Field guide to the wild plants of Benelux
Ruud van der Meijden, Maarten Strack van Schijndel and Fabienne Van Rossum
/ HOW TO USE THIS FIELD GUIDE? The REGION: The REGION: Benelux - The Netherlands, Belgium, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The PLANTS PLANTS are are arranged in scientic order of their families, but the following are also grouped according to common and easily visible features: Land plants without chlorophyll – p. 336-341 Water plants and marsh-plants – p. 342-389 Coastal and salt marsh plants – p. 390-405 Climbing plants – p. 406-421 Shrubs and trees – p. 422-471 Ferns, horsetails and clubmosses – p. 472-489 The PICTURES PICTURES show show the plants in colour, with important details of owers, leaves and fruit. The TEXTS TEXTS give the important features for identication - with some very similar species only the characters that differ from the preceding plants. Rarity within the region as a whole is given by one to three asterisks, as explained on p. 13. The MAPS MAPS show distribution areas, with species abundance within each district indicated by three colour intensities, from greatest (dark) to least (pale). Below each map the species’ presence in the border regions of northern France, is shown by N (Nord-Pas-de-Calais), P (Picardie), A (Ardennes-Marne) and L (Lorraine), or ● (present in all four regions). IDENTIFICATION . Use the text, pictures, and maps together. Remember to read IDENTIFICATION. and keep in mind Family introductions as applying to all the species within it. Two keys can offer further help. • The whole arrangement of the plants in the book is in the form of an easy-to-use key. Within all groups or big families, the plants are grouped under key headings in boxes and numbered through the text. • A general key on p. 26-31 summarizes the main key headings found through the text, but also gives an extended key for the large l arge group A (Terrestrial plants other than groups B-I). There is a concise introduction, an illustrated glossary, a short bibliography for further reading and indexes of scientic and English names.
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Acknowledgements We are most grateful to Sven Bellanger (Botanic garden Meise) for designing the lay out of this book and for completing the distribution basemap provided by Baudewijn Odé (Floron). Maps were generated using the software MapDis (Van Rossum and Parmentier). We thank Michael Walter and Anthony Crasner for checking the English translation of the texts. Grateful thanks are due to the following for providing material to be photographed against black background: the living collections of the Botanic Garden Meise, Wim Tavernier’s collection of ferns and horsetails, and the collections of t he Botanic Garden Jean Massart (ULB), which, thanks to the skills of Jean Vermander, houses many rare and valuable specimens of our ora. Thanks are also due to Bruno Jurdant (Aqua Production) and to the staff of the Botanic Garden Meise and to numerous eld naturalists for their help in nding plants to photograph, e.g. Rutger Barendse, Filip Verloove, Filip Vandelook, Luc Bailly, Francine Bailly, Sarah Le Pajolec, Pascal Dupriez, Ivan Hoste, André Vanhoof, Leo Vanhecke, Sandrine Godefroid, Anne Ronse, Nand Van Belle, Dirk De Meyere, Guido Houben, Quentin Groom and Marc Sosef.
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/ In addition to photos taken by Maarten Strack van Schijndel a number of images were provided by Fabienne Van R ossum and by the following: Francine Bailly (species no.1310); Luc Bailly (species no. 36, 88, 139, 403, 456, 757, 797, 798, 842, 851); Rutger Barendse (species no.14, no.14, 37, 50, 55, 57, 61, 62, 119, 124, 143, 151, 166, 167, 180, 183, 186, 229, 247, 252, 263, 264, 289, 294, 315, 317, 340, 347, 353, 372, 393, 399, 407, 421, 434, 438, 452, 456, 457, 458, 463, 466, 478, 487, 499, 503, 507, 513, 528, 530, 559, 563, 579, 626, 641, 711, 725, 726, 741, 742, 748, 762, 766, 776, 780, 808, 809, 826, 828, 829, 841, 842, 843, 844, 847, 853, 857, 894, 896, 985, 987, 988, 989, 999, 1002, 1015, 1020, 1033, 1037, 1039, 1046, 1049, 1052, 1053, 1056, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1071, 1075, 1083, 1084, 1089, 1090, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1163, 1164, 1168, 1181, 1200, 1203, 1204, 1337, 1357, 1380, 1385, 1387); Bert Block (species no. 38, 790, 1053); Ilse Boeren (species no. 1341, 1355, 1356); Paul Borremans (species no. 106, 109, 110, 201, 415, 1113, 1254, 1269, 1275, 1277, 1285, 1287, 1301, 1303, 1323, 1326, 1330, 1342); Willem Braam (species no. 48, 137, 138, 154, 175, 180, 256, 263, 306, 372, 384, 434, 453, 456, 463, 466, 501, 522, 563, 726, 789, 790, 808, 831, 841, 842, 844, 894, 907, 946, 969, 982, 1029, 1031, 1036, 1041, 1049, 1052, 1082, 1128, 1133, 1148, 1181, 1203, 1204, 1232, 1239, 1240, 1312, 1335, 1370, 1381); John Breugelmans (species no. 35, 105, 979, 981, 984); Julien Buchet (species no. 982, 1158); Bernard Clesse, Centre Marie-Victorin, Cercles des Naturalistes de Belgique asbl (species no. 32, 35, 37, 61 (pollinia), 136, 253, 315, 338, 340, 347, 366, 413, 434, 500, 501, 530, 559, 563, 626, 641, 742, 748, 765, 789, 793, 829, 844, 853, 873, 902, 915, 969, 977, 999, 1002, 1007, 1278, 1357, 1381); Thierry Cornier (species no. 1027); Damien Ertz (species no. 968); Jean-Christophe Hauguel (species no. 412, 729, 783, 843, 929, 1158); Franck Hidvégi (species no. 251, 345, 346, 692, 791, 1047, 1130, 1218, 1233, 1242, 1247, 1249, 1252, 1261, 1263, 1283, 1332, 1336, 1337, 1338); Philippe Housset (species no. 683); Indra Jacobs (species no. 175, 180, 264, 305, 448, 579, 626, 725, 726, 742, 752, 761, 762, 808, 873, 907, 942, 944, 1060, 1061, 1090); Dick Kerkhof (species no. 316, 1071, 1204); Peter Meininger (species no. 11, 124, 253, 336, 366, 393, 394, 463, 478, 506, 507, 513, 528, 552, 554, 574, 604, 641, 650, 665, 719, 752, 773, 780, 782, 793, 808, 851, 853, 885, 894, 914, 979, 982, 984, 985, 986, 987, 990, 1005, 1007, 1009, 1016, 1020, 1028, 1050, 1053, 1081, 1133, 1135, 1153, 1155, 1177, 1181, 1232, 1379, 1387); David Mercier (species no. 306); Daniel Parmentier (species no. 23, 65, 63, 66, 79, 178, 195, 210, 219, 268, 333, 348, 353, 394, 396, 411, 416, 417, 442, 450, 479, 480, 483, 503, 505, 506, 531, 537, 539, 597, 606, 625, 629, 635, 698, 706, 722, 775, 792, 810, 819, 860, 897, 901, 904, 908, 914, 926, 951, 974, 977, 989, 1004, 1070, 1079, 1080, 1137, 1140, 1141, 1144, 1201, 1210, 1227, 1238, 1239, 1274,
1276, 1294, 1317, 1343); Charles Reckinger (species no. 290, 291, 413, 487, 746, 762, 766, 769, 783, 929, 940); Marc Sosef (species no. 1020); Anne Ronse (species no. 116); J. Sturm (species no. 827, 828, 1193; http://www.biolob.de); Hans Toetenel (species no. 318, 574, 961, 981); Benoît Toussaint (species no. 761, 1020, 1027, 1034); Luc Van Van Conkelberge (species no. 73, 80 (bulb), 89, 133, 148, 153, 158, 187, 203, 208, 223, 245, 246, 251, 252, 265, 267, 272, 273, 281, 297, 299, 313, 322, 378, 385, 420, 431, 443, 481, 492, 510, 520, 539, 571, 588, 590, 591, 593, 607, 615 (tuber), 642, 663, 670, 685, 714, 722, 750, 763, 778, 839, 862, 865, 867, 886, 911, 937, 938, 950, 966, 973, 1117, 1187, 1190, 1218, 1228, 1236, 1241, 1245, 1254, 1258, 1262, 1268, 1284, 1288, 1293, 1300, 1302, 1304, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1320, 1327, 1342, 1358, 1369); Adrie van Heerden (species no. 36, 105, 290, 316, 340, 366, 372, 448, 486, 497, 598, 773, 811, 837, 844, 944, 988, 1002, 1015, 1018, 1021, 1036, 1046, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1071, 1081, 1116, 1128, 1153, 1175, 1204, 1240, 1387); Leo Vanhecke (species no. 989, 1001, 1003, 1010, 1034, 1041, 1082, 1108); Bert Verbruggen Verbruggen (species no. 1005, 1105, 1237); Ward Vercruysse Vercruysse (species no. 66, 124, 143, 393, 499, 792, 841, 853, 987, 1100, 1105, 1148, 1153, 1177); Eric Walravens (species no. 9, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 315, 352, 448, 562, 603, 785, 811, 869, 883, 885, 961, 969, 970, 976, 978, 1014, 1031, 1116, 1168, 1274, 1341, 1384, 1385, 1386). / For providing data on species distribution we warmly thank: The Netherlands: Stichting FLORON (http://www.oron.nl) Belgium: Association pour l’Etude de la Floristique (AEF; http://www.aef-or.be) and Floris tische Werk Werkgroepen groepen (Flo.Wer; http://www.plantenwerkg http://www.plantenwerkgroep.be) roep.be) Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: Musée national d’Histoire naturelle du Luxembourg (http://www.mnhn.lu) France: Nord / Pas-de-Calais and Picardie: Conservatoire botanique national de Bailleul (http://www.cbnbl.org) Ardennes-Marne: Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien (http:// cbnbp.mnhn.fr) Lorraine: Floraine (http://www.oraine.net)
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Tribute to Ruud van der Meijden (1945-2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Introduction
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Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Societies to join. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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General key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Species description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Group A Remaining terrestrial plants (other than B-I). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Group B Land plants without chlorophyll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Group C Waterplants and marsh-plants, part of the year partly inundated . . . . 342 Group D Coastal and salt marsh plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Group E Climbing plants with tendrils or winding stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Group F Shrubs and trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Group G Ferns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Group H Horsetails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
486
Group I Clubmosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Index of English names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Index of scientic names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
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Preface What blooms there? That is a question often asked by nature lovers. It is often not easy to give the scientically correct answer. For wild plants in the Benelux a scientic Flora exists, but is intended for professional scientists, informed amateurs and botany students. With the present Field Guide, we want to make it possible for everyone who is interested to recognize wild plants. The Field Guide illustrates more than 1,300 species, which makes it the most complete guide to the ora of the Benelux region. Only grasses, sedges and rushes have not been included. The Guide uses the latest methodology regarding the classication of owering plants and the delimitation of species. Identication keys and distribution maps make it easy for the reader to reach a correct identiidentication. This rigorous scientic basis is supplemented by more than 5000 pin-sharp images, which illustrate both the growth habit of the plant down to the smallest details of the owers. Some owers have been photographed in such detail for the rst time. With its up-to-date taxonomy and the rich illustrations, this Guide is the perfect tool to learn (more) about the ora of Belgium, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Netherlands, for both academics and ordinary nature lovers. This Field Guide is the result of a successful collaboration between Ruud van der Meijden and Fabienne Van Rossum, two botanists who share the same passion: the study of the ora of our region. Their scientic work is illustrated by the talented photographer Maarten Strack van Schijndel. The book is also a happy example of botanical cooperation at European level. Not only are authors from different countries, but compiling distributional data and photo images has involved the collaboration of specialists from the leading institutes and societies of Belgium, the Netherlands, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and France. But no such book on a region’s ora can be static. We propose to keep this one regularly updated and improved by issuing regular new editions. Do let us have your comments or suggestions on any part of the Guide. Your Your contributions will be welcome and will be given the most careful consideration. Comments should be sent directly to
[email protected] It is our hope that the publication of this Guide will make an important contribution to generating a greater interest in and knowledge of the ora of Benelux. Steven Dessein
General Administrator, Administrator, Botanic Garden Meise (Belgium)
