Final Exam: Sociology 1. What might a sociologist say about why an individual chooses a particular person to marry? A. B. C. D.
In the case of love, love, opposi opposites tes attrac attract. t. There is no no accounting accounting for personal personal feelin feelings gs like love love This shows shows that peoples peoples actions actions reflect reflect human human free will will This Th is shows that the social world guides human behavior
2. Which discipline defines itself as “the systematic study of human society”? A. B. C. D.
Psyc Psycho holo logy gy Eco Economi nomic cs History Sociol Soc iology ogy
3. By saying that the sociological perspective shows us “the strange in the familiar,” the text argues that this point of view: A. Rejects the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives. B. Shows that that common common sense is a good good guide guide to understanding understanding human human behavior behavior C. Shows that peopl people e often often behave behave in strange strange ways D. Focuses Focuses on the the bizarre bizarre elements elements of society society
4. From a sociological perspective, patterns of childbearing around the world suggest that the number of children born to a woman reflects: A. B. C. D.
Whether she lives in a poor or rich society How many many chil childre dren n she can can affor afford d Her Her pers person onal al cho choic ice e The desi desires res of of her her husban husband d
5. Three roommates are in their dorm room sharing a late-night discussion about why they are in college. A sociological point of view would point to the importance of: A. The desire desires s of her husband husband B. Which country we live in, because going to college is far more common in higher-income nations. C. Class, Class, because because college college students tend tend to come from fam families ilies with with aboveaverage incomes D. Age, because because colleg college e students students tend to be young young adults. adults.
6. The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide su icide in Europe was: A. B. C. D.
Emile Emi le Durkhe Dur kheim im Marg Ma rgar aret et Me Mead ad Augu August ste e Comt Comte e Karl Ka rl Ma Marx rx
7. Suicide rates are generally higher among:
A. B. C. D.
Females compared with males Poor people compared with rich people Single people compared with married people All the above are correct
8. According to Emile Durkhiem, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has: A. B. C. D.
Greater self-esteem Less money and other resources Lower social integration More clinical depression
9. People in which of the following categories are most likely to make use of the sociological perspective? A. B. C. D.
People of color Politicians People living in suburbs The middle class
10. C. Wright Mills pointed out that sociological awareness tends to be more widespread: A. B. C. D.
When life is getting better During times of peace and prosperity In times of social crisis Among the very rich
11. Which of the following statement is TRUE? A. There is no longer serious poverty in the world B. People the world live in ways that are mostly the same C. Learning more about other societies helps us better understand our own way of life D. Because the Untied States is so rich, there is little reason for us to learn about the international economy 12. Making use of the sociological perspective encourages: A. B. C. D.
Accepting conventional ideas The belief that society is mysterious Challenging commonly held beliefs People to become isolated from one another
13. Learning more abou sociology helps us to: A. B. C. A.
Be more active participants in society See the constraints in our lives See the opportunities in our lives All of the above are correct
14. An example of the “Sociology advantage” in a career would be a person in: A. Medicine understanding patterns of health and illness in a community B. Retail sales understanding how effectively connect with diverse people
C. Law enforcement understanding which categories of people are at high risk of becoming victims of crime A. All of the above are correct. 15. All but one of the following historical changes stimulated the development of the discipline of sociology. Which one did NOT? A. B. C. D.
The spread of the Roman Catholic church The rise of an industrial economy New political ideas stressing individual rights The growth of cities
16. Historically, the sociological perspective was most likely to develop in: A. B. C. D.
Isolated villages Countries experiencing rapid social changes Nations with little social change Countries where tradition was strong
