Fiber optics basics and standards
Electromagnetic spectrum Visible light T radiation
Cosmic radiation
UV radiation
IRradiation
Communicationsradiation
X rayradiation 1020
Frequency(Hz)
Microwave,radar 1018
1016
1014
1012
250 THz (1 pm) - 12
Wavelength(m)
(1 THz)
(1 nm)
10
10
( 1µ m)
-9
10
( 1m m)
-6
0.6
SW
10
(1m)
-3
10
LAN/customer LAN/customer premises network digital transmission standards
106 (1 MHz) ( 1 00 m )
0
10
Bitrate (Mbit/s) Source type Wavelength(nm) Range Powerrange (dBm) Receiverdynamic range (dBm) -10 (BER10 ) Max.network extent(km) Max.segmentdistance (km) Fibertype
wavelength f= frequency
0.7
Fibertransmission wavelengthrange
0.8
670
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3 1.4
780 850
1.5
1300
Connectortype
1.6 µm
Measurement tasks
2nd window
FDDI/MM ISO/IEC9314-4
FDDI/SM ISO/IEC 9314-4 Cat.1
4,16 LED 850 800 to 910 -13 to -22
100 LED 1300 1270 to 1380 -14 to -20
-31/41 to -11/-21
-12 to -30
1 50/125 62.5/125 Duplex-MIC ST Biconic Mini-BNC F-SMA
2 50/125 62.5/125 Duplex-MIC ST Biconic Mini-BNC F-SMA
-14 to-31 200 2 62.5 to 85/125 100/140 Duplex-MIC ST
IBMESCON
FiberChannel ASC X319.3
Definitions: LD= Laser Diode LED= Laser Emilting Diode
Cat.2
100 LD 1300 1270 to 1340 1290 to 1330 -14 to -20 0 to -4
200 LED
LD 1300
-20 -9 BER10-15 -35 -36 6 60 2 20 50/125 9/125 SM 62.5/125 DuplexESCON
-14 to -31
-15 to -37 200 2 9/125 SM
SMDuplex-MIC
200 800 LED LD 1300
OMK-14A(OLS-15+OLP-15A)
OMK-5
OFT-5
OFT-30
OFT-50
CompleteSolutions: OFS-1 =Optical Fiber Service Tester OFC-1 =Optical Fiber CertificationTester
1 62.5
>10 9/125 SM SC
Singlesolutions OLP-5 OMK-5 (OLS-5 + OLP-5) OVF-1 OFT-30 FiberPRO FiberPRO
Powermeter Powermeter+ Source Visible faultlocator Faultlocation OTDR Documentation Archiving
3rd window
TokenRing ISO/IEC8802-5 IEEE802.5
Power Loss
10 1stwindow
-12 to -32.5 -27 to -41 4.5 2 2 62.5 to 85/125 100/140 ST F-SMA
-9 to -27 1 62.5 to 85/125 100/140 F-SMA ST
1550 1625 nm
Attenuation coefficient of silica fibers
B d / t n e i c i f f e o c n o i t a u n e t t A
CSMA/CD(Ethernet) F OI RL 1 0B AS E F TokenBus ISO/IEC 8802-3 ISO/IEC 8802-4 IEEE802.3 IEEE802.4 Passive Active 5,10,20 10 10 LED LED LED 850 850 850 800 to 910 820 to 910 800 to 910 790 to 910 -12 to -20 -11 to -15 -7 to -11 -12 to -15
LAN type Standards
OMK-15A
2
=
Visible light
0.5
V HF 108
(1 GHz)
C0= 300 000 km/s C= xf
0.4
TV
1010
Completesolutions
OFS-1
OMK-14A OMK-5 OMK-14A OFT-5
OFT-30
OFS-1 OFC-1
OFT-5
Multimodefiber Single mode fiber
1
OMK-5
IRabsorption Rayleigh scattering1/ 4
OVF-1
Application areas for fiber optics technology
0.1 800
1000
1200
1400
1600 Wavelength/nm
Wavelength range
Fiberoptic transmissionmakesuse ansmissionmakesuse ofthe threeopticalwindows (850,1300,1550 nm) that aregiven bythe attenuationcharacteristics ofthe silica fibers.Also,670 nm light isused forvisible fault location,and low-cost 780nm lasershavebeen introduced forshort haul accessnetworks.For on-linetest purposes(fibermonitoring),1625 nm isused tocover evenlong haulapplications.
