Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction

Personality and Individual Differences 116 (2017) 69–72

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Personality Persona lity and Individ Individual ual Differenc Differences es  j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :  w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / p a i d

Short Communication

Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction David Blackwell, Carrie Leaman, Rose Tramposch, Ciera Osborne, Miriam Liss

⁎

University of Mary Washington, United States

a r t i c l e

i n f o

 Article history:  Article Received 11 January 2017 Received Receive d in revised form 12 April 2017 Accepted 17 April 2017 Available online 21 April 2017 Keywords: Social media use Social media addiction FOMO Neuroticism Extraversion Attachment style

a b s t r a c t

Social medi Social mediaa use is prev prevalen alentt in tod today's ay's soci society ety and has cont contribu ributed ted to pro problem blemss wit with h soc social ial medi mediaa addi addicti ction. on. The goal of the stud study y was to inve investig stigate ate whet whether her extr extraver aversio sion, n, neur neurotic oticism, ism, att attachm achment ent styl style, e, and fearof mis missingout singout (FOMO) were predictors of social media use and addiction. Participants in the study ( N  =  = 207) volunteered to complete a brief survey measuring levels of extraver extraversion, sion, neuroticism, neuroticism, attachment styles, and FOMO. In the �nal model of a hierarchical regression, younger age, neuroticism, and fear of missing out predicted social mediaa use. Onl medi Only y fearof mis missingout singout pred predicte icted d soc social ial medi mediaa addi addictio ction. n. Att Attachm achment ent anxi anxiety ety and avoi avoidan dance ce pred predicticted social media addiction, but this relationship was no longer signi �cant after the addition of FOMO. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Social Soc ial med media ia use may lead to soc social ial med media ia add addict iction ion,, whi which ch inv involv olves es being bein g una unabl ble e to co cont ntro roll on one' e'ss so soci cial al me medi diaa us use e an and d us usin ing g it to su suchan chan ex ex-tent that it interferes with other life tasks ( Ryan, Chester, Reece, & Xenos, 2014). 2014). This paper will examine predictors of social media use andaddictio andaddic tion n foc focusi using ng on theperson thepersonali ality ty tra traitsof itsof ext extrav ravers ersion ion andneuroticism, attachment style, and the fear of missing out (FOMO). Extraversion Extrave rsion has been shown to be positively related related to both social media use and addictive tendencies (Kuss (Kuss & Grif �ths, 2011; Ryan & Xenos, 2011; Wilson, Fornasier, & White, 2010). 2010 ). Extraverts appear to use social media in order to enhance their social connections ( Kuss & Grif �ths ths,, 201 2011 1). Ne Neur urot otic icis ism m ha hass al also so be been en sh show own n to be po posi siti tive vely ly as asso so-ciate cia ted d withsocia withsociall med media ia use (Tan Tang, g, Che Chen, n, Yan Yang, g, Chu Chung, ng, & Lee Lee,, 201 2016 6) an and d internet addiction (Andreassen (Andreassen et al., 2013; Tsai et al., 2009). 2009 ). People high in neuroticism may be drawn to use social networking sites like Facebook because they hope to receive feedback and reassurance from others and because it is easier for them to communicate through a screen than it is for them to communicate face-to-face ( Kandell, 1998). 1998). Becaus Bec ause e soci social al med media ia is gen genera erally lly use used d to mai maintai ntain n and dev develo elop p rel relaationships, attachment style may affect its use. Anxiously attached people are insecure in relationships and often seek reassurance. They may usesocialmediaa to mai usesocialmedi mainta ntain in rel relati ations onship hipss and see seek k soc socialfeedb ialfeedback ack.. Fur Fur-thermo the rmore, re, com commun munica icationthroug tionthrough h soc social ial med media ia can hel help p tho those se who are anxious spend more time thinking about what they want to say and

