... ..... have a very luxurious interior. 1) The car isn't that fast but it ........ 1) The 2) I ........ just put the dish into the oven when I remembered that Sam wasn't 2) I going to be here for dinner. 3) He worked really hard before the exam and at no time ........ he feel he would 3) He fail. 4) I'd like to ........ someone come and look at our washing machine. It isn't 4) I'd working properly. 5) She is said to have ........ born to a poor peasant family and was later 5) She adopted by a wealthy industrialist. 6) By the time we get back home this holiday will ........ 6) By .. ...... cost a fortune! !"#$ & '()*
1) I recommend seeing a doctor. 1) I OUGHT You .................... a doctor. 2) They looked so happy I'm sure they were enjoying the party. 2) They MUST They .................... enjoying themselves at the party judging by the looks on their faces. 3) I've called a taxi so don't worry about giving me a lift. 3) I've NEED There .................... give me a lift as I've called a taxi. 4) I expected you to phone if you were going to be late. 4) I SHOULD You .................... if you were going to be late. 5) If your tooth doesn't get any better I'm afraid it's a trip to the dentist. 5) If WILL If your tooth doesn't get any better I'm afraid you .................... go to the dentist. 6) John passed his exam without doing any revision. 6) John NEED John .................... do any revision.
Word Formation You will be tested on your knowledge of word formation in Part 3 of Paper 1 Reading and Use of English. Try to t o keep records of new word forms as you come across them, categorising them under 'nouns', 'verbs', 'adjectives' and 'adverbs'. Here are some common suffixes for the first three categories: Nouns (people): -ant, -ee, -er, -ian, -ist, -or Nouns (general): -al, -ance, -dom, -ence, -ful, -hood, -ing, -ion, -ism, -ity, -ment, -ness, -ship Verbs -en, -ify, -ize/-ise Adjectives -able, -ed, -ful, -ive, -ing, -less Here are the common prefixes used to make negatives: dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, unYou should also make a point of noting any new compound words you come across.
Word Formation >> Part 3: Word Formation Reminder: You will read a short text containing 8 gaps in total. For each gap you have to use a given 'stem' word to make the correct form of the missing word. Example: She gave me a very ........ look when I asked her to lend me some money. She clearly had little intention of helping me out. (APPROVE) Answer: 'disapproving' QUIZ 1
1) He's been working as a petrol pump ........ to supplement his student grant. 1) He's (ATTEND) 2) I really need some ........ in terms of which of the financial packages available 2) I is best for someone in my position. (GUIDE) 3) We need someone who is able to show a bit of ........ towards clients in 3) We difficult, emotional situations. (SENSE)
4) The travellers are beginning to show signs of ........, having been waiting now 4) The for two hours. (PATIENT) 5) As a feminist she was accused of showing very little ........ towards other 5) As women in her position (SISTER)
6) There was a great deal of ........ over the most suitable location for the event 6) There and no decision was reached. (AGREE) "#$% &' ()*+,-./+0 The game was very boring and ........, apart from the goal in the first half. 1) The 1) (EVENT)
2) She gave me a very ........ look when I told her I was 28. She obviously knew 2) She I was much older! (BELIEVE) 3) Your performance in the examination was ........ 3) Your ..... ... and I'm sure your parents will be very proud of you. (ADMIRE) 4) Please take care of my ring. My grandmother gave it to me and it's absolutely 4) Please ........ (REPLACE) 5) He stood there completely ........, showing no sign of emotion. (EXPRESS) 5) He . ....... at times. (THOUGHT) 6) He's very self-centred and can be so ........ 6) He's QUIZ 3: COMPOUND WORDS
1) It was a very strange fruit that left an odd ........ 1) It ... ..... in your mouth for the rest of the day. (TASTE) 2) There are obvious advantages to living in London but the ........ is the amount 2) There of heavy traffic. (SIDE) 3) He's got terrible ........ . I can't understand a word of this letter. (WRITE) 3) He's 4) ........ vegetables produced in your own garden taste much better than the 4) ........ stuff you get from the supermarket. (GROW) 5) He's been ........ ever since he injured his back. I don't think he's been out 5) He's once in the past month. (HOUSE) t he number of people coming today. We've almost 6) It looks like we've ........ the 6) It run out of food. (ESTIMATE)
Cause As/Because/Since ....., ..... ..... as/because/since ..... Example: As the the game was cancelled we decided to go to the cinema. We decided to go to the cinema since the the game was cancelled. On account of/Owing to ....., ..... ....., on account of/owing to ..... On account of/Owing to the fact that ....., ..... ....., on account of/owing to the fact that ..... . .... Example: the record number of subscribers to the course we have had to create Owing to the a second group. The Government decided to introduce new legislation on account of the fact that they were being heavily criticised in the newspapers. Effect ..... Consequently/So/Therefore ..... ..... and consequently/so/therefore ..... ..... resulted in ...../..... led to ..... Example: The driver was not paying attention to oncoming traffic. Consequently , he was not prepared when the other driver pulled out. ..... so/such ..... that ..... Example: The car had been so well well repaired that you you couldn't tell it had been in an accident. It was such a a surprise that he he almost fainted.
Cause and Effect Conjunctions >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: It was ........ a surprise to see him standing there that I called everyone out to see. Answer: 'such'
Cause and Effect Conjunctions >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words.
Example: Share prices have increased due to the fact that the company has done better than expected. CONSEQUENCE .......... better than expected, share prices have increased. Answer: 'As a consequence of doing' "#$% &
1) We'll be taking on more workers this year ........ to the fact that we have seen 1) We'll expansion in the market.
2) I therefore feel justified in requesting an increase in my overdraft facilities on 2) I ........ of my history of good financial management. 3) It was ........ a difficult exercise I had to ask a colleague for help. 3) It 4) I had to take a day off work yesterday ........ of personal problems at home. 4) I 5) She's been given promotion as a ........ of having passed her accountancy 5) She's exams. '()* +
1) Because they were union members several employees in the company were 1) Because sacked. ACCOUNT Several employees in the company were sacked .................... .................. .. union members.
2) It was such a poor turnout on the first night that the organisers decided to 2) It cancel any further shows. DUE The organisers decided to cancel any further shows .................... ................ .... there had been such a poor turnout on the first night. 3) Because waters are getting warmer some fish stocks are suffering. 3) Because RESULT Some fish stocks are suffering .................... waters. 4) Because he was able to do first aid her life was saved. 4) Because CONSEQUENCE Her life was saved .................... being able to do first aid.
5) To avoid causing confusion I think we need to explain the policy clearly. 5) To AS I think we need to explain the policy clearly so .................... .............. ...... confusion.
6) We all feel much healthier having kept to this new diet. 6) We RESULTED Keeping to this new diet has .................... ................ .... feeling much healthier. You will of course be tested on your ability to spell correctly in the Writing Paper and several parts of Paper 1 Reading and Use of English. Here are some typical categories of spelling mistake. Double consonants Example: ammunition, surrender Final 'e' Example: universe, fixture ie/ei Example: receive, grieve Homophones Example: tear x tier, steal x steel Silent letters Example: dumb, campaign "#
%$1) All the time I was sitting there I was concious of the fact that someone was 1) All watching me. 2) The main exibit in the gallery was a large sculpture in the main hall. 2) The 3) Acess to the building was blocked due to building work that was being 3) Acess carried out. 4) We celebrated by opening a bottle of wine we had kept especially for the 4) We ocasion. 5) I had to change seats as there was a draft coming through a crack in the 5) I window.
