#"n#t"%n ", ne!tr#+",ed / #'"n h" ,e"-$%n,$"%!,. In th", ,t#te "t e$%e, d"&&"$!+t &%r h" t% +"e #nd h", #n,er, %!+d e re,tr"$ted t% &#$t, he ", #+re#d/ ##re %&.
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E:)ert, "n*e$t the ,!*e$t "th S%d"! Pent%th#+ %r S%d"! A/t#+. The d%,e ", de)endent %n the )er,%n@, ,e: #e he#+th #nd )h/,"$#+ $%nd"t"%n. A r%n d%,e $#n re,!+t "n # )er,%n %"n "nt% # $%# %r e(en de#th. The ,!*e$t ", n%t "n # )%,"t"%n t% ,)e#' !) %n h", %n !t $#n #n,er ,)e$"&"$ !t ,")+e 3!e,t"%n,. The #n,er, #re e+"e(ed t% e ,)%nt#ne%!, #, # ,e"-$%n,$"%!, )er,%n ", !n#+e t% #n")!+#te the #n,er,.
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HYPOTHESIS
N#r$% An#+/,", Te,t ", the "n&r"neent %& &!nd#ent#+ r"ht %& Se+&-"n$r""n#t"%n #,
ent"%ned "n the Art"$+e 20=> %& Ind"#n <%n,t"t!t"%n.
N#r$% An#+/,", Te,t ", the ("%+#t"%n %& d"n"&"ed +"&e.
In the er# %& te$hn%+%/ N#r$% An#+/,", Te,t ", &r!"t&!+ "n dete$t"n the tr!th.
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RESEARCH -ETHODOLOY= Th", re,e#r$h ", #,ed %n d%$tr"n#+ re,e#r$h. The eth%d %& re,e#r$h !,ed ", Pr"#r/ Re,e#r$h. h"+e r"t"n d%"n th", re,e#r$h the d#t# h#, een $%++e$ted &r% e:",t"n $#,e +#, ne,)#)er, *%!rn#+, #nd "nternet.
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RESEARCH 9UESTIONS=
h"+e d%"n th", re,e#r$h the re,e#r$her h#, &r#ed &%++%"n %*e$t"(e,1. T% &"nd %!t the $%n,t"t!t"%n#+ (#+"d"t/ %& N#r$% An#+/,", te,t "n Ind"#. 2. T% e:)+%re the r%+e %& !d"$"#r/ h"+e de#+"n $#,e, re+#t"n t% N#r$% An#+/,", te,t "n Ind"#.
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/( CONSTITUTIONAL ?ALIDITY OF NARCO ANALYSIS TEST IN INDIA= Art"$+e 20 => )r%("de )r%te$t"%n ##"n,t ,e+& "n$r""n#t"%n $+#!,e => %& Art"$+e 20 %& <%n,t"t!t"%n %& Ind"# )r%("de, th#t n% )er,%n #$$!,ed %& #n/ %&&en$e ,h#++ e $%)e++ed t% e # "tne,, ##"n,t h",e+&. Th!, Art"$+e 20 => e%d"e, the ener#+ )r"n$")+e %& En+",h #nd Aer"$#n *!r",)r!den$e th#t n% %ne ,h#++ e $%)e++ed t% "(e te,t"%n/ h"$h #/ e:)%,e h" t% )r%,e$!t"%n &%r $r"e. The )r"n$")+e %& $r""n#+ +# h"$h ", re#++/ the ed r%$' %& En+",h *!r",)r!den$e ", th#t #n #$$!,ed !,t e )re,!ed t% e "nn%$ent t"++ the $%ntr#r/ ", )r%(ed. It ", d!t/ %& )r%,e$!t"%n t% )r%(e the %&&en$e. The #$$!,ed need n%t #'e #n/ #d",,"%n %r ,t#teent ##"n,t h", %n &ree "++ the C"&th Aendent %& Aer"$#n $%n,t"t!t"%n de$+#re, th#t n% )er,%n ,h#++ e $%)e++ed "n #n/ $r""n#+ $#,e t% e "tne,, ##"n,t h",e+&. The C!nd#ent#+ r!+e %& $r""n#+ *!r",)r!den$e ##"n,t ,e+&-"n$r""n#t"%n h#, een r#",ed t% # r!+e %& $%n,t"t!t"%n#+ +# "n Art"$+e 20 =>. Th", !#r#ntee e:tend, t% #n/ )er,%n #$$!,ed %& #n %&&en$e #nd )r%h""t, #++ '"nd, %& $%)!