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Nkk
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8:
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\f li ivu i iv} |h i} iv"
Hu N`klgu Afbu}f, |f li ivu i iv} |h ui kbe iv ugf zf}fau u}kz hu h l}fhu z}kaf" Hbe |kug ugf zhqqkib hbe fwzf}kfbaf i i~f} 7,::: aibqv`uhbuq hbe qvzzi}u quh kb bkbf aivbu}kfq h}ivbe ugf |i}`e, ku‛q bi qv}z}kqf ughu |f quhbe fgkbe ugf gi`keh iv iic" Kb hau, |gfb iv iic h gi`keh |kug vq hbe ku eifqb‛u fbe vz fkbl ugf gi`keh iv fwzfaufe, qkz` `fu vq cbi| hbe |f |k`` lk~f iv h %8:: ~ivagf}† i} vqf ui|h}eq iv} bfwu iickbl |kug N`klgu Afbu}f" † Ugf Zf}fau Gi`keh{ Z}iokqf hzz`kfq ui miickblq ohef hu N`klgu Afbu}f qgizq |kugkb Ahbheh" H %8:: ~ivagf} i} vuv}f u}h~f` |k`` mf z}i~kefe ui avquiof}q |gi fwzf}kfbaf hb vb|hbufe ef~khukib }io ugfk} zhke kukbf}/ h}{"Ni} v`` efuhk`q ~kqku |||"nklguafbu}f"ah i} qzfhc ui h N`klgu Afbu}f aibqv`uhbu"
Z}fqkefbu‛q Ofqqf
AIBUFBUQ
NKdK
\fiof ui uf kbvv} fekukib i Niiuz}kbuq Ohlhtkbf" Ukq bf| xv}uf}{ i}ou kq }fzkb iv} oibu{ azukb‛q auivf be kq efqkbfe ui qi|qf uu Nku afbu}f q ui if} iu kb uf}oq i iv} fwufbqkf z}ievu }bf q |f q uf eefe vf i iv} bi|feff ufo"
>
Fqahzkbl ui Zh}hekqf
Zh`O QZ]KBlQ
88
Ugf efqf}u ihqkq |kug h aiqoizi`kuhb u|kqu
Niiuz}kbuq kq efkf}uf{ ivqfe ib z}ikekb {iv |ku uf kbe i efq ukbukib kbi}oukib uu |k kbqzk}f {iv ui ekqif} uu uf |i}e q ui if} }io vwv}kivq if}qfq ukibq ui i uf fufb u} efbuv}fq"
UIZ 8: 85
hu Nku afbu}f, iv} zkiqiz{ kq qkozf4 |f }f zqqkibuf, |f/u}ffe zfizf z}ikekb vbfuf qf}kf be kbekkevktfe u}f fwzf}kfbfq ui {iv" \f f ffb okb u}f }}bfofbuq i} vquiof}q qkbf |f izfbfe iv} }qu qui}f kb Q{ebf{, hvqu}k kb 8;7=" Oi}f ub u|fbu{/f {f} q uf}, |f }f ibf i uf |i}e‛q }fqu be oiqu qvfqqv kbefzfbefbu u}f }fukf}q |ku 8,6:: qui}fq |i}e|kef"
« Nkdk Uiv}kq mih}e
>
Kefhq i} {iv} \kbuf} Gi`keh{q ugkq {fh}(
QVQUhKBhm`F UIV]KQO
8>
\ghu ku kq hbe gi| {iv a hb ei {iv} zh}u
Nku afbu}f‛q }fukibqkzq |ku uf |i}e‛q fqu k}kbfq, iufq, uiv} izf}ui}q be u}f z}ikef}q, iokbfe |ku iv} i fwzf}ukqf, fbqv}f |f }f uf oiqu iozfukukf be fwzf}kfbfe u}f }fukf} kb abe" \f |k i ivu i iv} |{ ui be {iv uf zf} fu u}kz be |ku uf zqqkib be fwzf}kfbf i oi}f ub <:: Kbuf}bukib U}f aibqvubuq }iqq uf ivbu}{, ku‛q bi qv}z}kqf uu |f qu be fkbe uf ike{ {iv ii |ku iv} Zf}fu gike{ Z}iokqf" \fb {iv ii ike{ |ku vq be ku eifqb‛u fbe vz fkb uf ike{ {iv fwzfufe, qkoz{ fu vq bi| be |f |k kf {iv %8:: ivf} † i} vqf ui|}eq {iv} bfwu iikb |ku Nku afbu}f"
ghBEQ IB
87
Iv} hzz}ihag ui ai}zi}huf }fqzibqkmk`ku{
a]VKQFQ
=1
\f izf {iv fbi{Niiuz}kbuq be }fofof}, {iv} ib{ kokuukib kq {iv} kokbukib"
=1
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m]KUKQg aI`VOmKh
=5
. ugf =:8: \kbuf} Lhofq
L}fl Ekwib Z}fqkefbu, Nku afbu}f Bi}u hof}k
QcK ma
=7
H lvkef ui ugkq \kbuf}‛q qck . qbi|mih}e qfhqib
†Aibekukibq hzz`{" Qff zhlf 5: i} aibuhau {iv} N`klgu Afbu}f aibqv`uhbu i} v`` efuhk`q"
=7
OKhOK
18
Qvbb{, Qktt`kbl . Qv`u}{ Fekui}kh`Ek}faui} hfw mki} H}u Ek}faui} aokf Zf}qib Fekui} hkqib\f oh}cfukblhfw mki} . F}k Q|q{ \f Efqklb]fvfb \uqib Z}kbufe gi}qfqif Z}fqq FEKUI]KH@ Nkdk Nkk Uiv}kqo mi}e Zh` Qz}kblqZo Qz}kbq Uiv}kqo mi}e
Z}kbufe ib Fbi iqq ufwu, oef |ku 1:& ziqu/ibqvof} }f{fe }f" m{ vqkb ukq zzf} uf ii|kb }fqiv}fq f ffb qfe4 • 8:> u}ffq • 57,577 lh``ibq in |huf} qh~fe • =,;55 `mq in qi`ke |hquf biu lfbf}hufe • 15 ok``kib MUVq fbf}l{ biu aibqvofe • 8:,:>7 `mq in l}ffbgivqf lhq fokqqkibq z}f~fbufe
5
NIIUZ]KBUQ
Kbu}fzke U}f Qvquhkbh`f Uiv}kq m}kukqg Ai`vkhma Uiv}kqo mi}e okhk Okok Uiv}kqo mi}e
Niiuz}kbuq ohlhtkbf kq h xvh}uf}` zv`kahukib i N`klgu Afbu}f Ahbheh '‐ugf zv`kqgf}‟+ hbe kq ekqu}kvufe N]FF IN AGH]LF ug}ivlg iv} N`klgu Afbu}f }fuhk` u}h~f` `iahukibq ha}iqq Ahbheh" Ugf hlhtkbf z}i~kefq kbi}hukib ui iv} a`kfbuq hbe ziufbukh` a`kfbuq ib u}h~f` efqukbhukibq, ukzq, hbe z}ievauq }i ugk}e zh}u qzibqi}q hbe he~f}ukqf}q" Ugf kbi}hukib kq z}i~kefe ib hb ‐hq kq‟ hqkq |kug h`` hv`uq hbe |kugivu hb |h}}hbu i hb ckbe, fwz}fqqfe i} kz`kfe" Ugf zv`kqgf} ahbbiu f gf`e }fqzibqk`f i} ugf vqf i vbqi`kakufe zgiuil}hzgq hbe)i} h}uka`fq" Ugf zv`kqgf}, kuq zh}fbu) z}kbakz`fq, qzibqi}q hbe)i} he~f}ukqf}q, h}f biu `kh`f kb hb f~fbu i} hb hbe