Corresponding ing author at: University of Mary Washington, 1301 College Avenue, ⁎ Correspond Fredericksburg, VA 22401, United States. E-mail address:  [email protected]  [email protected] (M.  (M. Liss).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.039 0191-8869/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

avoid awkward pauses that may occur in real conversations (Kandell, ( Kandell, 1998). 1998 ). Research has found that anxious attachment is related to using and seeking feedback on social media (Hart, ( Hart, Nailling, Bizer, & Collins, 2015; Oldmeadow, Quinn, & Kowert, 2013). 2013). The relationship between anxious attachment and addiction is less clear. While some research has found that insecure attachment is related to problematic internet use and int intern ernet et add addict iction ion (Lin Lin,, Ko, & Wu, 2011; Sch Schimm imment enti, i, Passani Pas sanisi, si, Ger Gervasi vasi,, Man Manzel zella, la, & Fam Famà, à, 201 2014 4), an anot othe herr st stud udy y fo foun und d no di diffferences in social media addiction between attachment styles (Baek, ( Baek, Cho, & Kim, 2014). 2014). Those high in attachment avoidance consider themselves self-suf �cient and avoid intimacy and closeness. One might assume that they may ma y no nott wi wishto shto us use e so soci cial al me medi diaa astheymay no nott beinte beintere rest stedin edin de deve velloping opi ng and mai mainta ntaini ining ng rel relati ations onship hips. s. Nev Nevert erthel heless ess,, soc social ial med media ia may be usedby us edby th thos ose e wi with th av avoi oida dantatta ntattach chme ment nt as a wayto ke keep ep pe peop ople le inthei intheirr lives, but at a distance (Nitzburg ( Nitzburg & Farber, 2013). 2013 ). In some research, avoidant attachment attachment has been linked with less social media use (Hart ( Hart et al., 2015). 2015). However, other research found that those who were both anxiouss and avoida anxiou avoidant nt used socia sociall media more than those who were solely avoidant (Baek (Baek et al., 2014). 2014). When people are anxious about relationships, they likely fear being social soc ially ly exc exclud luded. ed. Fe Fear ar of mis missin sing g out (FO (FOMO) MO) is a fearthat oth other er peo people ple are ar e ha havi ving ng fu fun n wi with thout out yo you u (Przyby Przybylski, lski, Murayama, DeHaan, & Gladwell, 2013). 2013). FOMO has been linked to increased social media use (Przybylski et al., 2013), 2013 ), as well as to problematic smartphone use (Elh Elhai, ai, Lev Levine ine,, Dvo Dvorak rak,, & Hal Hall, l, 201 2016 6). How Howeve ever, r, to our kno knowle wledge dge,, no research has speci�cally examined the relationship between FOMO and social media addiction.

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–72 D. Blackwell et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 116 (2017) 69 69–

In our study, we examined the effects of extraversion, neuroticism, attachm attac hmen entt sty style les, s, an and d le leve vels ls of FO FOMO MO on bo both th so soci cial al me mediause diause an and d ad ad-diction. dicti on. We used hierar hierarchica chicall regre regression ssion,, �rst enter entering ing extra extraversi version on and neuroticism, then anxious and avoidant attachment, and lastly, FOMO. We hypothesized that each variable would be a signi �cant predictor of  both use and addiction at each step. 1. Method

with one's job or studies (Andreassen, (Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012). 2012 ). It was rated on a 5-poi 5-point nt scale (1 =  very rarely, 5 =  very often). The Cronbach's alpha was 0.88. 1.3.5. Social Media Engagement Scale This 5-item scale measured the extent to which an individual uses social media in their daily lives (Przybylski ( Przybylski et al., 2013). 2013). It was rated on an 8-poin 8-pointt Likert scale (1 =  not one day last week, 8 =  every day last week). The Cronbach's alpha was 0.85.

1.1. Participants 2. Resul Results ts

We recruited 207 participants participants (50 men, 155 women, and two who indicated that their gender was  “ other”). The majority were recruited from a general psychology subject pool in the Southeastern U.S. ( n = 118, 57%) and 89 (43%) were recruited online through Facebook or Reddit. Participants ranged in age from 17 to 49, ( M  =  = 22.15,  SD  = 7.38). Most identi�ed as White/Caucasian (79.2%) and 82% were currently enrolled in college. 1.2. Procedure