+,"%n, t% #'e h" # "tne,, ##"n,t h",e+&. E:)+#"n"n the ,$%)e %& th", $+#!,e "n M. P. Sh#r# V. S#t",h It ", r"ht )ert#"n"n t% # )er,%n h% ", #$$!,ed %& #n %&&en$e. 2> It ", # )r%te$t"%n ##"n,t 7$%)!+,"%n t% e "tne,,8. > It ", # )r%te$t"%n ##"n,t ,!$h $%)!+,"%n re+#t"n t% h", "("n e("den$e ##"n,t ,!$h $%)!+,"%n re+#t"n t% h", "("n e("den$e ##"n,t h",e+&. C%r "n(%$#t"%n %& Art"$+e 20=> %& the $%n,t"t!t"%n %& Ind"# #++ the three "nred"ent, !,t $%e:",t. The )r"("+ee !nder $+#!,e => ", $%n&"ned %n+/ t% #n #$$!,ed ".e. # )er,%n ##"n,t h% # &%r#+ #$$!,#t"%n re+#t"n t% the $%",,"%n %& #n %&&en$e h#, een +e(e++ed h"$h ", "n the n%r#+ $%!r,e #/ re,!+t "n the )r%,e$!t"%n. A )er,%n ##"n,t h% # &"r,t "n&%r#t"%n re)%rt h#, een re$%rded / the )%+"$e #nd "n(e,t"#t"%n h#, een %rdered / the M#",tr#te $#n $+#" the ene&"t %& the )r%te$t"%n. C!rther the !#r#ntee "n Art"$+e 20 => ", ##"n,t the $%)!+,"%n t% e # "tne,,?. In St#te %& B%#/ V. K#th" K#+! Oh#d # Ben$h %& the S!)ree <%!rt $%n,",t"n %& e+e(en *!de, he+d th#t 7It ", e++ e,t#+",hed th#t $+#!,e => %& Art"$+e 20 ", d"re$ted ##"n,t ,e+&"n$r""n#t"%n / the #$$!,ed )er,%n. Se+&-"n$r""n#t"%n !,t e#n $%n(e/"n "n&%r#t"%n #,ed !)%n )er,%n#+ 'n%+ede %& the )er,%n "("n the "n&%r#t"%n #nd $#nn%t "n$+!de ere+/ the e$h#n"$#+ )r%$e,, %& )r%d!$"n d%$!ent, "n $%!rt h"$h #/ thr% # +"ht %n
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#n/ %& the )%"nt, "n the $%ntr%(er,/ !t h"$h d% n%t $%nt#"n #n/ ,t#teent %& the #$$!,ed #,ed %n h", )er,%n#+ 'n%+ede.8
The th"rd $%)%nent %& Art"$+e 20 => ", th#t "t ", # )r%h""t"%n %n+/ ##"n,t the $%)!+,"%n %& the #$$!,ed t% "(e e("den$e ##"n,t h". In K#+##t" ( H.P. St#te the S!)ree <%!rt he+d th#t Art"$+e 20 => d%e, n%t #))+/ #t #++ t% # $#,e here the $%n&e,,"%n ", #de / #n #$$!,ed "th%!t #n/ "nd!$eent thre#t %r )r%",e.
I is a "i*h '!"ainin* o a '!"son acc$s!% o& an o&&!nc!=
The %rd #$$!,ed %& #n %&&en$e #'e "t $+e#r th#t th", r"ht ", %n+/ $+e#r th#t th", r"ht ", %n+/ #(#"+#+e t% )er,%n ", ,#"d t% e #$$!,ed %& %&&en$e. A )er,%n ##"n,t h% # &%r#+ #$$!,#t"%n ed#t"n t% the $%",,"%n %& %&&en$e h#, een +e(e++ed h"$h "n n%r#+ $%!r,e #/ re,!+t t% the "n h", )r%,e$!t"%n #nd $%n("$t"%n. The d",$!,,"%n %n Art"$+e 20 => ,)e++, %!t three re3!"reent, h"$h !,t e et "th "n %rder t% $+#" )r%te$t"%n !nder Art"$+e 20 => I& #n/ %& the,e re3!"reent, ", n%t et "th Art"$+e 20 => $#nn%t e "n(%'ed. I& N#r$% An#+/,", ", $#rr"ed %!t %n #n #$$!,ed "t de&"n"te+/ &!+&"+, the &"r,t re3!"reent %& Art"$+e 20 =>. H%e(er the 3!e,t"%n ", hether ,!*e$t"n # ,!,)e$t t% ,!$h # te,t #+,% &!