INSTITUTO FEDERAL DE CIÊNCIA, EDUCAÇÃO E TECNOLOGIA DE SÃO PAULO PEDRO DE OLIVEIRA RODRIGUES FICHAMENTO: LYONS, Jhon. A Lin!"#$i%&: '#$!(o %i'n$")i%o (& *"n!&. In: LYONS. INTRODUÇÃO A LINGU+STICA TERICA. T-&(!/o Ro#& Vi-"ni& M&$$o# ' Si*0& ' H1*io Pi2'n$'*. R'0i#/o ' S!3'-0i#/o P-o). I#&&% Ni%o*&! S&*!2. S/o P&!*o: E(i$o-& (& Uni0'-#i(&(' (' S/o P&!*o, 4565.
S/o P&!*o 7846
FICHAMENTO 1.1 Introduç Introdução ão 1.1.1 Definição da Linguística
9 A Lin!"#$i%& 3o(' #'- (')ini(& %o2o o '#$!(o %i'n$i)i%o (& *"n!&. ...; 3o- '#$!(o %i'n$i)i%o (& *"n!& #' 'n$'n(' & in0'#$i&/o ('*& 3o- 2'io (' o<#'-0&='# %on$-o*&(&# ' 0'-i)i%>0'i# '23i-i%&2'n$' ' %o2 -')'-?n%i& & !2& $'o-i& '-&* (& #!& '#$-!$!-&. @ LYONS, LYONS, 4565, 3.4; 1.1.3 Abordagem Objetiva da Língua
9 A 3-in%i3&* (i)i%!*(&(' !' 'n)-'n$& !'2 3'*& 3-i2'i-& 0'B &
' & (' !' n/o '#$> 3-'3&-&(o 3&-& 'n%&-&- & *"n!& o<'$i0&2'n$'. @ LYONS, LYONS, 4565, 3.7; E !' & *"n!& 1 &*o !' $'2o# & $'n(?n%i& (' &%'i$&- %o2o !2 )&$o &*!2& %oi#& %o2 !' '#$&2o# )&2i*i&-iB&(o# ('#(' & in)n%i&, n!2 $-&$&2'n$o 3->$i%o ' i--')*'$i(o. E, %o2o > #' $'2 o<#'-0&(o 2!i$&# 0'B'#, 1 3-'%i#o !2 '#)o-o 3&-$i%!*&-2'n$' -&n(' 3&-& #' o*h&- %o2 no0o# o*ho# &# %oi#&# )&2i*i&-'#. LYONS, 4565, 3.7; 1.1.4 Histria da Linguística
9 ...; A $'o-i& $-&(i%ion&* (&# 3&-$'# (o (i#%!-#o, ' &# (')ini='# $-&(i%ion&i# !' ('*&# (> & -&2>$i%& %*>##i%&, -')*'$'2, %o2o &in(& i-'2o# 0'- &(i&n$', $'n$&$i0&# &n$i&# ' 2'(i'0&i# (' -'!ni- & )o-& &# %&$'o-i&# (& G-&2&$i%&, (& Li%& ' (& M'$&)i#i%&. ...;@ LYONS, LYONS, 4565, 3.; O<#. E2 o!$-&# 3&*&0-&#, &# (')ini='# $-&(i%ion&i# (&(&# ># 93&-$'# (o (i#%!-#o@ 3'*& -&2>$i%& %*>##i%& -')*'$'2 $'n$&$i0&# &n$i&# ' 2'(i'0&i# (' -'!ni-, & )o-&, &# %&$'o-i&# (& G-&2>$i%&, (& Li%& ' (& M'$&)"#i%&. ...; & Hi#$-i& (& Lin!"#$i%& 1 ho' (' in$'-'##' n/o &3'n&# 3o- no# h&
9 A -&2&$i%& $-&(i%ion&*, %o2o $&n$&# o!$-&# (&# no##&# $-&(i='# &%&(?2i%&#, -'2on$& & G-1%i& (o #'%. 0 &.C.@ LYONS, 4565, 3.; O<#. A G-&2>$i%& )oi ('#(' o in"%io !2& 3&-$' (& 9Fi*o#o)i&@ -'&, 3o-$&n$o, '-& !2 (' #'!# o<'$o# (' -')*'K/o '2 -'*&/o & n&$!-'B& (o 2!n(o ' &# #!&# in#$i$!i='# #o%i&i#, #'!n(o LYONS, John, '2 #!& o<-& 9In$-o(!/o & Lin!"#$i%& T'-i%&@.
1.!.! %&ature'a( e %)onvenção(
LYONS 4565; '#%*&-'%' !' & (i#%!##/o -'& 0'* 3'*o ho2'2, ' 9%on0'n%ion&*@ %o2o &*o !' #' o-iino! (' !2 %on$-&$o #o%i&* 'n$-' o# ho2'n# ' !', 3o- '*'#, 3o('-i& #'- hon-&(o o! !'<-&(o. 3.; 9 N& (i#%!##/o (& *"n!&, & (i#$in/o 'n$-' n&$!-'B& ' %on0'n/o i-&0& 3-in%i3&*2'n$' #o<-' #' h&0i& !&*!'- %on'K/o n'%'##>-i& 'n$-' o #ini)i%&(o (' !2& 3&*&0-& ' & #!& )o-2&.@ LYONS, 4565, 3.; O# &('3$o# 'K$-'2o# (& '#%o*& n&$!-&*i#$&, %o2o C->$i*o, %!&# %on%'3='# -'3o-$& P*&$/o no #'! (i&*oo C->$i*o, &)i-2&0&2 !' $o(&# &# 3&*&0-&# '-&2, (' )&$o, &3-o3-i&(&# 3o- n&$!-'B& &# %oi#&# !' '*&# #ini)i%&0&2. Ain(& !' i##o n'2 #'23-' 3!('##' #'- '0i('n$' &o *'io, (iBi&2 '*'#, 3o(i& #'- ('2on#$-&(o 3'*o )i*#o)o %&3&B (' (i#%'-ni- & -'&*i(&(' !' '#$&0& &$-># (& &3&-?n%i& (&# %oi#&#. LYONS, 4565, 3.; 9 ...; A -'*&/o )!n(&2'n$&* 'n$-' !2& 3&*&0-& ' o #'! #ini)i%&(o '-& & (' (&- no2' no2in&/o; ' o-iin&-i&2'n$' &# 3&*&0-&# '-&2 i2i$&$i0&# (&# %oi#&# !' '*&# no2'&0&2. ...; @ LYONS, 4565, 3.; O<#. A %i$&/o &%i2& -')*'$' !2 %on%'i$o %on#i('-&(o 3o- LYONS %o2o 3'-$'n%'n$' & '#%o*& n&$!