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READING MAT MATERIAL ERIAL FOR
B.E. STUDENTS
OF RGPV AFFILIAT AFFILIATED ED ENGINEER ENGINEERING ING COLLEGES BRANCH VII SEM ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS SUBJECT
EHV AC AND DC TRANSMIS TRANSMISSION SION
Professor MD Dutt Addl Geer!l M!!"er #Retd$ BHARAT HEAV HEAV% % ELECTRIC ELECTRICALS ALS LIMITE LIMITED D Professor#E&$ ' E( De)!rt*et B!s!l Ist'tute of S+'e+e !d Te Te+,olo"+,olo"o/t! A!d N!"!r BHOPAL
Presetl- He!d of T,e De)!rt*et De)!rt*et # E($ E($ S,r' R!* Colle"e Of Te Te+,olo" +,olo"T,u!/,ed! T,u!/,e d! BHOPAL
Su0 Code E( 1234
Su05e+t EHV AC AND DC TRANSMISSION
UNIT II
Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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E( 1234
RG PV Syllabus UNIT II EHV AC AND DC TRANSMISSION FACTS devices, basic tye !" c!#t$!lle$s, se$ies c!#t$!lle$% Static Sy#c&$!#!us Se$ies C!'e#sat!$ SSSC% T&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled se$ies caacit!$ TCSC% T&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled se$ies $eact!$ TCSR % S&u#t c!#t$!lle$ STATCOM, Static VAR (SVC)% Se$ies * Se$ies c!#t$!lle$s% C!'bi#ed se$ies s&u#t c!#t$!lle$% UPFC a#d TCPST% INDE( S No To)'+ UNIT II 2 FACTS devices, basic tye !" c!#t$!lle$s, se$ies c!#t$!lle$ 4 Static Sy#c&$!#!us Se$ies C!'e#sat!$ SSSC 6 T&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled se$ies caacit!$ TCSC 8 T&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled se$ies $eact!$ TCSR 9 S&u#t c!#t$!lle$ STATCOM, Static VAR (SVC)% : Se$ies * Se$ies c!#t$!lle$s% C!'bi#ed se$ies s&u#t c!#t$!lle$
UPFC a#d TCPST
Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
P!"e 67 8 9 :7; ;723 23726 2672<
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FACTS DEVICES= BASIC T%PE OF CONTROLLER SERIES CONTROLLER
A%C t$a#s'issi!# syste' t&at e'l!y !+e$ elect$!#ic based a#d !t&e$ static c!#t$!lle$s t! e#&a#ce c!#t$!llability a#d t! i#c$ease !+e$ t$a#s"e$ caability a$e de"i#ed as FACTS i%e Fleible Alte$#ati#- Cu$$e#t T$a#s'issi!# syste's% .e#e"its !" usi#- FACTS c!#t$!lle$s a$e/0 a) T&ey &el i# !btai#i#- !ti'al !e$ati!# by $educi#- !+e$ l!sses a#d i'$!vi#- v!lta-e $!"ile% b) Due t! c!#t$!llability !" FACTS, t&e !+e$ ca$$yi#- caacity !" li#es ca# be i#c$eased ut! t&e$'al li'its% c) T&e t$a#sie#t stability li'it is i#c$eased t&e$eby i'$!vi#- t&e dy#a'ic secu$ity !" t&e syste'% d) S!'e FACTS c!#t$!lle$s suc& as TCSC ca# da' t&e Sub Sy#c&$!#!us Res!#a#ce SSR% e) T&e $!ble' !" dy#a'ic !ve$ v!lta-e ca# be !ve$c!'e by use !" FACTS c!#t$!lle$s% T1PES OF FACT DEVICES T&e$e a$e t+! -$!u !" FACTS devices t&at "!ll!+ t+! disti#ctly di""e$e#t tec&#ical a$!ac&% T&e "i$st -$!u !" FACT c!#t$!lle$s a$e 2#!+# as va$iable i'eda#ce tye FACT c!#t$!lle$s% T&ey a$e i) Static VA$ c!'e#sat!$ SVC ii) T&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled Se$ies Caacit!$ TCSC iii) T&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled P&ase S&i"ti#- T$a#s"!$'e$% TCPST T&e sec!#d -$!u uses sel" c!''utati#- static c!#ve$t!$ !e$ati#- as c!#t$!lled v!lta-e s!u$ces, T&e di$ect cu$$e#t i# a v!lta-e s!u$ced c!#ve$t!$ "l!+s i# b!t& di$ecti!# t&e$e"!$e t&e c!#ve$t!$ valves a$e t! be bi di$ecti!#al% T&ese FACTS c!#t$!lle$s a$e 2#!+# as V!lta-e S!u$ce C!#ve$t!$ VSC based c!#t$!lle$s% T&ey a$e i) ii) iii)
Static Sy#c&$!#!us C!'e#sat!$ STATCOM I#te$li#e P!+e$ Fl!+ C!#t$!lle$s IPFC U#i"ied P!+e$ Fl!+ C!#t$!lle$s UPFC
Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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a) Se$ies c!#t$!lle$ b) s&u#t c!#t$!lle$ c) c!'bi#ed se$ies se$ies c!#t$!lle$ d) c!'bi#ed se$ies s&u#t c!#t$!lle$ SERIES CONTRO33ER Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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T&e se$ies c!#t$!lle$ 'ay be a va$iable caacit!$, i#duct!$ !$ a va$iable "$e4ue#cy s!u$ce% A se$ies c!#t$!lle$ i#5ects a va$iable se$ies v!lta-e ($!duct !" cu$$e#t a#d va$iable $eacta#ce i# t&e li#e% A v!lta-e i# se$ies +it& t&e t$a#s'issi!# li#e ca# c!#t$!l t&e cu$$e#t "l!+ a#d t&e$e by t&e !+e$ t$a#s"e$ "$!' t&e se#di#- e#d t! t&e $eceivi#e#d% 6&e# t&e i#5ected se$ies v!lta-e is i# &ase 7uad$atu$e +it& t&e li#e cu$$e#t, t&e c!#t$!lle$ -e#e$ates !$ c!#su'es !#ly $eactive !+e$% I" t&e i#5ected se$ies v!lta-e is #!t i# &ase 7uad$atu$e, t&e c!#t$!lle$ &a#dle b!t& $eactive a#d active !+e$% Se$ies caacitive i'eda#ce ca# be dec$ease t&e !ve$all e""ective se$ies t$a#s'issi!# i'eda#ce "$!' se#di#- e#d t! t&e $eceivi#- e#d a#d t&e$eby i#c$easi#- t&e t$a#s'ittable !+e$% T&e i#ductive se$ies c!'e#sati!# 'ay be used +&e# it is #ecessa$y t! dec$ease t&e !+e$ "l!+ i# t&e li#e% H!+eve$, t&e caacitive c!'e#sati!# is '!$e c!''!#ly used s!'e !" se$ies c!#t$!lle$s a$e/0 i) T&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled Se$ies Caacit!$ TCSC ii) T&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled Se$ies React!$ TCSR iii) Static Sy#c&$!#!us Se$ies C!'e#sat!$ SSSC T&y$ist!$ s+itc&ed se$ies c!#t$!lle$ 4 STATIC S%NCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR A static sy#c&$!#!us se$ies c!'e#sat!$ is a device +&!se !utut v!lta-e (i#5ected
v!lta-e) is i# 7uad$atu$e +it& t&e li#e cu$$e#t "!$ t&e u$!se !" c&a#-i#- t&e !ve$all $eactive d$! i# t&e li#e% T&e !utut v!lta-e !" a device is c!#t$!lled i#dee#de#tly a#d is #!$'ally 4uite s'all as c!'a$e t! t&e li#e v!lta-e% T&e SSSC 'ay be +it& st!$a-e !$ +it&!ut st!$a-e "acility% T&e st!$a-e syste' 'ay be a batte$y st!$a-e !$ a sue$c!#ducti#- 'a-#etic st!$a-e device +&ic& i#5ects a v!lta-e vect!$ !" va$iable a#-le i# se$ies +it& t&e li#e% T&e static sy#c&$!#!us se$ies c!'e#sat!$ 'ay be used "!$ cu$$e#t c!#t$!l, stability i'$!ve'e#t a#d "$! da'i#- !scillati!#s du$i#- distu$ba#ces%
Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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SSSC +it&!ut e#e$-y st!$a-e syste' 6. T,-r'stor +otrolled Ser'es C!)!+'tor TCSC
T&e use !" t&y$ist!$ c!#t$!l t! $!vide va$iable se$ies c!'e#sati!# 'a2es it att$active t! e'l!y se$ies caacit!$ i# l!#- li#es% C!#t$!lled se$ies c!'e#sati!# ca# be ac&ieved i# t+! +ays 8% Disc$ete c!#t$!l usi#- t&y$ist!$ s+itc&ed se$ies caacit!$ TCSC 9% GTO T&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled se$ies caacit!$ GCSC TCSC c!#sists !" a #u'be$ !" caacit!$s i# se$ies% Eac& s&u#ted by a s+itc& c!'!sed !" t+! a#ti a$allel t&y$ist!$ as s&!+# bel!+
T,-r'stor s>'t+,ed ser'es +!)!+'tor Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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A caacit!$ is i#se$ted by tu$#i#- :!""; t&e t&y$ist!$ s+itc&% Si'ila$ly it is by assed by tu$#i#- :!#; t&e t&y$ist!$% I" all t&e s+itc&es a$e :!"";, t&e e""ective caacita#ce bec!'es Ce4 < C=' +&e$e :'; is t&e t!tal #u'be$ !" caacit!$s% Si'ila$ly i" all t&e s+itc&es a$e si'ulta#e!usly tu$#ed :!#;, Ce4 is >e$!% T&e$e"!$e t&e e""ective caacita#ce a#d &e#ce t&e de-$ee !" se$ies c!'e#sati!# a$e c!#t$!lled i# a steed 'a##e$ by c&a#-i#- t&e #u'be$ !" caacit!$s i#se$ted i# t&e ci$cuit% TCSC is a 'atu$e tec&#!l!-y available "!$ alicati!# i# EHV AC li#es% Pa$allel c!'bi#ati!# !" s+itc&ed caacit!$s a#d c!#t$!lled $eact!$s $!vide a s'!!t& cu$$e#t c!#t$!l $a#-e "$!' caacitive t! i#ductive values by s+itc&i#- t&e caacit!$s a#d c!#t$!lli#- t&e cu$$e#t i# $eact!$% T&e "i-u$e bel!+ s&!+s li#ea$ $eact!$ :3; c!##ected t! AC s!u$ce Vs t&$!u-& t+! t&y$ist!$ c!##ected i# a#ti a$allel% Du$i#- !sitive &al" cycle !" s!u$ce v!lta-e, T8 is tu$#ed !# a#d du$i#- t&e #e-ative &al" cycle T9 is tu$#ed !#% F!$ "i$i#- a#-le ? <@B, t&e s!u$ce cu$$e#t is c!#ti#u!us as s&!+# bel!+% T&e ci$cuit be&aves as i" t&e i#ducta#ce 3 is di$ectly c!##ected t! t&e s!u$ce +it&!ut t&y$ist!$% F!$ ?<@B, Is a si#e +ave, its "u#da'e#tal c!'!#e#t I"8 is sa'e as Is a#d is t&e$e"!$e 'ai'u'% As a $esult, i#ductive $eacta#ce !""e$ed by $eact!$ l