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Tribute to Ruud van der Meijden (1945-2007) A guide to the wild plants of the Netherlands and surrounding regions accessible to a wide audience was the long-cherished project of Ruud van der Meijden. With the publication of this present volume with both beautiful illustrations and accurate taxonomy this dream has at last been fullled. Ruud was an enthusiastic and inspiring botanist. Already as a child his mother arise interest in plants and encouraged him to extend his knowledge knowledge.. Family holidays in Friends-of-Nature houses (NIVON) (NIVON) served served to increase that passion. As he grew older he spent more and more time in the eld. As often as possible after school on Saturday afternoon, he cycled from his home town of Rotterdam to his favorite spot, Oostvoorne, sleeping rough and riding back home on the Sunday. He also went camping with the nature association Nederlandse Jeugdbond voor Natuurstudie,, biking on the Wadden islands and in South Limburg. His knowledge Natuurstudie of the plants of these areas grew steadily. In addition to his love of eldwork Ruud had a passion for gardens containing wild owers. Not only for their beauty, but also because they allowed him to study the developmentt of particular plants from day to day. Thus for the Water-soldier: why developmen do we not see fruits, does the plant really oat? The plot of land attached to his family home gradually became a wild botanic garden. When Ruud left, his parents had to move out of the house, and they were not able to keep the garden. Later in life he designed and maintained gardens with his wife Nelleke, who was very fond of blue-purple owers. However, these gardens were inexplicably regreg ularly invaded by yellow owers. His lively li vely curiosity led him to let the spontaneous plants grow. Studying biology and then working as researcher at the National Herbarium in Leiden was a natural progression for him. Although engaged to work on tropical plants, it was as an expert on Dutch ora that he was most frequently consulted because of his vast knowledge and interest in this area. At Leiden University, he successfully fought to preserve eld trips in the teaching curriculum for students in Biology. Field visits to sites in the Netherlands, but also to southern Spain, because it was essential for him to understand plant diversity in the Netherlands in a broader context. He also applied this principle to his own work on the Flora of the Netherlands (Heukels’ (Heukels’ Flora). Flora). His professional network included scientists working in many other parts of the world and he would regularly incorporate relevant research into the next edition of his Flora. Despite being a traditional taxonomist! he was quick to perceive the importance of the new insights from molecular research (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG) and was the rst to apply this new classication in the 23rd edition of his Heukels’ Flora. Flora. Most Floras are now following his example. His vision, however, reached far beyond taxonomy. He knew the social implications of plant observations over time. He also had a great capacity for connecting with people and organizational skills. He was successful in obtaining funding from three different government ministries and in organizing the collaboration of many partners to achieve the digitization of extensive ora data sources, gathered into a national database for plant observations, FLORBASE. Even for that he was ahead of his time. He worked on Big Data before the term existed. The Field Guide of the Benelux radiates the enthusiasm that so characterized Ruud. Enthusiasm for plants, the gathering and sharing of knowledge, preferably with the widest audience. He would have been proud of this eld guide.
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Leni Duistermaat Naturalis (Leiden, the Netherlands)
Introduction This Guide to the wild plants that the reader is likely to nd growing wild in our region includes all species that grow here naturally, and many non-native plants that have been introduced and are now well established here. It does not include species extinct in the territory, or those that are not yet well established but occur only briey and accidentally, or those that are only ever seen where planted. We have also excluded grasses, sedges and rushes as complex and often difcult groups whose inclusion would have added to the book’s length and weight. The area covered is covered is Benelux, i.e. the Netherlands, Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (with added information on where our species are also present in the border regions of northern France). The three Benelux countries have a large proportion of plant species in common but also many that are more restricted – this from the region’s variety of habitats with different moisture and soil conditions and of climate that is Atlantic near the sea but becomes more continental as one goes inland, and colder further north). Botanically, we therefore can divide the whole Benelux region not into their three national territories but into zones, called districts (see the map), with distinctions of ora. The Netherlands Netherlands is is the attest land in Europe, with deltas of two rivers, the Meuse, which continues across the Belgian border, and the Rhine - the Fluviatile district. Without its cordons of dunes and dykes, half of the Dutch territory would be under water.. Crossed by a dense network of ditches, channels and canals, it has a rich water variety of water- and marsh-plants (Group C, p. 342-389), often in great abundance. The whole northern and western coasts, highly inuenced by the sea, are characterised by plants adapted to salty soils, especially those of salt marshes. This is true of our Maritime district and also the Estuary district with its brackish habitats and many dykes. Along the coast a dune line is formed by the calcareous Dune district and the Wadden district relatively poor in calcium carbonates and showing a distinctive ora. Together they form the Group D (p. 390-405). DistinDistin guished from these are the locally large nutrient-poor shallow water areas that were created by peat cutting in fen-areas. This is the Fen district, one of the most important wetlands of Europe. Furthermore, more than a half of the Netherlands is on sand, usually with nutrient-poor soils. These are the Subcentral European district, rich in forest-plants, the acidic Kempen district, the Gelderland district with its dry heaths, and the Drenthe district with a more northern ora. The West and the North have clayish soils – the Northern clay district. Calcareous bedrocks of chalk or limestone are only found in the extreme south adjoining Belgium, the South Limburg district. The ora of some recently reclaimed land is still not well-dened – the IJsselmeer polders. Belgium differs considerably from the Netherlands, except in the extreme west Belgium and north. The coast consists of a narrow Dune strip, which also includes some salt marshes, and of a Polders area. A large part of Flanders is on sand – the intensively cultivated Flandrian district and the nutrient-poor, acidic Kempen district. The central part of Belgium is a large, weakly hilly, loam-soil area, with very diverse habitats – the Brabant district. Calcareous bedrocks of chalk or limestone can be locally found at its most eastern part and in Mons and Tournai surroundings. At the south of the Sambre-Meuse valley, there is an area of rock outcrops, often calcareous (limestone, but also schists), with many deep river valleys, and southern, even Mediterranean, plants – the Meuse District. Highly contrasting with the Meuse district is the Ardenne district, with usually cold, siliceous and acidic soils
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and rock outcrops. At altitudes higher than 550 m (High Ardenne), i.e. in the East at the German border (Hautes Fagnes), but also in some Plateaus (Tailles, Nassogne, Serpont and Croix Scaille), occurs a mountain ora. The extreme southern part of Wallonia (Lorraine district) has usually calcareous-rich sands with a southern ora, but also a remarkable network of fens and wetlands. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, very hilly, has two contrasted regions: the Oesling (a continuation of the Ardenne district, but more continental), and the rather calcareous Gutland (part of the Lorraine district).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Maritime district Wadden distric districtt Northern clay district Fen district Drenthe district IJsselmeer polders Gelderland district Subcentral European district Estuary district South Limburg district Dune district Fluviatile district Kempen District Polders Flandrian district Brabant district Meuse District 11 High Ardenne 14 Ardenne district 16 Lorraine district
1
3
2 4
5
6 1
3
6 6 7
11
7
4
8 12
9
1
9 13
9 9
14 8
13 15 10 16
18
17
19
19
20 20
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Order. The plants are primarily taken in systematic order, reecting their evoluOrder. evolu tion, in particular in the light of the results of recent DNA studies. However, to facilitate plant identication a number have been put into groups, such as water plants, coastal plants, climbing plants, and shrubs and trees. Ferns (except for four species), horsetails and clubmosses, which are considered to be more primitive groups, and in fact not owering plants at all as they have no owers, are placed together at the end (p. 472-489) for ease of reference. Flowering plants. plants. The plants in this guide are characterized by the presence of vascular (conducting) tissues – unlike the mosses and liverworts omitted from this book. Most belong to the group of the Seed Plants or Spermatophytes. The ma jority of these are true Flowering Plants (Angiosperms), but it also includes Conifers (Gymnosperms, p. 468-471), characterized by needle-like leaves and by owers (and seeds) grouped into cones. Ferns, Fer ns, horsetails and clubmosses do not belong to the Spermatophytes, as they do not produce seeds. The plants, called sporophytes, produce spores, usually in small sacks under their leaves. The spores germinate, and grow into a small plant called the gametophyte, which itself reproduces to form a new sporophyte. The systematic order order.. Within the major groups (angiosperms, gymnosperms, fer ns, etc.), plants are grouped into families. The families, of which the name ends in –aceae (not italicised), are made up of genera (plural of genus), and genera of species. All species of the same genus have the key characters of the genus in common, and all the genera in a family share the same diagnostic features. Each species is described by a scientic (Latin) name composed of two names, both in italic type: rst the genus with a capital initial, then the species with a small initial. Hence the scientic name of the Lily-of-the-valley is Convallaria majalis. Categories may also be made within species (subspecies and varieties, indicated by subsp. and var. respectively, followed by an italic name). English names names follow follow Clive Stace’s New Flora of the British Isles, third Edition, 2010 (Cambridge University Press). A few species do not have an English name (yet), and in this case only the scientic name is given. For scientic names we followed the Heukels’ fora van Nederland (Ruud van der Meijden, Wolters-Noordhoff, Wolters-Noordhoff, 23 rd edition, 2005), completed - when the plant was absent from the Netherlands- by the Nouvelle Flore de la Belgique, du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, du Nord de la France et des régions voisines (Lambinon and Verloove, Jardin botanique national de Belgique, 6th edition, 2012). For a few species, the scientic names slightly differ between the two oras, for instance one author may consider the plant as a species and the other as a subspecies and different species in the Nouvelle Flore may be grouped under one single name in the Heukels’ Flora. The correspondence between the two oras is indicated in the Index (p. 501-514). Family introductions introductions.. The families, especially when quite rich in number of species, are usually introduced by a small text summarizing the important characteristics of the family. This saves much repetition in the species descriptions, but they are important to bear in mind. Keys. The whole arrangement of the plants in the book is in the form of an easyKeys. The to-use key. The plants are not simply listed in the book according to the systematic classication; they are also arranged in groups and sub-groups by easily recognizrecogniz able characters that they share. Within the groups or within the big families, plants are grouped under key headings. These key headings are indicated in boxes and numbered through the text on a hierarchical way.