17. In which of the following countries did sociology develop first? A. B. C. D.
Canada The united states France Japan
18. The term “sociology” was coined in 1838 by: A. B. C. D.
Herbert Spencer Karl Marx Adam Smith Auguste Comte
19. Which of the following is a way of understanding the world based on science? A. B. C. D.
Theology Tradition Free will Positivism
20. By linking specific facts together to create meaning, we create a: A. B. C. D.
Principle Concept Theory structure
21. Which woman made a mark as an early sociologist by studying the evils of slavery and also translating the writing of Auguste Comte? A. B. C. D.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Margaret Mead Jane Addams Harriet Martineau
22. Two of sociology’s early founders were:
A. B. C. D.
Augste Comte and C. Wright Mills Robert Merton and Emile Durkheim C. Wright Mills and Karl Marx Auguste Comte and Karl Marx
23. If we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a ____ of family life. A. B. C. D.
Principle Framework Theory Concept
24. In deciding what question to ask as they begin research, sociologists are guided by: A. B. C. D.
Sheer chance Their own common sense One or more theoretical approaches The data they collect
25. Which theoretical approach is closest to that taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim? A. B. C. D.
Symbolic-interaction approach Social-conflict approach Structural-functional approach None of the above is correct
26. Which of the following concepts refers to a social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions? A. B. C. D.
Peer group Reference group Out-group Cohort
27. Which of the following concepts refers to a social group that commands a member’s esteem and loyalty? A. B. C. D.
In-group Out-group Reference group Network
28. Which of the following concepts refers to a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition? A. B. C. D.
In-group Out-group Reference group Network
29. Formal organizations are: A. Small groups with elected leaders.
B. Large secondary groups organized to achieve goals efficiently. C. Networks that have clear social boundaries. D. Government agencies with multiple goals.
30. The concept “bureaucracy” refers to: A. B. C. D.
A large, normative organization. Any source of inefficiency in organizational operation. An organizational model that operates informally. An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.
31. Read the following list of traits. Which of the following is NOT one of the traits of bureaucracy noted by Max Weber? A. B. C. D.
Favoring kin over strangers Hierarchy of offices Rules and regulations Specialization
32. Max Weber argued that formal organizations, while efficient, have the ability to ______ people within them. A. B. C. D.
Impoverish Generate conflict among Alienate Unite
33. Which of the following concepts refers to the rule of the many by the few? A. B. C. D.
Bureaucracy Formal organization Oligarchy Democracy
34. In his “iron law of oligarchy,” Robert Michels stated: A. B. C. D.
Bureaucracy always means inefficiency Bureaucracy always means the few rule the many Bureaucracy always means formal rules and regulations All of the above are correct
35. Which of the following is part of the scientific management approach? A. B. C. D.
Managers carefully observe each worker on the job Managers figure out how workers can be more efficient Workers receive more pay for being more productive All of the above are correct
36. What traits have been described as a “female advantage”? A. B. C. D.
More willingness to ask questions More emphasis on communication More flexible leadership All of the above are correct
37. Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of the McDonaldization? A. B. C. D.
Efficiency Creativity Uniformity Control through automation
38. The term “McDonaldization of society” refers to: A. McDonald’s organizational principles coming to dominate much of society B. The spread of McDonald’s restaurants around the world C. Society becoming more filled with inefficient “red tape” D. The less and less predictable nature of today’s society
39. Which of the following is evidence of the “McDonaldization of society”? A. B. C. D.
Replacingbank tellers with automatic teller machines (ATMs) Shopping in carefully designed, climate-controlled malls The spread of world-wide chain stores and restaurants All of the above are correct
40. The sociologist who described the primary group was Charles Horton Cooley. True or False? A. True B. False
41. Generally, people in the secondary relationship think of others as a mean to some end. True or False? A. True B. False
42. Expressive leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks. True or False? A. True B. False 43. Solomon Asch’s experiment in group conformity showed many people stick to their opinions even if doing so encourages others to see them as “different”. True or False? A. True B. False
44. What does the opening chapter story about the conviction of corporate executive Martha Stewart suggest about crime in the United States? A. We fail to punish most criminals B. People accused of crimes do not always fit the common stereotype of “street” criminal. C. Corporate executives never have to account for criminal actions D. Rich people get longer prison sentences than poor people.