T&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled $eact!$
Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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@ α>@ "!$T8 "!$ T9
α
C'r+u't d'!"r!* !d 'ts ?olt!"e !d +urret >!?efor*
F!$ "i$i#- a#-le ?@B, cu$$e#t is disc!#ti#u!us, as s&!+# i# "i-u$e b) % Its "u#da'e#tal c!'!#e#t I"8 a-ai# la-s Vs, by @B Its "u#da'e#tal c!'!#e#t I"8 dec$eased, t&e$e"!$e t&e i#ductive $eacta#ce !""e$ed by $eact!$ (
9
At ?< @B, $eactive !+e$ d$a+# is 'ai'u', +&e# ?<8B, $eactive !+e$ is >e$! A si'le u#de$sta#di#- !" +!$2i#- !" TCSC ca# be !btai#ed by a#aly>i#- a va$iable i#duct!$ c!##ected i# a$allel +it& a""ied caacit!$ as s&!+# bel!+
6!$2i#- !" TCSC b)caacitive !e$ati!# c)I#ductive !e$ati!# TCSC < 0C 5TCR 5(TCR 0 C)
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05 C 8 0 C TCR
T&e cu$$e#t t&$!u-& t&e TCR (ITCR) is -ive# by TCR < 05 C 3 5(TCR 0 C)
<
3 8 0 TCR C
Si#ce t&e l!sses a$e #e-lected, t&e i'eda#ce !" t&e TCSC is u$ely $eactive% T&e caacitive $eacta#ce !" TCSC TCSC < C 8 0 C TCR Qust t&e !!site !" t&e c!#ve#ti!# used i# ci$cuit a#alysis a#d l!ad "l!+ studies% T&e $eacta#ce !" TCSC is caacitive as l!#- as t&e $eacta#ce !" t&e caacit!$ c is less t&a# t&e $eacta#ce !" t&e TCR; TCR ;% 6&e# t&e t&y$ist!$ a$e bl!c2ed, t&e $eacta#ce !" TCR is i#"i#ite a#d cu$$e#t t&$!u-& it is >e$!% F!$ c TCR, T&e cu$$e#t t&$!u-& t&e TCR 8B !ut !" &ase +it& t&e li#e cu$$e#t :I l; "!$ c TCR,, T&e e""ective $eacta#ce !" TCSC is #e-ative a#d it be&aves as a# i#duct!$% I# t&is case t&e li#e cu$$e#t a#d t&e cu$$e#t t&$!u-& t&e TCR :ITCR ; a$e i# &ase% 6&e# t&e t$i--e$i#- delay a#-le !" TCR is 8B, t&e $eact!$ bec!'es #!#0 c!#ducti#- a#d t&e se$ies caacit!$ &as its #!$'al value% T&e$e is #! di""e$e#ce i# t&e e$"!$'a#ce !" TCSC i# t&is '!de +it& t&at !" a "ied caacit!$% T&is !e$ati!# '!de is als! 2#!+# as :6aiti#- '!de; a#d is #!$'ally av!ided% As t&e Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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delay a#-le is $educed t! less t&a# c!#ducti#- a#d t&e #et i'eda#ce !" t&e c!#t$!lle$ bec!'es i#ductive% T&e va$iati!# !" TCSC $eacta#ce +it& "i$i#- a#-le ? is s&!+# bel!+% T&e "easibility !" "ast c!#t$!l !" t&y$ist!$ e#ables t&e i'$!ve'e#t !" stability a#d da'i#- !" !scillati!#s usi#- a$!$iate c!#t$!l st$ate-ies% TCC 'ay be used "!$ cu$$e#t c!#t$!l, stability i'$!ve'e#t, da'i#- !scillati!#, a#d "!$ li'iti#- "ault cu$$e#t
Va$iati!# !" TCSC $eacta#ce +it& "i$i#- a#-le α 8 T,-r'stor +otrolled ser'es re!+tor TCSR
A t&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled se$ies $eact!$ c!'$ises !" a se$ies $eact!$ s&u#ted by a t&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled $eact!$ (TCR)% 6&e# t&e t$i--e$i#- delay a#-le !" TCR is 8B, t&e $eact!$ is #!# c!#ducti#- a#d t&e u#c!#t$!lled $eact!$ +!$2s as a "ault cu$$e#t li'iti#- $eact!$% As t&e delay a#-le !" @B, t&e $eact!$ bec!'es "ully c!#ducti#- a#d t&e #et i#ducta#ce value is because !" t&e a$allel c!'bi#ati!# !" t+! i#ducta#ces% T&us a s'!!t& va$iable $eacta#ce c!#t$!l is !btai#ed% T&y$ist!$ * c!#t$!lled se$ies $eact!$ a$e used "!$ cu$$e#t c!#t$!l, stability i'$!ve'e#t, da'i#- !scillati!#, a#d "!$ li'iti#- "ault cu$$e#t
Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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9 S,ut +otroller STATCOM= St!t'+ VAR #SVC$.