h`` haukibq, aiquq, ehhlfq 'cbi|b hbe vbcbi|b+, fwzfbqfq, a`hkq, hbe `khk`kukfq |ghuqif~f}, hu `h| i} kb fxvku" Bi zi}ukib i ugkq hlhtkbf ahb f }fz}ievafe kb hb i}, i} hb fhbq, vb`fqq |kug ugf z}ki} |}kuufb zf}kqqkib }i ugf zv`kqgf} hbe }i ugf aibu}kvui} i h qzfakka h}uka`f, zgiuil}hzg i} he~f}ukqffbu" Hb ~ki`hukib i aiz}klgu i} vbhvugi}ktfe vqhlf i hb aibufbu, huf}kh`q, l}hzgkaq, u}hefh}cq, qf}~kaf h}cq, i} i}hu i ugkq hlhtkbf |k`` f hll}fqqk~f` zv}qvfe ugf zv`kqgf}" H`` u}hefh}cq i} qf}~kaf h}cq '}flkquf}fe i} vb}flkquf}fe+ aibuhkbfe kb ugkq hlhtkbf h}f ugf qi`f z}izf}u i ugfk} }fqzfauk~f i|bf}q, kba`vekbl vu biu `kkufe ui ugf zv`kqgf}"
m`IlQ
1=
Ukzq . U}kzq }io ugf fwzf}uq
dhZhB
15
Ku‛q a`iqf} ughb {iv ugkbc
15
88
mVQKBFQQ U]h~F`
1<
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aIBUFQUQ . lhOFQ
17
Zv`kqgf}4 Ugf N`klgu Qgizq, Kba" EmH N`klgu Afbu}f, NA U}h~f` Qi`vukibq, NA Hqqiakhufq, hbe LILI \i}`e|kef ^hahukibq
Dhzhb dzb Bukib Uiv}kqo If
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Ni} ef}ukqkb be)i} ekqu}kvukb izzi}uvbkukfq, zfqf fok iiuz}kbuq"otkbfJnkufbu}f"
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18
8 7>> 658 =888
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NIIUZ]KBUQ
6
Vbi}fuuf Nkk Kb |i}e i if} 111 kqbeq |ku oiqu ff}{ ibfkf ukku{ ui iiqf }io, ku kq |kuivu |ibef} |{ abekb u}ff}q of Nkk ufk} uiz efqukbukib i ikf i} ukib |{" Nkk q ffb }ufe oib uf uiz 86 i}ef ivbu}kfq i} u}ff}q ev}kb uf v}}fbu }ffqqkib kb uf VQ bbk o}fu, i}ekb ui uf |fqkuf Ni}fq"io" \fuf} u}ff}q }f qffkb ui eff kbui efbuv}f ib |kuf |uf} }ukb fwv}qkib, }fkbekb }iobf ib b fwiuk z}kuf ibf kqbe }fqi}u i} koof}qkb ufoqffq kb e{bok vuv}f, uf}f kq qiofukb i} ff}{ibf" hq uiv}kqu efqukbukib i ikf, Nkk if}q qiofukb i} ff}{ibf be u}ff}q }f ffb ui kqku uf z}kqukbf Zk Kqbe efqukbukib" hi}ekb ui Uiv}kqo Nkk, uf bukib uiv}kqu i}e i} uf Nkk Kq beq, Nkk‛q zizv}ku{ ffzq ib kb}fqkb ‑ q u {f} 8<,<66 abekbq kqkufe Nkk, b kb}fqf i 5& ioz}fe ui =: :<" ‐Nkk kq ibf i uf ob{ zfq uu q qveefb{ fiof oi}f i}ef ui abekb u}ff}q,‟ i}ekb ui Uiv}kqo Nkk hof}kq ]fkib Ek}fui} Kk Ouuiv" h }ffbu =: & efvukib i uf Nkk ei} ivzfe |ku 5:& kb { uf a bekb ei} ofbq uu ahE%8:: v}}fbu{ v{q Nd %8<; ib uf }ivbe" Ouuiv eefe ‐Uf ief q}f }}bfofbu fu|ffb hq hk}kbfq be hk} Zk qi ofq k} ibbfukibq fqkf} i} iv} abekb }kfbeq u i n{ ui Nkk" \f izf uu abekbq |k uf ebuf i ukq kb eekukib u i uf fwu}fof{ iv}f fwbf }ufq be buquk efq kf }io uf ivbu}{‛q kbevqu}{ z}ubf}q"‟ gf}f‛q |{ abekb u}ff}q |k |bu ui of Nkk ufk} efqukbukib i ikf4
Vbi}lfuuh`f Nkdk Okfq i |kuf qbe{ ffq, vq beqzfq, qekb |uf}q be uf ib{ qbe evbfq kb uf Qivu Zk of vz uf Nkk Kqbeq, xvkbufqqfbuk Zk Kqbe bukib |ku kq ufbkb fof}e kqfq if}kb u}fqv}f u}if i ukkukfq i} qfqibfe be }qu/ukof u}ff}q" Uf kqbeq }f qz}kbfe if} b }f i ifb =,7:: o bi}ufqu i Q{ebf{, hvqu}k be 8,76: o bi}u i hvbe, Bf| Tfbe"
« Nkdk Uiv}kq mih}e
Dvqu Qh ‐mv`h‟
Ok`fq i |gkuf qhbe{ mfhagfq, `vqg `hbeqahzfq, ahqahekbl |huf}h``q hbe ugf ib`{ qhbe evbfq kb ugf Qivug Zhaka ohcf vz ugf Nkdk Kq`hbeq"
« Nkdk Uiv}kq mih}e
‐mv‟ kq uf}o uu Nkkbq vqf ui |fiofq kqkui}q ui }fqi}uq, i kfq be zvk zfq" Uf |i}e kq kbfukivq" Bi|f}f ib f}u |k u}ff}q ekqif} q }kfbe{ zfizf" Uf Nkkbq‛ fbvkbf |}ou be }kfbekbfqq uv}b ff}{ e{ kbui qukb ukib ofoi}{" Nkk‛q kqui}k fbe i Ofbfqkb, Zi{bfqkb, Fv}izfb, Kbekb be akbfqf vuv}fq z}ikef }k izzi}uvbkukfq i} vuv} uiv}kqo, qiv}{ ekbkb be ekf}qf qizzkb" Ni} vukouf efbuv}f, ibf/i//kbe be fwv}qkibq be ovukuvef i ifb qzi}u q, }io fwfzukib ekkb, qbi}fkb, {kb be }vkqkb ib Uf mvf ` iib be azukb aii of i} b vbz}ffe ukib" 87>>658=888
« Nkdk Uiv}kq mih}e
N`KlgUaFBU ]F"ah)NIIU Z]KBUQ
« Nkdk Uiv}kq mih}e
NIIUZ]KBUQ
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H Ek~f}‛q Zh}hekqf \i}e/qq ekf qkufq uffokb |ku }kkbu qiu i}q be b vbebf i qf }fuv}fq of ~bv `fv, Nkk‛q qfibe }fqu kqbe, ibf i uf fqu vbef}qf fwzf}kfbfq ib f}u" Uf kqbe‛q o}kbf ofqu{ iquq k}bu vbef}qf |q, i} feq, qffokb{ iuuiofqq e}iz/iq ' iv}kuf i dfb/ Okf aivqufv+ be ffu{ }kbi}fquq uu f kbqzk}fe iu hof}kbq be hvqu}kbq ui izfb }fqi}uq ib kuq z}kqukbf qi}fq"