+&"+, the re3!"reent %& Art"$+e 20 =>. In the $#,e %& St#te %& Andhr# Pr#de,h V . St. In#)!r" P#d# #nd Or, , the <%!rt he+d th#t "t ", the ,#&e te,t t% e+"$"t "n&%r#t"%n re+#t"n t% the $r"e &r% the #%(e )er,%n, "n,te#d %& re,%rt"n t% th"rd deree eth%d, there&%re he ,!"tted th#t the P%+"$e #/ e r#nted )er",,"%n t% $%nd!$t N#r$% An#+/,", Te,t. In th", $#,e &!rther #(erred th#t the N#r$% An#+/,", Te,t ", # $%)+"$#ted )r%$ed!re h"$h h#, #d(er,e re#$t"%n, #, e++ #, dr#,t"$ ,"de e&&e$t, #nd ,%et"e, "t #/ e e(en &#t#+. t% ,!*e$t the )et"t"%ner &%r N#r$% An#+/,", #, )#rt %& the "n(e,t"#t"%n +#$', #!th%r"t/ %& +# #, the ,#e ", ("%+#t"(e %& &!nd#ent#+ r"ht, !#r#nteed t% the )et"t"%ner #nd d"re$t the re,)%ndent, n%t t% $%)e+ the )et"t"%ner t% !nder% N#r$% An#+/,", Te,t "th%!t #,,!r"n the )et"t"%ner #, e++ #, the <%!rt th#t the N#r$% An#+/,", ", t%t#++/ h#r+e,, #nd the ,#e %!+d n%t "n #n/ #nner "n*!r"%!, t% the )h/,"$#+ #nd ent#+ $%n,t"t!t"%n %& the )et"t"%ner / %rder"n # &e ,!,)e$t, t% !nder% # N#r$% An#+/,", te,t he+d th#t the 3!e,t"%n %& )!tt"n the te,t %& te,t"%n"#+ $%)!+,"%n "n $#,e %& ,!,)e$t, d%e, n%t #r",e.
I is a '"o!cion a*ains com'$lsion o b! a win!ss=
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The )r%te$t"%n ", ##"n,t $%)!+,"%n t% e "tne,, In M. P. Sh#r# V. S#t",h $%(er, n%t ere+/ te,t"%n"#+ $%)!+,"%n "n # $%!rt r%% !t #+,% $%)e++ed te,t"%n/ )re("%!,+/ %t#"n, #n/ $%)!+,%r/ )r%$e,, &%r )r%d!$t"%n %& e("dent"#r/ d%$!ent. h"$h #re re#,%n#+/ +"'e+/ t% ,!))%rt the )r%,e$!t"%n ##"n,t h" I& # )er,%n ", ,!,)e$ted t% h#(e ,%e "n&%r#t"%n re#rd"n the $%",,"%n %& #n %&&en$e there ,h%!+d e n% )r%h""t"%n %n $%nd!$t"n # N#r$% An#+/,", te,t %n h" #, the )r%te$t"%n !nder Art"$+e 20 => ", #(#"+#+e %n+/ t% # )er,%n #$$!,ed %& #n %&&en$e. An%ther re3!"reent %& Art"$+e 20 => ", th#t there ,h%!+d e n% $%)!+,"%n %n the #$$!,ed t% "(e te,t"%n/ ##"n,t h". H%e(er "n N#r$% An#+/,", te,t the 3!e,t"%n %& $%)!+,"%n d%e, n%t #r",e e$#!,e the )r"%r $%n,ent %& the )er,%n h% ", ,!))%,ed t% !nder% ,!$h # te,t ", #+#/, t#'en. In %ne $#,e the S!)ree <%!rt "n St#te %& B%#/ V . K#th" K#+! Oh#d #nd %ther, he+d th#t there ", n% $%)!+,"%n hen # )%+"$e %&&"$er "n "n(e,t"#t"n # $r"e ##"n,t # $ert#"n "nd"("d!#+ #,', h" t% d% # $ert#"n th"n. The &#$t th#t # )er,%n #, "n )%+"$e $!,t%d/ hen he #de the ,t#teent ", n%t # &%!nd#t"%n &%r #n "n&eren$e th#t he #, $%)e++ed t% #'e the ,t#teent. The ere 3!e,t"%n"n %& #n #$$!,ed / # )%+"$e %&&"$er re,!+t"n "n # (%+!nt#r/ ,t#teent h"$h #/ !+t"#te+/ t!rn %!t t% e "n$r""n#t%r/ ", n%t $%)!+,"%n. <%n,"der"n #++ the,e ",,!e, %n N#r$% An#+/,", te,t e $#n e#,"+/ $%n$+!de th#t N#r$% An#+/,", d%e, n%t ("%+#te Art"$+e 20 => t% the e:tent th#t the )er,%n !nder%"n ,!$h # te,t ", n%t $%)e++ed t% d% ,% r#ther "t ", d%ne "th the $%n,ent %& the )er,%n h% h#, &!++ 'n%+ede %& ,!$h # te,t.