SHUNT CONTRO33ER A s&u#t c!#t$!lle$ is a va$iable $eacta#ce c!##ected i# a$allel t! a t$a#s'issi!# li#e % T&e c!#t$!lle$ i#5ects cu$$e#t i#t! t&e syste' at t&e !i#t !" c!##ecti!#% I" t&e i#5ected cu$$e#t is i# &ase 7uad$atu$e +it& t&e li#e v!lta-e, t&e c!#t$!lle$ &a#dles !#ly $eactive !+e$% F!$ a#y !t&e$ &ase a#-le bet+ee# t&e cu$$e#t a#d t&e li#e v!lta-e it &a#dles b!t& active a#d $eactive !+e$% Reactive s&u#t c!'e#sati!# ca# si-#i"ica#tly i#c$ease t&e 'ai'u' t$a#s'ittable !+e$% T&e t$a#sie#t stability at a -ive# !+e$ t$a#s'issi!# level a#d t&e "ault clea$i#ti'e, is dete$'i#ed by P0 c&a$acte$istics !" t&e !st "ault syste'% Si#ce a$!$iately c!#t$!lled s&u#t c!'e#sati!# ca# $!vide e""ective v!lta-e su!$t, it ca# i#c$ease t&e t$a#s'issi!# caability !" t&e !st "ault syste' t&e$eby e#&a#ce t$a#sie#t stability% T&us +it& suitable a#d "ast c!#t$!ls, s&u#t c!'e#sati!# +ill be able t! c&a#-e t&e !+e$ "l!+ i# t&e syste' du$i#- a#d "!ll!+i#- dy#a'ic distu$ba#ces s! as t! i#c$ease t&e t$a#sie#t stability li'it a#d $!vide e""ective !+e$ !scillati!# da'i#-% S!'e basic tye !" s&u#t c!#t$!lle$s a$e a) Static VAR c!'e#sat!$ SVC b) Static Sy#c&$!#!us C!'e#sat!$ STATCOM c) Static Sy#c&$!#!us Ge#e$at!$ SSG d) T&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled Dy#a'ic .$a2e TCD. STATIC S%NCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR
T&e static sy#c&$!#!us c!'e#sat!$ !$ si'le static c!'e#sat!$ STATCOM is a s&u#t c!##ected device devel!ed as a# adva#ced static VA$ c!'e#sat!$ +&e$e a v!lta-e s!u$ce c!#ve$t!$ VSC is used i#stead !" c!#t$!llable $eact!$s a#d s+itc&ed caacit!$s% T&e use !" VSC $e4ui$es sel" c!''utati#- devices suc& as GTO ,IG.T , IGCT,MCT etc, +&ic& 'a2e t&e' c!stlie$% A STATCOM based !# v!lta-e s!u$ce c!#ve$t!$ is s&!+# i# "i-u$e bel!+% F$!' a -ive# i#ut !" DC v!lta-e, v!lta-e s!u$ce c!#ve$t!$ $!duces a set !" &ase AC!ut ut v!lta-es, eac& i# &ase +it& a#d c!uled t! t&e c!$$es!#di#- AC syste' v!lta-e t&$!u-& a $elatively s'all $eacta#ce% T&e $eacta#ce is $!vided by eit&e$ a# i#te$"ace $eact!$ !$ t&e lea2a-e i#ducta#ce !" a c!uli#- t$a#s"!$'e$% .y suitable c!#t$!l, t&e &ase a#d 'a-#itude !" t&e AC v!lta-e i#5ected by VSC ca# be c!#t$!lled% T&e !utut c!#t$!l is i#dee#de#t !" t&e syste' v!lta-e%
Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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A STATCOM is c!'a$able t! a sy#c&$!#!us c!#de#se$ +&ic& ca# suly va$iable $eactive !+e$ a#d $e-ulate t&e v!lta-e !" t&e bus t! +&ic& it is c!##ected% Te Ac v!lta-e is di$ectly $!!$ti!#al t! t&e DC v!lta-e Vdc ac$!ss t&e caacit!$% I" a#y e#e$-y s!u$ce, a batte$y !$ a $ecti"ie$, is $ese#t !# t&e DC side, t&e v!lta-e Vdc ca# be &eld c!#sta#t% T&e sel" c!''utated s+itc&es GTO a$e s+itc&ed !# a#d !"" !#ce i# a cycle% T&e c!#ducti!# e$i!d !" eac& s+itc& is 8B% T&e s+itc&es a$e sy#c&$!#i>ed t! t&e suly v!lta-e :V;% I" t&e li#e v!lta-e :V; is i# &ase +it& t&e c!#ve$t!$ !utut v!lta-e :E; a#d &as t&e sa'e 'a-#itude, #! cu$$e#t "l!+s i#t! !$ !ut !" t&e c!'e#sat!$% T&us t&e$e is #! ec&a#-e !" $eactive !+e$ +it& t&e li#e% I" t&e c!#ve$t!$ v!lta-e is i#c$eases, t&e v!lta-e di""e$e#ce bet+ee# :V; a#d :E; aea$s ac$!ss t&e lea2a-e $eacta#ce !" t&e ste d!+# t$a#s"!$'e$% As a $esult, a leadi#- cu$$e#t( leadi# by V) is d$a+# a#d t&e c!'e#sat!