H Gh~fb Ni} ]ihbaf Ni} uiqf qffkb u}vf }iobf, ii bi v}uf} ub Nkk" N}io z}kuf zkbkq ib efqf}ufe kqbeq ui befku ekbbf}q i} u|i ib uf f vbef} biz{ i qu} q, ivzfq ekqif} uf f}{ efbkukib i ‗ibf{oiib‛" lvfquq iiqf }io \fquf}b/qu {f |feekbq be f}foibkfq u qvbqfu ui uf oi}f u}ekukib Nkkb/qu{f f}foib{ |ku uf }kef e}fqqfe kb uf u}eku kib uz iu, ii|fe { b fi}uf ii 'u}ekukib Nkkb fqu+"
Qkoz`{ ugf mfqu
« Nkdk Uiv}kq mih}e
N}i Hi}eh`f ui @vwv} Haaiiehukibq Nkk‛q okbbe }fqi}uq }f vqu q v}kb q kuq f/qu} ibf kqbe }fqi}uq" Uf ai} aiqu ib Nkk‛q }fqu kqbe ~kuv `fv fuv}fq oief}b iufq i qktfq |ku iib ziiq, vq }efbq, f }fquv}buq, }qu/}uf iooieukibq be ovukuvef i ukkukfq ui zfqf ff}{ibf }io ibf{oiibf}q ui offukb if}q" Efb}v K qbe be uf Bek }fkib }f iof ui qiof i uf |i}e‛q |kef{ }fibktfe }fqi}uq kbvekb |f bi|b Bi}u hof}kb }beq kbvekb gkuib, ]ekqqib, \fqukb be Kbuf}aibukbfbu" U ui {iv} Nku afbu}f ibqvubu uie{ be q ff i| i}ef ike{ ui Nkk b f"
Z}k~k`flfq
]i{h` A`vm
HEEFE/^H@VF NFHUV]FQ FWA@VQK^F UI HK] AHBHEH ^HAHUKIBQ ZHQQFBLF]Q
HU IAAKEFBUH@ L]HBE GIUF@Q . ] FQI]UQ, H^HK@HM@F UI AVQUIOF]Q KB AHBHEH, IB@[ \KUG HK] AHBHEH ^HAHUKIBQ
• N]FF he~hbaf qfhu qf`faukib
• Fwa`vqk~f)fh}`{ agfac/kb hbe `huf agfacivu • Fwu}h }fqf}~hukibq hu ê `h ah}uf }fquhv}hbuq • ]iio a`iqf ui mfhag i} kb z}fnf}}fe `iahukib
• Z}k~huf agfac/kb)agfacivu • Zf}qibh` aibakf}lf qf}~kaf • Fwa`vqk~f ekbkbl }iio • Fwa`vqk~f mfhag hbe)i} zii` h}fhq • Z}fnf}}fe qfhukbl hu h`` ê `h ah}uf }fquhv}hbuq
• Ekqaivbuq ib qzh u}fhuofbuq • Aibakf}lf qf}~kaf 16 }fqi}uq n}io Mhgkh Z}kbakzf A`vmq . ]fqi}uq, Aiaibvu Mh{ ]fqi}u . Qzh, Zh}hekqvq ]fqi}uq, Qfa}fuq . E}fhoq ]fqi}uq, Qi` Of`kè Hof}kah Giuf`q . ]fqi}uq hbe Qi` Of`kè Avmh
Iaakefbuh` L}hbe H}vmh, Iaakefbuh` L}hbe Aitvof`, Iaakefbuh` L}hbe Zhzhlh{i, Iaakefbuh` L}hbe Zvbuh Ahbh hbe Iaakefbuh` L}hbe Wah}fu
Nfhuv}fqoh{~h}{ m{}fqi}u"
Ah`` {iv} N`klgu Afbu}f aibqv`uhbu uieh{(
7
NIIUZ]KBUQ
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\gfb zfiz`f ugkbc in Nkdk, ugf{ ugkbc4 ‐Ugf n}kfbe`kfqu zfiz`f kb ugf |i}`e‟ i} ugf{ ugkbc4 ‐Ibf in ugf uiz 6 }iohbuka efqukbhukibq kb ugf |i}`e‟ i} ‐Ugf qzh ahzkuh` in ugf Qivug Zhaka‟ i} ni} ek~f}q, ‐Ibf in ugf uiz 8: ek~f efqukbhukibq kb ugf |i}`e‟ hbe ‐Ugf qinu ai}h` ahzkuh` in ugf |i}`e‟ ( Mvu kn {iv |hbu ui gh~f nvb hbe lfu {iv} he~fbuv}f he}fbh`kbf qgiu, ugf}f h}f bi kq/ `hbeq hbe oh{mf bi z`haf ib fh}ug ughu ahb z}i~kef ku h`` `kcf Nkdk eifq( [iv ahb lfu {iv} gfh}u zvozkbl |kug kba}fekm`f |gkuf |huf}
}k~f} }hnukbl, qgh}c ek~kbl, dfumihukbl, qv}bl, tkz/`kbkbl, |kbeqv}bl, dfu/qckkbl i} |huf} qckkbl, hbe fkugf} gklg`hbeq i} }hkbni}fqu u}fcckbl, qfh i} }k~f} ch{hckbl, oivbuhkb mkckbl, gi}qfmhac/}kekbl, qc{ ek~kbl hbe zh}h/ qhk`kbl" Hbe ni} ugf qzi}u/qgf}ohb ugf}f‛q ‐zizzf}‟ ahqukbl, `kbf qgkbl hbe effz qfh qgkbl( Hee h|fqiof qafbf}{, hokbl qvbqfuq, }hkbni}fqu |huf}nh``q hbe vba}i|efe, z}kq/ ukbf mfhagfq hbe {iv} fwzf}kfbaf |k`` mf qi vbni}lfuuhm`f {iv‛`` cbi| |g{ ugf ib`{ hbq|f} ui ‐Ug}k`` Of‟ kq ‐Nkdk Of(‟
Kbev`lf |kugivu gfqkuhukib Xvh}} Qvb}kqf « Zh` Qz}kblq Uiv}kq mih}e
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Qz if}q b }fvfbuf |ku uf ufqu u}fuofbuq i} qi kb buv} iu okbf} |uf}q, |kf iuf}q b kqku uf efqf}u ovqfvoq be }u f}kfq, qozf euf qf u i euf }efb, i} q zfbe e{ qizzkb kb u}fbe{ ivukxvfq, k}/ibekukibfe oq, i} ivueii}q u ibf i qff} qu}ffu k}q"
zzfe oivbukbq, obkv}fe i iv}qfq, be fbefqq e{q i qvbqkbf"
2 U}fhukbl {iv}qf`n ui h |f``/efqf}~fe ~hahukib9 Ugf}f‛q ibf ugkbl ughu {iv ahb‛u hnni}e ui mf |kugivu ‑ ¢ Ef`vwf Zhachlf ]MA Kbqv}hbaf u}h~f` kbqv}hbaf"
$ Ugf Ef`vwf Zhachlf kba`vefq 4 2 Vb`kokufe mfbfuq ni} fof}lfba{ ofekah` u}fhuofbu 2 U}kz Ahbaf``hukib hbe Kbuf}}vzukib z}iufaukib 2 Mhllhlf hbe Zf}qibh` Fnnfauq ai~f}hlf 2 N`klgu hbe U}h~f` Haakefbu kbqv}hbaf 2 =5)< fof}lfba{ hqqkquhbaf hbe vzn}ibu zh{ofbu in f`klkm`f ofekah` fwzfbqfq |gfb ziqqkm`f
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h }ku vuv}f u}iv qvqukbf uiv}kqo Uf ibfzu i u}fkb ‑ kqkukb i}fkb kukfq ui fwzf}kfbf bf| qkufq, kqui}{, vuv}f be beqzfq ‑ q ffb }ivbe i} fbuv}kfq" \kf ukq qffoq ok be }iobuk, uf ei|bqkef kq uu oqq uiv}kqo b f f}{ bfukf kozu ib uf ekf}qf kuuq be kbekfbivq vuv}fq i uf zfq kqkufe" Ui iou ukq, uf}f q ffb }fu kb}fqf kb uf z}ukf i qvqukbf uiv}kqo kb }ffbu {f}q"