-&*i#$&. N&#%' & E$i2o*oi&: N&#%'! &##i2 & 3-&$i%& (& '$i2o*oi& %on#%i'n$' ' ('*i<'-&(&. O $'-2o '2 #i )o-2&(o (o -&(i%&* -'o '$2o, 0'-(&('i-o, -'&* ('n!n%i& & #!& o-i'2 )i*o#)i%&. E#$&<'*'%'- & o-i'2 (!2& 3&*&0-& ', 3o- '*&, o #'! 0'-(&('i-o #ini)i%&(o, '-& -'0'*&- !2& (&# 0'-(&('# (& n&$!-'B&. LYONS, 4565, 3.; ...; o# '$i2o*oi#$&# -'o# ...; in0o%&0&2 0>-io# 3-in%"3io# #'!n(o o# !&i# &# 3&*&0-&# 3o(i&2 ('-i0&-#' (' o!$-&# o! -'*&%ion&-#' & o!$-&#. E#$'# )o-&2 %o(i)i%&(o# %o2 o $'23o %o2o o# 3-in%"3io# $-&(i%ion&i# (& '$i2o*oi&. ...; '*'# #' (i#$-i-i&: 1 o %&#o ('
1.!.3 Ana$ogistas e anoma$istas
9 A (i#3!$& 'n$-' o# n&$!-&*i#$&# ' o# %on0'n%ion&*i#$&#...; '#$&<'*'%'! o '#$!(o (& G-&2&$i%& ('n$-o (o &-%&$i%& ' -'!*&- #/o %h&2&(o# '-&*2'n$' &n&*oi#$&# ' o# !' $o2&0&2 & 3o#i/o o3o#$&, &no2&*i#$&#. @ LYONS, 4565, 3.Q; 9 ...; O# &n&*oi#$&# '#)o-&-&2#' 3o- '#$&<'*'%'- o# 0>-io# 2o('*o# %o2 -')'-?n%i& &o# !&i# #' 3o(i&2 %*&##i)i%&- &# 3&*&0-&# -'!*&-'# (& *"n!&: o $'-2o $-&(i%ion&* 3&-&(i2& 1 #i23*'#2'n$' & 3&*&0-& -'& 3&-& 2o('*o o! 'K'23*o. ...;@ LYONS, 4565, 3.6; ...; O# &no2&*i#$&# n/o n'&0&2 & 'Ki#$?n%i& (' -'!*&-i(&('# n& )o-2&/o (' 3&*&0-&# n& *"n!&, 2&# &3on$&0&2 o# in2'-o# %&#o# (' 3&*&0-&# i--'!*&-'# 3&-& %!& )o-2&/o -&B='# (' &n&*oi& n&(& 0&*'2 3. 'K., o in*. %hi*(: %hi*(-'n, '$%.; ' $&2<12 & 2!*$i3*i%i(&(' (' (i)'-'n$'# &n&*oi&# !' ('0i&2 #'- -'%onh'%i(&# '2 3&*&0-&# (& 2'#2& %*&##' i##o 1 2&i# no$>0'* '2 -'o o! *&$i2 (o !' '2 in*?#;. E*'# $&2<12 %h&2&-&2 & &$'n/o 3&-& o )&$o (' #')-'!'n$'2'n$' &n2&*& & -'*&/o 'n$-' & )o-2& (' !2& 3&*&0-& ' o #'! #ini)i%&(o. ...; LYONS, 4565, 3.6; ...; S' & *"n!& )o##' -'&*2'n$' 3-o(!$o (' !2& %on0'n/o h!2&n&, '-& (' '#3'-&- !' n/o 'n%on$->##'2o# i--'!*&-i(&('# ('##'# 0>-io# $i3o# ', #' 'Ki#$i##'2, #'-i&2 %o--ii(&#. O# &no2&*i#$&# #!#$'n$&0&2 !' & *"n!&, 3-o(!$o (& n&$!-'B&, '-&, &3'n&# '2 3&-$', #!#%'$"0'* (' !2& ('#%-i/o #o< 3&(-='# &n&*i%o# (' )o-2&/o ' !' #' ('0i& (&- &$'n/o &o !#o, 3o- 2&i# i--&%ion&* !' '#$' 3o##& #'-. LYONS, 4565, 3.6;
1.!.4 O *eríodo a$e+andrino
9 Co2 o '#$&<'*'%i2'n$o (& -&n(' -i& ' *in!"#$i%&...;@ LYONS, 4565, 3.5; A &(2i-&/o 3'*&# -&n('# o<-&# *i$'->-i&# (o 3&##&(o 'n%o-&o! & %-'n& (' !' & 3-3-i& *"n!& n& !&* '*&# $inh&2 #i(o '#%-i$&# '-& '2 #i 2&i# 3!-&, 2&i# %o--'$& (o !' & )&*& %o*o!i&* %o--'n$' (' A*'K&n(-i& ' (' o!$-o# %'n$-o# h'*?ni%o#. A# -&2>$i%&# '#%-i$&# 3'*o# )i**oo# h'*'ni#$&# $inh&2 'n$/o (!3*& )in&*i(&(': %o2##i%o# %o2 o ('#'o (' 3-'#'-0&- o -'o (& %o--!3/o 3o- 3&-$' (o# ino-&n$'# ' (o# i*'$-&(o#. LYONS, 4565, 3.5; S'!n(o LYONS 4565;, '#$& &$i%o# (o #'%. V &.C. '-& 2&i# %o--'$& (o !' & )&*& %o*o!i&* (o #'! $'23o ', '2 '-&*, & #!3o#i/o (' !' & 3!-'B& (' !2& *"n!& 1 2&n$i(& 3'*o !#o (&# 3'##o&# %!*$&# ' %o--o23i(& 3'*o# i*'$-&(o#. LYONS, 4565, 3.48; O<#. Ain(& #'!n(o LYONS 4565; 93!-'B&@ ' 9%o--'/o@ #/o 3&*&0-&# &3*i%&(&# &3'n&# !&n(o #' $'2 '2 2'n$' !2 3&(-/o -')'-'n%i&* o !' $o-n& i*i%& & 3-o3o#i/o &*'K&n(-in&, 3'*o )&$o ('*& %o*o%&- $&i# $'-2o# #'2 $'- !2 -')'-'n%i&* 'K&$o ' #i2 &3*i%&(o# 'n'-i%&2'n$' & *"n!& ('<&$i(& 3o- '*'#. LYONS 0&i no2'&- '#$&# %on%'3='# (' 9'--o %*>##i%o@ no '#$!(o (& *in!"#$i%&.