$ be&aves as a caacit!$, -e#e$ati#- $eactive !+e$%% O# t&e !t&e$ &a#d i" V E, t&e# t&e STATCOM d$a+s a la--i#- cu$$e#t, be&aves as a $eact!$ a#d abs!$bs $eactive !+e$% T&us c!'e#sat!$ !e$ates li2e a sy#c&$!#!us 'ac&i#e% A STATCOM &as 'a#y tec&#ical adva#ta-es !ve$ SVC t&ey a$e i) Faste$ $es!#se ii) Re4ui$es less sace as bul2y c!'!#e#ts suc& as $eact!$s a$e #!t $e4ui$ed% iii) M!dula$ a#d $el!adable iv) Ca# be i#te$"aced +it& $eal e#e$-y s!u$ces suc& as batte$y , SMES v) T&e $eactive cu$$e#t ca# be 'ai#tai#ed t&e$e"!$e sue$i!$ e$"!$'a#ce is ac&ieved du$i#- l!+ v!lta-e c!#diti!#s% Eve# i" t&e $eactive cu$$e#t ca# be i#c$eased u#de$ t$a#sie#t c!#diti!# i" t&e devices a$e $ated "!$ t$a#sie#t !ve$l!ads%
STATCOM A STATCOM is c!#t$!lled $eactive !+e$ s!u$ce% It $!vides v!lta-e su!$t by -e#e$ati#- !$ abs!$bi#- $eactive !+e$ at t&e !i#t !" c!uli#- +it&!ut t&e #eed !" la$-e ete$#al $eact!$s !$ caacit!$s ba#2s% T&us STATCOM 'ay be used "!$ v!lta-e c!#t$!l, $eactive !+e$ c!'e#sati!# a#d da'i#- !scillati!#s% Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR SVC
T&e static Va$ c!'e#sat!$ SVC is "i$st -e#e$ati!# FACTS c!#t$!lle$s% It is a va$iable i'eda#ce device i# +&ic& t&e cu$$e#t t&$!u-& a $eact!$ is c!#t$!lled by bac2 t! bac2 c!##ected t&y$ist!$ % T&ese t&y$ist!$ valves a$e $ated "!$ l!+e$ v!lta-es as t&e SVC is c!##ected t! t&e t$a#s'issi!# li#e t&$!u-& a ste d!+# t$a#s"!$'e$ !$ t&$!u-& t&e te$tia$y +i#di#- !" a !+e$ t$a#s"!$'e$% T&e l!cati!# !" SVC is i'!$ta#t i# dete$'i#i#- its e""ective#ess% T&ey s&!uld be l!cated at l!ad ce#t$e !$ 'id!i#t !" t$a#s'issi!# li#e% T&e$e a$e t+! tye !" SVC 8% Fied Caacit!$0 T&y$ist!$ C!#t$!lled React!$ (FC0TCR) 9% T&y$ist!$ S+itc&ed Caacit!$ * T&y$ist!$ C!#t$!lled React!$ (TSC0TCR) T&e sec!#d tye !" SVC is '!$e "leible, $e4ui$es s'alle$ $eact!$ a#d &e#ce -e#e$ates less &a$'!#ics% Fi-u$e bel!+ s&!+s a static VAR c!'e#sat!$% It is a s&u#t c!##ected c!'bi#ati!# +&ic& i#cludes a sea$ate t&y$ist!$ c!#t$!lled !$ t&y$ist!$ s+itc&ed $eact!$ "!$ abs!$bi#- $eactive !+e$ a#d t&y$ist!$ s+itc&ed caacit!$ "!$ sulyi#- t&e $eactive !+e
%$Static VAR c!'e#sat!$ T&e TCR a#d TSC a$e c!##ected !# t&e sec!#da$y side !" a ste d!+# t$a#s"!$'e$% T&e TSC is s+itc&ed i# usi#- t+! t&y$ist!$ c!##ected bac2 t! bac2 at t&e i#sta#t i# a cycle +&e# t&e v!lta-e ac$!ss valve is 'i#i'u' a#d !sitive% T&is $esults i# 'i#i'u' s+itc&i#- t$a#sie#t% T&e cu$$e#t i# a TCR ca# be c!#ti#u!usly va$ied "$!' >e$! t! 'ai'u' by &ase c!#t$!l i# +&ic& t&e "i$i#- a#-le ? is va$ied "$!' 8B t! @B% T&e &a$'!#ics i# SVC a$e -e#e$ated by t&e TCR% Neit&e$ TSC !$ TSR -e#e$ates &a$'!#ics% T&e TCR cu$$e#t c!#tai#s !dd &a$'!#ics% Tu#ed a#d &i-& ass "ilte$s a$e als! used i# a$allel +&ic& $!vide caacitive $eactive !+e$ at "u#da'e#tal "$e4ue#cy% T! li'it t&e &a$'!#ics e#te$i#- t&e syste', s!'e !" t&e "ied caacit!$s a$e c!##ected as se$ies tu#ed "ilte$s% T! $educe t&e &a$'!#ics "u$t&e$, a t+elve ulse c!#"i-u$ati!# !" TCR s&!uld be used% T&e use !" SVC i'$!ves t$a#s'issi!# caacity a#d steady state li'it% SVC ca# be used "!$ stability i'$!ve'e#ts b!t& du$i#- s'all a#d la$-e distu$ba#ces% Its use ca# als! da' t&e sub sy#c&$!#!us !scillati!#s% T&e c!st !" a SVC is lesse$ as c!'a$ed t! a STATCOM% Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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:. Ser'es @ Ser'es +otrollers. Co*0'ed ser'es s,ut +otroller UPFC !d TCPST