6) Try to get into the habit of saving your reciepts as you can use them to claim 6) Try your tax back. 7) They evacuated the area as the building was looking dangerously like it was 7) They about to collaps. 8) The living room was plane and simply decorated with nothing that might put 8) The the buyer off.
Relative Clauses and Pronouns You will possibly be tested on your knowledge of relative clauses and pronouns in Part 2 and 4 of Paper 1 Reading and Use of English. Defining relative clauses give essential information about a sentence and cannot be omitted. Example defining relative clause: English students who do their homework deserve a lot of praise. (Only those who do homework deserve praise. The information about homework is essential) Non-defining relative clauses give clauses give extra, non-essential information and therefore could be omitted: Example non-defining relative clause: English students, who do their homework, deserve a lot of praise. (English students deserve a lot of praise. The information about homework is additional) clauses the pronoun is often omitted when defining the In defining relative clauses the object of the clause, but not when it is the subject of a clause. Example: He's the man (who/that) I was telling you about. That's the man who helped me with my shopping. In Non-defining 'that' Non-defining 'that' is not used in non-defining relative clauses and the relative pronoun cannot be omitted. clauses where a verb is used incorrectly: Pay attention to reduced relative clauses where Example: ** 'Products are sold here have a money back guarantee.' incorrect 'Products (which are) sold here have a money back guarantee.' correct Note also the following nominal relative pronouns: pronouns: whatever, whenever, whoever, whichever, wherever, however
Relative clauses and pronouns >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: It was a film in ........ . ....... the main character struggles with various moral issues. Answer: 'which'
Relative clauses and pronouns >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: I don't care who it is on the phone, can you tell them I'm not in. WHOEVER .......... on the phone can you tell them t hem I'm not in. Answer: 'Whoever it is' ,-./ &
1) The Prime Minister, ........ recent trip to the Far East proved a great success, 1) The is planning a second visit to Singapore later in the year. 2) The lights were on when I got home, ........ was the reason I became 2) The suspicious. 3) The teacher finished the lesson at 3.00, at ........ point the 3) The t he students left and made their way to the sports hall. 4) ........ leaves last, can you make sure the computers are turned off please. 4) ........ 5) You must come to stay with us when you're in town ........ you do! 5) You ..... ... had been delayed for almost 8 6) The passengers finally arrived, some of ........ 6) The hours.
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1) Can the person who left the lights on please remember to turn them off. 1) Can IT Can ......................................... that left the lights on please remember to turn them off. 2) I'm going to solve this puzzle - I don't care how long I spend on it. 2) I'm TAKES ......................................... me I'm going to solve this puzzle. 3) It doesn't matter what he does, he'll be successful. 3) It ENDS ........ doing he'll be a success. 4) It makes no difference which way you examine it, the team played really 4) It badly. LOOK ......................................... it, the team played really badly. 5) Every single time I phone Edward he's working at his computer. 5) Every GIVE ........ ring he's working at his computer. 6) There are adverts for that new shop all over the place. 6) There LOOK ........ there are adverts for that new shop.
Prepositional Phrases You are likely to be specifically tested on your knowledge of dependent prepositions + nouns in several parts of Paper 1 Reading and Use of English. There are many expressions in English which contain a dependent preposition + noun: for a start for a respect to with respect with the belief that in the in
Prepositional Phrases >> Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D). Example: He took up exercise ........ the belief that it would make a big difference to his
life. (A) in
(B) on
(C) at
(D) with
Answer: 'in'
Prepositional Phrases >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: I called the meeting ........ the intention of presenting the new product. Answer: 'with'
Prepositional Phrases >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You are given a complete sentence followed by a second, incomplete sentence. You have to complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first using a word given that must not be changed. Example: It's not likely but if I'm late please start without me. EVENT .......... I'm late please start without me. Answer: 'In the unlikely event that'
... ..... reality she's quite nervous. 1) Although she comes across as very calm ........ 1) Although A.
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2) We haven't got a great deal of food in the fridge but ........ 2) We ....... . all means help yourself to what there is. A.
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3) Look, I'm telling you this ........ confidence. Don't tell anyone else, will you? 3) Look, A.
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4) ........ the surface it seemed like a clever plan but we soon found flaws in it. 4) ........ A.
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Against
PART 2 QUIZ 1) Sorry! It was an accident. I didn't do it ........ 1) Sorry! .... .... purpose. 2) We go into town ........ time to time, but generally we try to avoid the big city. 2) We 3) It was a bit boring at first 3) It fi rst but ........ balance I enjoyed the film. 4) I don't mind if you stay out late but phone to let me know ........ the very least. 4) I
QUIZ 4 1) I'm always searching for bargains when I go to charity shops. 1) I'm ON I'm always ........................................ ...................... .................. for f or bargains when I go to charity shops. 2) If you try to understand what she's saying in her letter I think you'll find she's 2) If looking for support. BETWEEN
If you read ........................................ in her letter, I think you'll find she's looking for support. 3) It says here that throwing the dice twice is not allowed. 3) It AGAINST It says that throwing the dice twice is ........................................ 4) When the police breathalysed the driver they discovered he had excessive 4) When alcohol in his system. OVER When the police did a breath test on the driver they found f ound he was ........................................
Determiners You are likely to be tested on your knowledge of determiners in Part 2 and 4 of Paper 1 Reading and Use of English. Determiners are one of the most frequent types of word in the English language and you should have a good understanding of their meaning and how they fit in a sentence. Here are some of the most common determiners: •
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a, an all any both each enough few her his its little many more most much my no one our some such that the their these this those
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what which your
The exam is likely to test you on your knowledge of the difference in meaning and usage of similar words. Example: few x a few There have been few teams in the t he world better than Brazil. (not many) There are a few sweets left in the box. (some) You will also be tested on your knowledge of determiners in set expressions. Example: There were no fewer than 450 450 people at our wedding! Try to relax before the exam and above all get get a good night's sleep
Determiners >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: He didn't get to class until 9.30. What's ........, he didn't bother to bring any work with him. Answer: 'more'
Determiners >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: My income isn't fantastic but it's sufficient to survive on. ENOUGH My income is .......... by on. Answer: 'enough to get' PART 2 1) However ........ times I read that book I never get tired of it. 1) However 2) I for ........ am very sad that he won't be playing for the team any longer. 2) I
3) We've had so ........ time to prepare for the party that I'm worried we might 3) We've have forgotten something. 4) Sales of the product remained flat as the marketing campaign did not have a 4) Sales big ........ impact on consumers. 5) You're always in ........ a hurry. Sit down and relax for a minute. 5) You're 6) Not having any travellers cheques yet is the ........ of my problems. I'm far 6) Not more concerned that I haven't received my passport from the passport office yet!
PART 4 "because the 1) "It's a waste of time to ask for a payrise," my boss said, "because 1) "It's company's budget is being squeezed this year." LITTLE My boss told me there ......................................... ................... ...................... for a payrise because the company's budget is being squeezed this year. 2) John said, "Are any of you able to come to my party?" 2) John FREE John asked which ......................................... to come to his party. 3) Debbie is determined to get her ex-boyfriend back. 3) Debbie TAKES Debbie will do ......................................... win back her ex-boyfrined. 4) No one expected Wayne to win the championship but he did even though he 4) No didn't stand a chance. ODDS No one expected Wayne to win the championship but he did it ......................................... 5) The police think that the burglar must have had a key. 5) The POSSIBILITY ......................................... that the police can think of is that the burglar had a key. 6) The teacher told the boy that she wouldn't put up with his bad behaviour any 6) The further that day. QUITE The teacher said, "I've had .......................... bad behaviour for one day."