I is a '"o!cion a*ains s$ch com'$lsion "!s$lin* in his *i#in* !#i%!nc! a*ains hims!l&=
The )r%te$t"%n !nder Art"$+e 20 => ", #(#"+#+e %n+/ ##"n,t the $%)!+,"%n %& #$$!,ed t% "(e e("den$e ##"n,t h". B!t +e&t t% h",e+& he #/ (%+!nt#r"+/ #(e h", )r"("+ee / enter"n "nt% the "tne,, %: %r / "("n e("den$e (%+!nt#r"+/ %n re3!e,t. Re3!e,t ")+"e, n% $%)!+,"%n there&%re e("den$e "(en %n re3!e,t ", #d",,"+e ##"n,t the )er,%n "("n "t. The Ind"#n <%!rt, h#(e ,% &#r re&!,ed t% #d"t the N#r$% An#+/,", #, e("den$e !t N#r$% An#+/,", ", e"n $#rr"ed %!t / the "n(e,t"#t%r,. The re#,%n ", th#t #+th%!h $%n&e,,"%n #de t% the )%+"$e %r "n the )re,en$e %& )%+"$e ", n%t #d",,"+e "n <%!rt, the "n&%r#t"%n ", #d",,"+e / h"$h #n "n,tr!ent %r %*e$t !,ed "n $%",,"%n %& $r"e ", d",$%(ered. Th",
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", $+e#r &r% the %rd"n %& Se$t"%n 2F %& the Ind"#n E("den$e A$t 1GF2. Se$t"%n 2F %& the Ind"#n E("den$e A$t 1GF2 ", &%!nded %n the )r"n$")+e th#t "& the $%n&e,,"%n %& the #$$!,ed ", ,!))%rted / the d",$%(er/ %& # &#$t the $%n&e,,"%n #/ e )re,!ed t% e tr!e #nd n%t t% h#(e een e:tr#$ted. It $%e, "nt% %)er#t"%n %n+/I. I& #nd hen $ert#"n &#$t, #re de)%,ed t% #, d",$%(ered "n $%n,e3!en$e %& "n&%r#t"%n re$e"(ed &r% #n #$$!,ed )er,%n "n )%+"$e $!,t%d/ #nd II. I& the "n&%r#t"%n re+#te, d",t"n$t+/ t% the &#$t d",$%(ered. I& the ,e+& "n$r""n#t%r/ "n&%r#t"%n "(en / #n #$$!,ed )er,%n ", "th%!t #n/ thre#t th#t "++ e #d",,"+e "n e("den$e #nd "++ n%t e h"t / Art"$+e 20 =>.
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4( @UDICIAL APPROACH TOWARDS NARCO ANALYSIS TEST IN INDIA The #"t %& )r%te$t"%n %& r"ht ##"n,t ,e+&-"n$r""n#t"%n en,hr"ned !nder Art"$+e 20=> h#, een $+e#r+/ +#"d d%n / S!)ree <%!rt "n the $#,e %& Nandini Satpathy V. P L Dani. Here d",#ree"n "th the n#rr% $%n,tr!$t"%n %& the e:)re,,"%n #$$!,ed %& #n %&&en$e / $%!rt "n %ther $#,e, the S!)ree <%!rt $+e#r+/ +#"d d%n th#t )r%te$t"%n !nder Art"$+e 20=> e"n, t% %)er#te #t )re-tr"#+ ,t#e.