Qvqukbf uiv}kqo ivqfq ib }fevkb uf kozu i uiv}kqo u}iv fiokb kbi}ofe ivu be }fqzfukb uf vuv}fq be vquioq i uf efqukbukib, qvzzi}ukb i vqkbfqqfq, be qffkb vqkbfqqfq uu }f fbk}ibofbu{ }fqzibqkf" U}iv ukq uf}f |k f kuuf bfukf kozu be qvzzi}u |k f z}ikefe ui uf i fibio{" \kf biu u}f iozbkfq z}ukf qvqukbf uiv}kqo uf}f }f kbevqu}{ fef}q, qv q Kbu}fzke U}f, |k f vku ukq kbui ufk} i}f vfq" Kbu}fzke, iozb{ qzfkktkb kb qo }ivz efbuv}f uiv}kqo, |q ivbefe kb 8;7; be qkbf kuq kbfzukib q z}ukqfe }fqzibqkf u}f" Uiv}q }f }vb |ku b f}f i 8: zqqfbf}q, i|kb uf }ivzq ui fu i uf fufb zu be u}v{ fwzf}kfbf ekf}fbu vuv}fq" Kbu}fzke vqfq i u}bqzi}uukib |f}ff} ziqqkf be qi fuq be qu{q kb qo/qf, i{/i|bfe fqukqofbuq" Nv}uf}oi}f, uf{ f
8> NIIU Z]KBU Q
Q"g" ‑ Z}kbf lfi}f, ma ‐H f| |ffcq hli K miicfe h nklgu hu N`klgu Afbu}f" K dvqu |hbu ui ofbukib ughu {iv |f}f uf}}ka kb gf`zkbl of miic" [iv |f}f hm`f ui be of h l}fhu nklgu, hbe {iv hbq|f}fe h`` i o{ xvfqukibq hbe lh~f of h uib i ~f}{ vqfv` kbi}ohukib, qvag hq kbi}ohukib ib gi| ui lfu h ^KQH i} M}htk`" Ughbc {iv(‟ c"a" ‑ Ui}ibui, IB ‐K dvqu |hbu {iv ui cbi| ughu o{ miqq ghq biugkbl mvu aioz`kofbuh}{ ugkblq ui qh{ hmivu {iv} qf}~kafq, ugf `hufqu ugkq oi}bkbl kq ughu {iv h}f ugf oiqu fakfbu hlfba{ gf cbi|q" K ho qi l`he K |hq hm`f ui }ff} gko ui {iv" Ughbc {iv(‟ c"`" ‑ ~bivf}, ma
effizfe qfz}uf i}bktukib fe Ugf Kbu}fzke Nivbehukib |k qvzzi}uq 8: BlI Z}ubf}q be }ivbe 1: z}ifuq kb fu }f, fevukib, vob }kuq, ke |f}f be kb fbk}ibofbu be |kekf z}iufukib" Kbu}fzke U}f q qi zzikbufe v/ukof ]fqzibqkf Uiv}kqo Ek}fui} |i q ffb |i}kb ui fbqv}f uf iozb{ kq }ib iqfu kb uiv}q be vqkbfqq z}ukfq { =:8:" K {iv‛}f b ke u}ff}, {iv o{ bi| f |ibef}kb i| {iv zf}qib{ b z}ukf qvqukbf uiv}kqo" \f, kb eekukib ui iiqkb uiv}q |ku }fqzibqkf iozbkfq qv q Kbu}fzke U}f, uf}f }f ob{ qk
h"Z"~" ‑ Ui}ibui, IB ‐[iv lv{q h}f l}fhu hbe K |k`` efbkuf`{ h`|h{q aibukbvf ui vqf N`klgu Afbu}f hq {iv} quh kq u}v`{ |ibef}v`"‟
Uflh``h`hbl,mh`k « Kbu}fzke U}h~f`
c"Q" ‑ Iq|, IB
‐K ghe z`hbbfe ib miickbl o{ ~hahukib o{qf` ib`kbf, mvu ivbe ugf agikafq i~f}|gf`okbl" K |fbu kbui N`klgu Afbu}f ui lfu qiof he~kaf, hbe {iv |f}f MF[IBE zgfbiofbh` kb gf`zkbl of lv}f ivu o{ |hbuq hbe bffeq, hbe {iv uiic ugf ukof ui qgi| of ekf}fbu izukibq" K `kcf ui hqc h `iu i xvfquk ibq, hbe {iv ofu o{ fbugvqkhqo hbe qgh}fe {iv} fwzf}kfbafq, |gkag }fh``{ gf`zfe of ohcf o{ efakqkib" K bf~f} f`u z}fqqv}fe ui mv{ qiofugkbl hbe K |hq biu i}afe ui qzfbe ivuqkef i o{ mvelfu" K‛~f bf~f} mffb ui h u}h~f` hlfba{ mfi}f, mvu {iv |f}f qvzf} gf`zv` hbe K lfbvkbf`{ hzz}fakhufe {iv} kbzvu hbe K |k`` mf mhac ui miic |kug {iv hlhkb" Ckbefqu ughbcq"‟ ["l" ‑ Ui}ibui, IB ‐K gh~f }fafbu`{ miicfe h u}kz ug}ivlg N`klgu Afbu}f" K dvqu |hbufe ui hacbi|`felf {iv} FWAF@@FBU avquiof} qf}~kaf" \gfb K ah``fe, {iv |f}f dvqu hmivu ui a`iqf, hbe kbqufhe i ohckbl of ah`` mhac ugf bfwu eh{, {iv gf`zfe of zhukfbu`{ hbe liu of h l}fhu }huf ib o{ gi`keh{" K‛e `kcf ui hacbi|`felf ugf avquiof} qf}~kaf K‛~f }fafk~fe m{ {iv, qkbaf ku ghq mffb ugf mfqu K‛~f }fafk~fe kb h `ibl ukof, hbe ku kq gklg`{ `kcf`{ ughu K |k`` }faioofbe {iv ui iugf}q" Ughbcq hlhkb(‟ O"E" ‑ ~bivf}, ma
z}kbkzfq {iv b ffz kb okbe ib {iv} iv}bf{q" hq ivukbfe if, u}{ ui ike b{ kbuf}bukib kbq |fb qf}kb i}
‗ UI IZFB VZ UgF \I]`E NI] U gIQF \gI \hBU UI QFF‛
‐K }fafbu`{ miicfe h mvqkbfqq u}kz |kug N`klgu Afbu}f" Ugf qf}~kaf K }fafk~fe }io {iv |hq fwaf``fbu" [iv hbq|f}fe h`` o{ xvfqukibq, xvkac`{ }fqzibefe ui fohk`q hbe `iicfe kbui qf~f}h` nklgu aibbfaukibq oi}f ughb ibaf" Kb ugf zhqu K gh~f miicfe |kug iugf} u}h~f` hlfbakfq, mvu K gh~f biu }fafk~fe ugf qhof `f~f` i qf}~kaf ughu |hq fwufbefe ui of m{ N`klgu Afbu}f" Ugf bfwu ukof K u}h~f`, N`klgu Afbu}f |k`` mf o{ }qu agikaf"‟
‐K }fafbu`{ miicfe h u}kz |kug N`klgu Afbu}f" K dvqu |hbufe ui `fu {iv cbi| ughu {iv z}i~kefe of hbe o{ zh}ubf} hohtkbl qf}~kaf" [iv} quh |hq }kfbe`{, gf`zv`, ivulikbl hbe {i v ivbe vq hb hohtkbl efh` hu h uiz giuf` kb Agkahli" Hbe dvqu hq K |}kuf ugkq, {iv} hlfbu dvqu ohef h i``i|/ vz ah`` |kug of ui fbqv}f ughu K |hq h`` qfu hbe ghe h`` o{ xvfqukibq hbq|f}fe( K }fh``{ ei hzz}fakhuf ugkq hohtkbl qf}~kaf( Cffz ku vz(‟