PUNTUACTION You are likely to be specifically tested on your knowledge of punctuation in Paper 2 Writing. In addition to basic punctuation such as full stops, question marks, commas and capital letters, you should be able to identify correct and incorrect uses of the following: quotation marks Used to start and end direct speech Example: "Nice day," he said. Used when making reference to a book, film etc. Example: I saw a film called "The Lost World" on TV last night. hyphens Used to join some compounds Example: user-friendly apostrophes Used to show possession Example: Steve's car Used where letters have been missed out in contractions Example: I'll see you later. colons Used to introduce a list Example: This is what is required: a tent, a rucksack and a compass. semi-colons Used to indicate a pause Example: It was a wonderful scene; the children were playing together in the garden with their grandparents and everyone seemed to be without a care in the world. Quiz 1) your cars in the garage isnt it
2) i havent got a clue what the answer is sam complained 3) i hear tom mathew and christine all want to buy franks twenty year old car
4) he was born in the 1950s when elvis presley first hit the charts 5) there are three main ingredients eggs milk and salt 6) theyre both living in a self contained flat in the middle of madrid 7) it was a great holiday however i dont think ill do self catering again 8) you havent seen my new sports car have you
PAST TENSES You are likely to be tested on your knowledge of past tenses in Part 2 of Paper 1 Reading and Use of English. You should be familiar with the main forms and uses of the past tenses. Past simple used to describe situations, events or actions in the past. Example: I lived in London as a child. I went to bed early last night. Past continuous used to describe temporary situations. Example: I was living with some friends over the summer. used to describe a scene in a narrative Example: The sun was shining and the birds were singing. used to describe a longer action, sometimes interrupted by a shorter action. Example: I was having a bath when the phone rang. used to make a polite request or suggestion. Example: I was wondering if I could have this afternoon off. Past perfect simple and continuous used to describe one action or event that took place before another in the past. Example: I left before the end of the film as I'd seen it before. used to show that one action was completed before another began.
Example: When they had had dinner they went to t o the park for a walk. Future in the past The following forms are all used to show future as seen from the past. Example: Everyone knew that he would become famous as he was always seeking publicity. I was seeing Steve later that afternoon and had to leave work early. We were going to meet up to discuss our holiday arrangements. I was to start work later that year in the accounts department. (Formal) department. (Formal)
Past tenses >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: I ........ planned to go to t o University but I was unexpectedly offered a really good job. Answer: 'had' 1) As next in line to the throne it was presumed that he ........ be the person to 1) As succeed his father. 2) I had ........ given the pen by a very close friend and was quite upset when it 2) I got stolen. t he board of directors were ........ formally address the issue at 3) We knew that the 3) We the next meeting and so decided to wait until then. 4) When you found out you'd failed the interview ........ it come as a surprise? 4) When 5) Having arrived and unpacked the suitcases we realised we ........ 5) Having .... .... left the camera at home. 6) The film ........ due to start at any moment when I started to feel sick. 6) The
Conjunctions Concession Though/Although/Even though/Much though/Much as ....., ..... ....., though/although/even though/much as ..... Example: Although she was injured, she played very well. Much as I like cooking, I prefer to go out for a meal.
We went ahead with the party, even though a few people couldn't make it. i t. ..... However/Yet/Even so, ..... ..... Nevertheless, ..... ....., but nevertheless, ..... Example: He hadn't worked that hard during the year. However/Nevertheless on the day he did really well. He hadn't worked that hard during the year, but nevertheless, on the day he did really well. I know you didn't want to visit your in-laws. Even so, you could at least have tried to enjoy yourself!
Conjunctions >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: The economy is going through a difficult period. ........., we expect things to improve over the next 12 months. Answer: 'however, or nevertheless' 1) We still haven't heard anything from John, ........ though we left a message on 1) We his answer phone. 2) I've been working as a journalist for 10 years now and ........ I still wake up 2) I've each morning excited by the day to come. .... ...., you should at least try to go into 3) I know you're feeling a bit ill but even ........, 3) I school. 4) Understandable ........ your criticisms are, we are unfortunately not in a 4) Understandable position to offer you a refund. 5) It has been a difficult year for the company but ........, we have managed to 5) It emerge with a healthy cash flow. 6) Try ........ I might, I just couldn't answer the questions on the exam paper. 6) Try
Auxiliary Verbs This unit will look l ook at the auxiliary verbs used in structures that express obligation and permission. Must/have to 'Must' is used when the speaker has authority, 'have to' when the authority is external to the speaker. Example: Keys must be left at reception. (receptionist) You have to leave your keys at reception. (one guest to another) Needn't have/didn't need to 'Didn't need to' is used to show that something wasn't necessary and so wasn't done. 'Needn't have' is used to show that something was done unnecessarily. Example: We didn't need to make a reservation. We knew it would be empty. Look! The train's empty! We needn't have made a reservation. Should/ought to 'Should' and 'ought to' express obligation in the sense of communicating strong advice. Example: You should take these tablets every day before meals. You ought to see a doctor about that cough. Can/may/could 'Can', 'may' and 'could' are all used to give and ask for permission. 'Be allowed to' is used to express permission on a particular occasion, not 'could'. Example: I couldn't/wasn't allowed to stay up late when I was younger. I was allowed to retake the exam after they discovered I was ill. You won't be allowed to get in without wearing a tie. Levels of formality There are many other words and expressions used to express obligation and permission, many of which offer a formal equivalent to the more neutral modal verbs. Example: You don't need to come in tomorrow. Have a day off. (Informal) off. (Informal) It is not necessary to attend the session as participation is voluntary. (Formal) voluntary. (Formal)
Auxiliary verbs >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word.
Example: He ........ to do well in life as he's always been confident in his abilities. Answer: 'ought'
Auxiliary verbs >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: They reserved a seat on the train but then discovered it was empty. NEED They .......... a seat on the train t rain as it was empty. Answer: 'needn't have reserved' QUIZ 2 You ........ have to tell us before the 17th if you want to join the course. 1) You 1) 2) Your car ........ washing. It looks a real mess! 2) Your 3) We must ........ an answer before the end of the week or your application will 3) We be cancelled. 4) I didn't mind arriving two hours before departure to check in but ........ have to 4) I wait another two hours because of delays was ridiculous. 5) You ........ pay us a visit the next time you're in town. I insist. 5) You
Auxiliary Verbs 1) It was a waste of time using the alarm clock as I woke up early. 1) It SET I .................... ................ .... the alarm clock as I woke up early. 2) Don't feel you have to come to the presentation. 2) Don't ATTEND There is no .................... the presentation. 3) You park your car on our premises at your own risk. 3) You TAKE The company does .................... cars parked on its premises.
4) It is advisable that sufferers of back pain rest for a period of time. 4) It EASY If your back is hurting you .................... for a while. 123456 578 $7123456 6579#59:
There are many ways in which formal and informal language differ. Here are some examples: INFORMAL STRUCTURES Idioms over the moon - very happy a nap - a short sleep Missing words out See you later Got a minute? Phrasal verbs fed up - depressed put up - erect Contractions I'll give you a hand He's late FORMAL STRUCTURES Passive The matter will be investigated The money has been withdrawn Inversion Had I known Seldom have I seen Understatement I was a little l ittle surprised (very surprised) You are rather late (very late)
Formal versus informal language >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example:
Exercising daily will leave you feeling invigorated. BEANS You'll .......... if you do a bit of exercise every day. Answer: 'feel full of beans' QUIZ 1 Formal versus informal writing Read the following two letters and compare the language used in each. Find examples of how the following areas of language are used to create different levels of formality. Click the text in blue for feedback.