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For instance, for the Cabbage Family on p. 168-173, the key headings group the different species as follows: 1a Flowers (pale) yellow 2a Fruits (relatively) broad 2b Fruits narrow 3a Upper leaves clasping the stem 455 Woad Isatis tinctoria 456 Tower Mustard Mustard Arabis Arabis glabra 457 Rape Brassica napus 3b Upper leaves not clasping 4a Upper leaves undivided 4b All leaves divided 1b Flowers white (mentioned below when pink or purple) 5a Fruits relatively long 5b Fruits relatively wide 6a Stems leaess 6b Upper leaves clasping the stem 6c Upper leaves sessile or stalked Key heading number 3 is a subheading of key heading 2 that is a subheading of key heading 1. At each hierarchical level, you have to choose between several possibilities (a, b, c…). So when your plant has (pale) yellow owers (1a), narrow fruits (2b), and the upper leaves clasping the stem (3a), you arrive at the following possibilities: Woad, Tower Tower Mustard and Rape - and you may then want to use the descriptive text, the pictures and the maps to help your correct choice between them. A general key can also be found on p. 26-31, which summarizes the main key headings found through the text, but also gives an extended key for the large group A (Terrestrial plants other than groups B-I), so that the reader can progressively and quickly narrow the choice of likely plants by successively observing different recognizable characters. The references references direct the reader straight to the main section or to the numbers where the plants are described and illustrated. An example: Key A: Remaining terrestrial plants (other than B-I) a Flowers in heads ➝ Key A1: 1a Plants with onion smell: 95 1b Green leaves appearing after owering: 965, 966 1c Leaves in whorls: 586 1d Plant spiny or prickly 2a Flowers purple, blue or whitish: 796, 797, 868-885, 888, 1140 2b Flowers yellow or yellowish brown: 860-867, 886, 887 1e Leaves 3-foliate or pinnate: Pea Family: 373-395, 398; 895 1f Flowers greenish, brownish (purplish) or dark purple or ower-heads small 2a Whole plants (or at least the underside of leaves) whitish-woolly: 901-910, 915, 1179 2b Flowers very tiny in heads at base surrounded by 1-several rows of bracts: 522, 896, 910-916 2c No rows of bracts surrounding the ower-heads at base: 425, 426, 736, 788
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If your plant has owers grouped in heads (Key A1), and leaves whorled (1c), go to species number 586 (Field Madder on p. 00). If instead the plant is spiny and prickly (1d), with yellow owers (2b), the key suggests you to have a look at spespecies number 860-867, 886 and 887. The pictures, the text and maps should help to complete the identication. The text text for for each plant notes the rarity, form, and height of the plant, characters useful for identication, habitats and owering times. The picture opposite gives a general impression of the plants, but often also details to illustrate the important identication clues. Each plant is numbered, for quick reference to its map or picture(s). For very similar species, we sometimes only indicate the way in which a plant may differ from its predecessor. Rarity. Asterisks preceding species names of native plants indicate this: Rarity. * = scarce, sparsely distributed over the whole whole Benelux or common but only only within a geographically restricted area ** = rare, rare, distribution restricted *** = extremely rare, found in only a few localities in the whole Benelux area Form and height. height. Unless otherwise indicated, plants are assumed to be upright and not woody. The different form types are described in the Glossary (p. 20-24). The height of a plant can vary greatly with altitude, climate, soil, light intensity and with age for woody plants. The ranges given are typical. A plant’s length is sometimes given: a creeping plant can be very long without being tall. Flowering parts. parts. Flower size, colour and shape and how the owers are grouped together are all important, often also more subtle features, such as the length of the petals and sepals, the presence and the size of a spur (as in Orchids and Balsams) or of bracts at the base of the owers. Except when otherwise stated, all given sizes of owers and their parts (petal lobes, sepals, styles etc.) refer to their length, and colours to those petals (or to sepals when there are no petals). The different shapes, features and arrangements of owers are described in the Glossary (p. 20-24). Leaves are stalked except when specied. The features given in the text are usuLeaves are usually identication clues (shape, presence of hairs, prickles or teeth…). Leaves’ development is directly inuenced by the habitat where they grow. So they can show some variation for the same species. For example, leaves of the same plant can be large, thin and almost hairless in a shady and moist environment and small, thicker and hairy in dry, open sunny conditions. In aquatic plants, underwater leaves are often longer and narrower than emerging or oating leaves. The fruit fruit is is the structure that protects the seeds. Some fruits have developed particular features, helping the seeds to disperse over sometimes long distances, such as wings and feathers to be carried by the wind as in sycamores and dandelions, hooked hairs or scales sticking to animal fur (and clothes) as in Burdocks and Cleavers, and eshy parts as in berries and apples to attract potential eaters, like birds or botanists. These characteristics are usually very important identicaidentication criteria.
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Habitat - crucial in plant distribution - is largely the combination of climate, moisture and soil conditions. Particularly the soil acidity. Some plants will be only found on calcareous soils, i.e. those formed for med on chalk and limestone and on sand-dunes rich in shells (made of calcium carbonates). Others avoid soils with large amounts of calcium carbonates and prefer acid soils for med on granite, slates and schist. The distributions of these habitat specialists on the maps reect the distribution of the calcareous or acid rocks in the territory. Flowering times are given for the whole Benelux area. For plants with a wide geographical range, there can be difference in the rst owering dates of several weeks, depending on the regional climate conditions, local and from year to year. Occasionally isolated individual plants may also ower earlier or later than the others, and therefore may not be considered as typical. Some plants may have variable owering periods and even ower a second time in autumn, es pecially if the weather is mild or if they have been mown in late spring or early summer. Climate change may also lead to owering time-lags for some plants, which may have not been yet evaluated.
The maps indicate the general geographic distribution of plants, i.e. where each species occur in the Benelux area, but they also indicate their abundance within each of our districts. They are based on the most recent data available at the time of the book writing. Usually the maps do not distinguish between areas where the plant grows as native from where it has been introduced (unless stated in the text). The distribution of some species can also be localized within a district. It is the case for species restricted to calcareous bedrocks in the Brabant district (mainly at the extreme east of the district). Species abundance within each district is indicated by different colour intensities, based on the distribution of the plants that has been recorded in ne detail using the (4x4 or 5x5) km² grid-systems during Atlas pro jects (see Bibliography Bibliography p. 16-18): Pale: found in only a few squares (max. 1.9 % of the squares) Intermediate: found in 2-30 % of the squares Dark: found in at least 30 % of the squares
Within the squares, the plants may vary in local abundance, depending on their habitat requirements: the plants growing in specialized habitats will be usually less common than less-dem l ess-demanding anding species.