We pos posted ted thelink to thesurve thesurvey y on Fac Facebo ebook ok and Red Reddit dit.. Thesurve Thesurvey y was also made available to general psychology students in order to receive partial credit credit for their course. course. We merged the data for both of  the groups and differences between the groups were tested before our primary data analysis. 1.3. Materials 1.3.1. Fear of Missing Out Scale Thiss sca Thi scale le (Prz Przyby ybylsk lskii et al. al.,, 201 2013 3) con consis sisted ted of 10 ite items ms mea measur sured ed on a 55-po poin intt sc scal ale e (1 = notat al Cronbac nbach's h's alll tru truee t o 5 = extrem extremely ely true). The Cro alpha was 0.91. 1.3.2. Revised version of the Experience in Close Relationship Scale The Experience in Close Relationships Scale (Brennan, ( Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998) 1998) was develope developed d to assess attachment attachment anxiety and avoidance. We utilized a revised version that has been used in research abou ab outt so soci cial al me medi diaa use( use(Ba Baek ek et al al.,., 20 2014 14). ). It co cons nsis ists ts of 5 it item emss me meas asur ur-ing anxiety and 5 items measuring avoidance on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree  to 7 =  strongly agree). The Cronbach's alphas were 0.81 for anxiety and 0.79 for avoidance. 1.3.3. The Big Five Inventory Weusedthe Bi Big g Fi Five ve In Inve vent ntor ory y ( John & Sriv Srivastava, astava,1999 1999)) to me meas asur ure e extraversion (8-items) and neuroticism (8-items). It was rated on a 5point scale (1 =  strongly disagree, 5 =  strongly agree). The Cronbach's alphas were 0.88 for extraversion and 0.84 for neuroticism.

Bivari Biv ariate ate cor correl relati ations ons bet betwee ween n all var variab iables les can be see seen n in Tab Table le 1. In order to inves investigate tigate whether whether the two subsamples subsamples differed, we ran a MANOVA with recruitment style (general psychology or online) as the indepe ind epende ndent nt var variab iable le and all oth other er var variab iablesas lesas the depe depende ndent nt var variab iables les.. The results were signi �cant, F (8,198) (8,198) = 6.77, p  b  0.001. Univariates indicated that the subsamples differed signi �cantly by age  F (1,205) (1,205) = 48.36,  p b 0.001 and social media engagement  F (1,205) (1,205) = 4.74,  p  = 0.031. Those recruited online were older (M  =   = 25.85,  SD  = 9.28) than those recruited recruited through the subjec subjectt pool (M  =  = 19.36,  SD  = 3.59), and were less engag engaged ed with social media (5.03 (5.03 vs. 5.65). With With age covaried, covaried, the MANCOVA was not signi�cant F  (7,198)   (7,198) = 0.86, p  = 0.54 meaning age accounted for the differences between the subsamples. Thus, age was included as the  � rst step to contro controll for its effects in our regression analyses. The hier hierarchi archical cal regressio regressions ns for both social social media use use and addict addiction ion can be see seen n in Table in Table 2. 2. For social social med media ia use, use, we found found tha thatt age was sig sig-ni�cant at the  � rst step such that younger people used social media more. mor e. Aft After er addi adding ng ext extrav ravers ersion ion and neu neurot rotici icism,age sm,age rem remai ained ned a sig signif nif-icant predi predictor ctor and both both extrav extraversi ersion on and neuro neuroticism ticism were signi�cant. At the thi third rd ste step, p, the add additi ition on of atta attachm chment ent avo avoida idance nce and anx anxiet iety y was not signi�cant, only neuroticism and extraversion were were signi�can cantt pre pre-dictors at this step. The addition of FOMO in the  � nal step was signi�cant. The  � nal model accounted for 17.1% of the variance  F (1,200) (1,200) = 11.13, p  b  0.001 in social media use. Age, neuroticism, and FOMO were signi�cant in the  � nal model. For social media addiction, age was signi�cant at the  � rst step such thatt you tha younge ngerr peo peoplewere plewere mor more e lik likelyto elyto be addi addicte cted. d. Aft After er add addingextraingextraversion and neuroticism, a statistically signi �cant increase, age did not remaina rem aina sig signi ni�can cantt pre predic dictorbut torbut neu neurot rotici icism sm was sig signi ni�can cant. t. Theaddition of of attachmen attachmentt avoidance avoidance and anxiety anxiety at the third third step resul resulted ted in a statistically signi�cant increase. Extraversion, avoidance, and anxiety were all signi�cant at this step. The addition of FOMO in the �nal model was signi�cant. The �nal model accounted for 31.4% of the variance in social media addiction,  F (1,200) (1,200) = 52.01,  p  b  0.000, and FOMO was the only signi�cant predictor. 3. Discussion