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phrasal verbs idioms missing out words understatement contractions passives inversion
Formal example Dear Sir I am writing to complain about the treatment I received in one of your hotels during a recent visit to London. On arrival on my first day I was rather disappointed to learn that my room had been given to another person, despite the fact that I had reserved and paid for the room in advance. Although I was immediately offered alternative accommodation, the room was situated on the top floor and had neither a television nor a telephone. Moreover, despite the fact that I have complained on several occasions, I have yet to be reimbursed for the cost of these services. In summary, I have decided to put my complaint in writing. should I receive no satisfaction, I will be forced to take further action against your hotel. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Ms Rebecca Jones Informal example Dear Tom Just a quick note to note to let you know about the trip to London. The trouble we had! Can you believe it? When we turned up at the hotel on the first day, the receptionst told me they had given our room to someone else even though I'd reserved and paid for it in advance. I was furious! They did offer us another room, but it was right up on the top floor - no telly, no phone.
If that isn't enough, they keep refusing to pay me back the money they charged me for extras. Anyway, the long and the short of it is I've sent them a letter and told them if I don't get my money back I'll be taking t aking them to court. Anyway, write back soon. Becky QUIZ 2
1. 1) I 1) I am writing (formal) Just a quick note (informal) A. ✗ idiom B. ✗ contraction C.
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passive
F.
?
inversion
G.
?
missing words out
6) I had reserved (neutral) 6) I I'd reserved (informal) A.
?
idiom
B.
?
contraction
C.
?
understatement
D.
?
phrasal verb
E.
?
passive
F.
?
inversion
G.
?
missing words out
7) If I don't (informal) 7) If Should I (not) (formal) A.
?
idiom
B.
?
contraction
C.
?
understatement
D.
?
phrasal verb
E.
?
passive
F.
?
inversion
G.
?
missing words out
PART 4
1) I have very poor eyesight and my glasses are a necessity. 1) I BAT I'm .................... ................... . without my glasses and totally lost without them. 2) They reckon the new building is costing about £20,000. 2) They REGION It is estimated that the new building is costing somewhere .................... .................. .. £20,000. 3) It made me absolutely furious to find out they'd lost my luggage. 3) It LITTLE I .................... ................ .... discover that my luggage had been mislaid. t he problems the company was facing there's no way we would 4) If we'd known the 4) If have invested in shares. AWARE Had .................... ................... . the problems the company was facing we would not have invested in shares. 5) Parents should avoid becoming irritated with their children simply because of 5) Parents problems at work. TAKE It's really not fair to .................... ............ ........ the children if parents are feeling stressed at work.
Phrasal Verbs 1 Phrasal verbs are extremely common in English and you will certainly meet some in your CAE examination. There are three things to try to remember about the use of phrasal verbs: 1 The meaning of a phrasal verb is often not clear from the verb and adverb used: Example: How do you put up with his his rudeness? (tolerate) 2 The same phrasal verb can often have two or more different meanings: Example: The driver had to stop as he couldn't get round the the obstacle in the road. She always manages to get round her her parents if she wants something. (persuade) something. (persuade) 3 With phrasal verbs that require an object, the object can go before or after the adverb but not if the object is a pronoun. Example: I spent the afternoon handing out leaflets. leaflets. I spent the afternoon handing leaflets leaflets out . I spent the afternoon handing them them out .
*I spent the afternoon handing out them. them. (incorrect)
Phrasal Verbs >> Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze Reminder: Part 1 consists of a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D). Example: He ran ........ huge debts while he was a student. (A) in (B) on (C) up (D) with Answer: 'up'
Phrasal Verbs >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word. Example: We set ........ on holiday as soon as everyone was ready. Answer: 'off'
Phrasal Verbs >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: He's been told by his employers he has to improve his timekeeping. PUT His employers have informed him they will .......... any more poor timekeeping. Answer: 'not put up with'
Part 1 Quiz 1) She's really enthusiatic and throws herself ........ her work every day. 1) She's A.
?
at
B.
?
on
C.
?
onto
D.
?
into
2) Apparently, the land at the back of the field has been contaminated with 2) Apparently, some chemicals and some builders were fencing the area ........ ...... .. A.
?
off
B.
?
up
C.
?
back
D.
?
in
3) You can see he's not interested. His eyes just glaze ........ whenever you talk 3) You to him about financial matters. A.
?
up
B.
?
through
C.
?
over
D.
?
away
4) I seem to be laying ........ lots of money on the car recently. It's costing me a 4) I fortune! A.
?
out
B.
?
up
C.
?
in
D.
?
down
QUIZ 2 1) Whatever you do, try to ........ him off the subject of football. Once he starts 1) Whatever talking about that you can't stop him! 2) Could you make the cheque ........ to 'F. Saunders' please. 2) Could
3) The one thing I've learnt in business is you should never rush ........ a 3) The decision that might cost you a lot of money. 4) Once you've ........ up the pros and cons I'm sure you'll agree Option A is the 4) Once best. PART 4 1) The animal retreated when confronted by the predator. 1) The BACKED The animal .................... to face with the predator. 2) Arthur was heavily criticised after deciding to resign. 2) Arthur CAME Arthur .................... lot l ot of criticism following his decision to resign. 3) Joe left work to become self-employed. 3) Joe SET Joe left work to .................... business. 4) The children have a habit of misbehaving when left on their own. 4) The GET The children tend .................... mischief when left on their own.
Confusing Structures 'as' versus 'like' Both 'as' and 'like' can be used to t o make comparisons. 'As' is a conjunction and therefore is followed by a clause, while 'like' is followed by a noun. Example: Stop acting like a fool and get on with your work. He decided to become a teacher, as his elder brother had always been. 'used to' versus 'be/get used to' 'used to + infinitive' describes a habit in the past. 'be used to + gerund' means to be accustomed to whilst 'get used to + gerund' means the process of becoming accustomed to. Example: I used to play a lot of football f ootball when I was younger. I've been living in England for 6 months now but I'm still not used to driving on the left. I'm slowly getting used to working in the new department. 'a little/few' versus 'little/few' 'a little' and 'a few' are both positive expressions that mean 'some'. 'Little' and 'few' are negative and mean 'not much' or 'not many'. Example: There are a few sweets in the box. Help yourself!
There are few places in the world I'd rather be than on the beach in the South of France. 'to have something done' versus 'to have done something' The causative structure 'have something done' means to get someone to do something. This compares to 'to have done something' which is an active statement. Example: I had completed the exercise when I went out. I had the work completed by another building company. 'except (for)' versus 'besides' 'except for' means 'apart from', whereas 'besides' means 'as well as'. Example: Besides the money she earnt from her full-time job she also received royalties on a book she had written. She didn't get any money except the allowance she received from the government. 'didn't need to' versus 'needn't have' 'didn't need to' refers to something that was unnecessary and may or may not have been done. 'needn't have' refers to something which was not necessary but which was done. Example: We didn't need to pay for the meal as the company had already settled the bill. We needn't have bothered doing all that homework. The teacher didn't turn up!