14
Below the maps, there is indication of the presence of the plants in four border regions from northern France: N = Nord / Pas-de-Calais (departments 59 and 62) P = Picardie (departments 02, 60 and 80) A = Ardennes-Marne (departments 08 and 51) L = Lorraine (departments 54, 55 and 57 – Vosges department excluded) ● = present in the four regions
For example, NPA means that the species is present in all regions except in Lorraine. Knowing the distribution distribution of of a plant is a great help in conrming conr ming your identication. It is unlikely that the plant you are looking at is what you think it is if completely outside its geographical range. However, plants can be found outside their known areas. Some of the regions covered by this book still have to be systematically inventoried, and this may lead to new discoveries, even for well-known and popular plants. For instance, a few rarities considered as regionally extinct have been recently re-discovered in southern Belgium. Some plants, especially if recently established, may be rapidly expanding in their range. Others are only casuals in some districts, or getting rarer, usually as a result of human activities, and becoming regionally extinct. Protection. For their protection the maps usually do not show precise locations Protection. where the plants are localised or rare. But it is loutish as well as often illegal to pick wild owers. Even where a plant is obviously very common and widespread, and where you are absolutely sure that you are not in a protected area, leave them to seed and multiply, and for others to enjoy. In case of doubt, take notes of the plant’s appearance, and photographs are ne, provided you do not trample foolishly about. And do not dig a plant up. Many species are protected at a regional or national level, and with these it is illegal not only to uproot them, but to pick them or remove parts (even seeds). Nationally protected species are listed on the following websites: The Netherlands: http:// Netherlands: http:// www.nederlandsesoorten.nl Belgium: http://biodiversite.wallonie.be/ Belgium: http://biodiversite.wallonie.be/ and http://ora.inbo.be Luxembourg: www.mnhn.lu/ Luxembourg: www.mnhn.lu/
15
Further reading / GENERAL Heukels’ Flora van Nederland, Nederland, by R. van der Meijden (Wolters-Noordhoff, (Wolters-Noordhoff, 23rd edition, 2005). THE essential reference for the Netherlands, with numerous keys and illustrations, already adapted to the revised classication based on DNA studies. Nouvelle Flore de la Belgique, du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, du Nord de la France et des régions voisines, voisines , by J. Lambinon and F. Verloove (Jardin botanique th Meise, 6 edition in French, 2012) [Flora [Flora van België, het Groothertogdom Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en de aangrenzende gebieden , by J. Lambinon, J.-E. De Langhe, L. Delvosalle and J. Duvigneaud (Nationale Plantentuin van België, 3rd reprint in Dutch, 1998)]. THE essential reference for Belgium, Luxembourg Luxembourg and Northern France, comprising numerous keys, illustrations and a nice glossary. Nederlandse Oecologische Flora. Wilde planten en hun relaties, relaties , by E. Weeda et al. (IVN-VARA-VEWIN, (IVN-VARA-VEWIN, 5 volumes, 1985-1994), gives very complete information infor mation on the ecology of the wild plants occurring in the Netherlands. Veldgids Nederlandse Flora, Flora , by H. Eggelte (KNNV Uitgeverij, 5 th edition, 2005), comprises simplied identication keys, which may be easy to use for beginners. The Illustrated Flora of Britain and Northern Europe, Europe, by M. Blamey and C. Grey-Wilson (Domino Books, 1989), is a nicely illustrated book, covering the whole of north-western Europe. Mabberley’s Plant-Book Plant-Book,, by D. Mabberley (Cambridge Univ. Press, 3 rd edition, 2008), is a portable dictionary of plants, updated concerning the systematic classication in the light of the results of the recent DNA studies. Nieuwe atlas van de Nederlandse ora – verspreiding van wilde planten in NedNed erland,, by Floron (KNNV erland (KNNV,, Zeist, 2011), provides distribution maps of all plant species on a 5-km grid. Web site: www.verspreidingsatlas.nl Rode Lijst Vaatplanten Nederland, Nederland, by L.B. Sparrius, B. Odé and R. Beringen (FLORON, Nijmegen 2012), provides an analysis of the rarity and the status of native and naturalized species. Atlas van de Belgische en Luxemburgse ora. Pteridofyten en Spermatofyten / Atlas de la ore belge et et luxembourgeoise. luxembourgeoise. Ptéridophytes et et Spermatophytes, Spermatophytes, by E. van Rompaey and L. Delvosalle (Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, 2nd edition, 1979), has been the rst atlas giving distribution maps of the wild ora in Belgium and Luxembourg based on a systematic inventory according to a grid system. See also http://projects.biodivers http://projects.biodiversity.be/ifbl ity.be/ifbl Atlas van de Flora van Vlaanderen en het Brussels Gewest, Gewest, by W. Van Landuyt et al. (Instituut voor natuur- en bosonderzoek, Nationale Plantentuin van België and Flo.Wer, Flo.Wer, 2006), gives recent and updated distribution maps of plants species in Flanders and Brussels, but also analyses the changes in the ora and the land scapes for the last 65 years.
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Catalogue of neophytes in Belgium (1800-2005), (1800-2005), by F. Verloove (Scripta Botanica Belgica 39, 2006). A complete checklist of exotic plants pl ants ever observed in Belgium. See also an update on http://alienplantsbelgium.be/
Red List of the Vascular Plants of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, by G. Colling (Ferrantia 42, 2005). Provides a checklist of the native and naturalized species from Luxembourg, with their threat category. Plantes protégées et menacées de la région Nord/Pas-de-Calais (Centre Régional de Phytosociologie agréé Conservatoire Botanique National de Bailleul, 2005). A quite detailed prole (species description and picture, ecology, threats and distribution map) of the rare and threatened species in Nord/Pas-de-Calais (France). Flore de la Flandre française, française, by B. Tous Toussaint saint et al. (Centre régional de phytosociologie agréé Conservatoire botanique national de Bailleul, 2008). Everything that you want to know about the ora in i n this region of northern France, e.g. distribution maps, ecological ranges, habitats, threats and didactic illustrations. Plantes protégées de la région Picardie Picardie (Centre Régional de Phytosociologie agréé Conservatoire Botanique National de Bailleul, 2006). Gives information (species description and picture, ecology, threats and distribution map) on protected species from Picardie. / PLANT GROUPS The Grasses, Sedges, Rushes and Ferns of Britain and Northern Europe , by R. Fitter, A. Fitter and A. Farrer (Collins Pocket Guide), is an illustrated guide for these groups. Inheemse bomen en struiken in Nederland en Vlaanderen: herkenning, verspreiding, geschiedenis en gebruik, gebruik , by B. Maes et al. (Boom, 2013), gives a complete survey of the trees and shrubs that can be observed in Flanders and the Netherlands, with maps, many illustrations, historical and ecological information. infor mation. Arbres et arbrisseaux de Belgique et du nord de la France / Bomen en struiken van België, België, by L. Debot (IRScNB-KBIN, 1980 / 1984), is an easy-to-use guide for beginners. Veldgids Nederlandse Orchideeën, Orchideeën , by K. Kreutz (Meijs Publishers, 2nd edition, 2005), is a eld guide for identication, with beautiful pictures, for all orchids spespe cies ever found in the Netherlands. Guide des orchidées de France, de Suisse et du Benelux , by P. P. Delforge (Delachaux (Dela chaux et Niestlé, 2007). An illustrated identication guide, giving a comprehensive view of orchid diversity in our regions. / ON THE WEB The Dutch Species Catalogue. Catalogue. Gives an overview of biodiversity of the Netherlands. It is based on ora and fauna data gathered by experts, and comprises photos and information on species taxonomic, ecological, and conservation status. Web site: www.nederlandsesoorten.nl Soortenbank.nl - Dieren, planten en paddestoelen in Nederland. Nederland. Provides species description and distribution maps for the Netherlands. Web site: http://www.soortenbank.nl
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Flora Databank. Databank. Provides many information on wild plants of Flanders, e.g. on distribution, rarity, ecology and protection status. Web site: http://ora.inbo.be Première liste des espèces rares, menacées et protégées de la Région Wallonne (Ptéridophytes et Spermatophytes) Version 1, 1, by J. Saintenoy-Simon and coll. A rst Red list of the rare and threatened plant species in Wallonia. Web Web site: http:// biodiversite.wallonie.be/ Invasive species in Belgium Belgium (Belgian Biodiversity Platform), provides a black list and a watch list of exotic species, with description of potentially invasive species (that represent or may represent a threat for native biodiversity). Web Web site: http:// ias.biodiversity.be/ The Flora of Brussels (2003-2005), (2003-2005), provides distribution maps of the ora of the BrusBrussels Region based on an inventory realized in 2003-2005. Web site: http://www. oraofbrussels.be/indexfr.php LUXNAT: Portail du patrimoine naturel luxembourgeois (Musée national d’histoire naturelle du Luxembourg), gives information on biodiversity in Luxembourg, e.g. distribution maps. Web site: http:// mnhn.lu Online atlas of the Pteridophytes of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, by Y. Krippel. A very complete and regularly updated list of ferns, horsetails and clubmosses of Luxembourg, comprising distribution maps and a red list. Web site: www.mnhnl.lu/atlas/pterido Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien. parisien. THE experts in the ora from Champagne-Ardennes to the Centre Region. Provides precious information on plant biodiversity and conservation, e.g. on species distribution, description and protection, and produces many publications. Web site: http://cbnbp.mnhn.fr Conservatoire botanique national de Bailleul. Bailleul. THE experts in the ora from NordPas-de-Calais to Haute-Normandie. Provides a lot of information on wild plants and on vegetation, and publishes many publications. Web site: www.cbnbl.org Atlas de la ore de Lorraine, Lorraine, by Floraine. Gives recent and regularly updated distribution maps of plant species for the French Lorraine. Web site: www.oraine.net
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Societies to join / The Netherlands: Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands (KNBV), Netherlands (KNBV), for those seriously interested in botany, both amateur and professional. Publishes the scientic journal “Plant Biology” and organizes scientic meetings. meet ings. Web site: http://www.knbv.org Stichting FLORON, organizes oristic inventories and eld excursions and manages FlorBase, a database composed of plant observations on 1 km² square scale. Web site: http://www.oron.nl / Belgium: Royal Botanical Society of Belgium (RBSB), for those seriously interested in botany, both amateur and professional. Publishes together with the Botanic Garden Meise the scientic journal “Plant Ecology and Evolution” and the botanical journal “Dumortiera”, and organizes scientic meetings. Web site: www.botany.be Association pour l’Etude de la Floristique Floristique (Brussels, (Brussels, Wallonia) and Flo.Wer (Flanders), organize oristic inventories (atlas projects) and eld excursions. Web sites: http://www.aef-or.be http://www.aef-or .be and http://www.plantenwerkgroep.be / Luxembourg: Luxembourg Naturalist Society (SNL): has a botanical section and organizes eld excursions and conferences. Web site: http://www.snl.lu Many regional or local Natural Histories or Conservation societies Conservation societies have botanical sections and propose eld excursions. Some of them also publish series of de termination keys for plant groups and for beginners. You can nd a list of these societies on The Netherlands: http://www.oron.nl/ and http://www.nederlandsesoorten.nl Belgium: http://environnement.wallonie.be/, http://www.centrepaulduvigneaud.be/ and http://natuurverenig http://natuurvereniging.startpagina.be/ ing.startpagina.be/ Luxembourg: http://www.snl.lu Luxembourg: http://www.snl.lu
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Glossary Acid: when the soil is poor in Acid: when calcareous minerals; often formed above siliceous bedrocks (e.g. granite, slates).
Bulbil: small bulb- or tuberBulbil: small like organ, able to form a new plant. Calcareous: when the soil is Calcareous: when rich in calcium carbonates.
Alternate: inserted singly Alternate: inserted and at different heights on an axis. Annual: plant living for one Annual: plant year or less.
Calyx: the outer part of the Calyx: the ower,, usually green (under ower the petals if present), formed of the sepals. Bulbil
jpg j . pg
Capsule: dry fruit opening at Capsule: dry maturity to release the seeds.
Appressed: pressed closely Appressed: pressed against an organ (but not fused with it). Asymmetrical: showing no Asymmetrical: showing plane of symmetry.
Catkin: hanging or Catkin: hanging sometimes erect spike of small owers (♂ or ♀).
Calyx
jp .g
Appressed
Chalk: white and friable Chalk: white calcareous bedrock.
jp .g
Axil: the angle formed Axil: the between an organ (e.g. a leaf) and an axis to which it is attached; axillary axillary,, situated in an axil. Basal: situated at the base of Basal: situated the plant.