It is a c!'bi#ati!# !" t+! !$ '!$e sea$ate se$ies c!#t$!lle$s +it& eac& se$ies c!#t$!lle$ c!##ected i# a t$a#s'issi!# li#e !$ i# a 'ulti0li#e t$a#s'issi!# syste'% All t&e c!#t$!lle$s c!##ected i# se$ies a$e c!#t$!lled i# a c!!$di#ated 'a##e$ . A#!t&e$ va$iati!# !" a se$ies se$ies c!#t$!lle$ is t&e i#te$ * li#e !+e$ "l!+ c!#t$!lle$ IPFC% T&is is $ece#tly i#t$!duced 8@@ c!#t$!lle$ &avi#- a c!'bi#ati!# !" t+! !$ '!$e static sy#c&$!#!us c!'e#sat!$ as s&!+# i# "i-u$e% T&e SSSCs a$e c!uled t&$!u-& c!''!# DC li#2% 6it& t&is a$$a#-e'e#t, i# additi!# t! $!vidi#- se$ies $eactive c!'e#sati!#, a#y c!#ve$t!$ ca# be c!#t$!lled t! suly $eal !+e$ t! t&e c!''!# DC li#2 "$!' its !+# t$a#s'issi!# li#e %T&us $eal !+e$ ca# be 'ade available "$!' t&e u#de$ utili>ed li#es a#d ca# be used by !t&e$ li#es% C!#side$ a# IPFC sc&e'e c!#sisti#- !" t+! bac2 t! bac2 DC t! AC, eac& c!'e#sati#a t$a#s'issi!# li#e by i#5ecti#- a se$ies v!lta-e as s&!+# i# "i-u$e%
INTER3INE PO6ER F3O6 CONTRO33ER
AN IPFC ARRANGEMENT T&e t+! sy#c&$!#!us v!lta-es V8c a#d V9c $e$ese#t t&e t+! c!#ve$t!$s% 8 a#d 9 a$e &e $eacta#ce;s !" 3i#e 8 a#d li#e 9 $esectively% F!$ cla$ity b!t& t&e se#di#- e#d a#d $eceivi#- e#d !" t+! li#es a$e assu'ed t! be c!#sta#t +it& "ied 'a-#itudes a#d "ied Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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a#-les $esulti#- i# ide#tical t$a#s'issi!# a#-les ( 8 a#d 9) "!$ t&e t+! syste's% T&e t+! li#e $eacta#ce;s a#d t&e c!'e#sati#- v!lta-es a$e als! assu'ed t! be ide#tical% Alt&!u-& i# actual t&e t+! syste' c!uld be di""e$e#t +it& di""e$e#t v!lta-es, i'eda#ces a#d a#-le% Syste' 8 is selected as t&e $i'e syste' "!$ +&ic& "$ee c!#t$!llability !" b!t& $eal a#d $eactive !+e$ is stiulated%
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A S1STEM 6ITH IPFC Fi-u$e ab!ve s&!+s t&e P&as!$ dia-$a' s&!+i#- V8s , V8c, I8, V8 (V!lta-e ac$!ss $eacta#ce 8) a#d t&e i#5ected c!'e#sati#- v!lta-e V8c +it& c!#t$!llable 'a-#itude ( V8c V8c'a) a#d a#-le ( P8 B)% T&e $!tati!# !" P&as!$ V8c +it& a#-le P8 va$ies b!t& t&e 'a-#itude a#d a#-le !" V8 a#d $esults i# t&e c&a#-e i# $eal !+e$ a#d $eactive !+e$% T&us it 'a#a-es t&e !ve$all $eal a#d $eactive !+e$ 'a#a-e'e#t !" a 'ulti li#e t$a#s'issi!# syste' a#d t&e$e"!$e !ti'i>i#- t&e caability !" t&e t$a#s'issi!# syste'% T&e IPFC a$$a#-e'e#t esse#tially $e4ui$es t&e $i-!$!us 'ai#te#a#ce !" t&e !ve$all !+e$ bala#ce at t&e DC te$'i#als by a$!$iate c!#t$!l acti!# a#d $eal !+e$ t$a#s"e$% T&e IPFC t!-et&e$ +it& i#dee#de#t c!#t$!llable se$ies $eactive c!'e#sati!# !" eac& t$a#s'issi!# li#e &els as "!ll!+s% 8% Reduce t&e bu$de# !" !ve$l!aded li#e by $eal !+e$ t$a#s"e$% 9% C!'e#sate "!$ $esistive li#e d$!s a#d t&e c!$$es!#di#- $eactive !+e$ de'a#ds% % I#c$ease t&e e""ective#ess !" t&e !ve$all c!'e#sati#- syste' a-ai#st dy#a'ic distu$ba#ces% COMBINED SERIES SHUNT CONTROLLER
A c!'bi#ed se$ies s&u#t c!#t$!lle$ &as sea$ate se$ies a#d s&u#t c!#t$!lle$s +&!se !e$ati!# is c!!$di#ated% T&e se$ies c!#t$!lle$ i#5ects v!lta-e i# se$ies +it& t&e li#e v!lta-e a#d t&e s&u#t c!#t$!lle$ i#5ects cu$$e#t i#t! t&e l!cati!# !" t&e c!#t$!lle$% Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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UNIFIED POER FLO CONTROLLER UPFC
I# t&e UPFC, t&e s&u#t a#d se$ies c!#t$!lle$s a$e u#i"ied% A u#i"ied !+e$ "l!+ c!#t$!lle$ is a c!'bi#ati!# !" static sy#c&$!#!us c!'e#sat!$ (STATCOM) a#d a static sy#c&$!#!us se$ies c!'e#sat!$ (SSSC)% T&e STATCOM a#d SSSC a$e c!uled by a c!''!# DC li#2 as s&!+# i# "i-u$e% T&e DC li#2 all!+s bi0 di$ecti!#al "l!+ !" $eal !+e$ bet+ee# t&e se$ies !utut te$'i#als !" t&e SSSC a#d t&e s&u#t !utut te$'i#als !" STATCOM% UPFC is c!#t$!lled t! $!vide c!#cu$$e#tly active a#d $eactive se$ies li#e c!'e#sati!#% It is able t! c!#t$!l, si'ulta#e!usly !$ selectively % all t&e a$a'ete$s a""ecti#- !+e$ "l!+ i# t&e t$a#s'issi!# li#e t&at is t$a#s'issi!# li#e v!lta-e , i'eda#ce a#d a#-le, t&e$e"!$e t&e active !+e$ a#d $eactive !+e$ "l!+ i# li#e% T&e UPFC 'ay als! $!vide i#dee#de#tly c!#t$!llable s&u#t $eactive c!'e#sati!#% C!#cetually, t&e UPFC is -e#e$ali>ed sy#c&$!#!us v!lta-e s!u$ce $e$ese#ted by v!lta-e P&as!$ Vc +it& c!#t$!llable 'a-#itude Vc ( Vc Vc'a) a#d a#-le ( P8 B) i# se$ies +it& t&e t$a#s'issi!# li#e% C!#ve$t!$ 9 (SSSC) $!vides t&e 'ai# "u#cti!# !" t&e UPFC by i#5ecti#- t&e v!lta-e Vc +it& c!#t$!llable 'a-#itude a#d &ase i# se$ies +it& t&e li#e t&$!u-& a t$a#s"!$'e$% T&e t$a#s'issi!# li#e cu$$e#t "l!+i#- t&$!u-& t&is v!lta-e $esults i# $eactive a#d $eal !+e$ ec&a#-e bet+ee# it a#d t&e AC syste'% T&e $eal !+e$ ca# "$eely "l!+ i# eit&e$ di$ecti!# bet+ee# AC te$'i#als !" t&e t+! c!#ve$t!$s% Si#ce a sy#c&$!#!us v!lta-e s!u$ce is able t! -e#e$ate !#ly t&e $eactive !+e$, t&e $eal !+e$ ec&a#-ed is sulied by !#e !" t&e buses% T&e $eal !+e$ ec&a#-ed at t&e AC te$'i#als is c!#ve$ted i#t! DC !+e$ +&ic& aea$s at t&e DC li#2% T&e basic $!le !" c!#ve$t!$ 8 (STATCOM) is t! suly !$ abs!$b t&e $eal !+e$ de'a#ded by c!#ve$t!$ 9 at t&e DC li#2 t! su!$t t&e $eal !+e$ ec&a#-e $esulti#"$!' t&e se$ies v!lta-e i#5ecti!#% 6&e$eas t&e$e is a di$ect at& "!$ t&e $eal !+e$ t&$!u-& c!#ve$t!$ 8 a#d 9 bac2 t! t&e li#e, t&e c!$$es!#di#- $eactive !+e$ ec&a#-ed is sulied !$ abs!$bed l!cally by c!#ve$t!$ 9%
Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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UNIFIED PO6ER F3O6 CONTRO33ER I# additi!#, c!#ve$t!$ 8 ca# als! -e#e$ate !$ abs!$b c!#t$!llable $eactive !+e$, i" #eeded a#d &e#ce $!vide i#dee#de#t s&u#t $eactive c!'e#sati!# "!$ t&e li#e% T&e $eactive !+e$ ec&a#-e !" c!#ve$t!$ 8 is i#dee#de#t !" t&e $eactive !+e$ ec&a#-ed by c!#ve$t!$ 9% T&us eac& c!#ve$t!$ ca# i#dee#de#tly -e#e$ate !$ abs!$b $eactive !+e$ at its !+# Ac !utut te$'i#al% T&e$e ca# be #! $eactive !+e$ "l!+ t&$!u-& t&e DC li#2% UPFC a$e e'l!yed "!$ c!#t$!lli#- active a#d $eactive !+e$, v!lta-e c!#t$!l, da'i#- !scillati!#s a#d li'iti#- "aults cu$$e#t% TH%RISTOR CONTROLLED PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER
A secial "!$' !" P&ase $e-ulati#- t$a#s"!$'e$ is $eali>ed by c!'bi#- a t$a#s"!$'e$ t&at is c!##ected i# se$ies +it& a li#e t! a v!lta-e t$a#s"!$'e$ e4uied +it& a ta c&a#-e$% T&e +i#di#-s !" t&e t$a#s"!$'e$ a$e s! c!##ected t&at !# its sec!#da$y side, &ase 7uad$atu$e v!lta-es a$e -e#e$ated% T&e sec!#da$y v!lta-es !" t&e v!lta-e t$a#s"!$'e$ a$e "ed i#t! t&e sec!#da$y +i#di#-s !" t&e se$ies t$a#s"!$'e$% T&us t&e additi!# !" s'all ,&ase 7uad$atu$e v!lta-e c!'!#e#ts t! t&e &ase v!lta-es !" t&e li#e c$eates &ase s&i"ted !utut v!lta-es +it&!ut a#y a$eciable c&a#-e i# 'a-#itude% A &ase s&i"ted t$a#s"!$'e$ is t&e$e"!$e able t! i#t$!duce a &ase s&i"t i# li#e% Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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T&e P&as!$ dia-$a' is s&!+# i# "i-u$e s&!+s t&e &ase s&i"t $eali>ed +it&!ut a$eciable c&a#-e i# 'a-#itude by t&e i#5ecti!# !" &ase 7uad$atu$e v!lta-e c!'!#e#ts i# a &ase syste' %6&e# a &ase s&i"ti#- t$a#s"!$'e$ +it& !# l!ad ta c&a#-e$ is used, c!#t$!llable &ase s&i"t is !btai#ed% P&ase s&i"ti#- t$a#s"!$'e$s &ave bee# i# use si#ce 8@;s "!$ c!#t$!l !" !+e$ "l!+ i# t$a#s'issi!# li#es i# steady state% I# site !" t&ei$ l!+ MVA caacity, t&ese &ase s&i"ti#- t$a#s"!$'e$s ca# ee$cise a si-#i"ica#t $eal !+e$ c!#t$!l% A $!'isi#- use !" t&ese devices is i# c$eati#- active !+e$ $e-ulati!# !# selected li#es a#d secu$i#- active !+e$ da'i#-% C!#t$!lled s&u#t c!'e#sati!# i#c$eases t$a#sie#t stability by i#c$easi#- !$ 'ai#tai#i#t&e t$a#s'issi!# li#e v!lta-e du$i#- t&e accele$ated s+i#- !" t&e distu$bed 'ac&i#e% C!#t$!lled se$ies $eactive c!'e#sati!# i'$!ves t$a#sie#t stability by i#c$easi#- t&e !+e$ t$a#s'issi!# du$i#- t&e "i$st s+i#- by $educi#- t&e e""ective li#e i'eda#ce% T&e ability !" t&e &ase s&i"ti#- t$a#s"!$'e$ !$ t&e &ase a#-le $e-ulat!$ t! 'ai#tai# t&e 'ai'u' e""ective t$a#s'issi!# a#-le du$i#- t&e "i$st s+i#- ca# als! be used e""ectively t! i#c$ease t&e t$a#sie#t stability li'it% T&e &ase s&i"ti#- t$a#s"!$'e$ ca# $!vide a substa#tial i#c$ease i# t&e t$a#sie#t stability 'a$-i#% T&e i#c$ease i# stability 'a$-i# is $!!$ti!#al t! t&e a#-ula$ $a#-e a#d +&ic& i# tu$# dee#ds !# t&e VA $ati#!" t&e &ase s&i"ti#- t$a#s"!$'e$% T&e '!di"icati!# !" v!lta-e 'a-#itudes a#d !$ t&ei$ &ase by addi#- a c!#t$!l v!lta-e is a# i'!$ta#t c!#cet a#d "!$'s t&e basis !" s!'e !" t&e #e+ FACTS devices% .y usi#- elect$!#ic c!#t$!lle$s, t&e !e$ati!# !" &ase s&i"ti#- t$a#s"!$'e$ ca# be 'ade "ast +&ic& e#ables dy#a'ic $e-ulati!# !" !+e$ "l!+ a#d i'$!ve'e#t !" !+e$ "l!+ syste' stability a#d dy#a'ic secu$ity% .!t& t&e c!#ve#ti!#al t&y$ist!$ based a#d t&e GTO based &ase a#-le $e-ulat!$ i#5ect a v!lta-e bet+ee# t&e -ive# bus a#d t&e c!#t$!lled li#e% T&e 'a5!$ di""e$e#ce is t&at +&e$eas t&e t&y$ist!$ based $e-ulat!$ !btai#s t&e v!lta-e t! be i#5ected "$!' a$!$iate tas !" t&e $e-ulati#- t$a#s"!$'e$, t&e GTP based $e-ulat!$ -e#e$ates t&is v!lta-e "$!' DC suly% T&e$e"!$e, t&e "u#cti!# !" t&y$ist!$ based $e-ulat!$ is t&at !" a# !# l!ad ta c&a#-e$, selecti#- t&e $!e$ ta a#d i#5ecti#- t&e t&us !btai#ed v!lta-e t! t&e li#e% T&e "u#cti!# !" GTO based $e-ulat!$ is t! -e#e$ate t&e $e4ui$ed v!lta-e a#d t! i#5ect it i# se$ies +it& t&e li#e 5ust as t&e t&y$ist!$ based $e-ulat!$% T&us t&e i#5ected v!lta-e #eed #!t be $eali>ed t&$!u-& elect$!'a-#etic +i#di#- a$$a#-e'e#ts i#stead by usi#- &i-& seed se'ic!#duct!$ s+itc&es suc& as GTO t&y$ist!$s, v!lta-e s!u$ce i#ve$t!$s (VSI) &ase s&i"ted c!'!#e#ts a$e $!duced%
Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
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PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER AND ITS PHASOR DIAGRAM
Prof MD Dutt HOD Ex Department SRCT Thuakheda Bhopal MP India