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1.!., "ram#tica "rega
A '*&$i%& -'& ('2o-o! (' #'% . IV &.C. &o #'%. II A.D. LYONS, 4565; A$-io-&#, !2 (o# 2&i# &n$io# ' 2&i# in)*!'n$'# #o)i#$&# (o #'%. V &.C., & (i#$in/o (o# $-?# ?n'-o# '2 -'o. ...; S'!n(o P*&$/o, o# #!<#$&n$i0o# '-&2 $'-2o# !' )!n%ion&0&2 n&# )-&#'# %o2o #!'i$o# (' !2 3-'(i%&(o, ' o# 0'-$i%&# n&# )o-2&# (o 0'- %on$i(o '2 $-'%ho &n$'-io- &!i n/o %i$&(o. S'n(o: S!<#$&n$i0o# 3-3-io#, #!<#$&n$i0o# %o2!n#, &('$i0o#, %on!n='# ' 0'-$i%& (' Dion"#io, o T->%io )i2 (o #'%. II &.C.; )oi, !' #&i<&2o#, & 3-i2'i-& ('#%-i/o -&2&$i%&* &23*& ' #i#$'2>$i%& 3!<*i%&(& no 2!n(o o%i('n$&*. A*12 (&# !&$-o 3&-$'# (o (i#%!-#o, -'%onh'%i(&# 3'*o# '#$oi%o#, Dion"#io &%-'#%'n$o! $&2<12 o &(01-
1.!.- O *eríodo romano
O-&niBo!#' !2& -&2&$i%& *&$in& 3&(-/o, !', %o2o & (' Dion"#io, o T->%io, %o23!nh&#' (' $-?# 3&-$'#. A 3-i2'i-& (')ini-i& & -&2>$i%& %o2o & &-$' (' )&*&- %o--'$&2'n$' ' (' %o23-''n('- o# 3o'$&#, ' $-&$&-i& $&2<12 (&# *'$-&# ' (&# #"*&<&#. A #'!n(& $-&$&-i& (&# 3&-$'# (o (i#%!-#o ' (&-i&, %o2 2&io-'# o! 2'no-'# ('$&*h'#, &# 0&-i&='# !' '*&# #o)-i&2 #'!n(o o $'23o, o ?n'-o, o n2'-o, o %&#o, '$%. Fin&*2'n$', h&0'-i& !2& (i#%!##/o #&<-' o ##i%o n& &
9 ...; !&*!'- 3-o-'##o 3'##o&*, #'%!*&- o! %*'-i%&*, ('3'n(i& (' !2 3'-)'i$o %onh'%i2'n$o (o *&$i2. Po-!' o *&$i2 '-& n/o &3'n&# & *"n!& (& *i$!-i& ' (&# E#%-i$!-&#, 2&# $&2<12 & *"n!& !ni0'-#&* (& (i3*o2&%i&, (& '-!(i/o ' (& %!*$!-&. ...; @ LYONS, 4565, 3.4; 9 ...; O# )i*#o)o# '#%o*>#$i%o#, %o2o o# '#$oi%o#, '#$&0&2 in$'-'##&(o# n& *"n!& %o2o !2 in#$-!2'n$o 3&-& &n&*i#&-'2 & '#$-!$!-& (& -'&*i(&('. Po- i##o '*'# (&0&2 & 2>Ki2& i23o-$n%i& & !'#$/o (o #ini)i%&(o, o! (& #ini)i%&/o...;. @ LYONS, 4565, 3.4; O<#. G-&n(' 3&-$' (' #!&# o<-&# -'%'$i%o# 2'(i'0&i# &o# -o2&no# #' (&0& '2 -'*&/o &o )&$o (' '#$'# n/o $'-'2 %o23-o0&(o %i'n$i)i%&2'n$' o# )&$o# (& -&2>$i%& *&$in&, i#$o 1, ('(!Bin(oo# (&# #!&# %&!#&# 9A -&2&$i%& %i'n$")i%&, o! '#3'%!*&$i0&, $inh& %o2o $&-')& ('#%o<-i- o# 3-in%"3io# 3'*o# !&i# & 3&*&0-&, %o2o !2 #ino, -'*&%ion&0&#', (' !2 *&(o, & in$'*i?n%i& h!2&n& ', (' o!$-o, & %oi#& !' '*& -'3-'#'n$&0&, o! #ini)i%&0&. ...;@ LYONS, 4565, 3.4; 9A G-&2&$i%& '-&, 3oi#, !2& $'o-i& )i*o#)i%& (&# 3&-$'# (o (i#%!-#o ' (o# #'!# 2o(o# (' #ini)i%&/o %&-&%$'-"#$i%o#. ...;@ LYONS, 4565, 3.4;
1.!./ 0enascença e os scu$os seguintes
O# i('&i# (& -&2&$i%& '#3'%!*&$i0& )o-&2 -'0i0i(o# n& F-&n& no #'%. VII 3'*o# 2'#$-'# (' Po-$Ro&*. E2 4QQ8 '*'# 3!<*i%&-&2 #!& G-&22&i-' 1n1-&*' '$ -&i#on1', %!o o<'$i0o, '-& ('2on#$-&- !' & '#$-!$!-& (& *"n!& 1 !2 3-o(!$o (& -&B/o, ' !' &# (i)'-'n$'# *"n!&# #/o &3'n&# 0&-i'(&('# (' !2 #i#$'2& *i%o ' -&%ion&* 2&i# '-&*. ...; To(&# '##&# -&2>$i%&# -&%ion&i# )o-&2 )o-&(&# ('n$-o (& $-&(i/o %*>##i%& ' n/o $-o!K'-&2 n'nh!2& $'o-i& *in!"#$i%& no0&. ...; LYONS, 4565, 3.464W; A G-&2&$i%& 1 (')ini(& %o2o & &-$' (' )&*&- ' '#%-'0'- %o--'$&2'n$' o #'! o<'$i0o ' ('#%o<-i- &# -'*&='# 'Ki#$'n$'# 'n$-' o# '*'2'n$o# (& *"n!&, #'&2 '*&# n&$!-&i# o! %on0'n%ion&i#. A $&-')& (o -&2>$i%o ' ('#%-'0'- o -io, (' $'-2o# $1%ni%o#, "-i&, ' ('##&# 'K3-'##='# <>-<&-&# !' '#$/o #'n(o %on#$&n$'2'n$' %-i&(&# 3&-& &$'n('- &# (-i&#, 2&# ('-i0&2 (&# $'n(?n%i&# n&$!-&i# (& 2'n$' h!2&n&. LYONS, 4565, 3.4W;
1.!.12 A tradição indu