"""agiiqf `iah` mvqkbfqqfq |gkag |k`` biu ib`{ z}i~kef qvzzi}u ui u gfk} }flkibh` faibio{, ku |k`` h`qi z}i~kef {iv |kug h ofhbkblv` fwzf}kfbaf hq {iv fbdi{ u}hekukibh` avkqkbfq hbe kbuf}hau |kug `iah`q"
Zhe Ughk,Ughk`hbe « Kbu}fzke U}h~f`
ufqukoibkq gf}f‛q |u iv} vquiof}q f ui q{""""
Gvuiblq,Agkbh « Kbu}fzke U}h~f`
7>> 8 658 =888
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]faa`kbl . \hquf ]fevaukib
Nku afbu}f q ufofe vz |ku afbf} akouf `ue", ui z}ikef kb ui ‗}ib vui}‛" Ukq eeq q kozf z}ifev}f u uf ukof i iikb {iv} u}f }}bfofbuq uu |k i| {iv ui efuf}okbf uf }ib fokuufe }io {iv} nku be ivbu}k{ vbe }fbf|f fbf}{ z}ifu kb effizkb ivbu}{ ui iqfu ku"
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Ni} fwozf, qive u}ff} |bu ui i ‗}ib bfvu} ‛ uf{ b iqfu uf }ib fokqqkibq z}ievfe { ufk} u}kz u}iv afbf} akouf, |i kb uv}b zvu u f oibf{ kbui z}ifu uu |k qf u f qof oivbu i }ib fokqqkibq u}iv fbf}{ fkfb{ ofbq 'fkfbu ku/vq+ i} fbf}{ }fbf|f z}ifuq '|kbe uv}kbfq, be }fofekukib, qi}+"Uf iozb{‛q z}ifuq }f q u}vuv}fe kb i}ebf |ku vkefkbfq qfu ivu { iekfq qv q uf Vbkufe Bukibq N}of|i} aibfbukib Ib akouf abf 'VBNaaa+ be uf lie Qube}e be }f oibkui}fe { uk}e z}u{ ui f}k{ uu uf{ iqfu uf oivbu qzfkfe"
Iaf Fb~k}ibfbuh` Zi`ka hu Nku afbu}f . Nao, b kbuf}b Fbk}ibofbu aiookuuff q ffb fqukqfe q i}vo i} q} kb be ioovbkukb iozb{ kbkukukfq i} ef}fqkb iv} fbk}ibofbu kozu kb uf |i}zf" Iv} if zik{ kbvefq4
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Fbqv}kbl }fa{a`kbl mkbq h}f h~hk`hm`f . haafqqkm`f kb h`` inaf h}fhq" Vqkbl fohk` ui aioovbkahuf hbe qfbe eiavofbuq |fbff} ziqqkf" Z}kbukbl kbni}ohukib ib`{ hq }fh``{ bffefe" Z}haukakbl fnakfbu aiz{kbl)z}kbukbl 'f"l" eivm`f/qkefe aiz{kbl+ ]fevakbl zhachlkbl" Qiv}akbl hbe vqkbl }fa{a`fe, vbm`fhagfe, 8::& ziqu/aibqvof} zzf} i} z}kbufe ouf}kq |f}ff} ziqqkf" ]fevakbl ugf bvomf} in evz`kahuf qvmqa}kzukibq ui zf}kiekah`q, u}ef iv}bq be otkbfq i} }fzkb |ku ibkbf qvq}kzukibq |f}f kf" ]fevakbl ugf hoivbu in nhwfq mfkbl }fafk~fe" Eibhukib in i`e aiozvuf}q . af`` zgibfq ui agh}kukfq ni} }f/vqf" ]foi~h` in ekqziqhm`f avzq hbe z`hquka quk} qukacq . ugf vqf in `h}lf }f{f ok }uib kbqufe i }fof}q, kb if kufbq"
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]fevakbl hbe Iqfuukbl Iv} I|b Fkqqkibq
F`fau}ibka Fxvkzfbu
\f }f fekb { fwozf { iqfuukb i iv} i|b vqkbfqq k} u}f"
aiozvuf}q, }ekiq be iuf} okbfq |k f uv} bfe i |fb biu kb vqf" Qube{ be fbf}{ qf oiefq |k f vqfe |fb biu fqkf ui q|ku i" Qvzz`kf}q
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87 NIIU Z]KBU Q
‗ UI IZFB VZ UgF \I]`E NI] U gIQF \gI \hBU UI QFF‛
Kbu}fzke U}h~f` innf}q… • L}fhu u}kzq ui efqukbhukibq h`` i~f} ugf |i}`e • Lvh}hbuffe efzh}uv}fq • Kba`vqk~f z}kakbl quh}ukbl Bi~fomf} 8qu 'bi oi}f gkeefb aiquq+ • L}fhu ~h`vf / u}kzq n}io dvqu %1: zf} eh{( • ]fqzibqkm`f u}h~f` hbe ` iah` kbuf}haukib
UGF @VWV][ \F KBA@VEF
MI]EF]Q IB UGF FWU]FOF MVU [IV‛@@ LFU VQFE UI KU
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Ugf |i}`e‛q `fhef} kb efqukbhukib |feekblq lifq ui f wu}fofq ui z}i~kef ugf zf}nfau quh}u ui ugf zf}nfau oh}}khlf"
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^HAHUKIB
DHOHKAH • HBUKLVH • QU" @VAKH • MHGHOHQ $ Qzh
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8 7>> 658 =888p
Ibih}e
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n`klguafbu}f"ah)niiuz}kbuq
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MIIC . zh{ m{ Efa 87):; ni} u}h~f` mfu|ffb Dhb = ‑ Hz} 1:)8:"
8888z`vq @hq M}kqhq Gvhuv`ai Ofwkai FWA@VQK^F|kug Qklbhuv}f ^hahukibq
• • • •
5 qfa`vefe mfhagfq, ibf |kug kuq i|b |h`c/ivu ai}h` }ffn Kbqzk}fe avkqkbf kba`vekbl ]flkibh` qzfakh`ukfq, Ofwkahb, Oi}iaahb hbe Hqkhb ]iioq qu{`fe ui fozghqktf ugf qu}kckbl qfh ~kf|q . aioz`fw ~flfuhukib @iahufe kb Ofwkai‛q ib`{ fb~k}ibofbuh``{ n}kfbe`{ L}ffb L`imf =8 af}ukfe efqukbhukib
o qklbhu } v f~ hah ukibq"ai
$Qh~kblq in %8>: }fz}fqfbu ugf Fh}`{ miickbl Mibvq ni} ugf @hq M}kqhq Gvhuv`ai" Qh~kblq h}f zf} aivz`f, zf} |ffc hbe hzz`{ ui bf| }fqf}~hukibq zhke `kb m{nv` Efa 87):; ni} u}h~f` Dhb = ‑ Hz} 1:)8:" \gk`f h`` }fhqibhm`f fnni}uq gh~f mffb ohef ui fbqv}f ugf haav}ha{ in ugf kbni}ohukib kb ugkq he, Qklbhuv}f ^hahukibq haafzuq bi }fqzibqkmk`ku{ ni} haukibq, f}}i}q i} iokqqkibq h}kqkbl n}io ugf }fhef}q vqf in ugf kbni}ohukib gi|qif~f} ahvqfe" Qklbhuv}f ^hahukibq, h ek~kqkib in Nk}qu Agikaf Ahbheh Kba", 8>76 Ufag H~f", Vbku !=, Okqqkqqhvlh, @5\ :H<, IB ]fl !6::85>71, MA ]fl !1:51, XVF ]fl !7::=18" 8;67>