Past tenses >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: I ........ to live on a farm until my parents relocated to the city. Answer: 'used' 1) I had a wonderful time at my grandfathers, ........ I always did when I went to 1) I stay with him. (as/like) .... .... that one we saw in the shop earlier. (as/like) 2) I want a suit ........ 2) I ti me the shop 3) Do you think you'll have ........ used to the new prices by the time 3) Do opens to customers? 4) There were ........ few students in class that we almost got one-to-one tuition! 4) There
5) We had ........ little time on our hands before the train arrived so we went to 5) We have a coffee. 6) I had ........ my hair done earlier that day and didn't want to get caught in the 6) I rain. 7) I don't eat any meat ........ chicken, which I probably have about twice a week. 7) I 8) It was really kind of you to take me into town but you needn't ........ put 8) It yourself out.
Passive 1) Passives are generally formed with the verb 'to be' in the appropriate tense and the past participle.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Credit cards are accepted in in most shops. (present shops. (present simple) Your meal is being prepared Madam. (present Madam. (present continuous) Peace talks were held in in the capital yesterday. (past yesterday. (past simple) Rescue plans were being drawn up up when the bid fell through. (past through. (past continuous) A cheque has been paid into into your account. (present perfect) Renovation work had been undertaken on on the property. (past perfect) Accommodation will be arranged before before you arrive. (future arrive. (future simple) We will have been married married for 20 years next week. (future week. (future perfect) We expect to be relocated towards towards the end of the year. (infinitive) year. (infinitive)
However, you will often come across examples of the t he passive where the verb 'to be' is omitted, particularly in newspaper headlines. Example: Prime Minister sacked! 2) Where verbs have two objects the passive can be expressed as follows: I was given a promise that that I'd be contacted by your representative. A promise was given to to me by your representative that I'd be contacted. 3) 'By' and 'with' are used in passive constructions with verbs like 'teach', 'fill', 'trap' etc: Examples: He was taught basic basic grammar by his his teacher. The bottle was filled with water. 4) You should also be aware of causative structures 'to have' or 'get' something done ('get' is more informal). Examples: I' m getting my my computer repaired this this afternoon. We' re an extension built at at the end of our house. re having an
Some of the reasons for using the t he passive are as follows: 1) When the agent is obvious, people in general or not important. Examples: Building work being carried out . This product should not be re-frozen . The coffee beans are picked and and sent to to the processing plant. 2) To create formality. Compare the following: that efficiency will improve with the new working practices. It is hoped that We hope the new working practices will improve efficiency. 3) When the agent wishes to avoid being seen as responsible for an action. Compare the following: The company will be signing a multi-million-pound contract next year. Unfortunately, wages will be frozen .
Passive >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: If we are ........ be taken seriously as a new business we need to start showing a healthier cash flow. Answer: 'to'
Passive >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: It's only natural that there will be nerves at the beginning of the competition. EXPECTED Nerves at the beginning of the competition ........... Answer: 'is to be expected' QUIZ 2 1) I've got an appointment at the fitness centre tomorrow as I'm ........ my level 1) I've of fitness assessed.
2) The view from the window was spoilt ........ the presence of a large tower 2) The block opposite the street. 3) It has just been confirmed that the French athlete has ........ forced to 3) It withdraw from the contest. 4) The party was packed ........ people from Clare's office and I didn't know 4) The anyone. 5) He ........ asked to work late so as to get the order off in time. 5) He 6) Kevin ........ himself into trouble yesterday for taking an extended dinner 6) Kevin break. PART 4 1) They plan to pull down the building next week. 1) They DUE The building .................... demolished next week. 2) I've heard it said that they are going to get a divorce. 2) I've IT .................... that they are filing for divorce. 3) The people she worked with had a lot of respect for her. 3) The THOUGHT She .................... by her colleagues. 4) A car nearly knocked me down in town today. 4) A AVOIDED I .................... knocked down in town today. 5) The company paid us a bigger rise than we'd expected. 5) The LARGER We .................... expected pay rise.
Collocations 1 There are various types of collocation: verb + noun Example: to drop a hint to pick an argument verb + adverb Example: to drink heavily
to warmly welcome noun + verb Example: the tide rises the sun sets adjective + noun Example: a tricky question a rapid response This unit will look at verb + noun and noun and verb + adverb collocations. adverb collocations.
Collocations >> Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze Reminder: Part 1 consists of a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D). Example: The course in assertiveness really ........ his self confidence. (A) jumped (B) enlarged (C) charged (D) boosted Answer: 'boosted'
Collocations >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word. Example: He had ........ I8 months of a two-year prison sentence when he was released. Answer: 'served'
Collocations >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: The players received their cards and the game began. DEALT The players .......... and the game began.
Answer: 'were dealt the cards' QUIZ 1 1) He is supposed to be ........ descended from aristocratic landowners 1) He landowners who lived in the 17th century. A.
?
precisely
B.
?
exactly
C.
?
immediately
D.
?
directly
2) The college is ........ steps to solve the problems of poor retention. 2) The A.
?
taking
B.
?
making
C.
?
doing
D.
?
placing
3) He went to bed early and slept ........ for almost ten hours. 3) He A.
?
thoroughly
B.
?
powerfully
C.
?
soundly
D.
?
strongly
4) Dieting is a question of ........ a balance between eating healthily and treating 4) Dieting yourself to something special now and again. A.
?
striking
B.
?
hitting
C.
?
making
D.
?
creating
5) She has always cared ........ 5) She ....... . about the welfare of animals and campaigned against animal experimentation. A.
?
passionately
B.
?
lovingly
C.
?
warmly
D.
?
emotionally
6) He left the room and closed the door ........ behind him. 6) He A.
?
strongly
B.
?
firmly
C.
?
soundly
D.
?
stiffly
quiz 2 1) He's a troublemaker and is always trying to pick a/an ........ with people. 1) He's 2) The exhibition, whilst enjoyable, didn't really come up to ......... 2) The 3) The rise in interest rates is partly to ........ for the lack of confidence in the 3) The housing market. 4) Following their brilliant perfomances in the last two games, the match 4) Following between Italy and Brazil is eagerly ........ by all. 5) He's a nice person but we just don't ........ eye to eye on many issues. 5) He's t he man the police are looking for. 6) His description ........ closely to that of the 6) His
PART 4 1) Both sides have made concessions in order to come to some form of 1) Both agreement.
COMPROMISE Both sides .................... . 2) The work we've done this term 2) The t erm is a good basis for f or the project next year. LAYS This term's work .................... for the project next year. 3) Our daughter absolutely adores her auntie 3) Our WORLD Our daughter .................... her auntie. t he subject. 4) There's very little Adam doesn't know about the 4) There's INSIDE Adam knows .................... . 5) The climbers were spotted by the search team, who went to their rescue 5) The immediately. CAUGHT The search team .................... the climbers and immediately went to their rescue. 6) It's pointless losing your temper. Just stay calm. 6) It's HEAD There's no point losing your temper, just try and .....................
Reported Speech You might be tested on your knowledge of reported speech in Part 2 and 4 of Paper 1 Reading and Use of English. You should be aware of the basic rules of reported speech including the required tense changes. This unit will focus on the various verb patterns that are used when reporting. Note that t hat many verbs can follow more than one pattern. verb + object + infinitive The cashier told me to bring the product back if it wasn't suitable. Fiona reminded me to pay the bills when I was in town. verb + gerund He admitted being a little late for work. The chairperson proposed bringing the meeting to an end. verb + infinitive She offered to pay for the meal. She agreed to get the work done by the end of the day. verb + object + object He told me his timetable for next term.