!&n$o & (i0'-#i(&(' ' & 'K$'n#/o (& o<-& -&2&$i%&* hin(!, &3-oKi2&(&2'n$' (oB' (i)'-'n$'# '#%o*&# (' $'o-i& -&2&$i%&* )o-&2 -'%onh'%i(&# n'##& $-&(i/o & 2&io-i&, #' n/o $o(&#, &$1 %'-$o 3on$o ('3'n('n$'# (' P&nini ' %h'&-&2 &$1 n&# %'-%& (' 2i* o<-&# -&2&$i%&i# (i)'-'n$'#. LYONS, 4565, 3.45; O<#. S'!n(o LYONS 4565; P&nini )oi o 2&io- -&2>$i%o hin(!, n&#%'! no #1% IV &.C. S!& 2o-$' 1 i23-'%i#&. 9 ...; (' 2o(o 2!i$o #'2'*h&n$' &o !' P*&$/o !#&-& 3&-& o -'o, i#$o 1, %o2 -')'-?n%i& & (i#$in/o 'n$-' #!'i$o ' 3-'(i%&(o. O# -&2>$i%o# #n#%-i$o# $&2<12 -'%onh'%'-&2 (!&# o!$-&# 3&-$'# (o (i#%!-#o !' 3o('2o# $-&(!Bi- 3o- 3-'3o#i/o ' 3&-$"%!*&. @ LYONS, 4565, 3.78; E2 (oi# 3on$o# 3o('2o# %on#i('-&- o $-&<&*ho *in!"#$i%o hin(! #!3'-io- & -&2&$i%& $-&(i%ion&* (o O%i('n$': 3-i2'i-o, n& )on1$i%&, ' #'!n(o, no '#$!(o (& '#$-!$!-& in$'-n& (&# 3&*&0-&#. O# '#$!(o# -&2&$i%&i# hin(!# 3&-'%'2 $'-#' o-iin&(o (& n'%'##i(&(' (' 3-'#'-0&- in$&%$o# n/o # o $'K$o 2&# $&2<12 & 3-on!n%i& (o# hino# 01(i%o#, %!& -'%i$&/o 3-'%i#& ' &%!-&(& ' !*&(& %o2o '##'n%i&* 3&-& #!& ')i%>%i& no -i$!&* hin(!. A %*&##i)i%&/o (o# #on# (& )&*& )'i$& 3'*o# -&2>$i%o# hin(!# '-& 2&i# ('$&*h&(&, 2&i# 3-'%i#& ' 2&i# )i-2'2'n$' <&#'&(& n& o<#'-0&/o ' n& 'K3'-i?n%i& (o !' !&*!'o!$-& -'&*iB&(& n& E!-o3&, o! '2 !&*!'- o!$-& 3&-$', !' #&i<&2o#, &n$'# (o )i2 (o #'%. I !&n(o o# '#$!(o# )on1$i%o# n& E!-o3& '#$&0&2 (' )&$o )o-$'2'n$' in)*!'n%i&(o# 3'*& ('#%o<'-$& ' 3'*& $-&(!/o (o# $-&$&(o# *in!"#$i%o# hin(!# 3o- '#$!(io#o# o%i('n$&i#. E2 #!& &n>*i#' (&# 3&*&0-&#, o# -&2>$i%o# hin(!# )o-&2 <'2 &*12 (&!i*o !' #' 3o('-i& !*&- n'%'##>-i& &o #'! o<'$i0o o-iin&*, i#$o ', 3-'#'-0&- & *"n!& (o# $'K$o# #&-&(o#. A*i># & -&2>$i%& (' P&nini n/o $-&$& '#3'%i)i%&2'n$' (& *"n!& (o# hino# 01(i%o#, 2&# (& *"n!& (& #!& 13o%&. LYONS, 4565, 3.78; M!i$o# '%$o# (& Lin!"#$i%& (o #'%. I #/o %*&-&2'n$' %on#'!?n%i& (& 3-&$i%& ' (& $'o-i& (o# -&2>$i%o# hin(!#. M&# & in)*!?n%i& (o# 3-in%"3io# (' P&nini 'K&!#$i0i(&(', %on#i#$?n%i& ' '%ono2i&; ('0' #'- no$&(& &in(& 2&i# %*&-&2'n$' '2 &*!2&# (&# 2&i# -'%'n$'# o<-&# (& Lin!"#$i%&. LYONS, 4565, 3.74;
1.3 A Linguística com*arativa 1.3.1
amí$ias Linguísticas
D' 2o(o 2&i# 'n1-i%o, 3o('2o# (iB'- !' &# #'2'*h&n&# 'n$-' &# *"n!&# #/o (' (oi# $i3o#: #'2'*h&n&# (' 0o%&-io ' #'2'*h&n&# (' '#$-!$!-& -&2&$i%&*. ...; @ LYONS, 4565, 3.74; “ (...)
X...; DiB'- !' (!&# *"n!&# #/o &3&-'n$&(&# '!i0&*' & (iB'- !' '0o*!"-&2 (' &*!2& *"n!& 3-'%'('n$' %o2!2. i#$o, &*i>#, o !' #' &)i-2& !&n(o #' (iB !' '*&# 3'-$'n%'2 Z 2'#2& )&2"*i& *in!"#$i%&. ...;@ LYONS, 4565, 3.74; O<#. A 2&io-i& (&# *"n!&# (& E!-o3&, ' 2!i$&# (& [#i&, 3'-$'n%'2 & %h&2&(& )&2"*i& in(o '!-o3'i&. LYONS, 4565; A# -'&*iB&='# 2&i# #ini)i%&$i0&# (& %i?n%i& *in!"#$i%& (o #'%. I 3o(' '2 -'#!2i-#' n'#$'# (oi# )&$o#: o '#$&<'*'%i2'n$o (o# 3-in%"3io# ' (o# 21$o(o# 3&-& & %*&##i)i%&/o ('##&# ' (' o!$-&# )&2"*i&# *in!"#$i%&#, ', o !' 1 2&i# i23o-$&n$', o ('#'n0o*0i2'n$o (' !2& $'o-i& '-&* (&# $-&n#)o-2&='# *in!"#$i%&# ' (&# -'*&='# 'n$-' &# *"n!&#. LYONS, 4565, 3.77; 1.3.!
A Linguística %científica(
DiB#' %o2!2'n$' !' o #'%. I 0i! n&#%'- o '#$!(o %i'n$i)i%o (& *"n!& no 2!n(o o%i('n$&*. T&* &##'-/o '-& 0'-(&('i-&, #' ('-2o# &o $'-2o %i'n$i)i%o o #'n$i(o !' '*' '-&*2'n$' $'2 ho' )oi no #'%. I !' o# )&$o# (& *"n!& %o2'&-&2 & #'- in0'#$i&(o# %!i(&(o#& ' o<'$i0&2'n$' ' ('3oi# 'K3*i%&(o# 3o- hi3$'#'# in(!$i0&#. LYONS, 4565, 3.77; O<#: LYONS4565;, )&B & o<#'-0&/o 9...; o #'n$i(o !' '*' $'2 ho' ...;@ 3oi#, %o2o )oi 2o#$-&(o '2 o!$-&# %i$&='# &n$'-io-'#, '*' i('n$i)i%o! !', &n$'# (o #1%!*o I, ho!0' o!$-&# %on%'3='# (o !' 1 9%i'n$")i%o@ '\o! 0'-(&('i-o.