== NIIU Z]KBU Q
‗ UI IZFB VZ UgF \I]`E NI] U gIQF \gI \hBU UI QFF‛
Ib u{zk a}kfb }vkqf kukbf}}{, oiqu e{q }f uv{ qzfbu i uf qkz, |f}f vfquq kqku }kfu{ i fvukv, qivu uf} efqukbukibq" Ufqf kukbf}}kfq iokbf i}fivq ffq, kb}fekf evu{ }ff qizzkb, be |kef }bf i kbuf}fqukb ukkukfq be qkuqffkb izzi}uvbkukfq" Oiqu i ufqf efqukbukibq if} ov oi}f u i ei ub vqu { { uf f" gi|ff} i} uiqf iikb ui vqu qzfbe ufk} e{ ib qzfuv} f, uf}f kq bi qi}uf"
87>>658=888
\kf u qf, vfquq b iiqf ui z}ukkzuf kb |{q e}fofe i fkb kb uf qziuku, qiof }vkqfq ffb if} c}if, of qi|q, ibf i ivbufqq kbeii} be ivueii} ukkukfq u}ivivu uf e{, kbvekb zii ofq, okbk/ be zqqfbf} ufbu iozfukukibq 'qkok} ui i, u}kk ibufquq, ebf qqfq, }u vukibq, hof}kb kei+" |kbf uqukbq, be uf ff} zizv} mkbi" Qiof Ni} uf {ivb ibfq, }vkqfq if} qvzf}kqfe qkzq ffb fuv}f }i kokb |q, qv} ukkukfq }io oi}bkb vbuk bku( Ukq ofbq ziiq, be ziiqkef oikfq( uu keq be uffbq fbi{ lvfquq b qi iiqf ui f vqu q ov }kfu{ be vb zozf}fe kb |i}e qq qzq, EKE{IVCBI\9 uki}fe ui ufk} f }ivz q vb|kbe kb v{ |k}zii N`klgu Afbu}f ghq a}vkqf evuq ei( if}iikb uf ifb, i} qzfakh`kquq kb qgizq h`` qkoz{ }fw { ibf i qff} Nkb{, be |f qfe uf fqu ha}iqq Ahbheh" ziiq qikb kb uf qvb" i} qu, }vkqfq if} qiof i uf fqu vkqkbf be qf}kf huf} uf qvb qfuq, {iv‛ fbivbuf} b{|f}f kb uf a}kfb i} vfquq b iiqf }io }kfu{ i fwkukb Ofwki" Zvq, uf{ }f iufb oi}f i}ef ub fbuf}ukbofbu izukibq, kbvekb |i}e qq ob{ be qfe ukibq" Bi |ibef} }vkqfq qkbiq, z}ievukib qi|q, ovqk, be ebkb" f uf kfqu kfbu qukqukib }ukbq i b{ a}vkqfq fuv}f z}ifqqkib `q ~fq qu{f i}o i u}f( fbuf}ukbofbu, }io qib be ebf }fvfq ui iofe{ uq }io fekbf fbuf}ukbf}q" Qi bfwu ukof {iv‛}f zbbkb {iv} a}kfb a}vkqf qkzq qi fuv}f ovukzf }q, ivbfq, i} Ofwki ukib, k {iv‛}f iikb i} oi}f be ekqiq, if}kb qu{f i ovqk ui qvku ub vqu f, ibqkef} }vkqf( vqu ivu ff}{ vfqu( Ni} uiqf vfquq |i N`KlgUaFBU ]F"ah)NIIU Z]KBUQ
NIIUZ]KBUQ
=1
m}kukq aivok . uf =:8: \kbuf} lofq
m}kukq aivok‛q zzf kfq kb kuq vbkxvf iokbukib i |i}e/qq v}b be buv} |ibef}q be uf k}}fz}fqqkf ff}bfqq i m}kukq aivokbq ui q}f ku |ku {iv" Uf fbf kq biu v}kb ivu |u ei ui, vu i| ui ei ku " [iv |ib‛u |bu ui okqq ukb( ^hbaiv~f} ~bivf} kq b v}b iqkq qfu kbqu quvbbkb aiqu Oivbukb e}iz be kf{ iozkukib i }fu bfkiv}iieq" Uf}f‛q uf vquf be vquf i akbui|b ‑ ibf i uf }fqu ib uf ibukbfbu ‑ if}kb kqkui}q |fu i kbu}kvkb }kufuv}f, kqui}{ be efkkivq uqufq" Uf ikquf}ivq qu}kz i `kuuf Ku{ ib aioof}k E}kf, iquq ukbq ivbuf}vuv}f, }io iiqui}fq ui ifokb ëq" gkzquf} fb Okb Qu}ffu kq }ivqu |ku ëq, ivukxvfq be b }}{ i fubk be ffu}kb ekbkb izukibq" Nqf a}ff‛q l}bkf Kqbe fuv}fq qizq, }ukqb f}kfq, qfiie }fquv}buq, qu}ffu fbuf}ukbofbu be uf kfkfqu zvk o}fu b{|f}f" hbe eib‛u okqq uf u}fbe{ }fqui}fe |}fivqf ekqu}ku i [fui|b, |ku b}}i| ife qu}ffuq, u}fbe{ qizq be uiz fuf}kfq" \ku z}q be ffq, ekbkb be ufu}f, ~bivf} kq ibf i uf f| zfq kb uf |i}e |f}f {iv b qk, kf, i be qiz, ib uf qof e{(
^kaui}kh Oief}b {fu kqui}k, ma‛q kf{ zku if}q vfquq okw i xvkbu m}kukq }o be kz uukuvef, v}kb kqkui}q iikb i} kuuf ku ‗i‛ Fbbe" li}fivq }efbq be quuf{ qufq zukuf, |kf }fvfbukb qzq, vb{ qizq be fwfzukib }fquv}buq fib" ~kui}k‛q Kbbf} g}iv} kq uf zk uv}f i ie |i}e }o be iof ui ma‛q `fkqukf mvkekbq" gf uf}biib uf u uf Nk}oibu Foz}fqq giuf be ziz kb ui uf ]i{ ma Ovqfvo" ~kui}k‛q akbui|b ‑ ibf biufe i} kuq izkvo efbq be okb ivqfq ‑ kq ovqu/qff" U}f}qf uf luf i g}oibkivq Kbuf}fqu be qu}i Nb Ub hf{" Uf mvu}u l}efbq }f efqkbufe Bukib gkqui}k Qkuf" guf{ aquf iquq abe‛q ib{ kbuu Fe|}ekb }efb be a}ke}}i aquf kq vqu qi}u | }io uf h}u lf}{ i l}fuf} ~kui}k" h kqku ui ~kui}k oku vqu uf k i} uiqf kqk ukb ~bivf} be)i} \kquf} ev}kb uf lofq, ff} ui fwzf}kfbf oi}f i |u ma q ui if}"
\gkqu`f} \kquf} kq uf giqu Oivbukb ]fqi}u i u f ~bivf} =:8: I{ozk be Z}{ozk \kbuf} lofq" \fuf} {iv fwzi}f ib iiu, k tkzkbf, qku qkzzkb ie ibf |ku }kfbeq i} uf ui uf qizfq, {iv‛ ff uf fwkufofbu kb ukq |i}e/qq }fqi}u" [f} uf} {f}, \kquf} zuv}fq uf ibiv} i uiz |kbuf} }fqi}u kb Bi}u hof}k, q iufe { qkf}q be qbi|i}ef}q i{" hbe uf}f‛q iu oi}f f}f u b L}ivqf oivbuhkb ]fqi}u