She denied him the opportunity to compete in the project. verb + object + preposition The teacher blamed Kelly for making the mess. The bank threatened him with legal action if he didn't pay the money he owed. verb + preposition He boasted about having a large house in the country. I was congratulated on passing the exam. verb + that + clause So, we all agree that we need to do something quickly. Financial advisors warn that interest rates are likely to rise in the near future.
Reported Speech >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: She insisted ........ she should be allowed to take the day off. Answer: 'that'
Reported Speech >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: Paul said his brother had smashed the window. BLAMED Paul ........... the window. Answer: 'blamed his brother for smashing'
PART 2 1) The police appealed ........ calm after a second night of street disturbances. 1) The 2) He phoned me early in the morning to remind ........ of our date later that day. 2) He 3) The guests were advised ........ leave all valuables in the hotel safe. 3) The
4) He went to the doctors complaining ........ chest pains. 4) He 5) The teacher insisted ........ us all working on our own. 5) The 6) The driver reckoned ........ it would take about two hours to arrive. 6) The
PART 4 1) Do you think people will be very disappointed if we cancel the party? 1) Do WONDERED He ......................................... the party off would disappoint people. 2) The Careers Advisor said I should think about my experience before applying 2) The for the job. TOLD The Careers Advisor ......................................... ..................................... .... consideration my experience before applying for the job. 3) The company director insisted he would not be held responsible for the 3) The accident. REFUSED The company director ......................................... blame for the accident. 4) The suspect said he hadn't caused the fire at the building. 4) The SETTING The suspect ......................................... to the building. 5) Bill was the man who talked me into starting some exercise. 5) Bill PERSUADED It was Bill who ......................................... up exercise.
Future Tenses Will is used to make a simple prediction Example: Do you think he'll come? to describe a future fact Example: I'll be 21 next birthday. to describe a spontaneous decision Example: I'll just phone Sue to see if she's coming. Going to is used
to make a prediction based on present evidence Example: Look at those clouds. It's going to rain. to describe future plans or intentions that have already been decided Example: I'm going to stay in this evening. There's something on TV I want to watch. Present continuous is used to describe a future arrangement Example: I'm seeing the dentist this afternoon. Present simple is used to describe future schedules, timetables or calendar events Example: Lessons start at 9.00. Future continuous is used to describe an activity that will be in progress at a particular time in the future Example: Don't go tomorrow. She'll be getting ready for her holiday. to ask politely about someone's plans (and often preceding a request) Example: Will you be using the car tonight? I was hoping I could use it. to describe a future activity that will take place in the normal course of events Example: I'll be arriving at platform 4. Future perfect (continuous) is used to describe an action that will be finished by a particular time in the future Example: I'll have taken the exam by the time I next see you. We'll have been living in London for three years by this time next month. More future constructions '(just) about to' is used to mean 'almost immediately' Example: Don't be long. The film is just about to start. 'be due to' is used to describe a schedule Example: The performance is due to start at 10.00.
Future tenses >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: What time ........ your plane leave tomorrow? Answer: 'does'
Part 2 1) Who will you ........ working with in your new job? 1) Who 2) By the time I sit my CAE exams I ........ have been studying English for 4 2) By years. 3) We ....... about to have dinner. Would you like to stay for something to eat? 3) We 4) The train's due ........ arrive soon so don't go walking off, will you? 4) The 5) Give Dad a ring and ask him for a lift. He ........ be happy to take you. 5) Give 6) Look at the time! We're ........ to be late if you don't hurry. 6) Look
Collocations 2 You might be tested on your knowledge of collocation in Parts 1, 2 and 4 of Paper 1 Reading and Use of English. Unit 8 examined verb + noun and verb + adverb collocations. This unit gives practice in noun + verb and adjective + noun collocations: noun + verb Example: the tide rises the sun sets adjective + noun Example: a tricky question a rapid response
Collocations >> Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze Reminder: Part 1 consists of a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D). Example: We took Michael to the doctors as he had a ........ fever and a nasty cough. (A) slight (B) small (C) little (D) minor Answer: 'slight'
Collocations >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word. Example: The lottery is a sensitive ........ with him. He once had all the numbers but lost his ticket! Answer: 'issue/subject'
Collocations >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: The players received their cards and the game began. DEALT The players .......... and the game began. Answer: 'were dealt the cards'
Part 1 Quiz 1) As the applause ........ down the band prepared to play their next song. 1) As A.
?
went
B.
?
died
C.
?
slowed
D.
?
calmed
2) It's a top-of-the-ran 2) It's top-of-the-range ge saloon car and the engine ........ . ....... on diesel. A.
?
runs
B.
?
goes
C.
?
travels
D.
?
works
3) While I was living in Germany the opportunity ........ to teach in a local school. 3) While A.
?
surfaced
B.
?
appeared
C.
?
arose
D.
?
came
4) We really liked the house and made the owners a ........ offer. 4) We A.
?
firm
B.
?
hard
C.
?
stiff
D.
?
solid
5) They have a really difficult game ahead of them but I still think they have a 5) They ........ chance of getting a victory. A.
?
limited
B.
?
possible
C.
?
fighting
D.
?
struggling
6) Despite problems in manufacturing, unemployment is falling thanks to the 6) Despite growth of the ........ industry in the region. A.
?
selling
B.
?
service
C.
?
retail
D.
?
consumer
PART 2 1) School breaks ........ next week for a four-week holiday. 1) School 2) They are a married couple, both in work, with a joint ........ of about 30 2) They thousand pounds. 3) Unfortunately, her plans to set up in business ........ through at the last 3) Unfortunately, moment due to financial problems. 4) Your seat belts should be ........ securely before take off. 4) Your 5) The appeal of the President ........ in his ability to speak honestly to the 5) The people. 6) The ........ ingredients of a Spanish omelette are eggs and potatoes. 6) The
PART 4 1) Katie stormed off angrily when she found out she hadn't got the job. 1) Katie WENT When she discovered she hadn't hadn't got the job Katie .................... .......... .......... huff. 2) I had to come home early from holiday as I'd spent all my money. 2) I RUN I had to cut short my holiday as my ..................... 3) The audience really had a good laugh at the comedian's act. 3) The ROARED The audience .................... at the comedian's act. 4) He wasn't at all interested in passing and when he left the exam his paper 4) He was completely empty. BLANK
He wasn't at all interested in passing and at the end of the exam he left .................... paper. 5) Always read the terms and conditions before signing any contracts. 5) Always SMALL Always read .................... before signing any contracts. 6) Someone called earlier who was trying really hard to persaude me to buy 6) Someone something. HARD I had someone on the phone earlier giving .................... about a new computer system they've developed.
Auxiliary Verbs 2 This unit will look l ook at the auxiliary verbs used in structures that express levels of possibility. Expressing possibility The following modal auxiliary verbs are used to express varying levels of possibility: Certain •
•
•
•
will/won't must/can't/couldn't should/ought to/shouldn't may/may not
Not certain •
might/could/might not
You can use these verbs to talk about levels of possibility in the past by adding the perfect infinitive ('have' + past participle) and the future by adding will. Example: It can't have been Tom Tom who called. He's away on business. There's the phone. That' ll Steve. ll be Steve. It is possible to add certain adverbs to expressions containing modal verbs. Example: Hannah surely wouldn't wouldn't have done that without asking first. The teacher may well have have forgotten the exam was today. When expressing degrees of possibility there are several informal alternatives to the more neutral modal verb structure: Example: re bound to do You' re do well in the exam. You have worked so hard all year. It' s odds on that that he'll be late. He always is.