Clasping: whose base wholly Clasping: whose or partly surrounds a stem or a twig. Clubmoss: non-owering Clubmoss: non-owering plant, reproducing by spores, with branched, often creeping stems densely covered with small leaves (see p.488).
Capsule
jpg j . pg
Berry: eshy Berry: eshy fruit. Biennial: plant living for two Biennial: plant years (and only owering the second year). Bog: wetland where the Bog: wetland vegetation produces and accumulates acid peat.
Berry
jp .g
Male catkin
jpg j . pg
Bract: leaf often small and Bract: leaf scale-like, at the base of a ower, a ower-stalk or a group of owers. Bract
jpg j . pg
Bractlet: small bract situated Bractlet: small on a ower-stalk.
Female catkin
jpg j . pg
Bulb: underground storage Bulb: underground organ, made up of a short stem surrounded by eshy leaves or scales.
Bulb
.tif tif
Clasping
jp .g
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Compound (leaf): divided (leaf): divided into several separate segments, called leaets.
Compound
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Fruitlet: a tiny fruit, often Fruitlet: a being part of a multiple fruit. Gland: small organ, of Gland: small various shapes, secreting a liquid; glandular glandular,, bearing one or several glands.
Cone: in Gymnosperms (see Cone: in p. 468), a catkin-like group of owers with woody or leathery scales.
Head: a compact cluster of Head: a sessile or nearly sessile owers on the top of a stalk.
Glands
jpg j . pg
Conifer(ous): tree or Conifer(ous): tree shrub belonging to the Gymnosperms (see p. 468), characterized by needle-like leaves and owers grouped into cones.
Glandular hairs
jp .g
Corm: underground storage Corm: underground organ, made up of a eshy swollen stem base.
Horsetail: non-owering Horsetail: non-owering plant, with jointed stems, reproducing by spores enclosed in sacks protected by many umbrella-like projections groups into cones at end of stems (see p. 486).
Corolla: inner whorl of owerCorolla: inner parts (the petals), usually conspicuously coloured, above the sepals if present. Sometimes the petals are fused into a tube.
Corolla
jp .g
Dune: area of sand, Dune: area usually coastal (sea-dune), sometimes inland.
Head
jpg j . pg
Keel: see Pea Family p. 142 Keel: see and Milkworts p. 156.
Fen: nutrient-poor, Fen: nutrient-poor, waterlogged wetland on peat. Fern: non-owering plant, Fern: non-owering reproducing by spores enclosed in sacks usually beneath the leaves (see p. 472). Floret: a tiny ower of a head Floret: a (see Daisy Family p. 292).
Florets
jpg j . pg
Flower: the reproductive Flower: the structure of a plant, consisting of different oral parts (sepals, petals, stamens and/or ovary(ies) with one or several styles); the ower is female female ( (♀) if it does not contain fertile stamens (female organ only present), and male male ( (♂) if it only contains stamens (no styles and ovaries well developed). Flower bud: the bud: the ower before opening out.
Heath: low-growing woody Heath: low-growing vegetation on acid nutrientpoor soils, often dominated by Heather or Heaths (sometimes by Greenweeds and Broom).
Leafet: a
single segment of a compound leaf. Ligule: in the Daisy Family Ligule: in (see p. 292), coloured strapshaped corolla; ligulate ligulate,, with a ligule.
Keel
jp .g
Linear: long, very narrow and Linear: long, with sides ± parallel. Leaet
jpg j . pg
Lip: in two-sided owers, part Lip: in of the corolla with one or several lobes; in the Orchid Family (p. 36), the large inner petal of the ower. Ligulate orets
jpg j . pg
Lobe: division of a leaf (but Lobe: division not in distinct leaets) or of another organ (e.g. corolla, calyx).
Lip
jpg j . pg
Fruit: dry or eshy organ Fruit: dry containing the seeds.
21
Lobed: divided into lobes Lobed: divided (but not completely in distinct segments); 22- and and 3-lobed:: divided into 2 and 3-lobed 3 lobes.
organic matter made up of plant remnants (mostly Sphagnum, but not always), formed in usually waterlogged and oxygenlacking conditions; peaty peaty,, containing or on peat. Peaty substrates are usually nutrient-poor.
Petal
jpg j . pg
Marsh: wetland, inundated Marsh: wetland, at least during a part of the year; marshy marshy,, waterlogged as in a marsh.
Lobed
jpg j . pg
Midrib: the main, central Midrib: the vein (nerve) of a leaf, often thicker and prominent.
Nerve
jpg j . pg
Perennial: surviving more Perennial: surviving than two years. Pinnate
jpg j . pg
Petal: oral part, usually Petal: oral brightly coloured, forming the corolla.
Nectar: sugary substance, Nectar: sugary often fragrant, attracting insects.
Petaloid: coloured and Petaloid: coloured petal-like.
Nectary: organ secreting the Nectary: organ nectar.
Node
Pinnate: when a compound Pinnate: when leaf is divided into opposite leaets (possibly with a terminal leaet).
jpg j . pg
Needle: very narrow leaf of Needle: very conifers (Gymnosperms, see p. 468).
Pod
Pod: fruit, usually long and ± Pod: fruit, cylindrical (see Pea Family p. 142).
jpg j . pg
Nerve: vein (vascular tissue) Nerve: vein in a leaf (or calyx). Ochrea
.jp .j g p
Node: the level of a stem at Node: the which one or several leaves arise.
Pollen: powdery grains Pollen: powdery (usually yellow dust), produced in the anthers (stamen), and containing the male gametes that will fertilise the ovules.
Nutlet: a small nut (dry not Nutlet: a opening fruit). Prickle
jpg j . pg
Opposite
jpg j . pg
Ochrea: see (Dock Family) Ochrea: see p. 74.
Prickle: a sharp pointed Prickle: a outgrowth easily removed from its bearing organ (stem, stalk…).
Opposite: inserted at the Opposite: inserted same level, on opposite sides.
Ovary
Raceme: a simple axis Raceme: a bearing stalked owers.
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Palmate
Ovary: the basal part of Ovary: the the female organ of a ower,, enclosing the ovules ower (becoming seeds after fertilisation).
Raceme
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Regular: showing a radial Regular: showing symmetry (more than one plane of symmetry).
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Palmate: hand-shaped Palmate: hand-shaped lobed or divided in nger-like leaets.
Ray
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Rhizome: underground stem, Rhizome: underground usually growing horizontally and producing aerial stems.
Panicle: branched raceme Panicle: branched comprising secondary groups of stalked owers (usually racemes).
Regular
Parasite: plant living at the Parasite: plant expense of another plant (host-plant). Peat: partially Peat: partially decayed
Rhizome
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Rosette: group Rosette: group of leaves
Panicle
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Ray: axis of a double umbel Ray: axis (ending in secondary umbels).
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Rosette
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arranged in a circle, usually spread out on the ground.
axis bearing (nearly) sessile owers.
Salt marsh: marsh marsh: marsh by the sea or in estuaries, on salt mud, usually daily covered by tidal seawater.
Spine: a sharp pointed Spine: a outgrowth not easily removed from its bearing organ (stem, leaf, fruit…), formed by the modication of a plant organ (stipule, hair…); spiny spiny,, bearing spines.
Salting: meadow by the Salting: meadow sea and in estuaries usually covered by seawater at spring tides. Scale: usually small Scale: usually outgrowth, often brownish or colourless, leathery or membranous, sometimes eshy or woody.
Spore: reproductive unit of Spore: reproductive non-owering plants (ferns, horsetails, clubmosses).
Spike
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Spur: extension of the calyx Spur: extension or of the corolla into a closed tube or cone, often containing nectar; spurred spurred,, with a spur.
Scarious: membranous, Scarious: membranous, translucent or transparent. Spiny
Stalk: axis of an organ or Stalk: axis axis bearing an organ (leaf, ower, fruit…).
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Seed: reproductive unit of Seed: reproductive the owering plants, which by germinating will give a new plant (fertilised ovule). Sepal: outer oral part, Sepal: outer usually green, forming the calyx.
Seeds
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Stamen: male organ of the Stamen: male ower, made up of a stalk (lament) bearing an anther (producing pollen).
Spur jpg j . pg
Standard: see (Pea Family) Standard: see p. 142.
Sessile: without a stalk or a Sessile: without stem. Sheath: usually widened Sheath: usually part of the base of a leaf (in Horsetails, fused leaves, see p. 486) surrounding a stem.
Sepal
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Leaf-stalk jpg j . pg
Shrub: woody perennial Shrub: woody plant, branched from its base (bushy). Simple: not compound or Simple: not not branched.
Stigma: at the tip of the Stigma: at style, often widened, surface receptive to the pollen grains. Stamens
Stipule: leaf-like or Stipule: leaf-like membranous appendage at the base of a leaf-stalk. Stolon: creeping Stolon: creeping stem,
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Slack: wet depression in the Slack: wet dunes. Spadix: eshy axis bearing Spadix: eshy small sessile owers at base and enclosed in a large bract, the spathe spathe (see (see Arum p. 32).
Stem: the main axis (axes) Stem: the of a plant, usually bearing the leaves (sometimes underground and/or of storage).
Standard
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Species: basic unit of plant Species: basic and animal classication.
Spadix
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Stigma
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Sphagnum
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Sphagnum: mosses (peat moss) of which the dead basal parts will form peat. In usually acid and very wet bogs and fens. Spike: a Spike: a simple elongated
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Stolon
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usually producing roots at nodes.
Two-sided: symmetrical Two-sided: symmetrical about one plane only.
Style: the upper part of the Style: the female organ of the ower, often elongated, bearing the stigma(s).
Umbel: cluster of owers Umbel: cluster in which all the individual ower-stalks arise from the same point (the top of the main stalk); double umbel, umbel, an umbel bearing small umbels.
Suckering: when aerial Suckering: when shoots are borne on underground roots.
Style
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Two-sided
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Umbel
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Taproot: the main root Taproot: the of a plant consisting of a dominant, often deeply descending, pivot.
Double umbel
Waste places: neglected places: neglected land, disturbed by human activities, recolonised by spontaneous, often ruderal, vegetation.
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Tendril jpg j . pg
Tendril: a lament, Tendril: a sometimes branched, used for climbing and for hanging by winding round a plant or an object.
Whorl: group of organs Whorl: group arranged in a ring around an axis; whorled whorled,, arranged in a whorl. Whorl
Wing: a thin, more or Wing: a less wide membranous outgrowth of an organ (stem, stalk, fruit…); see also the Pea Family p. 142 and Milkworts p. 156. Winged Winged:: showing wings.