NIIUZ]KBUQ
=6
aibukbvfe }io zhlf =6
\kquf} be mio Oivbukbq ‑ f z}fz}fe i} |u {iv‛ be ei|b fi|" Ofbef} uf xvkbu zfefqu}kb/ib{ qu}ffuq kbfe |ku qizq, }fquv}buq be }fwkb qzq ‑ \kquf} ziqkukf{ fwvefq kf }o" Uff vz if}q( \kquf} kq iof ui qiof i uf uiz iv}qfq kb abe |ku zbi}ok oivbukb be fqi}f kf|q"
m}kukqg Ai`vkh \f`aifq ugf \i}`e( Ku‛q bi |ibef} m}kukq aivok |q iqfb ui iqu uf =:8: \kbuf} lofq" abe‛q |fquf}boiqu z}ikbf kq qfu fu |ffb uf Zk Ifb ib uf |fqu, uf ofquk qbi|/ife ]ikfq ib uf fqu be kq fqqfe |ku qu be }kfe beqzfq kb fu|ffb" Uf}f }f oivbukbq ui ko, }kf} }zkeq ui }vb, qf/qz}{fe ffq ui io, k efqf}u ui kf…be qiof i uf fqu q kkb kb uf |i}e" h ie ofe efqukbukib i} q{ u}ff}q, ma qi if}q iqoizikub vuv}f, }u fwkkukibq, vzui|b qizzkb, fvukv z}q be ekbkb ui qukq{ ff}{ uquf" hbe uf}f‛q bff} ffb fuuf} ukof ui kqku(
^hbaiv~f} =:8: Zh}h`zka \kbuf} Lhfq N}io O} 8= ‑ =8, =:8: ~bivf} be \kquf} |k iqu uf 8:u Z}{ozk \kbuf} lofq" \u fuuf} ukof ui kqku ma be q}f uf I{ozk qzk}ku9 Qkw vbe}fe ufufq |k iozfuf kb kf qfef if{, |ffk} v}kb, zkbf qkkb, }iqq ivbu}{ qkkb be kuib, >5 qfz}uf ofe ffbuq uifuf}" [iv qive biuf uu uf =:8: \kbuf} lofq o{ z}if ui f uf oiqu fqqkf lofq ff} fe |ku }}kf}/}ff fqq u fbvfq be kkukfq"
]kagibe I`zka I~h`
Ahbheh‛q Lhfq \fb ~bivf} |q qffufe q giqu aku { i uf ~bivf} =:8: I{ozk be Z}{ozk \kbuf} lofq uf fbuk}f ivbu} { f}vzufe kb qkovubfivq ff}ukib" Ufqf lofq }f abe‛q lofq be |k f z}fqfbufe kb oqqkf, iozfkb be vbi}fuuf |{ ib uf |i}e quf" Qzfk }}bfofbuq }f kb zf ui fbqv}f qu, fkfbu u}bqzi}uukib ui be }io fbvfq i} kqkui}q be iq, q |f q i} ufufq be =:8: \kbuf} lofq zf}qibbf" h bvof} i bf| iufq }f vz be }vbbkb( Kb ~bivf}, uf `iefb ~bivf} giuf be Qb}k/` giuf ~bivf} }f izfb" aiqu ai g}iv} giuf, uf Nk}oibu Zk ]ko be ]koibe‛q \fqukb \ afbu}f ~bivf} hk}zi}u }f izfbkb qiib be uf Q f}uib ~bivf} hk}zi}u giuf }fizfbfe ukq qvoof}"
=:8: \kbuf} Lhfq ^fbvfq Uf =:8: \kbuf} lofq |k uf zf kb uf kukfq i ~bivf} be ]koibe, be kb uf |i}e/qq qk }fqi}u i \kquf}" Uf}f }f qff} }be bf| ffbu fbvfq be iuf} kkukfq f ffb fwufbqkf{ }fv}kqfe3 ob{ }f |fiokb kqkui}q bi|"
Ugf \gkqu`f} Q`kekbl Afbu}f
Uf \kquf} Qkekb afbu}f, qku f i uf iqfk, vf be qffuib iozfukukibq, |fiofq uf zvk ui kqku u f u} ief kqkui} fbu}f" \kquf} I{ozk Z})\kquf} Z}{ozk Z} kq uf }qu I{ozk fbvf ui iqu u}ff Bi}ek ffbuq ib ibf qkuf" Uf ]koibe I{ozk I kq qzfuv} ovuk/vqf kku{ be iqu fbvf i} qzffe qukb ffbuq, fiokb qvoof} be |kbuf} qzi}uq fbu}f uf} uf lofq"
\gfb {iv eib‛u cbi| |ghu ui lfu qiofibf ni} Ag}kquohq"""lk~f ugfo ugf |i}`e"
\fuf} {iv iiqf ui u}f ui ma fi}f, ev}kb i} uf} uf =:8: \kbuf} lofq, iof be ekqif} ff}{ukb uu ofq ukq fvukv z}ikbf qi qzfk"
Lknu Ah}e =888 8 7>> 658 f "a h nkl guaf b u}
8 7>> 658 =888p
n`klguafbu}f"ah)niiuz}kbuq
^hbaiv~f},m}kukqg Ai`vkh
=> NIIU Z]KBU Q
‗ UI IZFB VZ UgF \I]`E NI] U gIQF \gI \hBU UI QFF‛
7>> 8 658 =888
N`KlgUaFBU ]F"ah)NIIU Z]KBUQ
NIIUZ]KBUQ
=<
]fe oivbuhkb ]fqi}u U}ff qkkb kq |u zvuq ]fe ib uf oz" F qukqfe kb 87;>, ]fe Oivbukb q iqf ui 7;: o i kb}fekf f}uk, vbebu qbi| be k kbfq 'be |f eib‛u ofb k ku kbfq+" [iv‛ qk o tkb{ ekf}qf uf}}kb |ku oivq f} uk, vbuivfe zi|ef}/zfe i|q be |kef izfb }iiofe }vbq" I}, qi| uf zf |ku zfbu{ i |kbekb }iqq/ivbu}{ be qbi|qif u}kq kb ukq ivbu}{ |ibef}be"
\gkuf|huf} \kbuf} ]fqi}u Qkkb be qbi|i}ekb }f |{ i kf kb \kuf|uf} |f}f ‗fu iiqf be f vb‛ kq uf oiuui" `iufe bf} ~kui}kb/qu{f Bfqib, ukq kq q vufbuk qk fwzf}kfbf q {iv‛ be b{|f}f" \kuf|uf} kq }fbi|bfe i} kuq fzk zi|ef}, quvzfbeivq /kbf qkkb be |fqiof qfbf}{ ‑ uf kef ibekukibq i} b v bi}fuuf qk i} qbi|i}e ike{" Fwzf}kfbfe qkf}q b f uf }kef i kfukof3 fkbbf}q b }fw ib }vbq |ku fbuf }iiokb be }kfbe{ i|q"
]f~f`quicf oivbuhkb ]fqi}u
\gkqu`f} m`hacai
Qk ma aiof Qk m}kukq aivok ukq {f}( m}kukq aivok‛q qk qfqib kq efbfe { fb oivbukb k}, vbuivfe |kef}bfqq be fvukv oivbukb }bfq uu ei}b uf zfq i qk otkbfq }ivbe uf |i}e" Ukq kq |u uf |i}e‛q fqu ufufq }f iokb i} kb =:8:" mvu {iv b fwzf}kfbf ku ukq |kbuf}" ma‛q qk }fqi}uq |k f izfb, if}kb kqkui}q |i}e/qq qkkb, qbi|i}ekb be iuf} |kbuf} ukkukfq fi}f, ev}kb be uf} uf ~bivf} =:8: I{ozk be Z}{ozk \kbuf} lofq" \gkqu`f} m`hacai