There's no way I'm I'm going to have time to catch the train. It's a fair bet that that he'll invite you to the party. There's a fair chance that that he'll get the job. She' s more than likely to to want to go to an Italian restaurant as she loves the food so much.
Auxiliary verbs >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: You won't ........ heard the news of their engagement as they t hey only announced it yesterday. Answer: 'have'
Auxiliary verbs >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: There's a good chance we'll see Tom at the party tonight. FAIR It ........... we'll see Tom at the party tonight. Answer: 'is a fair bet'
Part 2 Quiz ....... . finished already. You've hardly touched your food. 1) You can't ........ 1) You 2) You can't ........ expect me to lend you that much money! 2) You 3) They may ........ have got lost, which would explain why they're late. 3) They 4) This won't ........ the right way to John's. It's not at all familiar. 4) This 5) They ought ........ be there by now. They're probably unpacking as we speak. 5) They
Part 4 Quiz
1) Officials claim that there will probably be a train strike next week. 1) Officials MORE It ......................................... that there will be a train strike next week. 2) The company say that their share prices will certainly increase this week. 2) The ODDS It ......................................... that the company's share price will rise this week. t he property. 3) He will probably receive the price he is asking for the 3) He FAIR There ......................................... that he will get the money he wants for the property. I'm sure the weather will be better tomorrow than it has been today. 4) I'm 4) BOUND The weather ......................................... ........................... .............. better tomorrow than it has been today.
Prepositions You are likely to be specifically tested on your knowledge of verbs + preposition in Parts 1, 2 and 4 of Paper 1 Reading and Use of English. There are many verbs in English which are followed by a dependent preposition: Example: He was found guilty of the the crime. in me. He was quite upset and confided in me.
Prepositions >> Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze Reminder: Part 1 consists of a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D). Example: I don't agree ........ the idea of eating meat. (A) for (B) with (C) on (D) in Answer: 'with'
Prepositions >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word. Example: Our company specialises ........ search engine optimisation.
Answer: 'in'
Prepositions >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: He refused to go out with an umbrella even though it was pouring down. INSISTED He ........... out without an umbrella even though it was pouring down. Answer: 'insisted on going'
Part 1 Quiz 1) I was browsing ........ a magazine the other day when I came across a really 1) I interesting article about hypnotherapy. A.
?
inside
B.
?
at
C.
?
in
D.
?
through
2) The chairperson was forced to intervene ........ the discussion as it looked like 2) The it was getting out of hand. A.
?
in
B.
?
on
C.
?
with
D.
?
to
3) I insisted ........ attending the presentation as I'd been involved in the project 3) I all along. A.
?
of
B.
?
with
C.
?
on
D.
?
in
4) Lately we seem to have been bombarded ........ junk mail from people trying 4) Lately to sell us everything from insurance to vacuum cleaners. A.
?
with
B.
?
in
C.
?
on
D.
?
at
Part 2 Quiz 1) Despite being questioned for several hours the suspect showed no sign of 1) Despite confessing ........ the crime. 2) The two celebrities clashed ........ a remark one of them had made to a 2) The reporter about the other. 3) No matter how hard she tried she couldn't improve ........ the score she had 3) No achieved in the first round. 4) I owe my success ........ the support my parents have given me over the 4) I years.
Part 4 Quiz 1) He managed to get the job despite the fact that he wasn't qualified. 1) He IN He ......................................... the job even though he wasn't qualified. 2) The two animals have become really close since they've been in captivity. 2) The BOND A strong ......................................... the two animals since they have been in captivity. 3) When I'm studying, having the TV on makes it difficult to concentrate. 3) When CONCENTRATE I find it difficult to ......................................... when the TV is on.
4) Tom's employers warned him he would be sacked if he didn't accept the new 4) Tom's working conditions. THREATENED Tom ......................................... the sack if he didn't accept the new working conditions.
Verb Patterns In addition to the reporting verbs that were practised in Unit 9 there are many more verbs that follow set patterns. verb + gerund I fancy going to the cinema. verb + infinitive She expects to be offered the job. verb + bare infinitive I'd rather stay in if you don't mind. verb + preposition The company specialise in restoring old houses. verb + object + object Could you leave me the key before you go out? verb + object + preposition The rules prevent me from allowing you entry. verb + object + infinitive They have invited me to attend an interview next week. verb + that + clause I feel that we really must do something before it's too late.
Verb Patterns >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: The new company restricted the new trainee ........ doing menial work. Answer: 'to'
Verb Patterns >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation
Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: He was able to participate in the competition despite his injury. PREVENT The injury did not ......................................... part in the competition. Answer: 'prevent him from taking'
Part 2 Quiz 1) She missed ........ able to pick up her children from school after she returned 1) She to work. 2) The builders needed to ........ overtime to finish the extension. 2) The 3) He disapproves ........ having a TV. 3) He 4) You'd better ........ an appointment to see the doctor soon or she'll be booked 4) You'd up. l eave work and concentrate fully on her 5) The sponsorship enables her ........ leave 5) The sport.
Part 4 Quiz 1) I liked the idea of doing an evening class until I found out how much it would 1) I cost. TEMPTED I ......................................... an evening class until I found out how much it would cost. 2) Our budget won't allow for a holiday this year. 2) Our AFFORD We ......................................... on holiday this year. 3) I'm 3) I'm happy to babysit if you want to go out. MIND I ......................................... if you want to go out. 4) After finishing the course George eventually became a well-known author. 4) After WENT George ......................................... a well-known author after finishing the course.
Phrasal Verbs 2 Phrasal Verbs >> Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze Reminder: Part 1 consists of a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D). Example: She sailed ........ the exam, just as we told t old her she would. (A) along (B) on (C) in (D) through Answer: 'through'
Phrasal Verbs >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word. Example: While I was on holiday I came down ........ a heavy cold. Answer: 'with'
Phrasal Verbs >> Part 4: Key Word Transformation Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: He's been told by his employers he has to improve his timekeeping. PUT His employers have informed him they will .......... any more poor timekeeping. Answer: 'not put up with'
Part 1 Quiz 1) His investors promised to stick ........ the company while it was going through 1) His financial problems. A.
?
in
B.
?
along
C.
?
out
D.
?
by
2) We've got the builders in our house at the moment. We're having a new 2) We've bathroom ........ in. A.
?
plumbed
B.
?
piped
C.
?
fitted
D.
?
secured
3) I'd been looking for the book for months without success when I finally ........ 3) I'd one down in a tiny, independent bookstore on holiday. A.
?
pinned
B.
?
ran
C.
?
tracked
D.
?
tied
4) Cast your mind ........ to your last birthday party. Can you remember who we 4) Cast invited? A.
?
back
B.
?
away
C.
?
off
D.
?
aside
Part 2 Quiz i nto tears. 1) One minute she was perfectly ok then all of a sudden she ........ into 1) One 2) Trevor's got such an enormous appetite. I've never known anyone who can 2) Trevor's put ........ as much food as he can. 3) What time do you knock ........ work? We could meet up when you have 3) What finished for something to eat.
4) The Party won the election by an enormous margin, sweeping ........ the 4) The opposition in an historic victory.
Part 4 Quiz 1) Don't get angry with me for missing the bus - it wasn't my fault. 1) Don't TAKE It's not my fault you missed the bus so don't ......................................... me 2) A cross country walk is guaranteed to leave you feeling hungry. 2) A WORK There's nothing like a cross country walk ......................................... ...................................... ... appetite. 3) We're so busy at work that I think we might have to work this weekend. 3) We're SNOWED We ......................................... work and might have to work this weekend. 4) The captain is trying 4) The t rying to stop people having unrealistic expectations just because the team have won their first two games. CARRIED The captain is warning everyone not ......................................... .................................. ....... just because the team have won their first two games.