1.3.3
5onto de vista evo$ucionista
A 2!(&n& (' 3'-#3'%$i0& !' *'0o! & &(o/o (o 3on$o (' 0i#$& hi#$-i%o )oi '-&* ' n/o #' *i2i$o! &o '#$!(o (& *"n!&. O &<&n(ono (o -&%io%"nio &3-io-"#$i%o ('!#' 3-i2'i-o n&# &##i2 %h&2&(&# %i?n%i&# 9n&$!-&i#. LYONS, 4565, 3.7; O<#'-0o!#' !' $o(&# &# in#$i$!i='# h!2&n&# &# *'i#, o# %o#$!2'#, &# 3->$i%&# -'*iio#&#, o# -!3o# '%on2i%o# ' #o%i&i# ' &# *"n!&# 2!(&0&2 %on$in!&2'n$' ' n/o 2&i# #' #'n$i! #&$i#)&$-io 'K3*i%&- o #'! '#$&(o n!2& ('$'-2in&(& 13o%& 3o- 3-in%"3io# &<#$-&$o#, 2&# &n$'# 3o- #!& '0o*!/o & 3&-$i- (' !2 '#$&(o 3-10io (i)'-'n$' ' 3'*& &(&3$&/o & %on(i='# 'K$'-n&# '2 2!(&n&. LYONS, 4565, 3.7; 1.3.,
0omantismo
H'-('- 464W8; #!#$'n$&0& !' h&0i& !2& in$i2& -'*&/o 'n$-' & *in!& ' o %&->$'- n&%ion&*. D'3oi# ('*', o '#$&(i#$& ' 3o*"-&)o ]i*h'*2 0on H!2-<&-&# '2
A descoberta do 67nscrito
No )i2 (o #'%. VIII ('#%o<-i!#' !' o #n#%-i$o, & &n$i& *in!& #&-&(& (& +n(i&, -'*&%ion&0&#' %o2 o *&$i2 ' %o2 o -'o, ' $&2<12 %o2 o!$-&# *"n!&# (& E!-o3&. ...; o o-i'n$&*i#$& <-i$ni%o, Si- ]i**i&2 Jon'# ('%*&-o! 46WQ;, '2 3&*&0-&# !' #' $o-n&-&2 )&2o#&#, !' o #n#%-i$o 2o#$-&0& '2 -'*&/o &o -'o ' &o *&$i2 $&n$o n&# -&"B'# (o# 0'-*& #'2 %-'- !' #' $inh& o-iin&(o (' !2& )on$' %o2!2 !' $&*0'B n/o 2&i# 'Ki#$&. ...; LYONS, 4565, 3.7;
1.3.
A im*ort7ncia das $ínguas indo8euro*eias
...; & )&2"*i& in(o'!-o3'i& $'2, ' #'23-' $'->, $&*0'B, o-!*ho (& 3o#i/o !' o%!3& no '#$!(o hi#$-i%o ' %o23&-&$i0o (&# *"n!&#. ...; A -&B/o, #i23*'#2'n$', 1 !' 2!i$&# ('##&# *"n!&# 3o##!'2 $'K$o# '#%-i$o# <'2 &n$io#, (' %'n$'n&# ' 2'#2o (' 2i*h&-'# (' &no#. Po-!' &# *"n!&# (& 2'#2& )&2"*i& #/o )o-2&# (i0'-'n$'#, n& 2&io 3&-$', (' &*!2& *in!& 2&i# &n$i&, !&n$o 2&i# -'%!&-2o# no $'23o, $&n$o 2'no-'# (i)'-'n&# 'n%on$-&-'2o# 'n$-' &# *"n!&# !' %o23&-&-2o#. ...; LYONS, 4565, 3.7; 1.3./
Os em*rstimos
E !2 )&$o <'2 %onh'%i(o !' *"n!&# '2 %on$&$o 'o->)i%o o! %!*$!-&* $o2&2 2!i$o *i0-'2'n$' 3&*&0-&# !2&# (&# o!$-&# 3oi# &# 3&*&0-&# $'n('2 & 0i&&- &$-&01# (' )-on$'i-&# 'o->)i%&# ' *in!"#$i%&# %o2 o o<'$o o! %o#$!2' & !' #' -')'-'2. M!i$&# (&# #'2'*h&n&# *'Ki%&i# (' (i)'-'n$'# *"n!&# 3o('2 'n$/o #'%on#'!?n%i& (' '23-1#$i2o# -'%"3-o%o# (' 3&*&0-&# o! (' '23-1#$i2o# (' !2& $'-%'i-&. LYONS, 4565, 3.77Q; O<#. N'#$' %&3"$!*o LYONS no# (iB !' n/o #o2'n$' & #'2'*h&n& -&2&$i%&* ('0' #'*'0&(& '2 %on$& 3&-& #' ('$'-2in&- #' !2& ' o!$-& *"n!& )&B'2 3&-$' (& 2'#2& )&2"*i&, 2&# $&2<12 ('0'2 #'- no$&(o# o# 9'23-1#$i2o#@ !' o%o--'-&2 'n$-' '*&# n'#$& ('$'-2in&/o. O# '23-1#$i2o# 3o('2 #'- -'3-'#'n$&(o# #o< & )o-2& (' 3&*&0-&# '23-'#$&(&#, 'K3-'##='# o! 2'#2o 3&*&0-&# !' )o-&2 )o-2&(&# & 3&-$i- (' 3&-$'# (' *"n!&# (i#$in$&#, %o2o 1 o %&#o (' &*!2&# 3&*&0-&# (& &$!&*i(&(' !' #' o-iin&-&2 (& 2i#$!-& (' $'-2o# *&$ino# ' -'o#. No$'#' (' 3&##&'2 !', #' !#&2o# o $'-2o '23-1#$i2o 3&-& no# -')'-i-2o# n/o &3'n&# & 3&*&0-&# $o2&(&# (i-'$&2'n$' (&# *"n!&# %*>##i%&#, 2&# $&2<12 & 3&*&0-&# %-i&(&# -'%'n$'2'n$', %o23o#$&# (' 2o(o in$'n%ion&* %o2 3&-$'# (' 3&*&0-&# -'&# ' *&$in&#, 'n$/o ('0'2o# (iB'- !' & 2&io- 3&-$' (o# 2o('-no# $'-2o# %i'n$")i%o#, 3o'K'23*o, o# no2'# (' 2o('-n&# in0'n='# %o2o $'*')on', $'*'0i#/o, &!$o2Q0'*, %in'2&, '$%., )o-&2 '23-1#$i2o# in(i-'$o# (o -'o ' (o *&$i2. LYONS, 4565, 3.7Q; O# )!n(&(o-'# (& Lin!"#$i%& Co23&-&$i0& '#$&0&2 <'2 %n#%io# (' !' &# 3&*&0-&# 3&##&2 )&%i*2'n$' (' !2& *in!& 3&-& o!$-&, 2&# n/o $inh&2 !2 2'io #'!-o 3&-& (i#$in!i- (o -'#$&n$' (o 0o%&-io o# '23-1#$i2o# *1Ki%o#. Po- '##& -&B/o '*'# #' in%*in&0&2 & %on)i& 3-in%i3&*2'n$' n&# #'2'*h&n&# -&2&$i%&i# %o2o '0i('n%i&# (' 3&-'n$'#%o *in!"#$i%o ' & #'- %&!$'*o#o# !&n$o &# #'2'*h&n&# *1Ki%&#, 'K%'$o on(' '#$&# #' )!n(&2'n$&0&2 no 0o%&-io <>#i%o (&# *"n!&# '2 !'#$/o &# 3&*&0-&# '##'n%i&i#, &# !' 3-i2'i-o #' &3-'n('2 ' !' #' !#&2 %on#$&n$'2'n$'. LYONS, 4565, 3.7Q;