An/ "("n %& e("den$e #n/ &!rn",h"n %& "n&%r#t"%n "& +"'e+/ t% h#(e #n "n$r""n#t"n ")#$t #n,er the de,$r")t"%n %& e"n "tne,, ##"n,t %ne,e+& n%t e"n +""ted t% the &%ren,"$ ,t#e / e:)re,, %rd, "n Art"$+e 20=> e h#(e t% $%n,tr!e the e:)re,,"%n t% #))+/ t% e(er/ ,t#e here &!rn",h"n %& "n&%r#t"%n #nd $%++e$t"%n %& #ter"#+ t#'e, )+#$e. Th#t ", t% ,#/ e(en the "n(e,t"#t"%n #t the )%+"$e +e(e+ ", er#$ed / Art"$+e 20=>. Hen$e Art"$+e 20=> #/ e #ttr#$ted e(en #t the "nterr%#t"%n ,t#e. In th", $%nte:t S!)ree <%!rt he+d th#t the )r%te$t"%n !nder Art"$+e 20=> e:tend, t% #n/ $%)!+,%r/ )r%$e,, &%r #ther"n e("den$e ##"n,t the #$$!,ed. C!rther $%)e++ed te,t"%n/ re,!+t"n "n ("%+#t"%n %& the Art"$+e 20=>. It ", de&"ned / A)e: <%!rt #, #n/ %de %& )re,,!re ,!t+e %r $r!de ent#+ %r )h/,"$#+ d"re$t %r "nd"re$t !t ,!&&"$"ent+/ ,!,t#nt"#+ #))+"ed / the )%+"$e &%r %t#"n"n "n&%r#t"%n &r% #$$!,ed ,tr%n+/ ,!e,t"(e %& !"+t. Hen$e thr%!h th", +#nd #r' $#,e the S!)ree <%!rt "den the ,$%)e %& $%)e++ed te,t"%n/ !nder Art"$+e 20=> t% n%t *!,t e("den$e #d"tted "n the $%!rt !t #+,% ,t#te $%)!+,"%n "n th", $%nte:t $%!+d e#n %th )h/,"$#+ #nd ent#+. The $r"t"$, %& the )r%$ed!re #r!e th#t N#r$% An#+/,", te,t #%!nt t% ent#+ $%)!+,"%n. Ment#+ $%)!+,"%n re,!+t hen the "nd h#, een ,% $%nd"t"%ned / ,%e e:tr#ne%!, )r%$e,, #, t% render the #'"n %& the ,t#teent "n(%+!nt#r/ #nd there&%re e:t%rted. At the ,#e t"e the $%!rt #+,% #$'n%+ede the &#$t th#t # (%+!nt#r/ ,t#teent / #$$!,,ed $#n e "n(#+!#+e "n ,%+("n # $r"e #nd e)h#,";e, the need &%r ,#&e!#rd t% er#,e "n(%+!nt#r"ne,, #nd en,!re &ree "++ %& the #$$!,ed t% #'e ,t#teent d!r"n "n(e,t"#t"%n. It h#, #+,% een he+d "n the $#,e %& K#+##th" V . St#te %& H. P. / the S!)ree <%!rt th#t Art"$+e 20=> d%e, n%t #))+/ #t #++ t% # $#,e here the $%n&e,,"%n ", #de / #$$!,ed "th%!t #n/ "nd!$eent thre#t %r )r%",e.
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Cons!n o& an acc$s!% is "!$i"!% in Na"co Analysis T!s=
It ", #t th", )%"nt th#t the $%n$e)t %& "n&%red $%n,ent %& the #$$!,ed ,h%!+d $%e "nt% )+#/ / e$%"n # )rere3!","te &%r $#rr/"n %!t the )r%$ed!re %n the #$$!,ed. In&%red $%n,ent e#n, th#t the #$$!,ed ,h%!+d e #de e++ ##re %& the te$hn"$#+"t"e, %& the )r%$ed!re the e&&e$t %& the n#r$%t"$, !nder h%,e "n&+!en$e he5,he ,h#++ e "nterr%#ted #, e++ #, the )h/,"$#+ ),/$h%+%"$#+ #nd +e#+ r#"&"$#t"%n %& !nder,t#nd"n the )r%$ed!re th", 'n%+ede e$%"n the #,", %n h"$h he render, h", (%+!nt#r/ $%n,ent. Th", ", t% ,#/ th#t the $%n,ent %& the #$$!,ed t% !nder% N#r$% An#+/,", "++ e:tend t% #n,er"n the 3!e,t"%n "n the !n"nh""ted ,t#te %& "nd "nd!$ed / the n#r$%t"$, !,ed "n the )r%$ed!re there/ render"n the #'"n %& #n/ ,t#teent d!r"n the )r%$e,, $%)+ete+/ (%+!nt#r/ #nd hen$e "n n% #/ e:t%rted. H%e(er # $%ntr#r/ #))r%#$h t% the ne$e,,"t/ %& $%n,ent %& the #$$!,ed #, #d%)ted / the Ind"#n !d"$"#r/ "n %ther $#,e,1 the re#,%n"n eh"nd th", #))r%#$h %& the $%!rt ", th#t N#r$% An#+/,", ", # )#rt %& r%!t"ne "n(e,t"#t"%n )r%$ed!re,. In(e,t"#t"%n #, de&"ned !nder $%de %&