Fibertype core/cladding 100/140 µm 85/125 µm
850 nm
62.5/125 µm 50/125 µm 62.5/125 µm
1300 nm
50/125 µm
1550 nm
incombination
9/125 µm
Different fiber types Core
Cladding
100 µm
140 µm
9/125 µm
Buffer er
n2 = 1.515 n1 = 1.527
250 to 900 µm
Multimodefiber (stepindex) SI100/140
Multimodefiber (gradedindex) GI62.5/125 GI50/125
withEDFA
780 nm
N.A. 0.28
62.5 µm 50 µm
125 µm
125 µm
Maximum segment distance 1 5 10 50
Singlemodefiber (stepindex) SI9/125
Access/longhaul Access/longhaul network digital transmission standards
Application 500 s e s i m r / e N p r A e L m o t s u C
) M S ( e d o m e l g n i S
Standard Bit rate(Mbit/s) Source
Receiver
Source
Receiver
Source
Detectors/spectral response
Optical path
S(A/W)
N.A. 0.1
InGaAs
1.0 Si
Multimodefibersare used forLAN applicationsonly,while singlemodefibers areused forall telecom applications,offering almost unlimited bandwidth.Therefractive indexn 1 must beknownfor OTDRmeasurements,sinceit directlyaffectsthe accuracy offault location.Typicalvalues aregiven above.
Receiver
Ge (23°C) Receiverdynamic test Power Loss
( nm 8 50 1 30 0 1 55 0 nm ) Differentphotodiodesareusedfor differentapplications. Si: Siliconphotodiodesarethebestchoiceforapplicationsinthe visiblelightrange(400and 1000nm). Ge: Germaniumdetectorscoverallthreeopticalwindowsand aresuitableforapplicationsfrom750to 1600nm. InGaAs: IndiumGalliumArsenidedetectorsareideal orsareideal forwavelengths>1000nm(particularlyin the3rdoptical window),duetothealmostflat responsecharacteristicupto1700nm.
Popular connector types Physical contact connector .../PC
CATV
LAN
Angled physical contact connector .../APC
WAN
Intra-office approx.2 km
Shorthaul inter-office
Longhaul inter-office 1300 nm approx.40 km, 1550 nm approx.60 km
OC-1 51.840 LED/MLM 1300 -23 to -14 8.2 0 to 7 NA NA -31 to -14 1 NA MLM/SLM 1300/1550 -15 to -8 8.2 0 to 12 NA NA -23 to -8 1 NA MLM/SLM 1300/1550 -5 to 0 10 10 to 28 NA NA -34 to -10 1 <-25
SDH OC-3 155.520 LED/MLM 1300 -15 to -8 8.2 0 to 7 NA NA -23 to -8 1 NA MLM/SLM 1300/1550 -15 to -8 8.2 0 to 12 NA NA -23 to -8 1 NA MLM/SLM 1300/1550 -5 to 0 10 10 to 28 >20 <-25 -34 to -10 1 <-25
OC-12 622.080 LED/MLM 1300 -15 to -8 8.2 0 to 7 NA NA -23 to -8 1 NA MLM/SLM 1300/1550 -15 to -8 8.2 0 to 12 >24 <-27 -23 to -8 1 <-27 MLM/SLM 1300/1550 -3 to 2 10 10 to 24 >20/24 <-27 -28 to -8 1 <-27/-14
Measurement tasks Ge (0°C)
0.5
Faultlocation
Angled WAN air-gap connector
ANSI/T1.105.06 Type Wavelength/nm Powerrange/dBm Min.ext. ratio/dB Range/dB ORL/dB SBR/dB Dynamicrange/dBm Penalty/dB SBR/dB Type Wavelength/nm Powerrange/dBm Min.ext. ratio/dB Range/dB ORL/dB SBR/dB Dynamicrange/dBm Penalty/dB SBR/dB Type Wavelength/nm Powerrange/dBm Min.ext. ratio/dB Range/dB ORL/dB SBR/dB Dynamicrange/dBm Penalty/dB SBR/dB
Optical path
/ l s u s a e h g c n c o A L
n2= 1.457 n1 = 1.471
250 to 900 µm
100 km
Valuesgivenare based ontypical applicationsforLAN, accessand longhaulnetworks. 850/1300 nm MM,bit ratesaround 10 Mbit/s. 1300/1550 nm SM,bit rates up to10 Gbit/s. 780 nm SM,bit ratesaround 10 Mbit/s(applicationin accessnetworks).