Conditional Structures Tenses are often used to express varying degrees of 'distance', whether it be in terms of time, or in terms of what we perceive to be fact (real or possible) and non-fact (unreal or unlikely/impossible). Conditional structures refer to factual or non-factual hypothetical situations and can be used in any of the following forms: a) Zero conditionals to conditionals to describe a general truth or fact. (no tense shift) Examples: He loses his temper so easily if things don't go to plan. Provided you've finished your homework you can watch the TV. conditionals to describe a probable future result given a certain b) First conditionals to situation (no tense shift) Examples: If he doesn't arrive soon we'll have to go without him. Provided you take things easy, you should recover quite quickly. c) Second conditionals to conditionals to describe the possible result of a hypothetical situation. Because the situation is seen as less likely or improbable, a shift in tense takes place. Examples:
If you were President of your country, what laws would you make? What book would you choose to keep if you were only allowed to keep one? conditionals to describe a hypothesis about the past. As it describes a d) Third conditionals to situation in the past, the hypothesis is impossible and therefore a further shift in tense takes place. Examples: I would never have recognised you if you hadn't been pointed out to me. You wouldn't have hurt yourself if you had taken more care. e) Mixed conditionals to conditionals to describe an impossible situation based on past and present time references. As with second and third conditionals, the past perfect is used when describing the past situation, the past tense to describe the present. Examples: If she had tried harder she would be finding her exams easier now. He wouldn't be playing for the team if he hadn't passed the medical. Advanced points In addition to 'if', note the following conditional links: I'll phone you later, unless I have to work late. I'll buy you the toy provided/providing you don't ask for anything else. Were I to win the lottery, I'd give up work immediately. Supposing we don't find the house. What shall we do? Whether we buy the house or not, we won't be able to move in for a while. No matter what you say I'll I 'll always love you.
Conditional Structures >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text which has 8 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example: You won't keep your job ........ you start working a bit harder. Answer: 'unless'
Conditional Structures >> Part 4: Key Word Transformat Transformation ion Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that t hat it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words. Example: If you need any help please don't hesitate to ask. ASSISTANCE
If .......... please don't hesitate to ask. Answer: 'I can be of any assistance' PART 2
1) This neighbourhood would be alright if people ........ more tolerant of each 1) This other. 2) I do wish you ........ pay a little more attention to your work and try to make 2) I fewer mistakes. 3) Whether you like it or ........, you're coming on holiday with us, and that's final! 3) Whether 4) If I hadn't decided to study Spanish at college I probably wouldn't ........ 4) If teaching in Spain now. 5) I've got nothing to do for the next few hours so I'll give you a lift into town 5) I've ........ you wish. 6) Call me tonight to let me know how things go with your interview, ........ if you 6) Call don't get home till late. PART 4
1) I have this successful business just because I decided to resign from my job. 1) I HANDED If ......................................... my notice I wouldn't have this successful business. 2) So long as you try hard I'm sure you'll do well in the exams. 2) So MAKE Provided ......................................... I'm sure you'll do well in the exams. 3) Suppose we decide we aren't happy with the service - can we have our 3) Suppose money back? CONCLUSION Should ......................................... that the service is not up to standard can we claim a refund? t o the cinema next week if you change your mind. 4) We can always go to 4) We SECOND If ......................................... we can always go to the next week.
REVISION QUIZ 1 1) ........ all means call me if you need any help with the decorating. 1) ........ A.
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For
B.
?
In
C.
?
At
D.
?
By
2) We've been laying ........ so much money during this holiday I think we're 2) We've going to have to start economising. A.
?
out
B.
?
up
C.
?
in
D.
?
down
3) I think the council needs to ........ steps to combat the rising level of vandalism 3) I in this area. A.
?
make
B.
?
do
C.
?
take
D.
?
place
4) If the opportunity should ........ to work abroad I would be keen to be 4) If considered. A.
?
arise
B.
?
surface
C.
?
appear
D.
?
come
5) I don't want to have to intervene ........ your discussion unless it gets out of 5) I hand. A.
?
on
B.
?
in
C.
?
with
D.
?
to
whether we went 6) Cast your mind ........ to last weekend. Can you remember whether 6) Cast shopping? A.
?
away
B.
?
off
C.
?
back
D.
?
aside
...... .. the surface but the more 7) She always comes across as very confident ........ 7) She you get to know her the more you realise how insecure she is. A.
?
at
B.
?
on
C.
?
in
D.
?
against
8) We need to ........ a balance between being child centred but at the same 8) We time not spoiling our son. A.
?
hit
B.
?
make
C.
?
create
D.
?
strike
PART 2 QUIz 1) I do wish you ........ try a little harder to pay attention when people are talking 1) I to you. 2) We have decided to cancel this week's performance 2) We performance ........ to the fact that there has been so little interest from the public. 3) The speaker said something about the unemployed being lazy, at ........ point 3) The many in the audience stood up and walked out. 4) My husband doesn't cook very often but ........ time to time he'll make an 4) My effort. 5) Listen! It doesn't matter however ........ times you ask, I'm not giving you 5) Listen! anymore money. 6) I think I rushed ........ the decision to take the exam as I'm beginning to regret 6) I it. 7) My plans to go to university ........ through 7) My t hrough when I failed to get the grades I needed. . ....... a mess whenever you do any painting? 8) Why do you always leave ........ 8) Why
PART 3 1) She would be a wonderful counsellor as she always shows ........ towards 1) She other people's feelings. (SENSE) 2) The students went to the careers office to get some ........ on which course to 2) The follow. (GUIDE) 3) She knows the job inside out and will be ........ 3) She ....... . when she retires. (REPLACE) 4) I ........ the amount of food we would need for the party and we ended up 4) I running out. (ESTIMATE) 5) It's true that car sharing saves you money but the ........ is that you lose the 5) It's chance to have some time to yourself. (SIDE) 6) Lots of people are still on holiday so it's been very ......... and quiet at work 6) Lots today. (EVENT)
7) There was a growing sense of ........ amongst those waiting at the airport 7) There following delays of up to 5 hours on some flights. (PATIENT) 8) Would you like to try some of our ........ 8) Would ..... ... strawberries? We picked them fresh from the garden today. (GROW)
part 4 1) I'm writing to you about the time I've been having off work lately. 1) I'm WITH I am writing ......................................... my recent absences from work. 2) Any valuables you leave at the hotel reception desk are left there at your own 2) Any risk. ACCEPT The hotel does ......................................... valuables left in its keeping. 3) It's probable that the meeting will last longer than usual. 3) It's MORE It ......................................... that the meeting will last longer than usual. concerning the children's education. 4) The couple have had a disagreement concerning 4) The OUT The couple have ......................................... the children's education. 5) This year's school holidays coincide with a busy time at work. 5) This PLACE The school holidays this year ......................................... .............................. ........... time as a very busy time at work. 6) Could you watch the children while I get an ice cream? 6) Could EYE Could you ......................................... the children while I get an ice cream? 7) The bank manager said there was no possibility of the loan being increased. 7) The QUESTION The bank manager explained that increasing the loan was ......................................... 8) The exam finished before I'd answered all the questions. 8) The RAN I wasn't able to answer all the questions as I .........................................