1.3.9
A $ei de "rimm
9 Co--'#3on(?n%i&# #i#$'2>$i%&# 3&-%i&i# 'n$-' o# #on# (' 3&*&0-&# '!i0&*'n$' '2 (i)'-'n$'# *"n!&# )o-&2 no$&(&# 3'*o# 3-i2'i-o# %o23&-&$i#$&#. ...;@ LYONS, 4565, 3.76; 9 E2 4W77 J&% G-i22 ...; o<#'-0o!: A &*$'-&/o )on1$i%& (>#' n& 2&io-i& (o# %&#o#, 2&# n!n%& #' o3'-& %o23*'$&2'n$' '2 %&(& %&#o 3&-$i%!*&- &*!2&# 3&*&0-&# 2&n$12 & )o-2& (& 13o%& &n$'-io- & Co--'n$' (& ino0&/o 3&##o! #'2 &)'$>*&#. 9 LYONS, 4565, 3.7W; 1.3.12 Os &eogram#ticos
Un# %in!'n$& &no# 2&i# $&-(', !2 3-in%"3io %o23*'$&2'n$' (i)'-'n$' )oi 3-o%*&2&(o 3o- !2 -!3o (' *in!i#$&#, ...; (o '3"$'$o ...; 9N'o-&2>$i%o#@. O 3-in%i3io )o-2!*&(o 3o- ]i*h'*2 S%h'-'- 4W6; '-& o #'!in$': A# &*$'-&='# !' 3o('2o# o<#'-0&- n& hi#$-i& *in!"#$i%& 3'*o# (o%!2'n$o# '#%-i$o# <&#'i&2#' '2 *'i# )iK&# !' n/o 0&-i&2, #&*0o 3o- )o-& (' o!$-&# *'i#. LYONS, 4565, 3.7W; 1.3.11 A $ei de :erner e outras $eis fonticas
E2 4W6 o *in!i#$& (in&2&-!?# ^&-* V'-n'- 3!<*i%o! !2 &-$io 3&-$i%!*&-2'n$' i23o-$&n$', no !&* ('2on#$-&0& !' %o--'#3on(?n%i&# (o $i3o o$. ( _ *&$. $ 3. 'K., o$. )&(&- _ *&$. 3&$'-;, '2
9 M!i$&# 'K%'='# &3&-'n$'# &# `*'i# )on1$i%&# 3o('-i&2 'K3*i%&-#' %o2o '23-1#$i2o# )'i$o# & &*!2& *in!& 3&-'n$' ' 0iBinh&, o! & !2 (i&*'$o, ('3oi# (& &3*i%&/o (& *'i !' '##&# 'K%'='# 3&-'%i&2 0io*&-. @ LYONS, 4565, 3.8;
1.3.13 O *a*e$ da ana$ogia
9 O #'!n(o )&$o- 3-in%i3&* !' o# N'o-&2>$i%o# in0o%&0&2 3&-& 'K3*i%&- &# 'K%'='# (&# #!&# *'i# )on1$i%&# '-& o !' '*'# %h&2&0&2 &n&*oi&. ...; @ LYONS, 4565, 3.8; Co2 o &!2'n$o (& &$'n/o (i#3'n#&(& &o ('#'n0o*0i2'n$o hi#$-i%o ' 3-1hi#$-i%o (&# *"n!&# %*>##i%&# ' 0'-n>%!*&# (& E!-o3& (!-&n$' o #'%. I, no$o!#' &)in&* !' & &n&*oi& )oi !2 )&$o- i23o-$&n$"##i2o no ('#'n0o*0i2'n$o (&# *"n!&# '2 $o(&# &# 13o%&#, ' n/o 3o('-i& #'&$-i
E2 #!& $'n$&$i0& (' %on#$-!i- !2& $'o-i& (&# $-&n#)o-2&='# *in!"#$i%&# <&#'&(& n&!i*o !' '*'# &%-'(i$&0&2 #'- o# #4i(o# 3-in%"3io# 3o#i$i0i#$&# (&# %i?n%i&# 'K&$&#, o# n'o-&2>$i%o# #' )o-&2 #i23*'#2'n$' &*inh&n(o 'n$-' o# %i'n$i#$&# #o%i&i# (& 13o%&. A Lin!"#$i%& %on$'23o-n'& n/o 2&i# #' %o23-o2'$' '2 !2& %on%'3/o 3o#i$i0i#$& (& %i?n%i& ', %o2o 0'-'2o#, #'! in$'-'##' 3-'(o2in&n$' n/o 1 2&i# & '0o*!/o (&# *"n!&#. LYONS, 4565, 3.;
1.3.1, Linguística )om*arativa e Linguística "era$
9A Lin!"#$i%& Co23&-&$i0& 1 !2 -&2o (& Lin!"#$i%& G'-&*. !2& %i?n%i& 'K3*i%&$i0&. S'! o<'$i0o 1 'K3*i%&- o )&$o '0i('n$' (' !' &# *"n!&# #' $-&n#)o-2&2 ' !' &# (i)'-'n$'# *"n!&# #' &3-'#'n$&2 '2 (i)'-'n$'# -&!#.@ LYONS, 4565, 3.; O# 3-i2'i-o# %o23&-&$i#$&# h'-(&-&2 & %on%'3/o %*>##i%& (' !' & *"n!& '#%-i$&, '2 %'-$o #'n$i(o, $inh& 3-'%'(?n%i& '2 -'*&/o & )&*&(& ...; No 'n$&n$o, *oo 3'-%'<'-&2 !' !&*!'- 'K3*i%&/o #i#$'2>$i%& (& '0o*!/o *in!"#$i%& ('0' -'%onh'%'-, 3-&$i%& ' $'o-i%&2'n$', o 3-in%"3io (' !' &# *'$-&# n!2 #i#$'2& (' '#%-i$& &*)&<1$i%&; &3'n&# #i2-io (& *"n!&. ...; 9 LYONS, 4565, 3.; ...; & 3&-$i- (& 2'$&(' (o #1%. I ...; )i%o! %*&-o !' &# (i)'-'n&# 'n$-' &# *"n!&# ' (i&*'$o# '#$-'i$&2'n$' &3&-'n$&(o# #/o, '2 #!& -&n(' 2&io-i&, 3o*"$i%&# ' %!*$!-&i#, &o in01# (' *in!"#$i%&#. ...; E2 '-&*, &# *"n!&(-/o (' 0>-io# 3&"#'# o-iin&-&2#' (o# (i&*'$o# )&*&(o# 3'*&# %*&##'# #o%i&*2'n$' (o2in&n$'# o! o0'-n&n$'# ('##'# 3&"#'#. LYONS, 4565, 3.; O!