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Thorn
Thorn: a pungent point on Thorn: a a stem or a branch of a woody plant, formed by the modication of a plant organ (lateral branch, stipule…).
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Trifoliate jp .g
Tree: woody perennial plant, Tree: woody arising from a single stem, and becoming tall (usually at least 7m high). Trifoliate: with Trifoliate: with three leaets.
Wing
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Tube-orets jpg j . pg
Tube-foret: in
the Daisy Family (see p. 292), a oret with a tubular corolla. Tuber: underground storage Tuber: underground organ, made up of a swollen underground stem. Tuberous: swollen and tuberTuberous: swollen like. Tuber .tif tif
Tubular: having the shape of Tubular: having a tube; in the Daisy Family (see p. 292), for a oret with a regular corolla formed by fused petals.
Tubular jpg j . pg
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Winged
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General Key A B C D E F G H I
Remaining terrestrial plants (other than B-I) à Key A Land plants without chlorophyll à Key B Waterplants and marsh-plants, marsh-plants, part of the year partly inundated inundated à Key C Coastal and salt marsh plants à Key D Climbing plants with tendrils or winding stems à Key E Shrubs and trees à Key F Ferns à Key G Horsetails à Key H Clubmosses à Key I
/ Key A: Remaining terrestrial plants (other than B-I) a Flowers in heads à Key A1 b Flowers small and inconspicuous inconspicuous (corolla (corolla / calyx absent or not well visible), sometimes with a special structure à Key A2 c Flowers distinct, with a 2-sided symmetry (sometimes (sometimes only slightly 2-sided or asymmetrical) à Key A3 d Flowers distinct, regular regular (or nearly regular; regular; sometimes sometimes owers with outer outer petals longer than inner) à Key A4 / Key A1 Flowers in heads 1a Plants with onion smell: 95 1b Green leaves appearing after owering: 965, 966 1c Leaves in whorls: whorls: 586 1d Plant spiny spiny or prickly 2a Flowers purple, blue or whitish: 796, 797, 868-885, 888, 1140 2b Flowers yellow or yellowish brown: 860-867, 886, 887 1e Leaves 3-foliate or or pinnate: Pea Family: 373-395, 398; 895 1f Flowers greenish, greenish, brownish brownish (purplish) (purplish) or dark purple or ower-heads ower-heads small 2a Whole plants (or at least the underside of leaves) whitish-woolly: 901910, 915, 1179 2b Flowers very tiny in heads at base surrounded by 1-several rows of bracts: 522, 896, 910-916 2c No rows of bracts surrounding the ower-heads at base: 425, 426, 736, 788 1g Flowers brightly coloured 2a Flower-heads elongating, owers blue or cream-white: 805, 806 2b Petals free, pink, purple or red: 216-218 2c Petals fused at base 3a Stamens distinctly protruding from corolla tube or easily visible inside: 792-795, 798-804, 810, 1169 3b Stamens enclosed in the corolla tube, owers tiny (orets), the whole looking like one single ower: Daisy Family 4a All orets ligulate. Plants with milky sap 5a Flowers blue, lilac or purple: 821-823 5b Flowers yellow or orange 6a Leaves very narrow. Stolons absent: 824-829 6b Leaves broader broader.. Plants with stolons (except 832): 830-835 6c Leaves broader broader.. Stolons absent 7a Stem-leaves 0: 836-844 7b Stem with at least 1 normal leaf halfway: 845-859
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4b At least central owers tubular tubular.. No milky sap 5a Outer orets trumpet-like, owers blue or purple: 889-894 5b Ligule-orets at or absent 6a At least middle and lower leaves opposite: 895-900, 1083-1087 6b All leaves alternate or in a basal rosette (sometimes withered) 7a Ligules 0 or very short: 889, 892, 917924, 961, 966 7b Ligule-orets narrow, not pure white: 925-929 7c Ligule-orets rather wide, pure white: 930-938 7d Ligule-orets yellow: 939-960, 962-965, 1081, 1082 / Key A2 Flowers small and inconspicuous (corolla / calyx absent or not well visible), sometimes with a special structure 1a Flowers crowded along a “spadix” enclosed in a large erect yellowish or greenish bract: 3-4 1b Flowers of a unique structure, structure, small, greenish and cup-like: Spurges: 323-334 (see also 1077, 1143) 1c Flowers indistinct, greenish, greenish, yellowish, whitish whitish or brownish brownish 2a Leaves spiral or alternate or basal (or appearing after owering) 3a Leaves as long as wide: 244, 443, 738-739 3b Leaves longer than wide, undivided, toothed or lobed only: 150160, 221-243, 516, 737, 1152 3c Leaves deeply divided or pinnate: 100, 121, 122, 444, 445, 489, 512, 518 2b Stem-leaves opposite or whorled: 162-164, 169, 170, 178-180, 245, 246, 321, 322, 409, 736 / Key A3 Flowers distinct, with a 2-sided symmetry (sometimes only slightly 2-sided or asymmetrical) 1a Petals free to the base (sometimes with 2 petals fused) 2a Leaves undivided 3a Petals 3 or 6: Orchid Family: 20-63, Iris: 64, 1069 3b Petals 5, owers spurred 4a Sepals 5, green: Violet Family: 308-320 4b Sepals 3, not green: Balsam Family: 532-534 (see also 1078, 1079) 3c Petals 4-5, owers not spurred: 358-365, 447, 508, 1277 2b Leaves deeply divided 3a Sepals free or absent (or indistinguishable from petals): 101, 102, 104, 129-135, 287, 446 (see also 1197, 1212, 1213) 3b Sepals fused. Upper petal standing upright like a ag: Pea Family: 363-408 (see also 1133, 1176, 1180-1196, 1276-1278) 1b Petals fused, at least at base 2a Calyx 0, owers obliquely trumpet-shaped: 2 2b Calyx present 3a All leaves opposite 4a Stem square in section
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5a Flowers distinctly stalked, in loose panicles: 622, 623, 680-683, 1111, 1125, 1126 5b Flowers (nearly) unstalked, in spikes or dense whorls or axillary 6a Leaves undivided, toothed or shallowly lobed: Dead-nettle Family: 632-692 (see also 1057, 1110, 1123, 1124) 6b Leaves divided over half: 631, 641, 645, 661, 672, 676 4b Stem round in section 5a Stamens protruding 6a Stamens 2: Speedwells: 717-735 (see also 1114-1117) 6b Stamen 1 or stamens 3: 791-795 (see also 1112, 1113) 6c Stamens 4: 634-635 5b Stamens enclosed, owers without spur: 693-702, 790, 1080 3b All leaves (or at least the upper ones) spiral or alternate, or in a basal rosette 4a Corolla with a spur or pouch at base, stamens enclosed: 705-713, 789, 1227 4b No spur spur,, stamens protruding: 567, 612, Speedwells: 717-735 (see also 1114-1117) 4c No spur spur,, stamens enclosed: 410-414, 703, 704, 714-716
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/ Key A4 Flowers distinct, regular (or nearly regular, sometimes fowers with outer petals longer than inner) 1a Petals free to the base 2a Calyx absent (or falling off or indistinguishable from petals; sometimes very tiny) 3a Stem-leaves in 1 whorl. Flowers solitary, large: 97, 105-108 3b Stem-leaves opposite: 260 3c Leaves spiral or alternate or basal (or appearing after owering) 4a Flowers Crocus-like: 16-18 4b Plants with onion or garlic smell. Flowers in umbels: Garlic Family: 87-95 4c Flowers in umbels, usually in double umbels. No onion smell: Carrot Family: 740-787 (see also 1002, 1098-1104) 4d Flowers not in umbels, coloured, white or green 5a Flower parts 4 (or 2x4): 96, 100, 121-128, 259 5b Flower parts 5 (or 2x5): 98-100, 103, 120, 139-149, 251-254 5c Flower parts 6: 5, 7-15, 19, 65-67, 72-81, 84-86, 1088 2b Calyx present 3a Stamens numerous 4a Stamens fused into a tube: Mallow Family: 523-531 4b Stamens (nearly) free 5a Sepals fused at base. Leaves deeply divided: Rose Family: 415-442 (see also 1097) 5b Sepals free 6a Leaves opposite: 335-346, 348, 1067 6b Leaves alternate, spiral or basal: Buttercup Family: 109-120 (see also 1072-1074), 123-128, 261, 262, 347
3b Stamens 12 or less 4a Leaves with large stalked glands. Plants carnivorous: 136138 4b Leaves (slightly) eshy: 247-250, 261-272 4c Leaves 3-foliate (with a joint at leaet base): 354-357 4d Leaves opposite or whorled 5a Sepals 2: 290-292 5b Sepals 4: 6, 299-307, 522, 1109 5c Sepals 5 6a Flowers yellow: 336, 540-543 6b Flowers not yellow 7a Sepals fused: 201-220 7b Sepals free 8a Petals blue, red, purple or pink: 168, 273-287, 539, 1062, 1121 8b Petals white (pinkish white): 165-167, 171-200, 349, 353 5d Sepals 6 or 7: 537, 1075, 1122 4e Leaves spiral or alternate (at least partly) or in a basal rosette 5a Sepals 2 or 3: 247-250, 547 5b Sepals 4 6a Stamens 6, the outer 2 shorter shorter.. No leaf or bract at base of ower-stalk (except 478): Cabbage Family: 448-521 (see also 1076, 1090, 1094-1096, 1170, 1171) 6b Stamens 8. Flowers arising from the axil of a leaf or bract 7a Flowers pink or pinkish purple: 297, 298, 554, 555 7b Flowers yellow: 293-296 5c Sepals 5 6a Flowers pink(ish), (blackish) purple or blue: 273-287, 350-352, 1121 6b Flowers white or greenish: 161, 255-258, 559563, 1091 5d Sepals 6: 288, 289 1b Petals fused, at least at base 2a Calyx absent (or indistinguishable from petals) 3a Leaves alternate or basal (or appearing after owering): 1, 16, 68-70, 79-83, 86 3b Stem-leaves whorled: 71, 587-596 (1092-1093) 2b Calyx present 3a All leaves opposite (or at least the lower ones) or in whorls 4a Flowers blue, lilac or violet: 539, 601-607, Speedwells: 717735 (see also 1114-1117) 4b Flowers red, purple or pink: 539, 548, 549, 551, 586, 599-600, 604, 609, 1222, 1280 4c Flowers yellow(ish), white or papery-brown: 537, 540-543, 550, 597-598, 608, 736, 1053, 1075