1.3.4. Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale This 6-item scale included items measuring whether one was troubled when one could not use social media and whether it interfered

The goa goall of our stud study y was to exa examin mine e whe whethe therr ext extrav ravers ersion ion,, neu neurot rot-icism, attachment style, and FOMO were signi �cant predictors of social

 Table 1

Inter-correlations among study variables. 1 1. Age 2. Extraversion 3. Neuroticism 4. Avoidance 5. Anxiety 6. FOMO 7. Addiction

–

2 − 0.005 –

3

4

− 0.136 − 0.239⁎⁎ –

 

5

− 0.004 − 0.370⁎⁎ 0.274⁎⁎ –

6 ⁎⁎

 

− 0.253 − 0.075 0.587⁎⁎ 0.186⁎⁎ –

7 ⁎

 

− 0.174 0.010 0.481⁎⁎ 0.154⁎ 0.643⁎⁎ –

8 ⁎

 

− 0.163 0.062 0.274⁎⁎ 0.160⁎ 0.342⁎⁎ 0.560⁎⁎

 

− 0.220⁎⁎ 0.130 0.250⁎⁎ − 0.078 0.262⁎⁎ 0.357⁎⁎ 0.575⁎⁎

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D. Blackwell et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 116 (2017) 69– 69 –72  Table 2

Regression analyses. Regression analyses Soccia So iall med edia ia us use e Variable Step 1: Age Step 2: Age Extraversion Neuro Neu roti tici cism sm Step 3: Age Extraversion Neuroticism Avoidance Anxiety Step 4: Age Extraversion Neuroticism Avoidance Anxiety FOMO ⁎ ⁎⁎ ⁎⁎⁎

β

p

Soci So ciaal med edia ia add ddic icti tion on β

p

0.001 − 0.22 R 2 = 0.044; F = 10.4*** 10.4 ***

0.02 − 0.16 R 2 = 0.027; F = 5.62* 5.62 *

0.005 − 0.18 0.19 0.004 0.27 0. 27 b 0. 001 2 9.94*** ΔR  = 0.085;  Δ F = 9.94***

0.07 − 0.12 0.13 0.07 0.29 b 0.001 2 9.19*** ΔR  = 0.081;  Δ F = 9.19***

0.20 − 0.16 0.15 0.03 0.22 0.01 0.14 − 0.11 0.12 0.14 2 ΔR  = 0.017;  Δ F = 2.05

0.20 − 0.09 0.16 0.02 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.05 0.23 0.0 2 6.37** ΔR  = 0.053;  Δ F = 6.37**

0.02 − 0.15 0.12 0.09 0.17 0.04 0.09 − 0.12 0.76 − 0.03 0.28 0.001 2 11.13 ** ΔR  = 0.045;  Δ F = 11.13**

0.19 − 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.03 0.72 0.12 0.07 0.44 − 0.07 0.56 b 0.001 2 52.01*** ΔR  = 0.173;  Δ F = 52.01***

p  b  .05. p  b  .01. p  b  .001.

media useand add media addict iction.Previ ion.Previousresea ousresearchhas rchhas sho shown wn tha thatt ext extrav ravers ersion ion is a pr predi edict ctor or of so soci cial al me medi diaa us use e an and d ad addi dict ctio ion n (Wi Wilso lson n et al. al.,, 201 2010 0). Ex Ex-traver tra versio sion n was a sig signi ni�can cantt pre predic dictor tor of use and add addict iction,but ion,but onl only y pre pre-dicted addiction at the third step. Extraverted individuals may be more likely to use social media because they crave social interaction; too much use may lead to addiction. On the other hand, addiction may be less of a concern for extraverts because they are also comfortable interacting in person. We fo foun und d tha thatt ne neur urot otic icis ism m wa wass a pr pred edic icto torr of use use,, an and d pre predi dict cted ed ad ad-diction when only age and personality variables were entered. This is consistent consi stent with previo previous us resea research rch that has shown that neuroticism was a predictor of social media use (Tang ( Tang et al., 2016) 2016) and internet addiction (Andreassen (Andreassen et al., 2013). 2013). People high in neuroticism may have a lot of anxiety about personal relationships and social media can be usedto us edto fr freq eque uent ntly ly st stay ay in tou touch ch wi with th oth other ers. s. Onthe ot othe herr ha hand nd,, on onceatceattachment tachm ent style styless were wereenter entered ed into the regre regression,neurotici ssion,neuroticism sm no longe longerr predic pre dicted ted soc social ial med media ia addi addicti ction. on. Thu Thus, s, the eff effect ectss of neu neurot rotici icism sm on social media addiction may be mediated through insecure attachment styles. Interestingly, we found that both anxious and avoidant attachment were predictors of social media addiction before FOMO was included in the model. This is inconsistent with some research that found no relationships lation shipsbetwe between en attac attachment hmentstyle styless and socialmedia addict addiction ion (Baek et al al.,., 20 2014 14), ), but con consi siste stent nt wit with h oth other er res resear earch ch tha thatt fou found nd tha thatt ins insecu ecure re attachment styles were associated with internet addiction (Lin (Lin et al., 2011; Schimmenti Schimmenti et al., 2014). 2014). It may be that avoidant attachment is related to social media addiction only when individuals are also high in attachment anxiety. For such people, social media can be a way to feel connected to others but not actually engage in social interaction (Nitzburg & Farber, 2013). 2013 ). Fearr of mis Fea missin sing g out is a rel relati ativel vely y new newly ly ope operat rationa ionaliz lized ed var variab iable le and previous previ ous resea research rch showe showed d that it had a positive relationship relationship with social

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research that has focused on either attachment style or personality characteristics (e.g., Andreassen (e.g.,  Andreassen et al., 2013; Schimmenti et al., 2014 2014). ). Although research has found that FOMO is linked to problematic smartphone smartpho ne use (Elhai et al., 2016), 2016), as far as we know, this is the  � rst study speci�cally looking at FOMO and social media addiction. There The re wer were e a fewlimita fewlimitatio tions ns to our stu study. dy. Onelimit Onelimitatio ation n washaving two separate recruitment styles. The participant pool was younger and thiss acc thi account ounted ed for the dif differ ferenc ences es bet betwee ween n our rec recrui ruitme tment nt sty styles les on all other variable variables. s. By controlling controlling for age, we attempted attempted to accou account nt for this limitation. Another limitation was that the majority of our participants were white, college-age, females. Because of this, our study may not genera gen eralize lize to oth other er soc sociod iodemo emogra graphi phicc gro groups. ups. Las Lastly tly,, our data is lim limite ited d by th the e us use e of se self lf-r -rep epor ortt me meas asur ures es;; th the e val valid idityof ityof our da data ta is co cont ntin inge gent nt on the accuracy of our participants' reports. Futu Fu ture re re rese sear arch ch sh shoul ould d co cont ntin inue ue to lo look ok at FO FOMO MO as a co cont ntri ribu buto torr to social media use and addictio addiction n using more extensive extensive and compre comprehenhensive measures. FOMO has recently been linked to negative consequences associated with mobile phone use (Oberst, ( Oberst, Wegmann, Stodt, Brand, & Chamarro, 2017), 2017), and has been linked to distracted driving (Przybylski et al., 2013). 2013 ). It may also be useful to look at predictors of  FOMO. FOM O. For ex examp ample,while le,while thi thiss stu study dy inv invest estiga igatedattach tedattachme ment nt in cur curre rent nt close relationships, relationships, the history of attachm attachment ent style one had with one's parents may in�uence the extent to which people fear social exclusion. exclusion. Furthermore, other aspects of personality may contribute to this dynamic such as narcissism and loneliness as well as other components of the Big Five such as conscientiousness or agreeableness ( Ryan & Xenos,, 2011 Xenos 2011). ). Fin Finall ally, y, a med mediat iation ion mod model el cou could ld be test tested ed whe where re neu neurot rot-icism ici sm maypredi maypredict ct atta attachm chmentanxie entanxiety, ty, whi which ch may may,, in tur turn, n, pre predic dictt soc social ial media addiction. References

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