$-& %oi#& !' #' $o-no! %*&-& %o2 &# 3'#!i#&# #o<-' (i&*'$o# -'ion&i# no -&2o (& Lin!"#$i%& %h&2&(o (i&*'$o*oi&, o! 'o-&)i& Lin!"#$i%& ' & i23o##i$i%o $-&(i%ion&* 0i& & &n&*oi& %o2o 3-in%"3io (' -'!*&-i(&(', o %o23&-&$i#$& (o )i2 (o #'%. I $'n(i& & %on#i('->*& !2 (o# 3-in%i3&i# )&$o-'# !' i23'(i&2 & '0o*!/o -'!*&- (& *"n!&. ...;@ LYONS, 4565, 3.Q; O i23o-$&n$' ' !' & *"n!& 1 &*o '#$-!$!-&(o '2 !2 -&n(' n2'-o (' n"0'i# (i)'-'n$'#. E2 $o(&# &# *"n!&# 'Ki#$'2 3-in%"3io# -'!*&-'# #'!n(o o# !&i# o# #on# #' %o2 -'!*&-i(&('# n& )o-2&/o (&# 3&*&0-&# ' (&# )-&#'#, #o< o 3on$o (' 0i#$& (& #!& )!n/o -&2&$i%&*. LYONS, 4565, 3.6; ...; o 3-o%'##o (& %o2 n'#$' $-'%ho, no $'K$o o-iin&*, ' 3&-& )&%i*i$&- o 'n$'n(i2'n$o n& %on#!*$&. ...; 2'#2o &# i--'!*&-i(&('# (& *"n!& 3o('2 o-iin&-#' (&!i*o !' &n$'# )o-&2 -'!*&-i(&('#, 3o- 2&i# 3&-&(oK&* !' i#$o 3o##& 3&-'%'-, ' $&2<12 !' & &n&*oi&, o! o 3&(-/o, o! & '#$-!$!-&, ' o 3-in%"3io (o2in&n$' #'2 o !&* &# *"n!&# n/o 3o('-i&2 #'- &3-'n(i(&# o! !#&(&# 3&-& (iB'- %oi#&# !' n!n%& $inh&2 #i(o (i$&# &n$'#. ...; LYONS, 4565, 3.W;
1.4
A Linguística moderna
1.4.1 erdinand de 6aussure
S'!n(o LYONS 4565;, 3o('#' %h&2&*o (' )!n(&(o- (& *in!"#$i%& 2o('-n&. 1.4.! 5rioridade da $íngua fa$ada
9...; o *in!i#$& %on$'23o-n'o #!#$'n$& ...; !' & *"n!& )&*&(& 0'2 3-i2'i-o ' !' & '#%-i$& 1 '##'n%i&*2'n$' !2 3-o%'##o (' -'3-'#'n$&- & )&*& '2 o!$-o 2'io.@ LYONS, 4565, 3.5; N& ('#%-i/o (& *"n!& )&*&(&, '-&*2'n$' &%h& o *in!i#$& !' a &*12 (' 2!i$&# o!$-&# !ni(&('#, n&$!-&*2'n$' #' ('0'2 -'%onh'%'!ni(&('# (' $-?# '#31%i'# (i0'-#&#: #on#, #i*&<&# ' 3&*&0-&#. A##i2, $o(o# o# #i#$'2&# !#!&i# (' '#%-i$& #' <&#'i&2 n!2& o! no!$-& ('##&# !ni(&('# o# #i#$'2&# &*)&<1$i%o# <&#'i&2#' no# #on#, o# #i*>)i%o# n&# 3&*&0-&#. LYONS, 4565, 3.5; 9!&n$o 2&i# *ono )o- o 3'-"o(o (!-&n$' o !&* $'nh& #i(o '#%-i$& & *"n!& ' !#&(& n& *i$'-&$!-& ' n& &(2ini#$-&/o;, $&n$o 2&io- #'-> & (i#%-'3n%i& 'n$-' & '#%-i$& ' & 3-onn%i&, & 2'no# !' '##& (i#%-'3n%i& #'& 3'-io(i%&2'n$' %o--ii(& 3o- -')o-2&# o-$o->)i%&#. ...;@ LYONS, 4565, 3.8; D'#$&!': Di#$in/o 'n$-' 3&*&0-&# ho2)on&# ' ho2-&)&# 'n!n%i&/o (o 3o-!? & '#%-i$& 1 %on#i('-&(& -'3-'#'n$&/o 3o-12 n/o $-&n#%-i/o (& )&*&. 3>.8;. D'#$&!': EK'23*i)i%&/o (' %o2o & '#%-i$& ' & )&*& 3o('2 #'- in('3'n('n$'#. 3>.4;
1.4.3 A Linguística e uma ci>ncia descritiva? e não *rescritiva
9 ...; C&(& )o-2& (& *"n!&, (i)'-'n%i&(& #o%i&* ' -'ion&*2'n$', $'2 i2&n'n$'2'n$' #'! 3-3-io 3&(-/o (' 3!-'B& ' %o--'/o. ...; @ LYONS, 4565, 3.; ...; O ('0'- 3-i2o-(i&* (o *in!i#$& 1 ('#%-'0'- o 2o(o %o2o &# 3'##o&# )&*&2 ' '#%-'0'2; -'&*2'n$' #!& *"n!& ' n/o 3-'%'i$!&%o2o '*&# ('0'-i&2 )&*&- ' '#%-'0'-. E2 o!$-&# 3&*&0-&#, & Lin!"#$i%&, '2 3-i2'i-o *!&-, 3'*o 2'no#, ' ('#%-i$i0&, ' n/o 3-'#%-i$i0& o! no-2&$i0&;. LYONS, 4565, 3.; T'2o# (' &(2i$i- !' $o(&# &# *"n!&# 0i0&# #/o 3o- n&$!-'B& #i#$'2&# (' %o2!ni%&/o ')i%i'n$'# ' 0i>0'i# !' #'-0'2 & (i)'-'n$'# ' 0&-i&(&# n'%'##i(&('# #o%i&i# (&# %o2!ni(&('# !' &# !#&2. Co2o '##&# n'%'##i(&('# 2!(&2, &# *"n!&# $'n('-/o & 2!(&- 3&-& #&$i#)&B'- &# no0&# %on(i='#. S' h> n'%'##i(&(' (' no0o# $'-2o#, '*'# ('0'2 #'in%o-3o-&(o# &o 0o%&-io, !'- 3o- '23-1#$i2o# (' o!$-&# *"n!&#, !'- 3'*& #!& )o-2&/o %o2 '*'2'n$o# > 'Ki#$'n$'# no 0o%&-io, 3'*o# -'%!-#o# 3-o(!$i0o# (& *"n!& 3o('2#' $-&&no0&# (i#$in='# ' 3'-('-#' 0'*h&# (i)'-'n&# &# 2'#2&# (i#$in='# 3o('2 0i- & #'- 'K3-'##&# 3o- (i)'-'n$'# 2'io#. LYONS, 4565, 3.; N'&n(o !' $o(&# &# $-&n#)o-2&='# (& *"n!