45. Which of the following sociological term refers to “the recognized violation of cultural norms”? A. B. C. D.
Deviance Crime Unsuccessful socialization Juvenile delinquency
46. “Crime” differs from “deviance” in that crime: A. B. C. D.
Is always more serious Is always less serious Is a violation of norm enacted into law Involves a larger share of the population
47. Every society regulates the behavior of individuals with the goal of preventing deviance. This process of regulation is called: A. B. C. D.
Neighborhood watch Childhood socialization Social control The legal system
48. What concept refers to the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials? A. B. C. D.
The normative system Socialization Civil law The criminal justice system
49. Which of the following is a function of deviance noted by Emile Durkheim? A. B. C. D.
Deviance affirms cultural values and norms Responding to deviance promotes social unity Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries All of the above are correct
50. Which of the following concepts is used in Robert Merton’s strain theory of deviance to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional means to get there. A. B. C. D.
Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion
51. The anthropologist Oscar Lewis suggested the cause of poverty lies in: A. B. C. D.
A lower-class “culture of poverty” Lack of government action Too few available jobs Official corruption
52. Government data show that about what share of the heads of poor households in the United States did not work at all in the last year?
A. B. C. D.
12 percent 32 percent 52 percent 72 percent
53. Rough estimates suggest that about_______ people in the United States are homeless for some time during a given year. A. B. C. D.
100,000 250,000 1,000,000 1,500,000
54. Read the following four statements about homeless people in the United States. Which one of the statements is TRUE? A. B. C. D.
Most homeless adults are mentally ill. Most homeless adults are substance abusers The elderly are the fastest-growing category of the homeless One-third of all homeless people are entire families
55. The deadly fire in a Bangladeshi sweatshop described in the opening to the chapter shows that: A. The lives of the world’s poor are far worse than most people in the United States realize B. Bangladesh has suffered a number of natural disasters in recent years C. Factory jobs are hard to find in low-income nations D. Some countries do a far better job of protecting workers than the United States does.
56. The wealthiest 20 percent of the global population receives about what share of all global income? A. B. C. D.
20 40 60 80
57. The poorest 20 percent of the global population receives about what share of all global income? A. B. C. D.
1 5 10 15
58. High-income nations are found where on the planet? A. B. C. D.
Evenly spread throughout all world regions Mostly in the Northern Hemisphere All within North America Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere
59. Which of the following statements about high-income nations is correct?
A. B. C. D.
They are at the forefront of the information revolution. They make use of large factories and advanced energy sources They contain almost all the world’s financial markets All of the above are correct
60. In high-income societies, people benefit from: A. B. C. D.
The largest and strongest families The strongest sense of tradition and cultural heritage The highest material living standards All of the above are correct
61. compared to poverty in the United States, poverty in low-income nations is: A. B. C. D.
More likely to involve men More widespread and severe Less likely to involve children Less serious a problem
62. the most productive economy in the world is that of: A. B. C. D.
China Norway Japan The United States
63. the concept “absolute poverty” refers to: A. A lack of resources that is life-threatening B. The absolute number of people in any country C. The real poverty rate as opposed to what governments claim to be the case D. The poverty rate in low-income countries
64. in the poorest countries of the world, roughly half of all children who are born die before reaching the age of: A. B. C. D.
One Ten Fifty Seventy-five
65. for the world as a whole, about how many people suffer from chronic hunger that leaves them less able to work and places them at high risk of disease? A. B. C. D.
1 million 10 million 100 million 1 billion
66. in poor countries, the disadvantages women face relative to men are: A. B. C. D.
About the same as in rich nations Not as great as in rich nations Greater than in rich nations Just about nonexistence
67. of the roughly 1 billion people in the world who live in absolute poverty, what share are women? A. B. C. D.
