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Five Key Factors That Influence Acidity Acidity
Bronsted acids are proton donors, Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors . Converse: Bronsted base = proton acceptor, Lewis base = electron pair donor.
A conjugate base is what you obtain when you remove a proton (H+) from a compound For instance, HO(-) is the conj!ate base o" water. O(#-) is the conj!ate base o" HO(-). Conversel$, conj!ate acids are what $o obtain when $o add a proton to a co%pond. &he conj!ate acid o" water is H'O().
ic* +i: is pH acidic or basic p!a is similar to pH in that low (and even negative values) denote strong acids &hat/s becase p0a is based on the e+ilibri%:
increase the 1ccordin! to this, anything which stabili"es the conjugate base will increase acidity&here"ore p0a is also a %easre o" how stable the conj!ate base is. 2t another wa$, stron! acids have wea* conj!ate bases, and vice versa. Factor #1 – Charge.
Factor #2 – The Role of the Atom
Factor # – Resonance. A huge stabilizing factor for a conjugate base is if the negative charge can be delocalized through resonance. The classic examples are with phenol (C6H!H" which is about a million times more acidic than water# and with acetic acid (p$a of %".
&atch out though ' it isnt enough for a ) s*stem to simpl* be adjacent to a proton ' the electrons of the conjugate base have to be in an orbital which allows for effective overlap (for a dastardl* tric+ ,uestion in this vein that routinel* st*mies Harvard premeds# loo+ here."
Factor #! – Inductive effects . -lectronegative atoms can draw negative charge toward themselves# which can lead to considerable stabilization of conjugate bases.
redictabl*# this effect is going to be related to two major factors/ 0" the electronegativit* of the element (the more electronegative# the more acidic" and the distance between the electronegative element and the negative charge. Factor #" – r$itals. Again# the acidit* relates nicel* to the stabilit* of the conjugate base. And the stabilit* of the conjugate base depends on how well it can accomodate its newfound pair of electrons. 1n an effect a+in to electronegativit*# the more s character in the orbital# the closer the electrons will be to the nucleus# and the lower in energ* (2 stable3 " the* will be.