& #'&2 3&-& 3io-, *oi%&2'n$' n/o !'-'2o# (iB'- !' '*&# ('0&2 #'- 3&-& 2'*ho-. O !' &)i-2&2o# 1 $/o #o2'n$' !' !&*!'- 3&(-/o (' &0&*i&/o &3*i%&(o & $-&n#)o-2&/o *in!"#$i%& ('0' <&#'&-#' no -'%onh'%i2'n$o (&# 0>-i&# )!n='# !' !2& *"n!& 1 %h&2&(& & ('#'23'nh&- n& #o%i'(&(' !' & !#&. LYONS, 4565, 3.; ...; Con('n&n(o & o-i'n$&/o *i$'->-i& (& -&2&$i%& $-&(i%ion&*, o *in!i#$& &3'n&# #!#$'n$& !' o !#o (& *"n!& $'2 2!i$o# o<'$i0o# ' !' '2 -'*&/o & '##&# )!n='# '##' !#o n/o ('0' #'- !*&(o %o2 %-i$1-io# !' #/o &3*i%>0'i#, &3'n&# o! 3-i2o-(i&*2'n$', & *"n!& *i$'->-i&. ...; LYONS, 4565, 3.;
1.4.4 O $inguista se interessa *or todas as $ínguas
E2 3-in%"3io, o in$'-'##' (o *in!i#$& 3o- $o(&# &# *"n!&# ('-i0& (o# )in# ('%*&-&(o# !' '*' #' 3-o3=': & %on#$-!/o (' !2& $'o-i& %i'n$")i%& (& '#$-!$!-& (& *in!&'2 h!2&n&. To(o# o# 'K'23*o# (' *"n!&, (o%!2'n$&(o# ' 3&##i0'i# (' o<#'-0&/o, #'-0'2 %o2o (&(o# & #'-'2 #i#$'2&$iB&(o# ' 'K3*i%&(o# 3'*& $'o-i& '-&*. LYONS, 4565, 3.Q; O<#. E2 #"n$'#', '*' !#$i)i%& o no2' (o %&3"$!*o &$-&01# (& &)i-2&/o 9T'2o# (' &(2i$i- !' $o(&# &# *"n!&# 0i0&# #/o 3o- n&$!-'B& #i#$'2&# (' %o2!ni%&/o ')i%i'n$'# ' 0i>0'i# !' #'-0'2 & (i)'-'n$'# ' 0&-i&(&# n'%'##i(&('# #o%i&i# (&# %o2!ni(&('# !' &# !#&2. @. 1.4., 5rioridade da descrição sincr@nica
...; Po- '#$!(o (i&%-ni%o (' !2& ('$'-2in&(& *"n!& 'n$'n('2o# & ('#%-i/o (& #!& '0o*!/o hi#$-i%& &$-&01# (o $'23o; ...; Po'#$!(o #in%-ni%o (' !2& *"n!& 'n$'n('2o# & ('#%-i/o (' !2 ('$'-2in&(o '#$&(o ('##& *"n!& n!2 ('$'-2in&(o 2o2'n$o no $'23o@ ...; LYONS, 4565, 3.Q; O<#. S'!n(o LYONS 4565; 9 i23o-$&n$' %o23-''n('- <'2 !' & ('#%-i/o #in%-ni%&, '2 3-in%"3io, n/o #' -'#$-in' &3'n&# Z &n>*i#' (' !2& *"n!& 2o('-n& )&*&(&. @ 9To(&# &# *"n!&# 2!(&2 %on#$&n$'2'n$' ...; &##i2 ...; o# '#$&(o# (' !2& *"n!&, #!%'##i0o#, o! ('*i2i$&(o# #o%i&* ' 'o-&)i%&2'n$', 3o('2 #'- ('#%-i$o# in('3'n('n$'2'n$' !n# (o# o!$-o#. @ LYONS, 4565, 3.Q; O<#. A!i Lon# 'K3*i%& #o<-' & 2'$>)o-& (' S&!##!-' 3&-& o '#$!(o #in%-ni%o (& *"n!&. A ('#%-i/o *in!"#$i%& #in%-ni%& $'2 3o- $&-')& )o-2!*&- '##&# -'-&# #i#$'2>$i%&#, %on)o-2' '*&# o3'-&2 n& *"n!&, n!2 (&(o 3'-"o(o. E 3o##"0'* !' & 2&n'i-& %o2o '##&# -'-&# #' in$'-&-&2 no #i#$'2& ('#%-i$i0o -')*i$& ('$'-2in&(o# 3-o%'##o# hi#$-i%o# n& '0o*!/o (& *"n!&. N'##' %&#o, $&* )&$o ' i23o-$&n$' !&n$o & #!& '#$-!$!-&. M&# n/o ('0' &)'$&- o 3-in%"3io '-&* (' 3-io-i(&(' (& #in%-oni&, !2& 0'B !' o# )&*&n$'# n&$i0o# (' !2& ('$'-2in&(& *"n!& '#$/o '2 %on(i='# (' &3-'n('- ' (' &3*i%&- &# -'-&# ('#$&, #'2 &3'*&- 3&-& %onh'%i2'n$o# hi#$-i%o#. LYONS, 4565, 3.5; 9 ...; & &n&*i#' #in%-ni%& ' in('3'n('n$' (o %onh'%i2'n$o (& hi#$Q-i& (& *"n!& !' 3o##& 'Ki#$i- n& %o2!ni(&(' *in!"#$i%&. @ LYONS, 4565, 3.5;
1.4.- A abordagem estrutura$
O $-&o 2&i# %&-&%$'-"#$i%o (& Lin!"#$i%& Mo('-n& !' '*& %o23&-$i*h& %o2 0>-i&# o!$-&# %i?n%i&# a 1 o '#$-!$!-&*i#2o ...; E2 #"n$'#', o '#$-!$!-&*i#2o %on#i('-& %&(& *"n!& %o2o !2 #i#$'2& (' -'*&='# 2&i# 3-'%i#&2'n$', %o2o !2& #'-i' (' #i#$'2&# in$'- -'*&%ion&(o# %!o# '*'2'n$o# )on'2&#, 3&*&0-&#, '$%.; n/o #/o 0>*i(o# )o-& (&# -'*&='# (' '!i0&*?n%i& ' (' o3o#i/o 'Ki#$'n$' 'n$-' '*'#. ...; LYONS, 4565, 3.84; 1.4. %A $íngua( e a %fa$a(
...; & (i#$in/o #&!##!-i&n& 'n$-' *"n!& ' )&*& ...; O# 'n!n%i&(o# #/o 'K'23*o# (' )&*& !' o *in!i#$& $o2& %o2o '0i(?n%i& 3&-& & %on#$-!/o (& '#$-!$!-& %o2!2 #!<&%'n$': & *"n!&. ...;@ LYONS, 4565, 3.47; O<#. O# 'n!n%i&(o# 3-o)'-i(o# 3'*o# 2'2<-o# (' !2& 2'#2& %o2!ni(&(' *in!"#$i%&, i#$o 1, $o(o# o# !' )&*&2 ('$'-2in&(& *"n!&.