20 percent 35 percent 50 percent 70 percent
68. gender refers to: A. The degree of inequality between men and women in a society B. The secondary sex characteristics of men and women C. The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male D. People’s sexual orientation 69. the chapter argues that gender is not a matter just of difference, but also a matter of differences in: A. B. C. D.
Power Wealth Privileges All of the above are correct
70. comparing the athletic performances of females and males over time shows: A. Little or no change in female-male differences in performance B. The male performances are improving faster than female performances C. That women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances D. None of the above is true 71. the point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzin is: A. B. C. D.
To show that gender is basically biological To show that women can dominate men To show that cultures define gender in different ways To show that boys and girls should not be raised by biological parents
72. Margaret Mead’s research on gender in three societies showed that: A. All societies define “masculine” the same way B. All societies define “feminine” the same way C. Societies may define both “masculine” and “feminine” differently D. All of the above are correct 73. Margaret Mead’s research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that: A. B. C. D.
Farming is always done by men All societies consider men to be more aggressive than women All societies display much the same gender definitions What is feminine to one society may be masculine to another
74. which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which males dominate females? A. B. C. D.
Patriarchy Matriarchy Monarchy Gerontocracy
75. in the United States, the cost of sexism for men include: A. B. C. D.
Having less power than women Having fewer privileges than women Engaging in many high-risk behaviors All of the above are correct
61. An Iowa farmer is part of the primary sector of the U.S economy. True or False? A. True B. False 62. The family is a social institution that is found in: A. B. C. D.
Most but not all societies About half of human societies High-income nations but not in low-income nations Every human society
63. Kinship is defined as two or more people who: A. B. C. D.
Know each other well Are related by blood, marriage, or adoption Live together Have the same last name
64. Which of the following is a trait of marriage? A. B. C. D.
It is a legally sanctioned relationship It usually involves sexual activity It usually involves childbearing All of the above are correct
65. A family unit that includes parents and children, as well as other kin, is called: A. B. C. D.
A nuclear family An extended family A family of affinity A conjugal family
66. A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called: A. B. C. D.
A nuclear family An extended family A family of affinity A consanguine family
67. The concept “endogamy” refers to marriage between:
A. B. C. D.
People People People People
of the same sex ofdifferent racial categories of the same social category married at least once before
68. A system of marriage that unites two partners is called: A. B. C. D.
Polygyny Polygamy Polyandry Monogamy
69. Around the world, the most common form of marriage is: A. B. C. D.
Polygamy Polygyny Monogramy None of the above are correct
70. A trend over the course of the last century in high-income nations such as the united states is that families have become: A. B. C. D.
More dominated by males More egalitarian with regard to gender Larger in terms of numbers of children Less likely to experience divorce
71. Which of the following are counted among the functions of family? A. B. C. D.
Socialization of the young Regulation of sexual activity Social placement All of the above are correct
72. Following the structural-functional approach, the family: A. B. C. D.
Operates to perpetuate social inequality Might be called the backbone of society Is not necessary for a society to operate All of the above are correct
73. A social-exchange analysis of family life might consider: A. B. C. D.
How How How How
families keep society as a whole operating families perpetuate social inequality individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do families regulate sexual activity
74. In many traditional societies, especially in rural areas, marriage is: A. B. C. D.
Set up by the parents of the people to be married Unknown Delayed until the people reach their thirties Based almost entirely on romantic love
75. The concept “homogamy” means that:
A. B. C. D.
People marry because they enjoy being married Women usually marry older men People marry others who are spcoa;;u ;ole the,se;ves Marriage is based on romantic love
76. One concern about the great importance most people in the United States give to romantic love as the basis of marriage is that: A. 77. What is the effect of industrialization on the typical number of children in a family?
78. In today’s high-income societies, children are:
79. Compared to fifty years ago, U.S women in their late twenties are now: 80. In the united states today, the average number of children per family is about: 81. The concept “empty nest” refers to: 82. Today’s baby boomers are often called the “sandwich generation because: 83. Patterns that describe many latino families include:
