Filipino Physicist Alcaraz, Arturo : was a leading member of a team that used steam produced from the heat of a volcano to produce electric power in 1967. Banatao, Diosdado : introduced or developed accelerator chips that improved computer performance, helped make the internet possible by contributing to the development of the Ethernet controller chip, created the local bus concept for personal computers. Campos, Paulo: wrote many papers in the field of o f nuclear medicine and was instrumental in building the first radioisotope lab in the Philippines. Comiso, Josefino : the first person to discover a recurring area of open water in sea ice in the Cosmonaut Sea. Comiso was studying global warming at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Maramba, Felix : developed a profitable biogas system, building a power generator fuelled by coconut oil. th e law of electrical kinetic resistance ("Zara Effect"). Zara, Gregorio: discovered around 1930 the In 1955 he patented a two-way videophone. In the 1950's and 1960's he developed or improved alternate energy technologies. Jose O. Juliano Nuclear chemistry and physics.
Wallace Clement Sabine
1868-1919 American
founded the science of architectural acoustics
Arnold Sommerfeld
1868-1951 German
generalized the circular orbits of the atomic Bohr mode l to elliptical orbits; introduced the magnetic quantum number; used statistical mechanics to explain the electronic properties of metals
Lise Meitner
1878-1968 Austrian born Swedish
co-discovered the element protactinium and studied the effects of neutron bombardment on uranium; introduced term ``fission'' for splitting the atomic nucleus
Paul Ehrenfest
1880-1933 Austrian
applied quantum mechanics to rotating bodies; helped develop the modern statistical theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics
Theodor von Kármán
1881-1963 Hungarian born American
provided major contributions to our understanding of fluid mechanics, turbulence theory, and supersonic flight
Walther Meissner
1882-1974 German
co-discovered the ``Meissner effect'', whereby a superconductor expells a magnetic field
1883-1945 German
helped measure charge-to-mass ratio for alpha particles; invented Geiger counter for detecting ionizing pa rticles
Hermann Weyl
1885-1955 German
attempted to incorporate electromagnetism into general relativity; evolved the concept of continuous groups using matrix representations and applied group theory to quantum mechanics
Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
1886-1950 Canadian born American
discovered the isotope uranium-235
Henry Moseley
1887-1915 British
developed the modern form of the period table of elements based on their atomic numbers
Sir Robert Watson-Watt
1892-1973 Scottish
developed radar
Satyendra Bose
1894-1974 Indian
worked out statistical method of handling bosons (a g roup of particles named in his honor)
Oskar Klein
1894-1977 Swedish
introduced the physical notion of extra dimensions that helped develop the Kaluza-Klein theory; co-developed the KleinGordon equation describing the relativistic behavior of spinless particles; co-developed the Klein-Nishina formula describing relativistic electron-photon scattering
Vladimir A. Fock
1898-1974 Russian
made fundamental contributions to quantum theory; invented the Hartree-Fock approximation method and the notion of Fock space
Leo Szilard
1898-1964 Hungarian born American
first suggested possibility of a nuclear chain reaction
Pierre Auger
1899-1993 French
discovered the Auger effect whereby an electron is ejected from an atom without the emission of an x -ray or gamma-ray photon as the result of the de-excitation of an excited electron within the atom; discovered cosmic-ray air showers
Ernst Ising
1900-1998 German born American
developed the Ising model of ferromagnetism
Hans Geiger
Fritz London
1900-1954 German born American
co-developed the phenomenological theory of superconductivity; co-developed the first quantum-mechanical treatment of the hydrogen molecule; determined that the electromagnetic gauge is the phase of the Schrödinger wave function
Charles 1900-1985 Francis Richter American
established the Richter scale for the measurement of earthquake intensity
George E. Uhlenbeck
1900-1988 Dutch
co-discovered that the electron has an intrinsic spin
Robert J. Van de Graaf
1901-1967 American
invented the Van de Graaf electrostatic generator
Samuel Abraham Goudsmit
1902-1978 Dutch
co-discovered that the electron has an intrinsic spin
Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov
1903-1960 Soviet
headed the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb programs
John von Neumann
1903-1957 Hungarian born American
formulated a fully quantum mechanical generalization of statistical mechanics
George Gamow
1904-1968 Russian-born first suggested hydrogen fusion as source of solar energy American
J. Robert Oppenheimer
1904-1967 American
headed Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear fission bomb
Sir Rudolf Peierls
1907-1995 German born British
many contributions in theoretical physics, including an improved calculation of the critical mass needed to make a fission bomb
1908-2003 HungarianEdward Teller born American Victor F. Weisskopf
1908-2002 Austrian born American
helped develop atomic and hydrogen bombs
made theoretical contributions to quantum electrodynamics, nuclear structure, and elementary particle physics
Homi Jehangir 1909-1966 Bhabha Indian
initiated nuclear research programs in India; carried out experiments in cosmic rays; calculated cross section for elastic electron-positron scattering
Nikolai N. Bogolubov
1909-1992 Russian
theoretical physicist and mathematician who contributed to th e microscopic theory of superfluidity; also contributed to theory of elementary particles, including the S-matrix and dispersion relations, and to nonlinear mechanics and the general theory of dynamical systems
Maurice Goldhaber
1911-2011 Austrian born American
first measured (with James Chadwick) an accurate mass for the neutron; participated in experiments proving that beta rays are identical to atomic electrons; developed (with Edward Teller) the concept of coherent oscillations of protons and neutrons in nuclei leading to the giant dipole resonance; performed an experiment showing that neutrinos are created with negative helicity, which provided conclusive evidence for the V-A theory of weak interactions; participated in experiments that obtained an upper limit on the rate of proton decay and that provided evidence for neutrino oscillations
Chien-Shiung Wu
1912-1997 Chinese born American
experimentally proved that parity is not conserved in nuclear beta decay
Henry Primakoff
co-developed the theory of spin waves; first described the process that became known as the ``Primakoff effect'' (the 1914-1983 coherent photoproduction of neutral mesons in th e electric field Russian-born of an atomic nucleus); contributed to understanding of various American manifestations of the weak interaction, including muon capture, double-beta decay, and the interaction of neutrinos with nuclei
Robert Rathbun Wilson
Vitaly L. Ginzburg
1914-2000 American
driving force behind creation of Fermilab and Cornell University's Laboratory of Nuclear Studies; a leader in the formation of the Federation of Atomic Scientists; did extensive measurements of kaon and pion photoproduction in which he made the first observation of a new state of the nucleon, N(1440)
1916-2009 Russian
contributed to theory of superconductivity and theory of highenergy processes in astrophysics; co-discovered transition radiation, emitted when charged particles traverse interface between two different media
Robert E. Marshak
1916-1993 American
contributed to theoretical particle physics; independently proposed (with George Sudarshan) the V-A theory of weak interactions; developed explanation of how shock waves behave under conditions of extremely high temperatures
Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky
1919-2007 German born American
co-discovered the neutral pion via photoproduction; studied gamma rays from pi captured in hydrogen and first measured the ``Panofsky ratio''
Robert V. Pound
1919-2010 Canadian born American
used the Mössbauer effect to measure (with Glen A. Rebka, Jr.) the gravitational redshift predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity
Vernon W. Hughes
1921-2003 American
participated in experiments to test the fundamental QED interaction using the muonium atom
Freeman J. Dyson
1923British-born American
made many important contribututions to quantum field theory, including the demonstration that the Feynman rules are direct and rigorous consequences of quantum field theory; advocated exploration of the solar system by humans; speculated o n the possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations
Calvin F. Quate
1923American
made pioneering contributions to nanoscale measurement science through the development and application of scanning probe microscropes
1923American
contributed to theory of weak interactions, especially concerning neutrino masses, the origin of CP violation, lepton number violation, the solar neutrino problem, and Higgs boson properties
James E. Zimmerman
1923-1999 American
co-invented the radio-frequency superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), a practical magnetometer/amplifier with extreme sensitivity limited only by the uncertainty principle
Felix Hans Boehm
1924Swiss-born American
pioneered the use of nuclear-physics techniques for exploring fundamental questions concerning the weak interactions and the nature of neutrinos
Ernest M. Henley
1924German born American
contributed to the theoretical understanding of how symmetries place restrictions on theories and models; the connection of quarks and gluons to nucleon-meson degrees of freedom; the changes that occur when hadrons are placed in a nuclear medium
Lincoln Wolfenstein
Benoit Mandelbrot
1924-2010 FrenchAmerican
developed theory of fractals
D. Allan Bromley
1926-2005 Canadian
served as Science Advisor to the President of the United States; carried out pioneering studies of nuclear structure and dynamics; considered the father of modern heav y-ion science
Sidney D. Drell
1926American
made important theoretical contributions to particle physics and quantum electrodynamics; specialist in arms control and national security
Albert V. Crewe
1927-2009 British-born American
developed the first practical scanning electron microscope
John Stewart Bell
1928-1990 Irish
proved the inherent nonlocality of quantum mechanics
Stanley Mandelstam
1928South African
contributed to the modern understanding of relativistic particle scattering through his representation of the analytic properties of scattering amplitudes in the form of double dispersion relations (Mandelstam representation); applied path-integral quantization methods to string theory
Peter Higgs
1929British
proposed with others the Higgs mechanism by which particles are endowed with mass by interacting with the Higgs field, which is carried by Higgs bosons
Akito Arima
1930Japanese
co-developed the Interacting Boson Model of the atomic nucleus
Mildred S. Dresselhaus
1930American
contributed to the advance of solid-state physics, especially involving carbon-based materials, including fullerenes and nanotubes (a.k.a., buckyballs and buckytubes)
Joel Lebowitz
1930Swiss-born American
contributed to condensed matter theory, especially involving statistical mechanics: phase transitions; derivation of hydrodynamical equations from microscopic kinetics; statistical mechanics of plasmas
John P. Schiffer
1930American
studied nuclear structure, pion absorption in nuclei, ion traps and crystalline beams, heavy-ion physics, and the Mössbauer effect
T. Kenneth Fowler
1931American
contributed to the theory of plasma ph ysics and magnetic fusion
Tullio Regge
1931Italian
developed the theory of Regge trajectories by investigating the asymptotic behavior of potential-scattering processes through the analytic continuation of the angular momentum to the complex plane
Oscar Wallace Greenberg
1932American
introduced color as a quantum number to resolve the quark statistics paradox
John Dirk Walecka
1932American
contributed to the theoretical understanding of the atomic nucleus as a relativistic quantum many-body system; provided theoretical guidance in exploiting electromagnetic and we ak probes of the nucleus
Daniel Kleppner
1932American
co-invented the hydrogen maser; explores quantum chaos by optical spectroscopy of Rydberg atoms
Jeffrey Goldstone
1933American
contributed to understanding the role of massless particles in spontaneous symmetry breaking (Goldstone bosons)
John N. Bahcall
1934-2005 American
made important theoretical contributions to understanding solar neutrinos and quasars
James D. Bjorken
1934American
formulated the scaling law for deep inelastic processes and made other outstanding contributions to particle physics and quantum field theory
Ludvig Faddeev
1934Russian
made many theoretical contributions in quantum field theory and mathematical physics; developed the Faddeev equation in connection with the three-body system; co-developed the Faddeev-Popov covariant prescription for quantizing nonAbelian gauge theories; contributed to the quantum inverse scattering method and the quantum theory of solitons
David J. Thouless
1934American
contributed to condensed matter theory, especially vortices in superfluids, the quantum Hall effect, and topological q uantum numbers
Peter A. Carruthers
1935-1997 American
contributed to several areas of theoretical ph ysics, including condensed matter, quantum optics, elementary particle physics, and field theory; statistics and dynamics of galaxy distributions
1935American
contributed to several areas of theoretical ph ysics, including condensed matter, low-temperature physics including superfluidity, statistical physics, nuclear physics, and astrophysics; made advances in quantum statistical mechanics and the study of neutron stars
Gordon A. Baym
Stanley J. Brodsky
1940American
contributed to theoretical understanding of high-energy ph ysics, especially the quark-gluon structure of hadrons in quantum chromodynamics
Haim Harari
1940Israeli
predicted the existence of the top quark, which he named; also named the bottom quark
Kip S. Thorne
1940American
contributed to theoretical understanding of black holes an d gravitational radiation; co-founded the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory Project (LIGO)
Francesco Iachello
1942Italian-born American
co-developed the Interacting Boson Model of the atomic nucleus; introduced supersymmetry in nuclei (1980); developed the Vibron Model of molecules (1981)
Gabriele Veneziano
1942Italian
first introduced string theory to describe the strong force without using quantum fields
Chris Quigg
1944American
contributed to theoretical understanding of high-energy collisions and the fundamental interactions of elementary particles
Thomas A. Witten
1944American
contributed to theory of soft condensed matter; structured fluids
Howard Georgi
1947American
co-developed the SU(5) and SO(10) grand unified theories of all elementary particle forces; developed the modern QCD-inspired quark model; helped develop the modern theory of perturbative QCD
Nathan Isgur
1947-2001 American
contributed to understanding the quark structure of baryon resonances; discovered a new symmetry of nature that describes the behavior of heavy quarks
Edward Witten
1951American
made fundamental contributions to manifold theory, string theory, and the theory of supersymmetric quantum mechanics
Ralph Charles Merkle
1952American
leading theorist of molecular nanotechnology; invented the encryption technology that allows secure translations over the internet
K. Eric Drexler
1955American
father of nanotechnology
Nathan Seiberg
1956American
contributed to the development of supersymmetric field theories and string theories in various dimensions
Stephen Wolfram
1959British
created Mathematica, the first modern computer algebra system; contributed to development of complexity theory