N.A. 0.21
9 µm
0.5
Optical path
n2= 1.540 n1= 1.540 to 1.562
250 to 900 µm
9/125 µm
0.1 ) M M ( e d o m i t l u M
WAN
OC-48 2488.320 MLM 1300 -12 to -5 8.2 0 to 7 >20 <-25 -20 to -5 1 <-25 SLM 1300/1550 -5 to 0 8.2 0 to 12 >24 <-27 -18 to 0 1 <-27 MLM/SLM 1300/1550 -4 to 1 8.2/10 10 to 20 >24 <-27 -26 to -9 1/2 <-27/-14
OC-192 9953.280
ITU-T/G.957 STM-1 155.520 LED/MLM 1300 -15 to -8 8.2 not 0 to 7 Shortreach defined NA NA -23 to -8 1 NA SLM MLM/SLM 1530 to 1565 1300/1550 ffs -15 to -8 8.2 8.2/10 Intermediate 0 to 12 ffs reach 24 NA <-27 NA -18 to 0 -23 to -8 2 1 <-27 NA SLM MLM/SLM 1530 to 1565 1300/1550 ffs -5 to 0 10 10 ffs 10 to 28 Longreach 24 >20 -27 <-25 -26 to -9 -34 to -10 1 2 -27 <-25
Singlesolutions
Attenuator Powermeter Powermeter+Source Visible faultlocator OTDR Documentation Archiving
SONET STM-4 622.080 LED/MLM 1300 -15 to -8 8.2 0 to 7
-23 to -8 1 NA MLM/SLM 1300/1550 -15 to -8 8.2/10 0 to 12 >24 <-27 -23 to -8 1 <-27 MLM/SLM 1300/1550 -3 to 2 10 10 to 24 >24 <-27 -28 to -8 1 <-27
STM-16 2488.320 MLM 1300 -10 to -3 8.2 0 to 7 >24 <-27 -18 to -3 1 <-27 SLM 1300/1550 -5 to 0 8.2/10 0 to 12 >24 <-27 -18 to -0 1 <-27 SLM 1300/1550 -4 to 1 8,2/10 10 to 20 >24 <-27 -26 to -9 1/2 <-27
Definitions:
STM-64 9953.280
ffs= for urther f s tudy MLM= Multi-L ongitudinal Mode NA = Not Applicable ORL= OpticalR eturnL oss
not defined
SBR= Single Back Reflection i on SLM= SingleLongitudina u dinal Mode
SLM 1530 to 1565 ffs 8.2 ffs 24 <-27 -18 to 0 2 <-27 SLM 1530 to 1565 ffs 10 ffs 24 -27 -26 to -9 2 -27
CompleteSolutions: OFS-1= OpticalFiber Service Tester OFC-1= OpticalFiber CertificationTester
Completesolutions
OLA-15 OLP-15A/-16A/-18A(OLP-18AwhenEDFA areused) OMK-14A (OLP-15A + OLS-15A) orOMK-15A (OLP-15A + OLS-15A + OLA-15) OVF-1 OFT-5/-50/-50A/-50B FiberPRO FiberPRO
OFS-1
OFC-1
CATV
Channel spacing in dense WDM systems according to I TU Rec. G.MCS LED and laser diode power spectra Insertionloss Returnloss Air-gap 0.4 to 0.8 dB >60 dB
P h ys i ca l co n ta c t Super U l tr a
S'
InsertionlossReturnloss <05 . dB > 3 0d B <0.5 dB >40 dB < 0. 5 d B > 50 d B
Angled (8° APC)
Insertionloss Returnloss <0.5 dB >60 dB
SIMPLEX VFO
E C /R A CE
H RL -1 1
FC
ST
SC
D4
- 15 t o- 25 d Bm
DUPLEX B i co n ci
D IN - LS A
E 2 00 0
M i n i -B N C F-SMA
Escon
. . /P C
. . /P C
.../APC
.../APC
.../APC
. . /P C
. . /P C
. . /P C
. . /P C
HRL-10
.../APC
. . /P C
.../PC
. . /P C
W D M
+ 5t o- 10 d Bm Tx
FWHM 3 nm
SC Duplex e x Duplex-M e x-MIC FDDI
. . /P C .../APC
OFA
W D M
OFA
. . /P C
Up to 32 channels
Short band
~ ~
1300 FPlaserdiode (MLM laser)
Rx
<<1 nm Up to 32 channels
1300 LED
.../PC
0 t o - 10 d Bm
FWHM 100 nm
Long band
OMS-100 with OSP-102A
~ ~
(nm) 1300 DFB laserdiode (SLM laser)
Thetype offiber used and thecharacteristicsof thesourceimpose limitson system performance.The narrowerthespectral bandwidthof thesourcediode, thehigher thepossible frequencybandwidth/bit rate ofthe system.LEDsare used forshort haul,low bit ratesystems,e.g. LANs.Laserdiodes areused in longhaul,highbit ratesystemsthat usesinglemode fibers. Multi-L ongitudinal Mode(MLM) lasers,also knownas Fabry-Perot (FP) lasers,and Single LongitudinalM ode(SLM) or D istributedF eedback (DFB) lasersare used forthese applications.
Optical test solutions wherever you are: 1525
1530
1535
1540
1545
1550
Wavelength/nm ITU Rec.G. MCSdefinesthe carrierfrequencies/wavelengthsand hsand carrierspacings: REF = 1 55 2. 52 n m = k x 0 8 . nm
1555
156 0
1565
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