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3b All leaves spiral or alternate, or in a basal rosette 4a Stamens numerous and fused into a tube: Mallow Family: 523-531 4b Stamens as much as or double the number of corolla lobes 5a Leaves 3-foliate or pinnate: 354-357, 535, 585 5b Leaves undivided, toothed or lobed, but not compound 6a Corolla tube closed, concealing the stamens: Borage Family: 564-584 (see also 1118, 1119) 6b Corolla tube open 7a Stamens 5, downy hairy. Flowers near ly regular: Mulleins: 624-630 7b Stamens not downy hairy 8a Flowers (brownish) purple, pink or white: 536, 538, 552-558, 611, 613-615, 617-621, 1308 8b Flowers blue, bluish purple or violet: 610, 614, Bellower Family: 807-820 8c Flowers yellow(ish) or papery-brown: 544-546, 612, 616, 737-739 / Key B: Land plants without chlorophyll: 967-984 / Key C: Waterplants and marsh-plants, part of the year partly inundated 1a Salt-water plants: 985-988 1b Plants free-oating: 989-996 1c Flowers and some leaves above water-surface water-surface 2a Flowers white or colourful: 997-1004 2b Flowers small, indistinct: 1005-1008 1d Plants submerged. Leaves undivided: 1009-1023 1e Plants submerged. Leaves nely divided: 1024-1037 1f Plants with oating leaves: 1038-1048 1g Plants tiny, in summer often semi-terrestrial: 1049-1068 1h Plants of river- or pond-banks and wet ditches 2a Flowers yellow: 1069-1087 2b Flowers white: 3a Leaves undivided: 1088-1093 3b Leaves divided: 1094-1104 2c Flowers pale lilac or pink (often very pale): 1105-1115 2d Flowers blue, lilac or purple: 1116-1126 2e Flowers greenish or brownish: 1127-1132 / Key D: Coastal and salt marsh plants 1a Sea-dune plants 2a Flowers colourful: 1133-1139 2b Flowers not colourful: 1140-1152 1b Plants of salt marshes and saltings 2a Flowers greenish or indistinct: 1153-1161 2b Flowers white or reddish: 1162-1173 2c Flowers purple, brownish or yellow: 1174-1179
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/ Key E: Climbing plants with tendrils or winding stems 1a Plant with tendrils: 1180-1199 1180-1199 1b Stems winding winding or trailing 2a Leaves absent: 1200-1204 2b Leaves opposite or in whorls: 1205-1210 2c Leaves alternate or spiral: 1211-1227 / Key F: Shrubs and trees 1a Flowers in catkins, ♂ or ♀: 1228-1256 1b Plants with prickles or thorns 2a Flowers white, pink or red: 1257-1268 2b Flowers yellow, purple, greenish or brownish: 1269-1276 1c Leaves compound, compound, plants not prickly: 1277-1287 1d Leaves lobed: 1288-1296 1e Leaves undivided 2a Leaves opposite: 1297-1307 2b Leaves spiral or alternate 3a Flowers white: 1308-1321 3b Flowers not white: 1322-1331 2c Leaves needle-like (‘gymnosperms’), cones either ♂ or ♀: 1332-1339 / Key G: Ferns 1a Plants aquatic, free-oating, leaets scales-like: 989 1b Plants not free-oating, leaets not scales-like 2a Leaves simple or 1-pinnate: 1340-1354 2b Leaves 2-4 pinnate: 1355-1374 / Key H: Horsetails: 1375-1382 / Key I: Clubmosses: 1383-1387 Clubmosses: 1383-1387
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GROUP A: A: L LAND PLANTS WITH CHLOROPHYLL (GROUP B: AFTER 966) ***1 Asarabacca Asarum europaeum europaeum (Aristolochiaceae). Perennial-rhizomes, 5-10cm. Flowers regular, 12-15mm, brownish outside, dark red inside, hidden below the kidney-shaped leaves. Woods, usually calcareous. March-May. March-May. ***2 Birthwort Aristolochia clematitis clematitis.. Perennial-long rhizomes, 20-90cm. Corolla obliquely trumpet-shaped, 2-4cm. Calyx 0. The ower “catches” small insects that can escape only after having effected pollination. Dry places. May-June. 3 Italian Lords-and-Ladies Arum italicum italicum (Araceae). Poisonous. Perennial-tubers, 30-60cm. Flowers small and crowded along a yellow “spadix”, enclosed in a large, conspicuous bract (“spathe”). Here small insects are trapped until the small owers on the spadix are pollinated. Leaves paler along the veins, the new leaves already appearing in autumn. Berries in a spike, orange. Woods, mainly in parks. May-June. 4 Lords-and-Ladies A. maculatum. maculatum. Perennial-tubers. Perennial-tubers. 15-40cm. Spadix dark purple. Leaves an even green, with or without brownish black spots, appearing in late l ate winter. Woods. Woods. April-May. *5 Bog Asphodel Narthecium ossifragum (Nartheciaceae). Poisonous. Perennial-rhizomes, 10-30cm. Leaves Iris-like. Petals in 2 equal whorls, free, spreading, 6-9mm. Stamens 6, with woolly laments, orange. Capsule 3-celled, orange; seeds with ne projections at each end. Wet, acid grasslands and heaths. June-Aug. 6 Herb-Paris Paris quadrifolia (Melanthiaceae). quadrifolia (Melanthiaceae). Poisonous. Perennial-rhizomes, 1530cm. Leaves in a single whorl of (3)4-6. Stem with a single, 3-6cm wide ower. Inner 4 petals very narrow, the outer 4 wider. Berry 4-celled, bluish black. Woods. End April-June.
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Lily Family Liliaceae Perennial-Bulbs. Stamens 6. Capsules 3-celled. **7 Wild Tulip Tulipa sylvestris. sylvestris. 20-50cm. Flower buds nodding. Flowers 3-6cm, petals acute. Capsules erect. Not in woods as the name suggests but grasslands, mostly in old parks. April-May. ***8 Fritillary Fritillaria meleagris. meleagris. 20-50cm. Flowers nodding, 3-5cm, pale to dark purple, with whitish chess-board-like marks, or (especially in garden plants) completely white. Capsules erect. Wet grasslands; also as an escape. April-May. ***9 Lilium bulbiferum. bulbiferum. 30-90cm. Flowers erect. Petals 4-6cm. Stem leaves numerous, narrow and glossy. In and along rye elds. In the wild subsp. croceum croceum axillary axillary bulbils are lacking. June-July. **10 Martagon Lily L. martagon. martagon. 30-100cm. Flowers nodding. Petals 2½-3½cm, recurved, light purple with dark spots. Usually calcareous woods and bush in old parks. June-July. Gagea. Small plants with yellow owers, appearing shortly in March-April, to vanGagea. vanish into the soil soon after. ***11 G. minima. minima. The smallest of our gageas, with narrowed, pointed petals. Up to 15cm. Woods. ***12 G. villosa. villosa. Up to 25cm. Often only a few plants among hundreds come into ower. Basal leaves 2 or 3. Leaf-like bracts 2. Flowers hairy. Cemeteries, low grasslands, by hedges. ***13 G. spathacea.. Up to 25cm. Basal leaves 2 or 3. Leaf-like bract 1, partly clasping the stem. cea Flowers hairless. Woo Woods. ds.
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**14 Gagea pratensis (Liliaceae). Up to 20cm, with 3 bulbs. Basal leaf 1, up to 2-5mm wide. Low grasslands, below hedges. **15 Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem G. lutea.. Up to 30cm, bulb 1. Basal leaf 1, 5-10mm wide. Woods, sometimes grasslands. tea grasslands. *16 Meadow Saffron Colchicum autumnale (Colchicaceae). autumnale (Colchicaceae). Very poisonous. Perennial-tubers, 10-25cm. Leaves arising together with the capsule in early spring. Flowers Crocus-like, 1-3 together (often more numerous in garden varieties); no leaves present during owering time. Differs from Crocus Crocus by its undivided style branches, and in its 6 (not 3) stamens. Wet grasslands, wet open woods. Sept.Oct. **17 Early Crocus Crocus tommasinianus tommasinianus (Iridaceae). Perennial-corms, up to 20cm. Leaves stiff, very narrow, with central whitish channel. Petals lilac to lavlavender blue inside, outside greyish. Style branches divided at the top. Stamens 3. Capsule underground. In grasslands, often in old parks. Feb-March. **18 Spring Crocus C. vernus. vernus. Perennial-corms, up to 20cm. Flowers white with purple stripes, or fully white or purple. Grasslands, often in old parks. Feb-April. **19 American Blue-eyed-grass Sisyrinchium montanum (Iridaceae). Perennial, 10-35cm. Stems winged, unbranched. Leaves Iris-like. Flowers star-like, petals free, 6, violet-blue, 12-18mm. Stamens 3. Moist to wet grasslands, sometimes shady. May-July. Orchid Family Orchidaceae Perennial-tubers or rhizomes. Flowers 2-sided, 3 outer petals often differing from the inner ones; one inner petal different from all: the lip, this with an outgrowth (spur) or not. Stamen 1, with 2 very specialised pollen clumps (see picture herebelow). Capsules opening by 3 or 6 splits, with dust-ne seeds. See also 967-70 967-70.. Most species grow in calcareous grasslands; only the exceptions are indicated here. ***20 Bog Orchid Hammarbya paludosa. paludosa. Plants up to 12cm, greenish, easily overlooked. 2(-4) basal leaves with marginal fringe of tiny bulbils. Flowers 7-10mm; lip 2-4mm, directed upwards. On Sphagnum Sphagnum in in bogs. July-Aug.
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Orchid Family **21 Fen Orchid Liparis loeselii. loeselii. Plants up to 20cm, yellowish green. The 2 basal leaves relatively large. Flowers 10mm; lip 5mm, directed upwards. Dune-slacks and peaty fens. June-early July. Helleborines Epipactis Epipactis.. Leaves on stem. Lip 2-partite, the basal part cup-shaped. The species are difcult to identify (except 22 22). ). *22 *22 Marsh Helleborine E. palustris. palustris. 20-60cm. Lip “jointed” in the middle, 10-12mm. End June-early Aug. *23 Aug. *23 Dark-red Helleborine E. atrorubens. atrorubens. 20-60cm. Flowers entirely reddish purple. Lip 5-7mm. Ovary densely hairy. June-July. **24 E. muelleri. muelleri. 20-50cm. Flower buds rounded at top. Flowers greenish. Lip 7-9mm. Woods. June-July. 25 Broad-leaved Helleborine E. helleborine subsp. helleborine helleborine.. 30-80cm. Flower buds pointed. Colour very variable, reddish to yellowish green. Lip 9-11mm. Bract of lowermost ower more than twice as long as the ower. Ovary scarcely hairy. Slightly shaded places, also public gardens. Mid July-mid Aug. 26 E.h. subsp. neerlandica differs in the bract of the lowermost ower being less than twice as long as the ower. 30-50cm. Dry dunes. End July-early Sept. ***27 Sept. ***27 E. microphylla. microphylla. 15-40cm. 3-5 leaves, 1-3cm. Lip 6½-7mm. Dark woods. July.
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Orchid Family **28 Violet Helleborine Epipactis purpurata. purpurata. 25-100cm. Often whole plants suffused with purple. Lip 8-10mm. Dark, moist woods. Aug.-Sept. ***29 Aug.-Sept. ***29 Narrow-lipped Helleborine E. leptochila. leptochila. 30-70cm. Top part of lip longer than wide, pointed; lip 4-9mm. Beech-woods. July-Aug. ***30 Green-fowere phyllanthes. Green-fowered d Helleborine E. phyllanthes. 10-35cm. Stems and owers (nearly) hairless. Lip 6-8mm. Moist woods. June-Sept. 31 Common Twayblade Neottia ovata. ovata. Plants 20-45cm, rm. Leaves 2, longer than 5cm. Lip 7-15mm. Half May-June. ***32 Lesser Twayblade N. cordata. Plants 5-20cm, slender, slender, suffused with red. Leaves up to 2½cm. Lip 3½-4½mm. Moist pinewoods. May-June. **33 White Helleborine Cephalanthera damasonium. damasonium. 20-60cm. Flowers hardly opening, creamish white with yellow centre. Lowermost Lower most bract as long as its ower ower.. Petals 15-20mm. Woods. Half May-early June. ***34 Narrow-leaved Helleborine C. longifolia. longifolia. 15-60cm. Flowers fully opening, pure white with yellow centre, the petals 10-16mm. Bracts much shorter than the owers. Beech-woods. May-June.
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Orchid Family ***35 Red Helleborine Cephalanthera rubra. rubra. 20-60cm. Flowers light purplish-pink, petals 8-12mm. Calcareous woods. June-July. ***36 Autumn Lady’s-tresses Spiranthes spiralis. spiralis. 5-20cm. Leaves small, basal, arisaris ing during or after owering. Stem only with scale-like leaves. Flowers 4-6mm. Mid Aug.-late Sept. **37 Creeping Lady’s-tresses Goodyera repens. repens. 10-25cm. Stem sticky upwards. Leaves often marbled. Flowers 3-4mm. Mainly in old pine-woods. July-Aug. ***38 Musk Orchid Herminium monorchis. monorchis. 8-20cm. Leaves 2, basal. Flowers smellsmell ing like honey, 2½-3½mm. June-July. **39 Frog Orchid Dactylorhiza viridis. viridis. 6-30cm. Spur very short. Flowers 6-10mm. May. Marsh-orchids Dactylorhiza Dactylorhiza.. A difcult, much studied plant group. Flowers with a spur containing no nectar nectar.. 40 Common Spotted-orchid D. maculata subsp. fuch sii.. 20-60cm. Upper stem leaf not touching lowermost ower. Leaves spotted. Lip sii rather deeply 3-lobed, 9-14mm. Moist open woods and grasslands. June. 41 June. 41 Heath Spotted-orchid D.m. subsp. maculata maculata.. 20-60cm. Lip shallowly lobed, central part much smaller than the side lobes. Moist, usually rather acid grasslands, wet heaths. End May-July.
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Orchid Family *42 Early Marsh-orchid Dactylorhiza incarnata. incarnata. 15-60cm. Upper stem-leaf reaching far over lowermost owers. Leaves unspotted. Lip with markedly reexed sides, 5-8mm. Flowers dark purple, pink or mauve, rarely white; differently coloured plants often grow side by side. Wet grasslands. May-June. *43 D. majalis subsp. majalis.. 15-30cm. Upper stem-leaf reaching far over lowermost owers. Leaves majalis rather diverging, spotted or not. Lip at, central part rather large, 10-14mm. Marshy grasslands. Mid May-mid June. June. 44 Southern Marsh-orchid D.m. subsp. praetermissa. 35-60cm. praetermissa. 35-60cm. Like 43 43 but but middle lobe of lip small. Leaves often with ringlike spots or unspotted. Wet sandy or peaty soil. June. ***45 D.m. D.m. subsp. subsp. sphagni sphagnicola.. Upper stem-leaf not touching lowermost ower. Sides of lip slightly reexed, cola 9-13mm. Acid fens, often on Sphagnum Sphagnum.. June-July. *46 Chalk Fragrant Orchid and and Marsh Marsh Fragrant Orchid Gymnadenia conopsea. conopsea. 20-80cm. Variable in owering time and height. Leaves narrow, unspotted. Lip 3½-6mm. Spur very narrow, twice as long as the ovary (the ower stalk). June-mid Aug. ***47 G. odoratissima. odoratissima. 15-40cm. Spur somewhat thickened at the end, as long as the ovary. June-July.
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Orchid Family bifolia. 20-50cm. Leaves 2(3), basal. Lip *48 Lesser Butterfy-orchid Platanthera bifolia. 8-12mm, spur 2-3 times as long as the ower stalk, at the end e nd not thickened. Pollen clumps closely together, parallel (see detail gure). Wet grasslands and heaths. End May-July. *49 Greater Butterfy-orchid P. montana. 20-50cm. montana. 20-50cm. Like 48 48 but but spur somewhat thickened at the end. Pollen clumps divaricating (see detail gure). Open woods and grasslands. Mid May-July. ***50 Small-white Orchid Pseudorchis albida. albida. Flowers whitish, lip 2-3mm, 3-lobed, spur short. Upper 5 petals 2-3mm, forming a “helmet”. Heaths and acid grass lands. May-June. ***51 Man Orchid Orchis anthropophora. 10-40cm. anthropophora. 10-40cm. Spur 0. Lip 12-15mm. Dry grass grass-lands and open woods. Mid May-mid June. *52 Early-purple Orchid Orchis mascula. mascula. 15-50cm. Two petals erect. Spur pointing slightly upwards. Lip 8-15mm. Leaves usually with blackish spots. End April-mid May. ***53 Monkey Orchid Orchis simia. simia. 30-40cm. Flowering from top to bottom of raceme. Upper leaf almost completely clasping the stem. Upper 5 petals forming a “helmet”; this pointed. Lip 14-16mm, the lobes curved upwards. May. *54 Lady Orchid O. purpurea. purpurea. 30-75cm. Helmet rounded. Lip 10-15mm, central lobe much wider than side lobes. Open woods. May.
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Orchid Family ***55 Military Orchid Orchis militaris. militaris. 25-45cm. Helmet pointed. Lip 12-15mm, cencentral lobe at base a little wider than side lobes. Open woods. Mid May-early June. ***56 Burnt Orchid Neotinea ustulata. 15-25cm. ustulata. 15-25cm. Upper 5 petals forming formi ng a rounded “helmet”. Lip 4-8mm. Spur much shorter than the ower stalk. May. **57 Lizard Orchid Himantoglossum hircinum. hircinum. 30-80cm. Lip very long, 30-50mm. Spur very short. Smelling of goat. Rather dry grasslands among low bushes. MayJune. ***58 Pyramidal Orchid Anacamptis Orchid Anacamptis pyramidalis. pyramidalis. 30-60cm. Lip deeply and equalequal ly 3-lobed, with 2 raised plates near its base, 6-8mm. Spur pointing downwards, very narrow, and slightly longer than the ower stalk. Dry grasslands. June-July. **59 Green-winged Orchid Anacamptis morio. morio. 8-30cm. Lip shallowly and uneune qually 3-lobed, without projections, 7-10mm. Flowers dark purple or pink or white, plants with different colours often growing side by side. Spur rather thick, horizontal, slightly longer than the ower stalk. Moist grasslands. Mid April-mid June. **60 Fly Orchid Ophrys insectifera. insectifera. 20-50cm. Lip at, with 2 side lobes and 2-lobed central lobe, 9-10mm. Outer petals greenish, shorter than the lip. Scrub. Mid May-early June. **61 Bee Orchid Ophrys apifera. apifera. 20-50cm. Lip slightly convex, with 2 small side lobes, at the end with a little recurved appendage, 10-12mm. Outer petals white, pink or reddish, as long as the lip. Often on recently disturbed soil. June-July.
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***62 Early Spider-orchid sphegodes (Orchidaceae). 10-35cm. Lip without apappendage. Outer petals greenish. Dry grasslands. April-June. **63 Late Spider-orchid O. fuciora. fuciora. 10-35cm. Appendage of the lip curved outwards and lip longer than the outer, pink petals. May-June. ***64 Stinking Iris Iris foetidissima (Iridaceae). foetidissima (Iridaceae). Perennial, 30-90cm. Dark green, evev ergreen leaves with stinking smell when crushed. Flowers bluish. Stamens 3. Seeds bright red to orange. Calcareous dunes. May-July. Asparagus Family Asparagaceae Family Asparagaceae Perennial- rhizomes, tubers, bulbs or corms. Petals 6 (or 4 where mentioned), fused to free. Stamens 6. Capsules or berries 3-celled. *65 Anthericum liliago *65 Anthericum liliago.. Tubers, 20-60cm. Leaves long and grass-like. Petals free, 16-22mm. Dry, calcareous places. May-June. *66 Wild Asparagus Asparagus ofcinalis ofcinalis subsp. prostratus prostratus.. Up to 40cm. Plants either ♂ or ♀. Young shoots eshy, thin. Stems prostrate. “Leaves” bluish green. Dry calcareous dunes. May-July. 67 Garden Asparagus A.o. Asparagus A.o. subp. subp. ofcinalis ofcinalis.. 80200cm. Stems erect. “Leaves” dark green, shoots thick. Dry sandy places, roadside verges, gravel banks. May-July.
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