R!liabiliy an% A%missibiliy o& Na"co Analysis T!s in In%ia=
A+th%!h the re,!+t %& th", te,t ", n%t 100 #$$!r#te !t "t $#n e t#'e "n #n #$$%!nt %n the #,", %& ,%e $%++e$ted e("den$e %r $%rre+#ted. There ", 3!e,t"%n "n the "nd th#t hether th", te,t %r the re)%rt %& th", te,t ", #d",,"+e #, e("den$e e&%re $%!rt There #re ,e(er#+ ",,!e, %n the ,#e )%"nt "n Ind"#. H%e(er d%!t, #re r#",ed hether "t #%!nted t% te,t"%n"#+
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$%)!+,"%n "n *!d"$"#r/ #nd ("%+#t"%n %& &!nd#ent#+ r"ht, #nd h!#n r"ht, %& #n "nd"("d!#+. The re,!+t, %& N#r$% #n#+/,", #nd P00 te,t, #re #d",,"+e #, e("den$e "n $%!rt, #, the/ $+#" th#t $%n&e,,"%n, #de / # ,e"$%n,$"%!, )er,%n ", n%t #d",,"+e "n $%!rt. A N#r$% #n#+/,", te,t re)%rt h#, ,%e (#+"d"t/ !t ", n%t t%t#++/ #d",,"+e "n $%!rt h"$h $%n,"der, the $"r$!,t#n$e, !nder h"$h "t #, %t#"ned #nd #,,e,,ed "t, #d",,""+"t/. Re,!+t, %& ,!$h te,t, $#n e !,ed t% et #d",,"+e e("den$e $#n e $%++#%r#ted "th %ther e("den$e %r t% ,!))%rt %ther e("den$e. B!t "& the re,!+t %& th", te,t ", n%t #d"tted "n # $%!rt "t $#nn%t e !,ed t% ,!))%rt #n/ %ther e("den$e %t#"ned the $%!r,e %& r%!t"ne "n(e,t"#t"%n. In Ind"# N#r$% An#+/,", #, &"r,t !,ed "n 2002 "n the 6%dhr# $#rn#e $#,e. It #, #+,% "n the ne, #&ter the &#%!, Ar!n Bh#tt '"dn#))"n $#,e "n 6!*#r#t here"n the #$$!,ed h#d #))e#red e&%re NHR< #nd the S!)ree <%!rt %& Ind"# ##"n,t !nder%"n the N#r$% An#+/,",. It #, ##"n "n the ne, "n the Te+" ,t#) )#)er ,$# hen Ad!+ K#r" Te+" #, t#'en t% the te,t "n De$eer 200. Th%!h "n the $#,e %& Te+" "en,e #%!nt %& "n&%r#t"%n #, /"e+ded !t d%!t, ere r#",ed #%!t "t, (#+!e #, e("den$e. The B%#/ H"h <%!rt "n # ,"n"&"$#nt (erd"$t "n the $#,e %& R#$h#ndr# Redd/ #nd Other, V. St#te %& M#h#r#,htr# , !)he+d the +e#+"t/ %& the !,e %& P00 %r r#"n M#))"n #nd n#r$%-#n#+/,", te,t. The <%!rt #+,% ,#"d th#t e("den$e )r%$!red !nder the e&&e$t %& n#r$% #n#+/,", te,t ", #+,% #d",,"+e. A, $r"e, %"n h"-te$h #nd $r""n#+, e$%"n )r%&e,,"%n#+, the !,e %& n#r$% #n#+/,", $#n e (er/ !,e&!+ #, the $%n,$"%!, "nd d%e, n%t ,)e#' %!t the tr!th !n$%n,$"%!, #/ re(e#+ ("t#+ "n&%r#t"%n #%!t # $#,e. The *!dent #+,% he+d th#t the,e te,t, "n(%+(e "n"#+ %d"+/ h#r. The $%!rt #+,% ,#"d th#t e("den$e )r%$!red !nder the e&&e$t %& N#r$% An#+/,", te,t ", #+,% #d",,"+e. In 2004 the B%#/ H"h <%!rt r!+ed "n &#%!, Te+" $#,e th#t ,!*e$t"n #n #$$!,ed t% $ert#"n te,t, +"'e N#r$%-#n#+/,", d%e, n%t ("%+#te the &!nd#ent#+ r"ht ##"n,t ,e+&"n$r""n#t"%n. St#teent, #de !nder N#r$%-#n#+/,", #re n%t #d",,"+e "n e("den$e. H%e(er re$%(er"e, re,!+t"n &r% ,!$h dr!ed "nter("e #re #d",,"+e #, $%rr%%r#t"(e e("den$e. B!t "t ,ee, "n the %&&"n #, "n 200 the S!)ree <%!rt %& Ind"# ,t#/ed the %rder %& # etr%)%+"t#n *!de t% $%nd!$t N#r$% An#+/,", %n K. Jen'#te,#r# R#% "n the Kr!,h" <%%)er#t"(e Ur#n B#n' $#,e. Krushi co-op. Bank case S!)ree <%!rt he+d th#t "t ", "ntere,t"n t% n%te th#t the C%ren,"$ S$"en$e L#%r#t%r/ "n 6#ndh" N##r "n &#$t re&!,ed t% $%nd!$t the te,t %n # ,!,)e$t hen he d"d n%t "(e h", $%n,ent. The M#",tr#te ne(erthe+e,, %rdered the +#%r#t%r/ t% $%nd!$t the te,t. H%e(er the S!)ree <%!rt ,t#/ed the %rder %& # Metr%)%+"t#n !de t% $%nd!$t N#r$% An#+/,",. Ut"+"t/ "n "n(e,t"#t"(e )r%$e,,e, the ,$"ent"&"$
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te,t, #/ e e)+%/ed "n t% #/, th#t ", the/ #/ d"re$t+/ e !,ed #, e("den$e "n $%!rt "n # tr"#+ %r the/ #/ e !,ed ere+/ #, $+!e, &%r "n(e,t"#t"%n. here the te,t, "n(%+(e the #'"n %& # ,t#teent the/ #/ e d"re$t+/ #dd!$ed "n e("den$e )r%("ded the/ d% n%t #%!nt t% # $%n&e,,"%n e$#!,e )r%%& %& # $%n&e,,"%n e&%re # )%+"$e %&&"$er %r "n the $!,t%d/ %& # )%+"$e %&&"$er ", )r%h""ted. H%e(er "& the ,t#teent, #re ere+/ #d",,"%n, the/ #/ e #dd!$ed "n e("den$e S!render K%+" #, #"n #$$!,ed "n the N"th#r" $#,e #, r%!ht t% C%ren,"$ S$"en$e L#%r#t%r/ "n 6#ndh"n##r "n #n!#r/ 200F &%r n#r$% #n#+/,",. P%+/r#)h te,t #, $%nd!$ted %n M%n"nder S"nh P#ndher #nd h", ,er(#nt S!render K%+" #$$!,ed %& ,er"#+ '"++"n %& %en #nd $h"+dren "n N"th#r" t% #,$ert#"n the (er#$"t/ %& the"r ,t#teent, #de d!r"n the"r $!,t%d"#+ "nterr%#t"%n. J#r"%!, $%n&e,,"%n#+ ,t#teent, ere #de / the #$$!,ed !nder the e&&e$t %& the dr! he $%!+d reeer the n#e, %& the &e#+e, he h#d !rdered #nd re(e#+ed h", !re t% r#)e the #&ter !rder"n the. S!)ree <%!rt !)h%+d, de#th )en#+t/ &%r N"th#r"?, #$$!,ed.
In Se+(" V. St#te %& K#rn#t#'# the S!)ree <%!rt re*e$ted the H"h <%!rt?, re+"#n$e %n the ,!))%,ed !t"+"t/ re+"#"+"t/ #nd (#+"d"t/ %& N#r$% #n#+/,", te,t #nd %ther te,t, #, eth%d, %& $r""n#+ "n(e,t"#t"%n. C"r,t the <%!rt &%!nd th#t &%r$"n # ,!*e$t t% !nder% n#r$%-#n#+/,", r#"n-#))"n %r )%+/r#)h te,t, "t,e+& #%!nted t% the re3!","te $%)!+,"%n re#rd+e,, %& the +#$' %& )h/,"$#+ h#r d%ne t% #d"n",ter the te,t %r the n#t!re %& the #n,er, "(en d!r"n the te,t,. Se$%nd+/ the <%!rt &%!nd th#t ,"n$e the #n,er, "(en d!r"n the #d"n",tr#t"%n %& the te,t #re n%t $%n,$"%!,+/ #nd (%+!nt#r"+/ "(en #nd ,"n$e #n "nd"("d!#+ d%e, n%t h#(e the #"+"t/ t% de$"de hether %r n%t t% #n,er # "(en 3!e,t"%n the re,!+t, &r% #++ three te,t, #%!nt t% the re3!","te $%)e++ed te,t"%n/ t% ("%+#te Art"$+e 20=>. The S!)ree <%!rt &%!nd th#t N#r$%-#n#+/,", ("%+#ted "nd"("d!#+ r"ht t% )r"(#$/ #nd #%!nted t% $r!e+ "nh!#n %r der#d"n tre#tent.