Qvb Zfhcq ]fqi}u
Zhbi}hh oivbuhkb ^k``hlf
\fiof ui Bi}u hof}k‛q z}fokf} qk be qbi|i}e }fqi}u be }fufqu f}uk/}kqf oivbukbq, \kquf} be mio, kbfe { uf bf| ZFhc = ZFhc libei" \kquf} mio q uf oiqu qkf uf}}kb‑ fkbbf}, kbuf}ofekuf be fwzf}u ‑ ib uf ibukbfbu" gk zkbf zi|ef}, vufq, }vkqf}q be ovqu/qk oivq of ukq uf ikivq ikf i} qkkb fbvfq ev}kb uf =:8: \kbuf} lofq"
mq kb uf qvb be q k qiof i abe‛q e}kfqu qbi| kb ukq fbbukb 1/zf, qk kb) qk ivu }fqi}u" Fwzf}kfbf bf| ff i qkkb i} qbi|i}ekb ib 8== |f/}iiofe }vbq kb effz e}{ zi|ef} oef ziqqkf { =::: iv}q i bbv qvbqkbf" Uf}f kq bi i ukbq ui ei ibf uf qvb eifq i ei|b |ku zvq, }fquv}buq, }ikb‛ bku v, qukb }kbq be uvf z}"
cbi|b i} qiof i Bi}u hof}k‛q kfqu f}ukq, ib }vkqf}q, vb}i|efe qizfq be 8::: }fq i ivbu}{/qu{f uf}}kb, Zbi}o q ku 4 ei|bk, Bi}ek, fk/qkkb, qbi|oikkb, qbi|qifkb be ib/oivbukb iekb" huf} e{ ib uf qizfq, qkb kbui uf kbu, qizf/qkef, iu ziiq fi}f ukb kb }kfu{ i ok{ ukkukfq, }fquv}buq be z}çq izukibq kb uf ke{k, ok{/qu{f zfefqu}kb kf"
mkl \gkuf Qck ]fqi}u mk \kuf kq abe‛q }fqu qk/kb)qk/ivu }fqi}u kf, }fbi|bfe i} kuq vbebf i ku, e}{ ozbf zi|ef}, oke ufozf}uv}fq be }vbq kbfe |ku ‗Qbi| liquq‛" Uf ckeq afbu}f, qk qii z}i}oq be }bk bkuq ofq mk \kuf uf zf}fu efqukbukib i} okkfq be }kfbeq" hukkukfq kbvef ei|bk be }iqq/ ivbu}{, qbi|i}ekb, ei qfeekb, qukb, qbi|oikkb, qbi|qifkb, uiibkb… be kqkukb uf qz" =7 NIIU Z]KBU Q
Nf}bkf H`zkbf ]fqi}u
Ukq zi|ef} z}ekqf fuv}fq 6 oqqkf zkbf i|q, fbefqq Qk`~f} Quh} EKE{IVCBI\9 vufq, kq be efq" ]i``kbl oivbuhkb ]fqi}u N`klgu Afbu}f ahb uhcf Quibf fe Nf}bkf ah}f i h`` iv} qck gi`keh Qkf} Qu} kq ok{/ ‐uf iifqu zf kb Bi}u bffeq9 N}i haaiiehukib i}kfbufe, qbi|{ hof}k‟" Ufqf zfq iufb ui `ku zhqqfq, |f‛~f liu |ibef}be iufe kb }ffkf oi}f qbi| ub b{ iv ai~f}fe" ma‛q qvbb{ Ibb" oi} }fqi}u kb abe" Ku‛q Uf }fqi}u kq qfu kbqu zf |f}f uf fkbbf} ffq b fbbukb qk kb) }ku u iof be uf fwzf}u qk ivu ~kui}kb/qu{f kf be kq }fbi|bfe beq bk}b" mf{ibe uf qizfq u}{ i} qbi|i}ekb, ei|bk be Bi}ek, b eiqfe, qbi|oikf i} qbi|qif q}k" ‗ UI IZFB VZ UgF \I]`E NI] U gIQF \gI \hBU UI QFF‛
vbebf i ozbf zi|ef} be ofukvivq }iiokb" \ku kuq oke ufozf}uv}fq, fkbbf} u}iv fwzf}u uf}}kb, qukb, uvkb, qfk }kefq be ffb }f|i}q, Qkf} Qu} kq uibq i vb i} ff}{ibf"
Hzfw oivbuhkb ]fqi}u Ukq v/qf}kf efqukbukib }fqi}u q kb}fekf qk uf}}kb ‑ i|q, vufq be efq ‑ kozff }iiokb be fbiv eivf ekoibeq ui ff {iv }fufqq" U}ff uf}}kb z}q |ku ufq, }kq be qkef}q of ku bi/}kbf} efq ukbukib i} i}ef}q be uf 6> o i u}kq }f Bi}ek qkf}‛q z}ekqf"
lfu }fe{ i} kbbkuf zi|ef} be fbefqq f}uk u ma‛q bf|fqu qk }fqi}u( Ukq kq |f}f {iv‛ be k/qzffe ku ui uf ibfqu f}uk '8<81 o+ kb Bi}u hof}k, |ku qbi| u , ivbu}{ be fk/qkkb }io uf qof qu}ukb zikbu" Uf uf}}kb izukibq }f fbefqq" Qk ofquk zkbf i|q, ffbe}{ u }ff efq, ibukbvivq kbf be iu{ }ikb }iiof}q" K {iv |bu }io {iv} qk ukib kq ff}{ukb, ufb m}kukq aivok kq zf}fu i} {iv" hbe fuukb ui ufqf 81 |i}e qq }fqi}uq kq fq{ q u f{‛}f ibbfufe ui k|{, k}zi}u i} iu" U ui {iv} Nku afbu}f u}f ibqvu bu uie{ ui zb {iv} ofoi}f qk ike{ ukq |kbuf}"
oivbu \hqgkbluib H`zkbf ]fqi}u Oivbu \qkbuib q ibf i uf effzfqu qbi| qfq kb abe |ku ff}{ukb }io eivf/ quffz be effz 'biu i} uf kbu i f}u+ ui fbuf }iiofe }vbq" Uf Bi}ek qkkb be q bi|qifkb kq |i}e/qq, |ku if} 66 o i |kbekb zkbf u}kq" \f}f fqf b {iv uf kb vbfkff 1>:/ef}ff, qk/ui/qv} kf|q i uf Zk Ifb be ~bivf} Kqbe, }io okf/k qvooku9
Ckackbl Gi}qf oivbuhkb ]fqi}u
]f~f`quicf oivbuhkb ]fqi}u
ckkb gi}qf kq bfqufe oibqu 1 oivbukb }bfq, if}kb ibf i uf kfqu f}uk e}izq kb abe ib |ku b kb}fekf }bf i uf}}kb" Uf qbi| kq qi qz}kb, e}{ be ku ku‛q ffb ffe uf ‗ozbf i zi|ef}q‛, iqf{ v}efe qf}fu i uf }fkib‛q i qkf}q" Uf oqqkf f}uk q i} uiz/ui/iuuio qkkb q uf i}ef} i uf e{, vu {iv‛ be zfbu{ i }iiofe fkbbf} qizfq q |f"
Ckf}`f H`zkbf ]fqi}u Uf vukouf ok{/}kfbe{ zkbf efqukbukib, {iv‛ }fw, }f}f be fbi{ qk/kb)qk/ivu ibfbkfbf kb kf uoiqzf}f" ckof}f{ kq oivq i} ibqkqufbu qbi| ibekukibq, fbefqq qvbb{ e{q be b fwffbu }bf i fkbbf} ui fwu}fof qizfq ‑ 7: } vbq uifuf} ‑ kbvekb }fq be }fq i efe qkf uf}}kb i} u }ff if}q" Ukq kq u}v{ qkf}‛q z{}ivbe( 87>>658=888
N`KlgUaFBU ]F"ah)NIIU Z]KBUQ
mkl \gkuf Qck ]fqi}u
NIIUZ]KBUQ
=;
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