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RESEARCH PRO;LEThe ter N#r$%-#n#+/,", h#, een der"(ed &r% the 6ree' %rd n#r' h"$h e#n, the #n#e,the,"# .N#r$%-#n#+/,", e#n, ),/$h%-#n#+/,", !,"n dr!, t% "nd!$e # ,t#te t#'"n t% ,+ee). N#r$%-#n#+/,", ", !,ed #, t%%+ &%r $r""n#+ "n(e,t"#t"%n. The #$$!,ed "tne,, %r ,!,)e$t ", "(en $he"$#+ dr!, +"'e ,%d"! )ent%th#+ / the )%+"$e %r "n(e,t"#t"n #en$"e, t% #'e h" &#++ "n # h/)n%t"$ ,t#te ,% #, t% #'e h" re(e#+ ,%e "n&%r#t"%n h"$h #/ e re+!$t#nt t% re(e#+ h"+e "n $%n,$"%!, ,t#te. The $entr#+ ner(%!, ,/,te %& the %d/ %& the ,!*e$t ", de)re,,ed / the dr! h"$h )!t, the ,!*e$t "n # h/)n%t"$ ,t#te #nd "t ", e+"e(ed th#t "n ,!$h # tr#n$e-+"'e ,"t!#t"%n the "nd"("d!#+ $#nn%t ,)e#' #n/th"n !t the tr!th. In Ind"# the N#r$% #n#+/,", te,t ", $#rr"ed %!t / # te# $%)r","n %& #n #n#e,the,"%+%",t # ),/$h"#tr",t # $+"n"$#+ &%ren,"$ ),/$h%+%",t #n #!d"%-("de%r#)her #nd ,!))%rt"n n!r,"n ,t#&&. The &%ren,"$ ),/$h%+%",t "++ )re)#re the re)%rt #%!t the re(e+#t"%n, h"$h "++ e #$$%)#n"ed / # $%)#$t d",$ %& #!d"%-("de% re$%rd"n,. I, the )r%$ed!re &%r N#r$% #n#+/,", ", ("%+#t"(e %& the r"ht, ##"n,t ,e+&-"n$r""n#t"%n 6!#r#nteed !nder Art"$+e 20 => %& <%n,t"t!t"%n
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SCOPE= The re,e#r$her h#, +""ted "t, ,$%)e t% (#+"d"t/ %& NAR #nd 21 %& INDIAN
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CONCLUSION=
On the #,", %& #%(e #de d",$!,,"%n "t ", (er/ $+e#r th#t there #re (#r"%!, %rder, %& (#r"%!, H"h <%!rt, !)h%+d"n the (#+"d"t/ %& N#r$% #n#+/,", te,t. The,e *!dent, #re "n ,t#r' $%ntr#,t "th the e#r+"er *!dent, %& the S!)ree <%!rt "nter)ret"n Art.20=>. The #!thent"$"t/ +"e, "n the &#$t th#t N#r$% #n#+/,", ", ,t"++ #n eer"n "nterr%#t"%n te$hn"3!e "n the Ind"#n $r""n#+ *!,t"$e ,/,te "th%!t #n/ r!+e, %r !"de+"ne,. The %ther ("e re#rd"n the +e#+ (#+"d"t/ %& N#r$% #n#+/,", te,t ", th#t "t ", !,ed #, #n #"d &%r $%++e$t"n e("den$e #nd he+), "n "n(e,t"#t"%n #nd th!, d%e, n%t #%!nt t% te,t"%n"#+ $%)!+,"%n. Th!, "t d%e, n%t ("%+#te the $%n,t"t!t"%n#+ )r%(","%n re#rd"n )r%te$t"%n ##"n,t ,e+&-"n$r""n#t"%n. N#r$% #n#+/,", $#n e(%+(e #, ("#+e e&&e$t"(e #+tern#te t% #r#r"$ th"rd deree eth%d,. B!t th#t !$h $#re ,h%!+d e t#'en #nd )r%$ed!re ,h%!+d n%t e ",!,ed / "n(e,t"#t"n %&&"$er h"+e $%nd!$t"n th", te,t. There&%re &"n#+ #n#+/,", #nd #d",,""+"t/ %& N#r$% #n#+/,", Te,t ", de)end %n $%rre+#ted "th $%rr%%r#t"(e e("den$e, $%++e$ted / the "n(e,t"#t"%n #!th%r"t/. The )re,ent $r""n#+ *!,t"$e ,/,te ", )#,,"%n#te "th "nd"("d!#+ +"ert/ #nd &reed% "n the $%nte:t %& &!nd#ent#+ r"ht, %& #n "nd"("d!#+ !nder the <%n,t"t!t"%n %& Ind"#. The $%n,t"t!t"%n#+ (#+"d"t/ #nd #d",,""+"t/ %& N#r$% #n#+/,", te,t ", !)he+d t#'"n "nt% $%n,"der#t"%n the $"r$!,t#n$e, !nder h"$h "t #, %t#"ned %r $%nd!$ted ,%et"e, there #/ e # +"tt+e )%,,""+"t/ %& ",$#rr"#e %& *!,t"$e "& d!e $#re #nd $#!t"%n ", n%t t#'en / the #!th%r"t/.
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;I;LIORAPHY
A"icl!s R!&!""!%=
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Cas!s R!&!""!%= • • • • •
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W!bsi!s R!&!""!%
htt)55.er"ne,.$%5#rt"$+e5",-n#r$%-#n#+/,",-te,t-re+"#+e5119F.,ht++#,t
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